chapter 1 plant cell
Plant Cells
Plant CellsTHE TERM CELL IS DERIVED from the Latin cello, meaning storeroom or chamber. It was first used in biology in 1665 by the English botanist Robert Hooke to describe the individual units of the honeycomb-like structure he observed in cork under a compound microscope.The“cells‖ Hooke observed were actually the empty lumens of dead cells Surrounded by cell walls, but the term is an apt one because cells are the basic building blocks that define plant structure.]This book will emphasize the physiological and biochemical functions of plants, but it is important to recognize that these functions depend on structures, whether the process is gas exchange in the leaf, water conduction in the xylem, photosynthesis in the chloroplast, or ion transport across the plasma membrane. At every level, structure and function represent different frames of reference of a biological unity.This chapter provides an overview of the basic anatomy of plants, from the organ level down to the ultra structure of cellular organelles. In subsequent chapters we will treat these structures in greater detail from the perspective of their physiological functions in the plant life cycle.PLANT LIFE: UNIFYING PRINCIPLESThe spectacular diversity of plant size and form is familiar to everyone. Plants range in size from less than 1 cm tall to greater than 100 m. Plant morphology, or shape, is also surprisingly diverse. At first glance, the tiny plant duckweed (Lemma) seems to have little in common with a giant saguaro cactus or a redwood tree. Yet regardless of their specific adaptations, all plants carry out fundamentally similar processes and are based on the same architectural plan. We can summarize the major design elements of plants as follows:•As Earth’s primary producers, green plants are the ultimate solar collectors. They harvest the energy of sunlight by converting lightenergy to chemical energy, which they store in bonds formed whenthey synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.•Other than certain reproductive cells, plants are non-motile. As a substitute for motility, they have evolved the ability to grow toward essential resources, such as light, water, and mineral nutrients, throughouttheir life span.•Terrestrial plants are structurally reinforced to sup-port their mass as they grow toward sunlight against the pull of gravity.•Terrestrial plants lose water continuously by vapor-ration and have evolved mechanisms for avoiding desiccation.•Terrestrial plants have mechanisms for moving water and minerals from the soil to the sites of phooey-thesis and growth, as well as mechanisms for moving the products of photosynthesis to no photosynthetic organs and tissues.OVERVIEW OF PLANT STRUCTUREDespite their apparent diversity, all seed plants (see Web Topic 1.1) have the same basic body plan (Figure 1.1). The vegetative body is composed of three organs: leaf, stem, and root. The primary function of a leaf is photosynthesis, that of the stem is support, and that of the root is anchorage and absorption of water and minerals. Leaves are attached to the stem at nodes, and the region of the stem betweentwo nodes is termed the internodes. The stem together with its leaves is commonly referred to as the shoot.There are two categories of seed plants: gymnosperms (from the Greek for―naked seed‖) and angiosperms (based on the Greek for ―vessel seed,‖ or seeds contained in a vest-sill). Gymnosperms are the less advanced type; about 700 species are known. The largest group of gymnosperms is the conifers (―cone-bearers‖), which include such commercially important forest trees as pine, fir, spruce, and redwood. Angiosperms, the more advanced type of seed plant, first became abundant during the Cretaceous period, about 100 million years ago. Today, they dominate the landscape, easily outcompeting the gymnosperms. About 250,000 species are known, but many more remain to be characterized. The major innovation of the angiosperms is the flower; hence they are referred to as flowering plants (see Web Topic 1.2). Plant Cells Are Surrounded by Rigid Cell Walls A fundamental difference between plants and animals is that each plant cell is surrounded by a rigid cell wall. In animals, embryonic cells can migrate from one location to another, resulting in the development of tissues and organs containing cells that originated in different parts of the organism. In plants, such cell migrations are prevented because each walled cell and its neighbor are cemented together by a middle lamella. As a consequence, plant development, unlike animal development, depends solely on patterns of cell division and cell enlargement. Plant cells have two types of walls: primary and secondary (Figure 1.2). Primary cell walls are typically thin (less than 1 µm) and are characteristic of young, growing cells. Secondary cell walls are thicker and stronger than primary walls and are deposited when most cell enlargement has ended. Secondary cell walls owe their strength and toughness to lignin, a brittle, glue-like material (see Chapter 13). The evolution of lignified secondary cell walls provided plants with the structural reinforcement necessary to grow vertically above the soil and to colonize the land. FIGURE 1.1 Schematic representation of the body of a typical dicot. Cross sections of (A) the leaf, (B) the stem, and (C) the root are also shown. Inserts show longitudinal sections of a shoot tip and a root tip from flax (Linum usitatissimum), showing the apical meritless. (Photos © J. RobertWaaland/Biological Photo Service.) Bryophytes, which lack lignified cell walls, are unable to grow more than a few centimeters above the ground. New Cells Are Produced by Dividing Tissues Called MeristemsPlant growth is concentrated in localized regions of cell division called meristems. Nearly all nuclear divisions (mitosis) and cell divisions (cytokinesis) occur in these meristematic regions. In a young plant, the most active meritless are called apical meritless; they are located at the tips of the stem and the root (see Figure 1.1). At the nodes, axillaries buds contain the apical meritless for branch shoots. Lateral roots arise from the per cycle, an internal meristematic tissue (see Figure 1.1C). Proximal to (i.e., next to) andoverlapping the meristematic regions are zones of cell elongation in which cells increase dramatically in length and width. Cells usually differentiate into specialized types after they elongate. The phase of plant development that gives rise to new organs and to the basic plant form is called primary growth. Primary growth results from the activity of apical organs and to the basic plant form is called primary growth. Primary growth results from the activity of apical meritless, in which cell division is followed by progressive cell enlargement, typically elongation. After elongation in a given region is complete, secondary growth may occur. Secondary growth involves two lateral meritless: the vascular cambium (plural cambia) and the cork cambium. The vascular cambium gives rise to secondary xylem(wood) and secondary phloem. The cork cambium produces the periderm, consisting mainly of cork cells. Three Major Tissue Systems Make Up the Plant BodyThree major tissue systems are found in all plant organs: dermal tissue, ground tissue, and vascular tissue. These tissues are illustrated and briefly chacterized in Figure1.3.For further details and characterizations of these plant tissues, see Web Topic 1.3. THE PLANT CELLPlants are multicultural organisms composed of millions of cells with specialized functions. At maturity, such specialized cells may differ greatly from one another in their structures. However, all plant cells have the same basic eukaryotic organization: They contain a nucleus, a cytoplasm, and sub cellular organelles, and they are enclosed in a membrane that defines their boundaries (Figure 1.4). Certain structures, including the nucleus, can be lost during cell maturation, but all plant cells begin with a similar complement of organelles. An additional characteristic feature of plant cells is that they are surrounded by a cellulosic cell wall. The following sections provide an overview of the membranes and organelles of plant cells. The structure and function of the cell wall will be treated in detail in Chapter 15.Biological Membranes Are Phospholipid Bilayers That Contain ProteinsAll cells are enclosed in a membrane that serves as their outer boundary, separating the cytoplasm from the external environment. This plasma membrane (also called plasma lemma) allows the cell to take up and retain certain sub-stances while excluding others. Various transport proteins embedded in the plasma membrane are responsible for this selective traffic of solutes across the membrane. The accumulation of ions or molecules in the cytosol through the action of transport proteins consumes metabolic energy.Membranes also delimit the boundaries of the specialized internal organelles of the cell and regulate the fluxes of ions and metabolites into and out of these compartments.According to the fluid-mosaic model, all biological membranes have the same basic molecular organization. They consist of a double layer (bilayer) of either phospholipids or, in the case of chloroplasts, glycosylglycerides, in which proteins are embedded (Figure 1.5Aand B). In most membranes, proteins make up about half of the mem brane’s mass. However, the composition of the lipid components and the properties of the proteins vary from membrane to membrane, conferring on each membrane its unique functional characteristics.Phospholipids. Phospholipids are a class of lipids in which two fatty acids are covalently linked to glycerol,which is covalently linked to a phosphate group. Also attached to this phosphate group is a variable component,called the head group, such as serine, choline, glycerol, or inositol (Figure 1.5C). In contrast to the fatty acids, the head groups are highly polar; consequently, phospholipid molecules display both hydrophilic and hydrophobic proper-ties (i.e., they are amphipathic). The nonpolar hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids form a region that is exclusively hydrophobic—that is, that excludes water.Plastid membranes are unique in that their lipid component consists almost entirely of glycosylglycerides rather than phospholipids. In glycosylglycerides, the polar head group consists of galactose, digalactose, or sulfated galactose, without a phosphate group (see Web Topic 1.4).The fatty acid chains of phospholipids and glycosylglycerides are variable in length, but they usually consist of 14 to 24 carbons. One of the fatty acids is typically saturated (i.e., it contains no double bonds); the other fatty acid chain usually has one or more cis double bonds (i.e., it is unsaturated).The presence of cis double bonds creates a kink in the chain that prevents tight packing of the phospholipids in the bilayer. As a result, the fluidity of the membraneis increased. The fluidity of the membrane, in turn, plays a critical role in many membrane functions. Membrane fluidity is also strongly influenced by temperature. Because plants generally cannot regulate their body temperatures, they are often faced with the problem of maintaining membrane fluidity under conditions of low temperature, which tends to decrease membrane fluidity. Thus, plant phospholipids have a high percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid (one double bond), linoleic acid (two double bonds) and α-linolenic acid (three double bonds), which increase the fluidity of their membranes.Proteins. The proteins associated with the lipid bilayer are of three types: integral, peripheral, and anchored. Integral proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer. Most inte-gral proteins span the entire width of the phospholipid bilayer, so one part of the protein interacts with the outside of the cell, another part interacts with the hydrophobic core of the membrane, and a third part interacts with the interior of the cell, the cytosol. Proteins that serve as ion channels (see Chapter 6) are always integral membrane proteins, as are certain receptors that participate in signal transduction pathways (see Chapter 14). Some receptor-like proteins on the outer surface of the plasma membrane recognize and bind tightly to cell wall consituents, effectively cross-linking the membrane to the cell wall.Peripheral proteins are bound to the membrane surface by noncovalent bonds, such as ionic bonds or hydrogen bonds, and can be dissociated from the membrane with high salt solutions or chaotropic agents, which break ionic and hydrogen bonds, respectively. Peripheral proteins serve a variety of functions in the cell. For example, some are involved in interactions between the plasma membrane and components of the cytoskeleton, such as microtubules and actin microfilaments, which are discussed later in this chapter.Anchored proteins are bound to the membrane surface via lipid molecules, towhich they are covalently attached. These lipids include fatty acids (muriatic acid and palm tic acid), phenyls groups derived from the isoprene pathway (farnesyl and geranylgeranyl groups), and glycosylphos-phatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (Figure 1.6) (Buchanan et al. 2000).The Nucleus Contains Most of the GeneticMaterial of the CellThe nucleus (plural nuclei) is the organelle that contains the genetic information primarily responsible for regulating the metabolism, growth, and differentiation of the cell. Collectively, these genes and their intervening sequences are referred to as the nuclear genome. The size of the nuclear genome in plants is highly variable, ranging from about 1.2×108 base pairs for the diminutive dicot Arabidopsis thaliana to 1 ×1011 base pairs for the lily Fritillaries Assyria. The remainder of the genetic information of the cell is contained in the two semiautonomous organelles—the chloroplasts and mitochondria—which we will discuss a little later in this chapter.The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope (Figure 1.7A). The space between the two membranes of the nuclear envelope is called the per nuclear space, and the two membranes of the nuclear envelope join at sites called nuclear pores (Figure 1.7B). The n uclear ―pore‖ is actually an elaborate structure composed of more than a hundred different proteins arranged octagon ally to form a nuclear pore complex (Figure 1.8).There can be very few to many thousands ofnuclear pore complexes on an individual nuclear envelope.The central ―plug‖ of the complex acts as an active (ATP-driven) transporter that facilitates the movement of macro-molecules and ribosomal subunits both into and out of thenucleus. (Active transport will be discussed in detail inChapter 6.) A specific amino acid sequence called thenuclear localization signal is required for a protein to gainentry into the nucleus.The nucleus is the site of storage and replication of thechromosomes, composed of DNA and its associated pro-teins. Collectively, this DNA–protein complex is known as chromatin. The linear length of all the DNA within anyplant genome is usually millions of times greater than thediameter of the nucleus in which it is found. To solve theproblem of packaging this chromosomal DNA within the nucleus, segments of the linear double helix of DNA arecoiled twice around a solid cylinder of eight his tone pro-tein molecules, forming a nucleoside. Nucleosides arearranged like beads on a string along the length of eachchromosome.During mitosis, the chromatin condenses, first by coiling tightly into a 30 nmchromatin fiber, with six nucleosides per turn, followed by further folding and packingprocesses that depend on interactions between proteins and nucleic acids (Figure 1.9). At interphase, two types of chromatin are visible: heterochromatin and euchromatin. About 10% of the DNA consists of heterochromatin, a highly compact and transcriptionally inactive form of chromatin. The rest of the DNA consists of euchromatin,the dispersed, transcriptionally active form. Only about 10% of the euchromatin is transcriptionally active at any given time. The remainder exists in an intermediate state of condensation, between heterochromatin and transcriptionally active euchromatin. Nuclei contain a densely granular region, called the nucleolus (plural nucleoli), that is the site of ribosome synthesis (see Figure 1.7A). The nucleolus includes portions of one or more chromosomes where ribosomal RNA (rRNA)genes are clustered to form a structure called the nucleolar organizer. Typical cells have one or more nucleoli per nucleus. Each 80S ribosome is made of a large and a small subunit, and each subunit is a complex aggregate of rRNA and specific proteins. The two subunits exit the nucleus separately, through the nuclear pore, and then unite in the cytoplasm to form a complete ribosome (Figure 1.10A). Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis.。
Biochemistry-chapter 1(英文2)
Energy Flow
Living systems are actively engaged in energy transformations
Food pyramid
Carnivores Herbivores
Photosynthesis
A prairie falcon acquires nutrients by consuming a smaller bird.
1.5 Basic Phenomena of living systems
1.5.1 The Chemical Elements of Life
1.5.2 Many Important omolecules Are
Polymers
1.5.3 The Energetics of Life 1.5.4 Biochemistry and Evolution 1.5.5 The Cell Is the Basic Unit of Life
1.5.3 The Energetics of Life (Metabolism)
Photosynthesis is one of the key biochemical processes that is essential for life, even though many species, including animals,benefit only indirectly.
Hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals forces,
Weak Forces
Ionic interactions,
Hydrophobic interactions
Structural Complementarity Determines Biomolecular Interactions and Recognition. This principle of structural complementarity is the very essence of biomolecular recognition. Biological systems from the macromolecular level to the cellular level operate via specific molecular recognition mechanisms based on structural complementarity: a protein recognizes its specific metabolite, a strand of DNA recognizes its complementary strand, sperm recognize an egg.
plant cell reports分区
plant cell reports分区细胞是构成植物生物体的基本单位，植物细胞与动物细胞有许多相似之处，但也有一些独特的特征。
本文将从细胞壁、质体、叶绿体、核糖体和液泡等方面，对植物细胞的结构和功能进行详细介绍。
细胞壁是植物细胞的一个独特特征。
植物细胞的细胞壁主要由纤维素和半纤维素构成，可以提供细胞的形状和结构支持。
细胞壁不仅起到保护细胞的作用，还能使细胞与细胞之间相互连接形成组织。
此外，细胞壁还能让水和其他溶质通过细胞间隙传递，参与植物的物质运输和信息传递。
植物细胞内含有质体，是细胞内的一个重要细胞器。
质体包含许多细胞色素，参与光合作用并产生能量供细胞使用。
在质体内，还有一种叫做叶绿体的细胞器，是植物细胞能够进行光合作用的关键部位。
叶绿体可通过光合作用将光能转化为化学能，并合成有机物质，如葡萄糖。
叶绿体内还含有叶绿素，能吸收光能并参与光合反应。
细胞质中还包含有大量的核糖体，它们是蛋白质合成的场所。
核糖体由核糖核酸（RNA）和蛋白质组成，具有蛋白质合成的功能。
核糖体可通过转录和翻译过程，从DNA中复制RNA，并在细胞质内将RNA翻译为蛋白质。
蛋白质在细胞中起到各种重要的功能，包括结构和酶催化等。
植物细胞内还有许多液泡，它们是由细胞质膜包围的膜囊，参与储存物质和维持细胞内环境稳定。
液泡内部含有大量的水、离子和有机分子，可以储存植物细胞所需的营养物质。
液泡内的物质可以起到保护细胞和储存剩余物质的作用。
在植物细胞中，液泡还参与植物的抵抗病原体和控制细胞生长的过程。
综上所述，植物细胞具有独特的细胞壁、质体、叶绿体、核糖体和液泡等结构和功能。
这些特征使植物细胞能够从环境中吸收能量和养分，并通过光合作用将其转化为化学能，以支持植物的生长和发育。
对植物细胞结构和功能的深入了解，有助于我们更好地理解植物的生长机制和适应环境的能力，进而为农业生产和生物科学研究提供基础。
biology vocabulary revision
Apparatus
microscope
['maikrəskəup]
n.显微镜
light microscope
n.光学显微镜
electron microscope
n.电子显微镜
photomicrograph
n.显微镜照相的照片,显微照片
Cell structure
celll wall
fatty acidsandglycerol
amino acids
Solubility in water
Sugars are soluble
insoluble
someare soloble
Why organisms need them
Easily availble energy(15KJ/g)
Storage of energy(39KJ/g),making cell membranes
v.萎缩，缩小
stretch
[stretʃ]
vt. & vi.伸展;拉紧；延伸
carrier protein
n.载体蛋白
Chapter4The chemicals of life
metabolism
[mɪ'tæbə,lɪzəm]
n.新陈代谢
carbohydrate
[,kɑ:bəu'haidreit]
●Animals: get glucose from food, store glycogen.
fat
[fæt]
n.脂肪,油脂
lipid
[lɪpɪd, laɪpɪd]
n.脂质
fatty acid
n.脂肪酸
plant cell reports 分区
Plant Cell Reports 分区随着科学技术的不断发展，学术研究也在不断深入。
在植物细胞领域，Plant Cell Reports 分区是一个非常重要的学术期刊，它涵盖了植物细胞生物学、植物生物技术、植物遗传学等多个方面的研究成果。
本文将就Plant Cell Reports 分区的相关情况进行介绍和分析，以便读者更好地了解这本期刊的特点和重要性。
一、Plant Cell Reports 分区的概况1. Plant Cell Reports 分区的发展历程Plant Cell Reports 分区创刊于1981年，是一本由Springer出版的权威学术期刊。
它致力于报道植物细胞和植物生物技术领域的最新研究成果，为植物科学研究人员提供了一个重要的学术交流评台。
2. Plant Cell Reports 分区的定位和特点Plant Cell Reports 分区被广泛认可为植物细胞生物学领域的顶尖期刊之一，其发表的论文涵盖了植物生长发育、分子遗传学、细胞生物学等多个方面。
该期刊注重对前沿科研成果的报道，致力于推动植物细胞领域的学术交流和研究进展。
3. Plant Cell Reports 分区的影响因子Plant Cell Reports 分区的影响因子一直位居植物科学领域的前列。
影响因子是衡量一个学术期刊影响力的重要指标，Plant Cell Reports 分区高影响因子的表现反映了其在学术界的重要地位和影响力。
二、Plant Cell Reports 分区的期刊内容1. 植物细胞生物学研究Plant Cell Reports 分区涵盖了植物细胞生物学领域的广泛研究内容，如植物细胞的结构和功能、细胞分裂与有丝分裂等方面。
通过报道最新的研究成果，该期刊为植物细胞生物学研究人员提供了一个及时了解行业动态和研究进展的评台。
2. 植物生物技术应用除了植物细胞生物学研究外，Plant Cell Reports 分区还报道了许多植物生物技术的应用研究，如植物基因工程、植物组织培养、植物遗传改良等方面。
生物专业英语第三版课文翻译(完整)
Lesson OneInside the Living Cell: Structure andFunction of Internal Cell Parts1、 Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory ( 细胞质：动力工厂 )Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。
细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。
细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。
细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。
2、The Nucleus: Information Central（细胞核：信息中心）The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。
Plant Cell Reports投稿指南,投稿要求
Instructions for AuthorsTYPES OF PAPERSThe journal publishes original and focus articles, reviews and opinion papers.Information for Review AuthorsPlant Cell Reports publishes timely reviews on major developments in all areas of plant cell biology. Prospective authors may provide a short outline (one or two pages) of the proposed review.The general instructions for authors should be used for all technical aspects of manuscript preparation. The "Materials and methods" and "Results" sections are not needed, but please give an introduction before proceeding to the details and use informative headings for the different parts of your review. Reviews should not be longer than seven printed pages, including references, tables, and figures (approx. 21 manuscript pages, or 5,000 words).Review Authors will not be charged for printing essential color figures.Information on Focus contributionsFocus articles are short commentaries, experimental advances, methods, or opinion papers of no more than 1000 words and 5 references, max. one figure or table. Focus articles are intended for fast-track publication; an abstract is not needed.Biographical summaryAuthors of Reviews, Focus Papers and Guest Editorials are invited to supply a brief biographical summary (between 50 and 100 words) and a black and white glossy photograph, passport-sized. 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AQA oxford IGCSE Biology 1.1 animal and plant cell
‘Typical’ cell
• Living organism are made from cells (except for virus) • Cells are the smallest living units of organism /content/cells/scale/ • Most cells are very small (but…unfertilized ostrich eggs have a mass
chlorophyll • Cells from the parts of a plant that are not green, such as the flowers,
both direction) • Selectively permeable
Mitochondrion
• Mitochondrion( plural mitochondria)is (are)found in the cytoplasm of all living cells.
• There are many mitochondria in cells that need a lot of energy such as muscle or nerve cells
around 1.3kg)
Eukaryotic cell and prokaryotic cell
https:///watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8
The structure of a ‘typical’ animal cell
Nucleus 细胞核
• The nucleus controls the activities of the cell • It contains chromosomes which carry the genetic
植物生理学 第一章 植物细胞生理
Wilson 1925
1.1 细胞的共性
• 组成细胞的基本元素是碳（C）、氢（H）、氧（O）、 氮（N）、磷（P）、硫（S）、钙（Ca）、钾（K）、 铁（Fe）、钠（Na）、氯（Cl）与镁（Mg）等。 • 生物小分子：核苷酸、氨基酸、脂肪酸与单糖。 • 生物大分子：核酸、蛋白质、脂类与多糖类等。 • 这些生物大分子一般以复合分子的形式，如核蛋白、 脂蛋白、糖蛋白与糖脂等组成细胞的基本结构体系。
时，细胞生理活性降低，对不良环境抵抗力高，
有利于植物度过逆境
第3节 植物细胞信号转导
3.1 细胞信号转导概述
• 细胞接受外界信号，通过一整套特定的机制，将 胞外信号转导为胞内信号，最终调节特定基因的 表达，引起细胞的应答反应，这是细胞信号系统 的主线，这种反应系列称之为细胞信号通路 （signaling pathway）。
细胞膜骨架和细胞外基质
1. 微管（Microtubule）
2. 微丝（Microfilament）
3. 中间纤维（Intermediate filament）
2.4 胞间连丝（plasmodesma）
• 胞间连丝存在于所有高等植物活细胞之间，是植 物细胞间所特有的通讯连结结构
• 胞间连丝介导的细胞间的物质运输是有选择性的， 而且也是可以调节的
• • 纤维素(cellulose) 半纤维素(hemi-cellulose)
•
•
果胶质(pectin)
木质素(lignin)
•
细胞壁蛋白质(protein)
植物细胞壁的合成
微管
纤维素合酶 “花环”
3. 植物细胞壁在细胞生命活动中的作用
• 增加植物的机械强度，对抗细胞的膨压
第一节植物细胞的形态结构-文档资料
一、植物细胞是构成植物体的基本单位
Plant Cell is a basic unit that is made up of plant material
㈡细胞学说 Cell theory
2、细胞学说建立的意义 The significance of cell theory establishment
三、植物细胞的基本结构
Basic structure of plant cells
㈠原生质和原生质体的概念 Conceptions of protoplasm and protoplast
1、原生质 protoplasm：细胞内具有生命活动的物质， 是细胞结构和生命活动的物质基础。
组成原生质的主要化学物质有：⑴无机物：含量最大的是水， 可占细胞全重的60～90%，其它有气体、无机盐以及多种呈离子 状态的元素，如铁、铜、锌、锰、镁、钙、钾、钠、氯等。 ⑵有机物：蛋白质、核酸、脂类和糖类。
17世纪（1665年）英国学者虎克用显微镜观察软木 薄片，第一次发现了细胞（cell—“小室”）
一、植物细胞是构成植物体的基本单位
Plant Cell is a basic unit that is made up of plant material
㈡细胞学说 Cell theory
1、细胞学说的建立 The Establishment of cell theory
第一节 植物细胞的形态结构
Section 1 The morphylogical Structures of Plant cell
一、植物细胞是构成植物体的基本单位 Plant Cell is a basic unit that is made up of plant material 二、植物细胞的形状和大小 Plant cell’s shape and size 三、植物细胞的基本结构 Basic structure of plant cells 四、植物细胞的后含物 Plant cell’s ergastic substance
植物细胞
细胞学说 植物细胞的形状和大小 植物细胞的结构
Plant cells
Cell structure and communication
The cell wall(p14):胞间层、初生壁和次生壁 (纤维素、 半纤维素、非纤维素多糖、果胶、木质素、硅质、 角质、栓质、矿质等 )
Plastids(p19):前质体proplastid,叶绿体chloroplasts (75125units), 有 色 体 chromoplast, 白 色 体 leucoplast
(amyloplast (starch), elaioplast(oil)).
Vacuoles(p23):单层膜,膜内充满细胞液. Immature cell:
tiny and numerous; mature cell: big and one or several.
Plant cells(植物细胞)
Cell structure（结构） and communication（联系）
Communication between cells(P17):
via plasmodesmata（胞间连丝） ( tiny strands of cytoplasm that extend between the cells through minute openings.)
cell growth（生长） and differentiation（分化）(p34) growth:
s含物质(Ergastic substance)（P27）
淀粉(Starch) 蛋白质(Protein) 脂质(Lipid) 结晶(Crystal) 维生素、生长素、单宁、花色素苷等
科研PLANTCELL：Karr...
科研PLANTCELL：Karr...编译：Young，编辑：景行、江舜尧。
原创微文，欢迎转发转载。
导读单子叶植物的幼苗出苗主要取决于中胚轴伸长，需要发育信号与环境刺激之间的协调。
独角金内酯（SLs）和Karrikin是丁烯内酯化合物，可调节各种发育过程。
两者都能够在黑暗中负面调节水稻的中胚轴伸长率。
在这里，研究者报告了一个Karrikin信号复合体——DWARF14-LIKE（D14L）-DWARF3（D3）-O。
水稻MAX2 1的抑制子（OsSMAX1）在黑暗中介导水稻中胚轴伸长的调控。
研究者证明D14L识别Karrikin信号并招募SCF D3泛素化连接酶用于OsSMAX1的泛素化和降解，反映了独角金内酯诱导的和D14和D3依赖性的泛素化和D53的降解。
OsSMAX1的过表达在黑暗中促进了胚轴伸长，而敲除OsSMAX1则抑制了d14l和d3的伸长的胚轴表型。
OsSMAX1定位于细胞核，并与TOPLESS相关蛋白相互作用，调节下游基因的表达。
此外，研究者表明，GR24对映体GR245DS和GR24ent-5DS分别以D14和D14L依赖性方式特异性抑制中胚轴延伸并调节下游基因的表达。
研究者的工作表明，Karrikin和独角金内酯信号传导在调节下游基因表达和在黑暗中负面调节中胚轴伸长方面起着平行和累加的作用。
论文ID原名：Karrikin Signaling Acts Parallel to and Additively with Strigolactone Signaling to Regulate Rice Mesocotyl Elongation in Darkness译名：Karrikin信号转导途径与独脚金内酯信号途径共同调控水稻黑暗中胚轴的伸长期刊：Plant CellIF：9.618发表时间：2020年6月通讯作者：熊国胜通讯作者单位：深圳市农业基因组研究所，中国农业科学院DOI号：10.1105/tpc.20.00123实验设计结果1 在黑暗条件下，D14L与D14平行或相加调节水稻中胚轴伸长Karrikin和独角金内酯信号通路都参与了黑暗中胚轴伸长的调节，这分别需要是 D14L（DWARF14-LIKE）和D14（DWARF14）的发挥功能。
plant cell审稿制度
plant cell审稿制度
“Plant Cell”的审稿制度是严谨和公正的。
一般来说，稿件会经历以下几个步骤：
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植物生理学手册
植物生理学手册-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 11、胞间连丝（plasmodesma）：指从一个细胞的细胞膜连接到另一个细胞的细胞膜，贯穿细胞壁、胞间层，连接两细胞原生质的管状通道。
结构上存在三种状态：a.封闭态、b.可控态、c.开放态。
2、共质体（symplast）：植物体活细胞的原生质体通过胞间连丝形成的一个连续的整体，也叫内植物空间。
3、质外体（ayoplast）：质膜以外的胞间层、细胞壁以及细胞间隙彼此连接形成的一个连接的整体。
Plant间的通道：（1）胞间连丝；（2）自由空间——共质体、质外体。
4、自由水（free water）：细胞质主要由蛋白质组成，其水溶液具有胶体性质，故细胞质是一个胶体系统。
细胞质胶体微料具有显著的亲水性，其表面吸附有很多水分子，形成一层很厚的水层。
距离胶料较远而可以自由流动的水分，称自由水。
5、束缚水（bound water）：靠近细胞质胶体微料而被胶料吸附束缚不易自由流动的水分称束缚水。
6、自由水存在意义：参与各种代谢作用，它的含量制约着植物的代谢程度。
如光合、呼吸及生长速率。
自由水占总含量的百分比越大，则植物代谢越旺盛。
7、束缚水存在意义：不参与代谢作用，但植物需要通过低微的代谢强度去度过不良的外界条件，因而束缚水含量与植物抗性大小有密切关系。
8、植物对水分的吸收方式：a.吸涨吸水、b.渗透性吸水、c.代谢性吸水。
9、植物根系吸水的途径：a.质外体途径、b.跨膜途径、c.共质体途径。
10、植物根系吸水方式及动力：a.被动吸水：蒸腾作用、b.主动吸水：根压。
11、水分进入细胞的途径：（1）单个水分子通过膜脂双分子层的间隙扩散进入细胞，较慢；（2）水集流通过质膜上水孔蛋白中的水通道进入，比较快。
12、气孔运动（stomatal movement）：大多数plant的气孔白天张开，晚上关闭的现象。
细胞工程植物组织与细胞培养
B、植物细胞培养过程
3．3．5 植物细胞培养的应用
3．3．6 原生质体 培养
（技术线 路，以经 济海藻— —红篱为
例）
【习题】
1、名词解释，并简要说明它们间关系： 去分化与再分化
外植体与胚状体 无毒苗与快繁苗 2、简要分析愈伤组织和胚状体在植物细胞全
能性的实现途径中技术关键是什么？
Chapter3、植物组织与细胞培养
3．1 植物细胞工程概述 3．2 植物组织培养 3．3 植物细胞培养
3．1 植物细胞工程概述
3．1．1 植物细胞工程是细胞工程的一个重要分支学科。
3．1．2 植物细胞工程（plant cell engineering）
植物细胞工程（plant cell engineering）：是 在植物细胞全能性的基础上，以植物细胞为 基本单位，在体外条件下进行培养、繁殖或 人为的精细操作，使细胞的某些生物学特性 按照人们的意愿发生改变，从而改良品种或 创制新种，或加速繁殖植物个体，或获得有 用产物的过程。
体细胞胚的培养：（自旋过滤式反应器）气升式剪 切力小。
3．2．9 存在问题：
一、理论问题：细胞全能性与激素作用机制； 二、技术问题：效率偏低、外植体诱导时间
长、培养基配方、继代培养植株变异、 新型反应器工艺设备改进； 三、应用范围：工厂化、成本高、资金多。
3．3 植物细胞培养 3．3．1 定义： 植物细胞培养：是指在离体条件下，将愈 伤组织或其他易分散的组织置于液体培养 基中进行振荡培养，得到悬浮细胞，再通 过继代培养使细胞增殖，从而获得大量细 胞群体的技术。它是在组培基础上发展起 来的。
七、植物组织器官的生物反应器培养
——是指那些用来生产植物次生代谢产物的组织 器官（生长快，生理、生化特征稳定）培养物的大规 模工厂化批量生产过程。
ThePlantCellMYB21通过介导激素信号参与番茄育性调节
ThePlantCellMYB21通过介导激素信号参与番茄育性调节大多数植物的繁殖经历开花、受精、结果和种子的成熟等过程。
这些过程需要在不同的花组分之间进行特定的协调，植物激素如茉莉酸，生长素和赤霉素参与对该过程的调节。
在模式植物拟南芥中，JA 不敏感突变体coi1表现为雄性不育，转录因子MYB21对该过程起到调节作用。
然而，在番茄JA不敏感的突变体中，表现为在心皮发育方面存在缺陷,无种子产生。
虽然JA介导的MYB21在拟南芥雄蕊发育中的作用已为人们所知，但不同植物在花发育中JA功能存在一定的差异，并且目前关于JA是如何调节番茄育性并不清楚。
近日，The Plant Cell 在线发表题为“Tomato MYB21 Acts in Ovules to Mediate Jasmonate-regulated Fertility”的文章。
文章通讯作者为德国植物生物化学研究所的BettinaHause，研究了关于茉莉酸介导的SlMYB21参与调控番茄胚珠正常发育的过程。
作者使用茉莉酸不敏感突变体(jai1-1)分析了植物激素茉莉酸(JA)在番茄(SolanumLycopersicum)花发育过程中的作用。
与雄性不育的拟南芥JA不敏感植株相比，番茄jai1-1突变体表现为雌性不育。
为了鉴定JA参与该过程的调节机制，通过对野生型和jai1-1突变体的三个发育阶段花的胚珠进行了转录组分析，作者鉴定到一个在jai1-1突变体中下调的MYB类转录因子基因SlMYB21，分子和遗传实验证明SlMYB21可与SlJAZ9发生相互作用，并可部分恢复拟南芥myb21-5突变体表型。
通过基因编辑获得的3个Slmyb21突变体表现出雌性不育性，JA和JA-Ile水平显著降低，证实了MYB21在番茄胚珠发育中可能存在的作用。
对野生型，jai1-1和myb21-2的心皮进行转录组分析，发现MYB21可调节JA信号相关基因的表达，同时，参与“激活生长素信号通路”和“赤霉酸介导的信号通路”的基因在两个突变体中被诱导上调表达。
植物学之植物组织系统PPT课件
➢ Section 1 morphology and structure 植物细胞的形态结构
➢ Section 2 reproduction of plant cell 植物细胞的繁殖
➢ Section 3 cell growth, differention and death 植物细胞的生长、分化和死亡
60年代末，扫描电子显微镜（scanning electron microscopy， SEM）问世并被广泛应用，使人们能直接观察到生物，乃至细 胞立体、生物的结构。 ★
60年代，组织培养技术→细胞全能性: 证明细胞学说
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2. morphology and structure of plant cell
2.1 plant cell form 植物细胞的形状
球状体 柱状体 多面体 纺锤形
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2.2 size of plant ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ell 植物细胞的大小
一般为
10—100微米
最小（球菌）
0.5 微米
西瓜果肉细胞
1 毫米
棉花种毛长
75 毫米
苘麻茎的纤维细胞长 550毫米
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Form and size of plant cell
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2.3 basic structure of plant cell 植物细胞的基本结构
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显微结构
细胞壁 植物细胞 原生质体
后含物
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超微结构 基质
细胞膜 双层膜细胞器
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1.5 (C) Chemical structures and space-filling models of typical phospholipids
Chemical structures and space-filling models of typical phospholipids: phosphatidylcholine and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol.
1.11 (A) Basic steps in gene expression (Part 1)
1.11 (A) Basic steps in gene expression (Part 2)
1.11 (B) Amino acids are polymerized on the ribosome with the help of tRNA
1.31 Plasmodesmata between cells (Part 1)
1.31 Plasmodesmata between cells (Part 2)
1.17 (A) Mitochondrion; (B) Mitochondria from a leaf cell of Bermuda grass
1.18 (A) Chloroplast from a leaf of timothy grass, (Phleum pratense) (18,000)
1.4 Diagrammatic representation of a plant cell
1.5 (A) The plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, and other endosomes
The plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, and other endomembranes of plant cells consist of proteins embedded in a phospholipid bilayer.
Chapter 1 Plant Cells
1.2 Primary and secondary cell walls and their relationship to the rest of the cell
FIGURE 1.2 Schematic representation of primary and secondary cell walls and their relationship to the rest of the cell.
1.18 (B) The same preparation at higher magnification (52,000)
1.18 (C) Grana stacks and stroma lamellae; (D) Chloroplast
1.20 Electron micrographs illustrating several stages of plastid development
1.24 Current model for the assembly of intermediate filaments from protein monomers
1.25 Equilibrium between polymerization and depolymerization of a microtubule
1.5 (B) Plasma membranes in cells from the meristematic region
This transmission electron micrograph shows plasma membranes in cells from the meristematic region of a root tip of cress (Lepidium sativum). The overall thickness of the plasma membrane, viewed as two dense lines and an intervening space, is 8 nm.
1.21 Electron micrograph of a peroxisome from a mesophyll cell
1.22 (A) An oleosome beside a peroxisome; (B) Formation of oleosomes
1.23 (A) Drawing of a microtubule in longitudinal view; (B) A microfilament
1.28 A cell plate forming in a maple (Acer) seedling (10,000×)
1.30 (B) Diagram of the regulation of the cell cycle by cyclin-dependent protein kinase
1.6 Different types of anchored membrane proteins
FIGURE 1.6 Different types of anchored mem brane proteins that are attached to the membrane via fatty acids, prenyl groups, or phosphatidylinosit ol.
(B) Composite drawing of a nucleus with nuclear pores. The cutaway section shows the interior of the nucleus.
1.8 The nuclear pore complex acts as a supramolecular sieve
1.7 (A) Transmission electron micrograph of a plant cell; (B) Nucleus
(A) Transmission electron micrograph of a plant cell, showing the nucleolus and the nuclear envelop.
1.12 The endoplasmic reticulum
1.13 Golgi apparatus in a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) root cap cell
1.14 Vesicular traffic along the secretory and endocytotic pathways
1.9 The mechanism of protein import into the nucleus
1.10 Packaging of DNA in a metaphase chromosome (Part 1)
1.10 Packaging of DNA in a metaphase chromosome (Part 2)