60974-10 ：2007 中文稿
IEC 60974-1-2005 部分原文
ARC WELDING EQUIPMENT –Part 1: Welding power sources1 ScopeThis part of IEC 60974 is applicable to power sources for arc welding and allied processes designed for industrial and professional use, and supplied by a voltage not exceeding that specified in Table 1 of IEC 60038, or driven by mechanical means.This part of IEC 60974 specifies safety and performance requirements of welding power sources and plasma cutting systems.This part of IEC 60974 is not applicable to welding power sources for manual metal arc welding with limited duty operation which are designed mainly for use by laymen.This part of IEC 60974 is not applicable to testing of power sources during periodic maintenance or after repair.NOTE 1 Typical allied processes are electric arc cutting and arc spraying.NOTE 2 This part of IEC 60974 does not include electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements.2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.IEC 60038, IEC standard voltagesIEC 60050(151), International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Part 151: Electrical and magnetic devicesIEC 60050(851), International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Chapter 851: Electric weldingIEC 60112, Method for the determination of the proof and the comparative tracking indices of solid insulating materialsIEC 60245-6, Rubber insulated cables – Rated voltages up to and including 450/750 V – Part 6: Arc welding electrode cablesIEC 60309-1, Plugs, socket-outlets and couplers for industrial purposes – Part 1: General requirementsIEC 60417-DB:20022, Graphical symbols for use on equipment___________2 “DB” refers to the IEC on-line database.IEC 60445, Basic and safety principles for man-machine interface, marking and identification –Identification of equipment terminals and of terminations of certain designated conductors, including general rules for an alphanumeric systemIEC 60529, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)IEC 60664-1:1992, Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems – Part 1: Principles, requirements and tests3Amendment 1 (2000)Amendment 2 (2002)IEC 60664-3, Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems – Part 3: Use of coating, potting or moulding for protection against pollutionIEC 60695-11-10, Fire hazard testing – Part 11-10: Test flames – 50 W horizontal and vertical flame test methodsIEC 60974-7, Arc welding equipment – Part 7: TorchesIEC 60974-12, Arc welding equipment – Part 12: Coupling devices for welding cablesIEC 61140, Protection against electric shock – Common aspects for installation and equipment IEC 61558-2-4, Safety of power transformers, power supply units and similar – Part 2-4: Particular requirements for isolating transformers for general useIEC 61558-2-6, Safety of power transformers, power supply units and similar – Part 2-6: Particular requirements for safety isolating transformers for general useCISPR 11, Industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio-frequency equipment – Electro-magnetic disturbance characteristics – Limits and methods of measurement3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60050(151), IEC 60050(851) and IEC 60664-1, as well as the following, apply.3.1arc welding power sourceequipment for supply i ng current and voltage and having the required characteristics suitable for arc welding and allied processesNOTE 1An arc welding power source may also supply services to other equipment and auxiliaries for example auxiliary power, cooling liquid, consumable arc welding electrode and gas to shield the arc and the welding area. NOTE 2In the following text, the term "welding power source" is used.3.2industrial and professional useuse intended only for experts or instructed persons___________3A consolidated edition 1.2 (2002) exists that includes edition 1.0 and its amendments 1 (2000) and 2 (2002).3.55plasma cutting power sourceequipment for supplying current and voltage and having the required characteristics suitable for plasma cutting/gouging and which may supply gas and cooling liquidNOTE A plasma cutting power source may also supply services to other equipment and auxiliaries, for example auxiliary power, cooling liquid and gas.3.56safety extra low voltageSELVvoltage which does not exceed 50 V a.c. or 120 V ripple free d.c. between conductors, or between any conductor and earth, in a circuit which is isolated from the supply mains by such means as a safety isolating transformerNOTE 1Maximum voltage lower than 50 V a.c. or 120 V ripple free d.c. may be specified in particular require-ments, especially when direct contact with live parts is allowed.NOTE 2The voltage limit should not be exceeded at any load between full load and no-load when the source is a safety isolating transformer.NOTE 3"Ripple-free" is conventionally an r.m.s. ripple voltage not more than 10 % of the d.c. component; the maximum peak value does not exceed 140 V for a nominal 120 V ripple-free d.c. system and 70 V for a nominal 60 V ripple-free d.c. system.3.57supply circuitconductive material in the power source through which the supply current is intended to flow3.58working voltagehighest r.m.s. value of the a.c. or d.c. voltage across any particular insulation which can occur when the equipment is supplied at rated voltageNOTE 1Transients are disregarded.NOTE 2Both open circuit conditions and normal operating conditions are taken into account.4 Environmental conditionsWelding power sources shall be capable of delivering their rated output when the following environmental conditions prevail:a) range of the temperature of the ambient air:during operation: –10 °C to +40 °C;after transport and storage at: –20 °C to +55 °C;b) relative humidity of the air:up to 50 % at 40 °C;up to 90 % at 20 °C;c) ambient air, free from abnormal amounts of dust, acids, corrosive gases or substances,etc. other than those generated by the welding process;d) altitude above sea level up to 1 000 m;e) base of the welding power source inclined up to 10°.NOTE Different environmental conditions may be agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser and the resulting welding power source is marked accordingly (see 15.1). Examples of these conditions are: high humidity, unusually corrosive fumes, steam, excessive oil vapour, abnormal vibration or shock, excessive dust, severe weather conditions, unusual coastal or shipboard conditions, vermin infestation and atmospheres conducive to the growth of mould.5 Testsconditions5.1 TestThe tests shall be carried out on new, dry and completely assembled welding power sources at an ambient air temperature between 10 °C and 40 °C. It is recommended that the thermal tests are carried out at 40 °C. When placing the measuring devices, the only access permitted shall be through openings with cover plates, inspection doors or easily removable panels provided by the manufacturer. The ventilation in the test area and the measuring devices used shall not interfere with the normal ventilation of the welding power source or cause abnormal transfer of heat to or from it.Liquid-cooled welding power sources shall be tested with liquid conditions as specified by the manufacturer.instruments5.2 MeasuringThe accuracy of measuring instruments shall be:a) electrical measuring instruments: class 0,5 (±0,5 % of full-scale reading), except for themeasurement of insulation resistance and dielectric strength where the accuracy of the instruments is not specified, but shall be taken into account for the measurement;b) thermometer: ±2 K;c) tachometer: ±1 % of full-scale reading.5.3 Conformity of componentsComponents which due to failure may increase the risk of a hazard, shall comply with the requirements of this document or with the requirements of the relevant IEC/ISO standards.NOTE 1An IEC component standard is considered relevant only if the component in question falls within its scope.Evaluation and testing of components shall be carried out as follows.a) A component certified by a recognized testing authority for compliance with therequirements of a standard harmonized with the relevant IEC component standard shall be checked for correct application and use in accordance with its rating. It shall be subjected to the applicable tests of this document as part of the equipment with the exception of those tests which are part of the relevant IEC component standard.b) A component which is not certified for compliance with a relevant standard as above shallbe checked for correct application and use in accordance with its specified rating. It shall be subjected to the applicable tests of this document, as part of the equipment, and to the applicable tests of the component standard, under the conditions occurring in the equipment.NOTE 2 The applicable test for compliance with a component standard is, in general, carried out separately. The number of test samples is, in general, the same as that required in the component standard.c) Where no relevant component standard exists, or where components are used in circuitsnot in accordance with their specified ratings, the components shall be tested under the conditions occurring in the equipment. The number of samples required for test is, in general, the same as that required by an equivalent standard.5.4 TypetestsUnless otherwise specified, the tests in this document are type tests.The welding power source shall be tested with any ancillary equipment fitted that could affect the test results.All type tests shall be carried out on the same welding power source except where it is specified that a test may be carried out on another welding power source.As a condition of conformity, the type tests given below shall be carried out in the following sequence with no drying time between f), g) and h):a) general visual inspection, see 3.7;b) insulation resistance, see 6.1.4 (preliminary check);c) enclosure, see 14.2;d) handling means, see 14.3;e) drop withstand, see 14.4;f) protection provided by the enclosure, see 6.2.1;g) insulation resistance, see 6.1.4;h) dielectric strength, see 6.1.5;i) general visual inspection, see 3.7.The other tests included in this document and not listed here may be carried out in any convenient sequence.tests5.5 RoutineAll routine tests shall be carried out on each welding power source. The following sequence is recommended:a) general visual inspection, see 3.7;b) continuity of the protective circuit, see 10.4.2;c) dielectric strength, see 6.1.5;d) no-load voltage:1) rated no-load voltage, see 11.1; or2) if applicable, rated reduced no-load voltage, see 13.2; or3) if applicable, rated switched no-load voltage, see 13.3;e) test to ensure rated minimum and maximum output values in accordance with 15.4 b) and15.4 c). The manufacturer may select conventional load, short circuit load or other testconditions;f) general visual inspection, see 3.7.NOTE In short circuit and other test conditions, the output values may differ from conventional load values.6 Protection against electric shock6.1 Insulation 6.1.1 GeneralThe majority of welding power sources fall within the overvoltage category III in accordance with IEC 60664-1; mechanically powered welding power sources fall within overvoltage category II. All welding power sources shall be designed for use in environmental conditions of pollution degree 3 as a minimum.Components or subassemblies with clearances or creepage distances corresponding to pollution degree 2 are permitted, if they are completely coated, potted or moulded in accordance with IEC 60664-3.See Table 2 for printed wiring material creepage distances.Equipment designed with clearances based on line to neutral voltage values shall be provided with a caution that such equipment shall only be used on a supply system that is either a three-phase, four-wire system with an earthed neutral or a single-phase, three-wire, system with an earthed neutral.6.1.2 ClearancesFor basic insulation or supplementary and reinforced insulation, minimum clearances shall be in accordance with IEC 60664-1, as partially summarized in Table 1 for overvoltage category III.Table 1 – Minimum clearances for overvoltage category IIIBasic or supplementary insulationReinforced insulationPollution degreePollution degree2 3 42 3 4Voltage aRated impulse Test voltage AC test voltage Clearance Rated impulse test voltage AC testvoltage ClearanceV r.m.s.peak VV r.m.s.mmpeak V V r.m.s. mm 50 800 566 0,2 0,8 1 500 1 061 0,50,81,6 100 1 500 1 061 0,51,6 2 500 1 768 1,5150 2 500 1 768 1,54 000 2 828 3 300 4 000 2 828 3 6 000 4 243 5,5 6006 000 4 243 5,5 8 000 5 6578 1 0008 0005 657812 0008 48514NOTE 1 Values taken from Tables 1 and 2 of IEC 60664-1.NOTE 2 For other pollution degrees and overvoltage categories, see IEC 60664-1.aSee Annex A.For determining clearances as to accessible non-conductive surfaces, such surfaces shall be considered to be covered by metal foil wherever they can be touched by the standard test finger in accordance with IEC 60529.Clearances shall not be interpolated.For supply circuit terminals, see Clause E.2.Clearances between parts of the welding power source (for example electronic circuits or components) which are protected by an overvoltage limiting device (for example metal oxide varistor) may be rated in accordance with overvoltage category I (see IEC 60664-1).The values of Table 1 shall also apply to the welding circuit within the welding power source and to control circuits when separated from the supply circuit, for example by a transformer.If the control circuit is directly connected to the supply circuit, the values for the supply voltage shall apply.Conformity shall be checked by measurement in accordance with 4.2 of IEC 60664-1 or where this is not possible, by submitting the welding power source to an impulse test using the voltages given in Table 1.For the impulse test, a minimum of three impulses of each polarity at the voltage given in Table 1 are applied with an interval of at least 1 s between impulses using a generator with an output waveform of 1,2/50 µs and an output impedance of less than 500 Ω.Alternatively, either an a.c. test voltage as given in Table 1 may be applied for three cycles or a ripple free d.c. voltage, the value of which is equal to the impulse voltage, may be applied three times for 10 ms, for each polarity.distances6.1.3 CreepageFor basic insulation or supplementary and reinforced insulation, minimum creepage distances shall be in accordance with IEC 60664-1, as summarized in Table 2.Creepage distances for reinforced or double insulation shall be twice those determined for basic insulation.For the purpose of dimensioning creepage distances to accessible surfaces of insulation material, such surfaces shall be considered to be covered by metal foil wherever they can be touched by the standard test finger in accordance with IEC 60529.Creepage distances are given for the highest rated voltage of each line of Table 2. In the case of a lower rated voltage, interpolation is allowed.For supply circuit terminals, see Clause E.2.The values of Table 2 shall also be applicable to the welding circuit within the welding power source and to control circuits when separated from the supply circuit by, for example, a transformer.A creepage distance cannot be less than the associated clearance, so the shortest possible creepage distance is equal to the required clearance.If the control circuit is connected directly to the supply circuit, the values for the supply voltage shall apply.Conformity shall be checked by linear measurement in accordance with 4.2 of IEC 60664-1.Table 2 – Minimum creepage distancesCreepage distances in millimetres Basic or supplementary insulationPrinted wiring materialPollution degreePollution degree1 2 1 2 3 4 Material group Material groupMaterial groupWorking voltageabaI II III I II III I II IIIV r.m.s mm mm mm mmmmmm mmmmmm mm mm mm10 0,025 0,04 0,08 0,4 0,4 0,4 1 1 1 1,6 1,6 1,612,5 0,025 0,04 0,09 0,420,420,421,0 1,051,051,6 1,6 1,616 0,025 0,04 0,1 0,450,450,451,1 1,1 1,1 1,6 1,6 1,6 20 0,025 0,04 0,11 0,480,480,481,2 1,2 1,2 1,6 1,6 1,625 0,025 0,04 0,1250,5 0,5 0,5 1,2 1,251,251,7 1,7 1,732 0,025 0,04 0,14 0,530,530,531,3 1,3 1,3 1,8 1,8 1,840 0,025 0,04 0,16 0,560,8 1,1 1,4 1,6 1,8 1,9 2,4 350 0,025 0,04 0,18 0,6 0,851,2 1,5 1,7 1,9 2 2,5 3,263 0,04 0,063 0,2 0,630,9 1,251,6 1,8 2 2,1 2,6 3,480 0,063 0,1 0,22 0,670,951,3 1,7 1,9 2,1 2,2 2,8 3,6 100 0,1 0,16 0,25 0,71 1 1,4 1,8 2 2,2 2,4 3 3,8125 0,16 0,25 0,28 0,751,051,5 1,9 2,1 2,4 2,5 3,2 4 160 0,25 0,4 0,32 0,8 1,1 1,6 2 2,2 2,5 3,2 4 5 200 0,4 0,63 0,42 1 1,4 2 2,5 2,8 3,2 4 5 6,3250 0,56 1 0,56 1,251,8 2,5 3,2 3,6 4 5 6,3 8320 0,75 1,6 0,75 1,6 2,2 3,2 4 4,5 5 6,3 8 10 400 1 2 1 2 2,8 4 5 5,6 6,3 8 10 12,5500 1,3 2,5 1,3 2,5 3,6 5 6,3 7,1 8 10 12,5 16 630 1,8 3,2 1,8 3,2 4,5 6,3 8 9 10 12,5 16 20800 2,4 4 2,4 4 5,6 8 10 11 12,516 20 251 000 3,2 5 3,2 5 7,1 10 12,514 16 20 25 321 250 4,2 6,3 9 12,516 18 20 25 32 401 600 5,6 8 11 16 20 22 25 32 40 50 2 000 7,5 10 14 20 25 28 32 40 50 63 2 500 10 12,518 25 32 36 40 50 63 803 200 12,5 16 22 32 40 45 50 63 80 1004 000 16 20 28 40 50 56 63 80 100 125 5 000 20 25 36 50 63 71 80 100 125 160 6 300 25 32 45 63 80 90 100 125 160 200 8 000 32 40 56 80 100110125 160 200 250 10 00040 50 71 100 125140160 200 250 320a Material group I, II, IIIa and IIIb.b Material group I, II and IIIa.6.1.4 InsulationresistanceThe insulation resistance shall be not less than the values given in Table 3.Table 3 – Insulation resistanceSupply circuit (including control circuits connected to it) to welding circuit (including controlcircuits connected to it)5 MΩControl circuits and exposed conductive parts to allcircuits 2,5 MΩAny control or auxiliary circuit connected to the protective conductor terminal shall be considered as an exposed conductive part for the purpose of this test.Conformity shall be checked by the stabilized measurement of the insulation resistance without interference suppression or protection capacitors (see 6.3.2) by application of a d.c. voltage of 500 V at room temperature.Solid-state electronic components and their protective devices may be short-circuited during the measurement.6.1.5 DielectricstrengthThe insulation shall withstand the following test voltages without any flashover or breakdown:a) first test of a welding power source: test voltages given in Table 4;b) repetition of the test of the same welding power source: test voltage 80 % of the valuesgiven in Table 4.Table 4 – Dielectric test voltagesMaximum rated voltage aV r.m.s. AC dielectric test voltageV r.m.s.All circuits All circuits to exposed conductive parts,supply circuit to all circuits except thewelding circuit All circuits exceptsupply circuit towelding circuitSupply circuit towelding circuitClass I equipment Class II equipmentUp to 50 250 500 500 – 200 1 000 2 000 1 000 2 000450 1 875 3 750 1 875 3 750700 2 500 5 000 2 500 5 0001 0002 750 5 500 – 5 500NOTE 1 The maximum rated voltage is valid for earthed and unearthed systems.NOTE 2 In this document, the dielectric strength test of control circuits is limited to any circuit that enters or exits the enclosure apart from the supply circuit and the welding circuit.a For intermediate values, except between 200 V and 450 V, interpolation of the test voltages is allowed.The a.c. test voltage shall be of an approximate sine wave-form with a peak value not exceeding 1,45 times the r.m.s. value, having a frequency of approximately 50 Hz or 60 Hz.The maximum permissible setting of the tripping current shall be 100 mA. The high voltage transformer shall deliver the prescribed voltage up to the tripping current. Tripping is regarded as a flashover or a breakdown.NOTE For the operator´s safety, the lowest setting of the tripping current (less than 10 mA) is recommended. Alternative test: A d.c. test voltage of 1,4 times the r.m.s. test voltage may be used. Components or subassemblies shall not be disconnected or short-circuited unless the conditions of a), b) or c) below are met:a) The components or subassemblies are designed and tested to relevant standards thatspecify a voltage lower than the test voltage level of this document. These components or subassemblies are not connected between supply and welding circuits and their disconnection or short-circuiting does not prevent a part of that circuit from being tested.Example: fan motors and pump motors.b) The components or subassemblies are completely incorporated within either the supply orthe welding circuit and their disconnection does not prevent a part of that circuit from being tested. Example: electronic circuits.c) Interference suppression networks or protection capacitors between the supply or weldingcircuit and any exposed conductive part conform to the relevant standards.Control circuits connected to the protective conductor terminal shall not be disconnected during testing and they are then tested as exposed conductive parts.At the discretion of the manufacturer, the test voltage may be slowly raised to the full value.The test voltages between the supply circuit, the exposed conductive parts and the welding circuit may be applied simultaneously. An example is given in Annex B.Mechanically powered welding power sources shall undergo the same test.Conformity shall be checked by application of the test voltage fora) 60 s (type test);b) 5 s (routine test);orc) 1 s (routine test with the test voltage increased by 20 %).6.2 Protection against electric shock in normal service (direct contact)6.2.1 Protection provided by the enclosureWelding power sources specifically designed for indoor use shall have a minimum degree of protection of IP21S using IEC 60529 test procedures and conditions.Welding power sources specifically designed for outdoor use shall have a minimum degree of protection of IP23S using IEC 60529 test procedures and conditions.60974-1 IEC:2005– 49 –Welding power sources with degree of protection IP23S may be stored, but are not intended to be used outside during precipitation unless sheltered. Adequate drainage shall be provided by the enclosure. Retained water shall not interfere with the correct operation of the equipment or impair safety. Welding circuit connections shall be protected as specified in 11.4.1. Remote controls for welding power sources shall have a minimum degree of protection of IP2X using IEC 60529 test procedures and conditions.Conformity shall be checked as follows:A welding power source shall be subjected to the appropriate water test without being energized. Immediately after the test, the welding power source shall be moved to a safe environment and subjected to the insulation resistance and dielectric strength tests. Adequate drainage of the enclosure shall be checked by visual inspection.6.2.2 CapacitorsA capacitor provided as part of a welding power source and connected either across a supply circuit or across a winding of a transformer providing welding current shall a) not contain more than 1 l of flammable liquid; b) be designed not to leak during normal service; c) be contained within the welding power source enclosure or other enclosure which conforms to the relevant requirements of this document.Conformity shall be checked by visual inspection.Capacitors shall not cause the welding power source to exhibit hazardous electrical breakdown or present risk of fire in event of a failure.Conformity shall be checked by the following test:The welding power source is operated at no-load at its rated input voltage and with an input supply fuse or circuit-breaker rated up to but not more than 200 % of the rated maximum supply current with all or any of the capacitors shorted until: a) any fuse or overcurrent device in the welding power source has operated; or b) the supply circuit fuse or circuit-breaker has cleared; or c) the input components of the welding power source reach a steady state temperature, not higher than that allowed in 7.3. If any undue heating or melting becomes apparent, the welding power source shall conform to the requirements of items a), c) and d) of 8.1. There shall be no leakage of liquid during any of the type tests required by this document.60974-1 IEC:2005– 51 –For interference suppression capacitors or capacitors having internal fusing or a circuit breaker, this test is not required.6.2.3 Automatic discharge of input capacitorsEach capacitor shall be provided with a means of automatic discharge which shall reduce the voltage across the capacitor to 60 V or less within the time necessary to give access to any current carrying part connected to the capacitor or an appropriate warning label shall be used. For any plug, which has a voltage due to a capacitor, the access time is considered to be 1 s. Capacitors having a rated capacitance not exceeding 0,1 µF are not considered to present a risk of electric shock.Conformity shall be checked by visual inspection and by the following test.The welding power source is operated at the highest rated supply voltage. The welding power source is then disconnected from the supply and the voltages are measured with instruments that do not significantly affect the values being measured.6.3 6.3.1 Protection against electric shock in case of a fault condition (indirect contact) Protective provisionsWelding power sources shall be class I or class II equipment in accordance with IEC 61140, with the exception of the welding circuit.6.3.2 Isolation of the supply circuit and the welding circuitThe welding circuit shall be electrically isolated from the supply circuit and from all other circuits having a voltage higher than the allowable no-load voltage in accordance with 11.1 (for example auxiliary power supply circuits) by reinforced or double insulation or equivalent means that meet the requirements of 6.1. If another circuit is connected to the welding circuit, the power of the other circuit shall be supplied by an isolating transformer or equivalent means. The welding circuit shall not be connected internally to the connecting means for the external protective conductor, the enclosure, frame or core of the welding power source, except, if necessary, by an interference suppression network or protection capacitor. The leakage current between the welding outlets and the protective conductor terminal shall not exceed 10 mA a.c. r.m.s.Conformity shall be checked by visual inspection and measurement of the leakage current with a circuit as shown in Figure 1 at the rated supply voltage and no-load condition.The measuring circuit shall have a total resistance of (1 750 ± 250) Ω and be shunted by a capacitor so that the time constant of the circuit will be (225 ± 15) µs. In the case of 1 750 Ω, the capacitor will be 130 nF.。
PV6097_EN_2007-07-01
Group StandardPV 6097 Issue 2007-07 Class. No.:A6600 Descriptors: porosity, porosity determination, porosity test, porosity test on castingsCheck standard for current issue prior to usage.Page 1 of 20The English translation is believed to be accurate. In case of discrepancies the German version shall govern.Numerical notation acc. to ISO practice.This electronically generated standard is authentic and valid without signature. Technical Responsibility StandardsK-GQL-2 Dr. Stefan Eisenberg K-GQL-2/1 Hannes Wendt Tel.: +49-5361-9-38956 EKTC/4 Gabriela Bochynek Tel: +49-5361-9-21698EKTCManfred Terlinden Confidential. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be transmitted or reproduced without the prior permission of a Standards department within the Volkswagen Group.Contract partners shall obtain the standard only through the B2B supplier platform .© VOLKSWAGEN AGvwnorm-2007-07Porosity Determination According to VW 50097ContentsPage 1Scope................................................................................................................................2 2Aim....................................................................................................................................2 3Description........................................................................................................................2 4Definitions.........................................................................................................................2 5Test procedures................................................................................................................2 5.1Specification of reference areas........................................................................................2 5.1.1Permissible reference area geometries.............................................................................2 5.1.2Selection and size of the reference area............................................................................3 5.1.3Position of the reference area............................................................................................3 5.2Selection of the section and projection planes...................................................................4 5.3Quality of the reference areas to be evaluated..................................................................4 5.3.1Reference areas for evaluation of pore class S.................................................................4 5.3.2Reference areas for evaluation of pore class D.................................................................4 5.3.3Reference areas for evaluation of pore class F..................................................................5 5.3.4Reference areas for evaluation of pore class G.................................................................5 5.4Evaluation of the reference areas......................................................................................6 5.5Result of the porosity test..................................................................................................7 5.6Example of the porosity test ..............................................................................................7 6Referenced standards.......................................................................................................7 A.1Pore class D - Problems and errors during specimen preparation and evaluation.............8 A.2Porosity determination on a metallographic polished microsection..................................11 A.3Representation of microsections of different porosity (16)Page 2Issue PV 6097: 2007-071 ScopeThis standard applies to metal castings whose drawings or referenced standards contain porosity specifications according to VW 50097.Older porosity specifications based on the VDG (German Foundrymen's Association) Specification P 201 shall be treated as corresponding specifications according to VW 50097.2 AimThe aim of this test specification (PV) is to test the porosity on the casting with regard to existing drawing specifications (in conformity with VW 50097).3 DescriptionDrawing notes according to VW 50097.4 DefinitionsDefinitions according to VW 50099, VW 50097 and VDG Specification P 201.Comparison diameter Diameter of a circle enclosing the pores.Equivalent diameter Diameter of a circle having the same area as the compared pore.5 Test proceduresThe test method is based on the drawing specification and not on the type of load of the casting.─Pore class S Test on a microsection with a surface quality Rz ≤ 25─Pore class D Test on a metallographic polished microsection─Pore class F Test on a functional surface machined according to drawing─Pore class G Radiographic test by X-raySupplementary drawing notes are valid.5.1 Specification of reference areasThe specifications in all pore classes refer to a so-called reference area. The same principle is used in all pore classes to determine this area.5.1.1 Permissible reference area geometriesOnly the following geometries are permissible for selection of a suitable reference area.─Square─Circle─TriangleThese geometries are a special form of common area geometries.Page 3Issue PV 6097: 2007-075.1.2 Selection and size of the reference areaWhen─components are cut,─surfaces are machined according to drawing,─curved machining surfaces are projected and thus developed onto a plane,─or bodies are projected onto a plane for the radiographic test,the result is always surface sections that can be approximated by the following geometries:─Square (as a special form of a rectangular surface section)─Circle (as a special form of an elliptical surface section)─TriangleAccording to VW 50097 and VDG Specification P 201, the reference area shall always be selected so that it resembles the local component geometry and so that its position and size ensure local coverage of a maximum, geometrically similar area.For evaluation of mating surfaces, the reference area is selected in reference to the local width of the seal used or the width of the bead passage described in the drawing.NOTE: If the occurring distortion is neglected, for example, the ring around a hole can be developed into a rectangle. Thus, a square inscribed within the width of the ring is the only valid reference area for evaluating a ring. To evaluate the porosity of the ring, this square is moved tangentially (according to Section 5.1.3) over the ring area. This definition is identical with that in VDG Specification P 201, Section 5.1.2.Allowing for a 1:1 reproduction ratio, the maximum permissible size of the reference area for the X-ray test is 5 cm².NOTE: Depending on the X-ray system and actual magnification used, this specification can lead to problems during implementation. In this case, consult with the responsible engineering department of the end purchaser. Agreements reached regarding a different testing method shall be documented in a suitable form in the drawing or referenced documents.Reference area selection with regard to strength considerations can result in small reference areas overlapping with possibly larger reference areas or reference areas of different geometries. As a rule of thumb, this overlapping should not exceed 50% of the smaller reference area.With complex geometries, this stipulation does not always result in unambiguous specification of local reference areas. If in doubt, consult with the releasing laboratory of the end purchaser.5.1.3 Position of the reference areaAny number of section planes can be generated in a casting. As a result, every flat machined surface represents a section plane.Likewise, radiography makes it possible to generate any number of projections of a casting.Within a section plane or projection surface, the permissible reference area shall always be selected from the multitude of possible positions so that the porosity resulting from the evaluation is maximized.Page 4Issue PV 6097: 2007-075.2 Selection of the section and projection planesProvided the valid drawing or other referenced standards do not specify otherwise, suitable planes shall be selected in at least those areas in which critical loads occur.In addition, at the supplier's discretion microsections can also be placed in areas that are suitable as indicators of an unstable process.NOTE: If the person responsible for testing is uncertain about these areas, he/she shall consult with the responsible engineering department of the end purchaser.5.3 Quality of the reference areas to be evaluatedProvided the drawing or other referenced standards do not specify otherwise, the reference areas to be evaluated shall exhibit the following quality.5.3.1 Reference areas for evaluation of pore class SAreas with a porosity specification of class S are evaluated on areas that exhibit a surface roughness of Rz 25 or better. The areas to be evaluated shall be flat and free from impurities or damage that can impair the test result. The reference areas are evaluated with a resolution that corresponds to normal vision of the human eye.5.3.2 Reference areas for evaluation of pore class DAreas with a porosity specification of class D are evaluated on a metallographic (polished) microsection.A metallographic microsection shall comply with the following requirements:─Mirror-bright surface Viewed under a microscope at a magnificationof 100:1, no machining traces from the precedingpreparation phases may be visible (no scratches orscore marks).─Flatness of microsection surface The microsection must not exhibit any edge radiusingor relief formation.─No plastic deformation of structure The microsection must not exhibit any permanentplastic deformation as a result of precedingpreparation steps.The area is evaluated under a reflected light microscope at magnifications in the range from 20:1 to 25:1. The use of a stereomicroscope is not permitted.Attention shall be paid to suitable illumination when evaluating microsections, especially for the purpose or recording digital images. The porosity appears to be less in images with excessive illumination, while it appears to be greater in images with insufficient illumination.NOTE: The contractor can at its own discretion use a stronger magnification than 25:1 to evaluate the reference areas. The use of a magnification of less than 20:1 is also permissible for the end purchaser at its discretion.Page 5Issue PV 6097: 2007-075.3.3 Reference areas for evaluation of pore class FThe quality of the reference area complies with the local machining specification in the drawing. The area to be examined shall be free from impurities or damage that can impair the test result. NOTE: Surfaces machined according to drawing also represent a section plane within the context of pore classes S and D. If functional surfaces are subject to a local porosity specification of class F as well as general porosity specifications of class S or D, they shall comply with both specifications.5.3.4 Reference areas for evaluation of pore class GAreas with a porosity specification of class G are evaluated on an X-ray film or video image (live image or processed X-ray image) of an X-ray system. The combination of tubes, detectors and/or film, the radiation parameters and the imaging unit (monitor, focusing screen) shall always ensure a contrast resolution of at least 6% of the irradiated, cumulative wall thickness. The X-ray system shall allow a void to be detected that is at least 15% smaller than the maximum permitted void size according to the drawing. The void detection ability shall be demonstrated using a suitable void simulation specimen.If a permissible maximum void is not defined in the drawing, the following standard maximum void criteria shall apply, both of which shall be complied with according the demonstration rule above.Maximum pore dimension = 1 mm Maximum pore area = 0,8 mm²For testing, the casting shall be aligned in the beam path of the X-ray system so that the porosity is maximized in the projection of the areas to be evaluated. Each reference area is evaluated using a reproduction ratio that ensures the required void detection ability.NOTE: If the reference area is evaluated using a reproduction ratio other than the 1:1 reproduction ratio stipulated in Section 5.1.2, the maximum permissible size of each reference area (5 cm² according to Section 5.1.2, or as defined in a special drawing note) shall be adapted to the actual reproduction ratio.Page 6Issue PV 6097: 2007-075.4 Evaluation of the reference areasWith the exception of pore class F, the result of the area evaluation is the sum of the porous areas as a percentage of the size of the evaluated reference area. The evaluation shall be performed using a suitable method. Suitable methods in the context of this test specification are─Planimetric method─Linear intercept methodMethods deviating from the above methods are only permissible with approval of the responsible laboratory of the end purchaser.Evaluation of reference areas with a porosity specification of VW 50097-D4 and lower represent a special case. Provided the dimensions of each examined reference area exceed a rectangular dimension of (3 x 4) mm², the porous area may not exceed 4% in any (3 x 4) mm² subarea of the examined reference area.Areas of pore class F are evaluated using suitable comparison dimensions (measuring lens, caliper, steel rule) or comparison templates. The resolution of each utilized aid shall be appropriate for the measurement task.Provided the valid drawing or other referenced standards do not specify otherwise, the size evaluation of individual pores always refers to the respective comparison diameter.NOTE: Some X-ray systems with connected image evaluation are only able to evaluate so-called equivalent diameters. If this causes a conflict with the applicable standards for the porosity evaluation, the responsible laboratory of the end purchaser shall be consulted.Page 7Issue PV 6097: 2007-075.5 Result of the porosity testThe result of the porosity test is the actual porosity of the tested areas. Every discrete area, or in the case of class F specifications every discrete functional surface, is evaluated separately in this regard.In each case, the actual porosity represents the result of the reference area with the highest local porosity. Averaging of results of individual reference areas is not permitted.The result of an evaluation of the porous area is always rounded up to an integer percentage value. The following shall be taken into consideration for the rounding rules:─For a porosity specification of VW 50097-D4 and lower, each porosity measurement result is indicated in whole 1% increments. For a porosity specification of VW 50097-D5 and higher, the result is rounded up to whole 5% increments.The same rule applies to porosity specifications of class S, but for this class any results that are less than 5% are reported with VW 50097-S5.Results for porosity specifications of class G are reported in whole 1% increments. The result VW 50097-G0 is also permissible in this pore class. This result means that no pores could be detected within the resolution capacity of the system used.The individual void sizes determined are always classified in rounded-up value increments. The maximum individual pore size determined is classified in 0,5 mm increments. Pores that are not taken into consideration when examining functional surfaces are classified in 0,1 mm increments.5.6 Example of the porosity testPorosity specification VW 50097-D5/1 applies to all areas of a component. The casting exhibits two strength-critical areas and one area that exhibits an especially critical response to process fluctuations. In all three areas, metallographic microsections were prepared into which the reference area whose evaluation results in a maximum area porosity or a maximum individual pore size was generated from the multitude of possible reference areas. This yields a total of four reference areas with the following individual results:─Area 1: 3,4% porous area, maximum individual pore size 2,1 mmLocal result: VW 50097-D5/2,5─Area 2: 8,6% porous area, maximum individual pore size 0,8 mmLocal result: VW 50097-D10/1─Area 3: 0,4% porous area, maximum individual pore size 0,1 mmLocal result: VW 50097-D5/0,5─Area 4: 4,4% porous area, maximum individual pore size 0,6 mmLocal result: VW 50097-D5/1The actual porosity of the component is VW 50097-D10/2,5. This means that the casting is not OK with regard to area porosity and maximum permissible individual pore size.6 Referenced standardsThe following documents cited in this standard are necessary for application of this standard.In this Section, terminological inconsistencies may occur as the original titles are used.VW 50097 Porosity of Metal Castings; RequirementsVW 50099 Foundry and Casting Technology; DefinitionsVDG Specification P201 Volumendefizite von Gussstücken aus Nichteisenmetallen (VolumeDeficits of Non-Ferrous Metal Castings – only available in German)Page 8Issue PV 6097: 2007-07Appendix A (informative)The example images shown below are intended for visualization purposes and to explain errors that can occur in a porosity evaluation not in compliance with the standards. The example images below make no claim for completeness. In other words, there are a multitude of possible methodological errors that are not represented here.Images with percentage porosity indications are for information purposes only. They are not suitable for creation of comparison charts.A.1 Pore class D - Problems and errors during specimen preparation and evaluation The microsection represented in Figure 1 satisfies the preparation specifications of pore class S only.Figure 2shows the same area after the specimen was prepared again in compliance with the standard.Figure 1 - Unpolished microsection Figure 2 - Polished microsectionFigure 3shows a micrograph that is unsuitable for the test of class D pores. In addition to the under-illuminated image, the striated surface caused by poor cleaning after the last polishing step, in particular, negatively impacts the result of the digital porosity evaluation.Figure 3 - Poorly prepared microsection, photograph too darkPage 9Issue PV 6097: 2007-07 Several problems occurred when preparing this casting from an austenitic cast iron (D5S) (seeFigure 4).First, the image exhibits a shading effect that produces a non-optimal result during binarization. Second, a binarization cannot be performed optimally because of the graphitic structure. The graphite causes the porosity evaluation result to be too high.To determine an exact porosity percentage, the area percentage of the graphite shall first be measured followed by the total percentage of graphite and pores. This enables the true porosity value to be calculated.Figure 4 - Photograph with shading effectPage 10Issue PV 6097: 2007-07The porosity is finally determined using a digital image analysis on a binarized image. The microsection quality is ultimately the critical factor for the binarization quality and the accuracy of the result. Relief and score mark formation result in an apparent porosity increase (for original image, see Figure 5 and for image with standard binarization, see Figure 6).If the binarization is undone, the score marks disappear but the porosity appears smaller than in the original image (for binarization setting for suppressing the score marks, see Figure 7).Figure 5 - Original photograph Figure 6 – Photograph with standardbinarizationFigure 7 – Original photograph anddifferent binarization levelsA.2 Porosity determination on a metallographic polished microsectionAlong with preparation of the specimen in compliance with the standard, selection of the suitable reference area plays a key role in the porosity determination. During implementation of the porosity specifications according to VW 50097, errors are made frequently when selecting the reference area.Figure 8 to Figure 17present the indication of the actual porosity of different castings in compliance with the standard. The reference areas associated with each indication are color-coded.NOTE: The method for selecting reference areas in compliance with the standard as shown in the examples using polished microsections is irrespective of the pore class specification.Figure 8Measured porosity: 21,2%Actual porosity according to PV 6097: VW 50097-D25Figure 9Measured porosity: 22,5%Actual porosity according to PV 6097: VW 50097-D25Figure 10Measured porosity: 24,9%Actual porosity according to PV 6097:VW 50097-D25Figure 11Measured porosities: 36,4%; 70,2%; 37,8%; 5,6% Actual porosity according to PV 6097: VW 50097-D75Figure 12Measured porosity: 43,1%; 67,8% Actual porosity according to PV 6097: VW 50097-D70Figure 13Measured porosity: 65,1%;9,6% Actual porosity according to PV 6097: VW 50097-D70Figure 14Measured porosity: 18,6%Actual porosity according to PV 6097:VW 50097-D20Figure 15Measured porosity: 7,3%Actual porosity according to PV 6097: VW 50097-D10Figure 16Measured porosity: 31,7%Actual porosity according to PV 6097: VW 50097-D35Figure 17Measured porosity: 11,2%Actual porosity according to PV 6097: VW 50097-D15A.3 Representation of microsections of different porosityFigure 18 to Figure 26show structures with different porosity. The images are for information purposes only and are not suitable for use as a comparison chart for determining the porous area.Figure 18 - Porous area = 0,8%Figure 19 - Porous area = 2,1%Figure 20 - Porous area = 4,6%Figure 21 - Porous area = 5,6%Figure 22 - Porous area = 9,2%Figure 23 - Porous area = 14,7%Figure 24 - Porous area = 16,8%Figure 25 - Porous area = 25,0%Figure 26 - Porous area = 26,4%。
IEC电磁标准(参考目录)
IEC 60255-26-2004
电气继电器.第26部分:量度继电器和保护装置的电磁兼容性要求
Electrical relays - Part 26: Electromagnetic compatibility requirements for measuring relays and protection equipment
IEC 60938-1 AMD 1-2006
抑制电磁干扰用固定电感.第1部分:总规范
Fixed inductors for electromagnetic interference suppression - Part 1: Generic specification
IEC 60938-1 Edition 2.1-2006
IEC 60050-161-1990
国际电工词汇 第161章:电磁兼容性
International elektrotechnical vocabulary; chapter 161: electromagnetic compatibility
IEC 60118-13-2004
电声学.助听器.第13部分:电磁兼容性(EMC)
IEC 60384-14-2005
电子设备用固定电容器.第14部分:分规范:电磁干扰抑制和电源网络连接用固定电容器
逆变机与传统变压器电焊机性能比较
逆变电焊机与传统变压器电焊机应用性能比较
珠海市高创力机电设备公司
目录
1。前言 2。焊接设备简介
3。节能分析
4。高创逆变焊机节能降耗的潜力与措施 5。高创产品简介
直流弧焊电源的发展过程
逆变焊机 1978年 IGBT逆变
晶闸管整流焊机 1960年代
MOSFET逆变
硅整流焊机 1950年代末
－－
－－ －－ －－ 184011.856元 －－
1。以0.404千克标准煤／度电计算（用于计算最终消费）；
高创ZX7-400与焊机电气数据对比较
型号 控制方式 额定输入电压。相 数 输入电源频率 额定输入容量 额定输出电流 额定输出电压 额定负载持续率 ZX7-400I-6 － － Hz kVA A V % IGBT逆变 AC380V 3相 50/60 18.2X6 400 39 60 型号 ZXE-6X400 变压器 降压 － Hz kVA A 二极管整流 AC380V 3相 50/60 198 400
高创电焊机发展动向技术特点（软开关）
软开关逆变技术：
采用节能、省材、减少电网污 染的软开关技术是逆变焊机发 展的新动向，它可以在减少资 源浪费的同时减少对电网的污 染。 由于谐振软开关逆变电路与传 统的硬开关逆变电路比较具有 明显的优点，因此，近十年来， 国内外都加大了软开关逆变技 术的研究和推广应用。
安全性能比较
高创逆变焊机 内部自带空载 电压降低电路， 空载时输出电 压为24V以下 的安全电压在 工作环境较差 的仓室及较易 发生空载电压 触电的场所。
传统变压器式电 焊机 空载电压较高 有70V-80V远高于 安全电压容易发 生空载电压电， 加装空载电压降 低装置困难且成 本较高，难以保 证工作安全可靠。
IEC 60974-5：2007 部分原文
IEC 60974-5Edition 2.0 2007-11INTERNATIONAL STANDARD NORMEINTERNATIONALEArc welding equipment – Part 5: Wire feedersMatériel de soudage à l’arc – Partie 5: DévidoirsINTERNATIONALELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSIONCOMMISSIONELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALERICS 25.160 PRICE CODE CODE PRIXISBN 2-8318-9390-9ARC WELDING EQUIPMENT –Part 5: Wire feeders1 ScopeThis part of IEC 60974 specifies safety and performance requirements for industrial and professional equipment used in arc welding and allied processes to feed filler wire.The wire feeder may be a stand-alone unit which may be connected to a separate welding power source or one where the welding power source and the wire feeder are housed in a single enclosure.The wire feeder may be suitable for manually or mechanically guided torches.This part of IEC 60974 is not applicable to spool-on torches that are covered by IEC 60974-7. This part of IEC 60974 is not applicable to wire feeders which are designed for use by laymen and are covered by IEC 60974-6.NOTE 1 Typical allied processes are, for example, plasma arc cutting and arc spraying.NOTE 2 This standard does not include electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements.2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.IEC 60050-195, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Part 195: Earthing and protection against electric shockIEC 60529:1989, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)IEC 60974-1:2005, Arc welding equipment – Part 1: Welding power sourcesIEC 60974-7, Arc welding equipment – Part 7: TorchesIEC 60974-10, Arc welding equipment – Part 10: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions of IEC 60050(195), IEC 60974-1, and IEC 60974-7, as well as the following, apply.3.1crushing zoneplace or area in which the human body or parts of the human body are exposed to a crushing hazardNOTE This hazard will be generated, if two movable parts are moving towards each other or one movable part is moving towards a fixed part.5.2 MeasuringinstrumentsAs specified in 5.2 of IEC 60974-1.5.3 Conformity of componentsAs specified in 5.3 of IEC 60974-1.tests5.4 TypeAll type tests given below shall be carried out on the same wire feeder.As a condition of conformity the type tests given below shall be carried out in the following sequence:a) visual inspection (see 3.7 of IEC 60974-1);b) insulation resistance (see 6.1.4 of IEC 60974-1 (preliminary check));c) enclosure (see 14.2 of IEC 60974-1);d) handling means (see 10.3);e) drop withstand (see 10.4);f) protection provided by the enclosure (see 6.2.1);g) insulation resistance (see 6.1.4 of IEC 60974-1);h) dielectric strength (see 6.1.5 of IEC 60974-1);i) visual inspection (see 3.7 of IEC 60974-1).The other tests included in this standard and not listed here may be carried out in any convenient sequence.tests5.5 RoutineAll routine tests given below shall be carried out on each wire feeder in the following sequence:a) visual inspection (see 3.7 of IEC 60974-1);b) continuity of the protective circuit, if applicable (see 10.4.2 of IEC 60974-1);c) dielectric strength (see 6.1.5 of IEC 60974-1);d) visual inspection (see 3.7 of IEC 60974-1).6 Protection against electric shock6.1 InsulationSee 6.1 of IEC 60974-1.6.2 Protection against electric shock in normal service (direct contact)6.2.1 Protection provided by the enclosureThe minimum degree of protection for wire feeders shall be in accordance with Table 1.Table 1 – Minimum degree of protectionComponent Designed forindoor useDesigned foroutdoor useMotor and control supplied by a voltage ≤ SELV IP2X IP23S Motor and control supplied by a voltage > SELV IP21S IP23S Live parts at welding potential for wire feeders usedwith manually guided torches (for example, fillerwire, wire spool, drive rolls)IPXX IPX3Live parts at welding potential for wire feeders usedwith mechanically guided torches (for example, fillerwire, wire spool, drive rolls)IPXX IPXX NOTE See also 10.8.Wire feeders with degree of protection IP23S may be stored but are not intended to be used outside during precipitation unless sheltered.Adequate drainage shall be provided by the enclosure. Retained water shall not interfere with the correct operation of the equipment or impair safety.Conformity shall be checked as specified in IEC 60529.For this test, the filler wire shall be fed into the drive system and all external connectors shall be connected or covered.The degree of water protection is met if, immediately after this test, the dielectric strength is verified as specified in 6.2.1 of IEC 60974-1.When live parts at welding potential are protected against precipitation, the filler wire shall show no visual wetness after the test.6.2.2 CapacitorsSee 6.2.2 of IEC 60974-1.6.2.3 Automatic discharge of input capacitorsSee 6.2.3 of IEC 60974-1.6.3 Protection against electric shock in case of a fault condition (indirect contact)6.3.1 Isolation of the supply circuit and the welding circuitSee 6.3.2 of IEC 60974-1.NOTE Only one reinforced or double insulation between the welding circuit and the mains is required.6.3.2 Isolation of the welding circuit from the frameLive parts at welding potential (for example, filler wire, wire spool, drive rolls) shall be isolated from the wire feeder frame or other structure to which they are attached by basic insulation (see Tables 1 and 2 of IEC 60974-1).Conformity shall be checked as specified in 6.1 of IEC 60974-1.6.10 Control circuitsSee Clause 12 of IEC 60974-1.6.11 Insulation of hanging meansIf an attachment is provided for hanging the wire feeder during welding, the attachment shall be electrically insulated from the wire feeder enclosure.A warning in the instructions shall be given that, if an alternative method of support is used, insulation should be provided between the wire feeder enclosure and the support.Conformity shall be checked by visual inspection.7 Liquid cooling systemComponent parts of wire feeders, through which cooling liquid flows, shall be capable of operating at an inlet pressure up to 0,5 MPa (5 bar) and with a coolant temperature up to 70 °C without leaking.Conformity shall be checked by measurement and visual inspection while applying 0,75 MPa (7,5 bar) for 30 s.8 Shielding gas supplyComponent parts of wire feeders, through which shielding gas flows and which are under pressure when the gas valve is closed, shall be capable of operating at an inlet pressure up to 0,5 MPa (5 bar) without leaking. In the case where multiple valves are used, they shall be tested independently.Conformity shall be checked by visual inspection while blocking the gas valve and applying an inlet pressure of 0,75 MPa (7,5 bar) for 30 s.9 Thermal requirementsWire feeders designed for use with manual torches shall be capable of operating under maximum load at 60 % duty cycle (6 min “on” and 4 min “off”) without causing any component to exceed its rated temperature.Where a wire feeder and a power source are housed in a single enclosure, the wire feeder shall be capable of operating under maximum load at the duty cycle corresponding to the rated maximum welding current of the power source.Wire feeders designed for use with mechanically guided torches shall be capable of operating under maximum load at 100 % duty cycle without causing any component to exceed its rated temperature.For liquid-cooled apparatus, the test shall be carried out with the minimum flow and the maximum temperature of the coolant, as recommended by the manufacturer.Additionally, the wire feeder shall meet the requirements specified above, when it is cycled for 4 s “on” and 2 s “off” during the 6 min “on” time of the duty cycle specified above.Current-carrying components, incorporated in the wire feeder, shall be capable of carrying the rated welding currenta) without exceeding the temperature rating of the current-carrying components;andb) without causing the surface temperatures, specified in Table 7 of IEC 60974-1, to beexceeded.Conformity shall be checked by measurement in accordance with 7.2 of IEC 60974-1 with the wire feeder loaded to the maximum load specified by the manufacturer.10 Mechanical provisions10.1 Wire feederA wire feeder shall be so constructed and assembled that it has the strength and rigidity necessary to withstand the normal service to which it is likely to be subjected, without increasing the hazard of electric shock or other hazard, whilst maintaining the minimum clearances required, and shall provide protection against hazardous moving parts (such as belts, pulleys, fans, gears, etc.).After the tests in accordance with 10.1 to 10.4, the wire feeder shall comply with the provisions of this standard. Some deformation of the structural parts or enclosure is permitted provided this does not increase a hazard.Accessible parts shall have no sharp edges, rough surfaces or protruding parts likely to cause injury.Conformity shall be checked by visual inspection after meeting the requirements of 10.1 to 10.7.10.2 Enclosure strengthSee 14.2 of IEC 60974-1.10.3 Handling meansSee 14.3 of IEC 60974-1.The conformity shall be checked with the wire feeder fitted with the maximum weight of filler wire for which the wire feeder is designed, and no other accessories shall be attached.10.4 Drop withstandSee 14.4 of IEC 60974-1.The conformity shall be checked with the wire feeder fitted with the maximum weight of the filler wire for which the wire feeder is designed, and no other accessories shall be attached.Wire feeders intended for permanent mounting, for example, on mechanized equipment, need not be tested.10.5 Tilting stabilitySee 14.5 of IEC 60974-1.NOTE Contact with a moving part is not necessarily a hazard.1Protection can be achieved by design of the wire feeder gear or recessing the part behind the EXAMPLEplane of access or use of a hinged cover or protective guard.b) crushing of parts of the human body during1) threading of the filler wire into the feeder;EXAMPLE 2 Protection can be achieved by– using a low speed for threading the filler wire;– a momentary jog of the filler wire that remains only as long as a switch is actuated (hold-to-run control);– a wire-feed mechanism designed to thread the filler wire into the drive system without having to switch on the drive motor.2) operation of the wire spool;EXAMPLE 3Protection can be achieved by designing an enclosure for the wire spool with the instruction that the wire feeder shall be operated with the enclosure in place.Protection of an unenclosed wire spool to avoid crushing the fingers between the frame and the wire spool can be achieved by including– a maximum distance between frame and wire spool not to exceed 6 mm;– a minimum distance between frame and wire spool of at least 30 mm;– deterring devices, for example, deflector, to avoid a pinch point (distance between frame and wire spool smaller than 30 mm).Conformity shall be checked by visual inspection.11 Rating plate11.1 GeneralA clearly and indelibly marked rating plate shall be fixed securely to, or printed on, each stand-alone wire feeder.Conformity shall be checked by visual inspection and the durability test specified in 15.1 of IEC 60974-1.11.2 DescriptionThe rating plate shall be divided into two sections:a) identification of stand-alone wire feeder;b) energy input of stand-alone wire feeder.The arrangement and sequence of the data shall comply with the principle shown in Figure 1 (for an example, see Annex B).The dimensions of the rating plate are not specified and may be chosen freely.NOTE Additional information may be given, if necessary, on a special rating plate. Further useful information may be given in technical literature supplied by the manufacturer (see Clause 13).60974-5 © IEC:2007– 15 –a) Identification1)2)3)4)b)Energy input5)6)7)8)9)Figure 1 – Principle of the rating plate of stand-alone wire feeder11.3 Contents a) IdentificationBox 1 Name and address of the manufacturer and if required distributor, importer, atrade mark and the country of origin.Box 2 Type (identification) as given by the manufacturer.Box 3 Traceability of design and manufacturing data (for example, serial number). Box 4Reference to IEC 60974-5 confirming that the wire feeder complies with its requirements.b) Energy inputBox 5Symbol for input supply (see 6.4). Box 6 U 1 Rated supply voltage(s) and frequency. Box 7 I 1 Rated supply current(s) at maximum load. Box 8 IP Degree of protection for motor and control.Box 9I 2Rated welding current at 100 % (continuous load) or 60 % duty cycleor both. This rating is applicable if the wire feeder is a part of the welding circuit.12 Indication of wire-feed speedWhere an indication of wire-feed speed is given in m/min, or optionally in inch/min, the accuracy of the indication shall bea) between 100 % and 25 % of the maximum setting: ±10 % of the true value; b) below 25 % of the maximum setting:±2,5 % of the maximum setting.When other data are given for the maximum variation of the wire-feed speed with respect to load, to supply voltage and to temperature rise, they are determined according to Annex A. Conformity shall be checked by measurement and calculation over the range of adjustment, using the conditions specified in 10.7.IEC 2217/07– 16 – 60974-5 © IEC:2007 13 Instructions and markings13.1 InstructionsThe instructions delivered with each wire feeder shall include the following, as applicable:a) general description;b) correct methods of handling;c) meanings of indications, markings and graphical symbols;d) interface requirements for the arc welding power source, for example, control power,control signals, static characteristics and means of connection;e) size, and type of wire spools;f) maximum and minimum diameter, maximum weight of filler wire, maximum load;g) rated speed range;h) maximum gas pressure, i.e. 0,5 MPa (5 bar);i) correct operational use of the wire feeder, for example, wire diameter, wire type, driverolls and torch specification;j) welding capability, limitations of duty and explanation of thermal protection;k) limitations of use relating to the degree of protection provided;l) maintenance of the wire feeder, such as recommended cycles for partial and complete test and other operation (for example cleaning);m) adequate circuit diagram together with a list of recommended spare parts;n) precautions against toppling over, if the wire feeder shall be placed on a tilted plane;o) basic guidelines regarding protection against mechanical hazards for operators, for example, not to wear gloves during threading the filler wire and changing the wire spool; p) EMC classification in accordance with IEC 60974-10 (stand-alone wire feeder only).Other useful information may be given, for example, class of insulation, pollution degree, how to connect to computer control systems, etc.Conformity shall be checked by reading the instructions.13.2 MarkingsThe inlet and outlet connections for the cooling liquid and the shielding gas shall be clearly and indelibly marked with the following symbols.a) Liquid inletAlternatively a colour code may be used.b) Liquid outletAlternatively a colour code may be used.60974-5 © IEC:2007 – 17 –c) Gas inletd) Gas outlet– 20 – 60974-5 © IEC:2007Annex B(informative)Example for a rating plate of a stand-alone wire feedera) Identification1) ManufacturerTrademarkAddress2) Type 3) Serial No.4) IEC60974-5b) Energy input5)6)U1 = 42 V / 1~ 50 Hz 7)I1 = 2 A8) IP23S 9)I2 = 500 A (60 %) / 400 A (100 %)______________。
国际标准IEC 60974-10弧焊设备电磁兼容性要求及限值初探
为 便 于 行 业 对 ＩＣ ６９ ４— ０ 《 焊 设 备 电 磁 兼 容 性 Ｅ ０７ １ 弧
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国 际 标 准 ＩＣ ６ ９ ４ １ 《 焊 设 备 电 磁 兼 容 性 （ ＭＣ Ｅ ０ ７ — ０ 弧 Ｅ ） 要 求 的 发 布 ，引 起 了一 些 电焊 机 生 产 厂 家 尤 其 是 有 出 口产 品 的 生 产 厂 家 的 关 注 。 这 些 厂 家 无 论 是 要 达 到 了 解 发 达 国家
③ 高频 传 导 ，如 单 向 瞬 态 、振 荡 瞬 态 ； ④ 高 频 辐 射 ，如 磁 场 、电场 、 电磁 场 ；
贯 彻 执 行 电 磁 兼 容 标 准 ，最 终 达 到 能 够 对 电 焊 机 产 品 实 施 电 磁 兼 容 Байду номын сангаас 证 ，还 有 很 长 的 路 要 走 。 作 为 行 业 的 管 理 机 构— — 电 器 工 业 协 会 电 焊 机 分 会 和 电焊 机标 准 化 技 术 委 员 会 有 责 任 、
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抗 扰 度 测 试 主 要 涉 及 静 电放 电 、 射 频 电磁 场 辐 射 、 电 快 速 瞬 变 脉 冲 群 、浪 涌 （ 击 ） 冲 、射 频 场 感 应 的 传 导 骚 扰 、 工 频 、脉 冲 和 振 荡 磁 场 、 电 压 暂 降 和 中 断 等 骚 扰 。 这 些 标 准 也 已转 化 为 相 应 的 推 荐性 国 家标 准 。 由于 电气 、 电 子 设 备 所 处 的 使 用 场 所 不 同 ， 电 磁 骚 扰 产 生 的影 响 和 对 其 电 磁 兼 容 性 要 求 不 可 能 相 同 ， 因 此 有 必 要 确 定 电磁 环境 。 电磁 骚 扰 和 抗 扰 度 标 准 都 将 环 境 分 为 两 类 ：一 类 是 住 宅 、商 业 和轻 工 业 环 境 ， 另 一 类 是 工 业 场 所 。 两 类 环
IEC 60974-9：2010 弧焊设备 第9部分 安装和使用 简化
ARC WELDING EQUIPMENT –Part 9: Installation and use1 ScopeThis part of IEC 60974 is applicable to the installation and use of equipment for arc welding and allied processes designed in accordance with safety requirements of IEC 60974-1, IEC 60974-6 or equivalent.This part of IEC 60974 is applicable for the guidance of instructors, operators, welders, managers, and supervisors in the safe installation and use of equipment for arc welding and allied processes and the safe performance of welding and cutting operations.National and local regulations take precedence over this part of IEC 60974.2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.IEC 60245-6, Rubber insulated cables – Rated voltages up to and including 450/750 V – Part 6: Arc welding electrode cablesIEC/TR 60755, General requirements for residual current operated protective devicesIEC 60974-1:2005, Arc welding equipment – Part 1: Welding power sourcesIEC 60974-4, Arc welding equipment – Part 4: In-service inspection and testingIEC 60974-6, Arc welding equipment – Part 6: Limited duty manual metal arc welding power sourcesIEC 60974-10, Arc welding equipment – Part 10: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirementsIEC 60974-11, Arc welding equipment – Part 11: Electrode holdersIEC 60974-12, Arc welding equipment – Part 12: Coupling devices for welding cables3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1welding circuitcircuit that includes all conductive material through which the welding current is intended to flowNOTE 1 In arc welding, the arc is a part of the welding circuit.NOTE 2 In certain arc welding processes, the arc may be established between two electrodes. In such a case, the workpiece is not necessarily a part of the welding circuit.[IEC 60974-1:2005, 3.11]3.2extraneous conductive partconductive part not forming part of the electrical installation and liable to introduce an electric potential, generally the earth potentialNOTE Electrical installation includes the welding circuit.3.3workpiecemetal piece or pieces on which welding or allied processes are performed3.4protective clothing and accessoriesprotective clothing and accessories (e.g. gloves, hand shields, head masks and filter lenses) used in order to diminish electric shock risks and the effects of fume and spatter and to protect the skin and eyes against arc radiation3.5environments with increased hazard of electric shockenvironments where the hazard of electric shock by arc welding is increased in relation to normal arc welding conditionsNOTE 1 Such environments are found for examplea) in locations in which freedom of movement is restricted, so that the operator is forced to perform the welding ina cramped (for example kneeling, sitting, lying) position with physical contact with conductive parts;b) in locations which are fully or partially limited by conductive elements and in which there is a high risk ofunavoidable or accidental contact by the operator;c) in wet, damp or hot locations where humidity or perspiration considerably reduces the skin resistance of thehuman body and the insulating properties of accessories.NOTE 2 Environments with increased hazard of electric shock are not meant to include places where electrically conductive parts in the near vicinity of the operator which can cause increased hazard have been insulated.[IEC 60974-1:2005, 3.46]3.6industrial and professional useuse intended only for experts or instructed persons[IEC 60974-1:2005, 3.2]3.7expertcompetent personskilled personperson who can judge the work assigned and recognize possible hazards on the basis of professional training, knowledge, experience and knowledge of the relevant equipmentNOTE Several years of practice in the relevant technical field may be taken into consideration in assessment of professional training.[IEC 60974-1:2005, 3.3]3.8wire feederequipment that delivers filler wire to the arc or weld zone which includes the wire-feed control and means to apply motion to the filler wire and may also include the filler wire supply[IEC 60974-5:2007, 3.11]3.9auxiliary power outputcircuit of a welding power source designed to provide electrical power to auxiliary equipment4 Installation4.1 GeneralWelding equipment used in arc welding installations shall be intended for the purpose and shall be built in accordance with IEC 60974-1, IEC 60974-4, IEC 60974-6, IEC 60974-10, IEC 60974-11 and IEC 60974-12 (see Clause 2), as given on the rating plate.Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements shall be taken into consideration during installation, see Clause 5.The requirements of national and local regulations shall be taken into consideration during installation, including grounding or protective earth connections, fuses, supply disconnecting device, type of supply circuit, etc.Read the manufacturers’ instruction manual before installing the equipment. Full use shall be made of the technical information relevant to the welding equipment.Specific advice may be obtained from the welding equipment manufacturer if necessary.circuit4.2 Supply4.2.1 Selection of supply cablesSupply cables for welding equipment and their overload protection, if not provided by the manufacturer, shall be selected in accordance with the information given in the manufacturers’ instruction manual.Supply cables shall be placed, so that they cannot be damaged in use. If that cannot be achieved, a sensitive residual current circuit breaker, capable of operating at a leakage current not exceeding 30 mA in accordance with IEC/TR 60755 shall be used to reduce the risk of electric shock.4.2.2 Supply disconnecting deviceThe installer shall ensure that a supply disconnecting device is fitted at the point of supply.NOTE A plug may be used as supply disconnecting device in accordance with national or local regulation.4.2.3 Emergency stopping deviceWhen an emergency stopping device is required by national regulation (e.g. automatic welding equipment), it shall conform to relevant IEC standard.For welding in an environment with increased hazard of electric shock, see 7.10.4.3 Welding circuit4.3.1 Isolation from the input supply The welding circuit and circuits electrically connected to the welding circuit shall be electrically isolated from the mains supply.Verification shall be carried out by an expert.4.3.2 Summation of no-load voltagesIf more than one welding power source is in use at the same time, their no-load voltages can be cumulative and could create an increased hazard of electric shock. Welding power sources shall be installed so as to minimize this risk. Guidance is given in 7.9.NOTE 1 In the case of two welding transformers connected to the same lines, the resulting output voltage may be the sum of both no-load voltages. This can be avoided by using a suitable input or output connection (see 7.9).NOTE 2 Where more than one welding power source is installed, individual welding power sources with their separate controls and connections should be clearly identified to show which items belong to any one welding circuit.4.3.3 Welding cablesWelding cables shall comply with IEC 60245-6. Copper conductor welding cables shall be selected in accordance with duty cycle and national regulations or, when not existing, current rating given in Table 1. Where long cable runs are involved, it may be necessary to choose the cable size on the basis of voltage drop, see Annex B.Table 1 – Current ratings for copper welding cables Current ratings for specified duty cycle at an ambient temperature of 25 °C a Nominal cross-sectional area100 % 85 % 80 % 60 % 35 % 20 % 8 % mm 2A A A A A A A 10100 100 100 101 106 118 158 16135 136 136 139 150 174 243 25180 182 183 190 213 254 366 35225 229 231 243 279 338 497 50285 293 296 316 371 457 681 70355 367 373 403 482 602 908 95430 448 456 498 606 765 1 164 120500 524 534 587 721 917 1 404 150580 610 622 689 853 1 090 1 676 185665 702 717 797 995 1 277 1 971 a For higher ambient temperatures, a correction factor shall be applied:0,96 (30 °C) ; 0,91 (35 °C) ; 0,87 (40 °C) ; 0,82 (45 °C).4.3.4 Connection between the welding power source and the workpieceWhen the welding current does not flow entirely in the welding circuit, stray currents, which are components of the welding current, occur. These can cause damage and may be eliminated by the following means:a) the electrical connection between the welding power source and the workpieces shall bemade as direct as practicable by means of an insulated return cable having an adequate current carrying capacity;b) extraneous conductive parts, such as metal rails, pipes and frames shall not be used aspart of the welding circuit, unless they constitute the workpiece itself;c) the return clamp shall be as near as practicable to the welding arc;NOTE 1 When the return clamp is removed, it should be electrically isolated from parts connected to earth,e.g. metallic enclosures with protective earth connection (class I), metal floors, building services.d) the welding circuit shall not be earthed unless required by national or local regulations (see4.3.5);e) connection of the return cable to the workpiece shall be ensured by the use of deviceshaving suitable means for cable connection, a fastening system not liable to come loose accidentally, and good electrical contact. Magnetic devices only present a good electrical contact if the contact surfaces of the magnetic device and the contact area of the workpiece are sufficiently large, even, conductive and clean (e.g. free from rust and primer) and if the contact area of the workpiece is magnetic;NOTE 2 If workpieces are on a welding bench or a work-handling device, the return cable may be connected to the bench or device.f) connection devices for non-stationary flexible welding cables in the welding circuit shall:1) have an adequate covering of insulating material to prevent inadvertent contact with liveparts, when connected, with the exception of the return clamp at the workpiece itself;2) be suitable for the sizes of cables used and the welding current;3) be effectively connected to the welding cables and in good electrical contact with them. Both the welding cable and the connection device shall be used within their specified current rating. The connection device shall not be fitted with a cable smaller in diameter than specified by the manufacturer of the connection device.When coupling devices are used, they shall comply with IEC 60974-12.4.3.5 Earthing of the workpieceThe welding circuit should not be earthed, since it can increase the risk of stray welding currents (see 4.3.3). Earthing of the welding circuit can also increase the area of metal through which a person in contact with the welding circuit (e.g. the welding electrode) could receive a shock.NOTE 1 There are workpieces which have an inherent connection to earth, e.g. steel structures, ships, pipelines etc. When these are welded, the possibility of stray currents is increased.NOTE 2 In some cases the workpiece may be in permanent contact with earth, e.g. with protection class I equipment which itself has protective conductors connected to earth. Such a workpiece is considered to be inherently connected to earth.An assessment of the welding circuit and the welding area shall be made to ensure that stray welding current will not flow through any object connected to earth and not intended or capable of carrying the welding current (e.g. protective earth connection).If electrical hand-tools are used, which may come into contact with the workpiece, then those tools shall be class II equipment (i.e. with double or reinforced insulation without protective earth connection).If earthing is required by national or local regulations, the earth connection shall be made by a separate dedicated cable or conductor with a rating of at least that of the return cable and connected directly to the workpiece.Precautions shall be taken to insulate the operator from earth as well as from the workpiece (see 7.7.2).NOTE 3 Where external radio frequency suppression networks are connected to the welding circuit, an expert should assess whether the welding circuit can still be regarded as insulated from earth.NOTE 4 External radio frequency suppression networks could consist of a number of different components e.g. LCR filters (inductance/capacitance/resistance).4.3.6 Location of gas cylindersCare shall be taken to prevent gas cylinders in the vicinity of the workpiece becoming part of the welding circuit.5 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)5.1 GeneralThe user is responsible for installing and using the arc welding equipment in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. If electromagnetic disturbances are detected, then it shall be the responsibility of the user of the arc welding equipment to resolve the situation with the technical assistance of the manufacturer.5.2 Assessment of areaBefore installing arc welding equipment, the user shall make an assessment of potential electromagnetic interferences in the surrounding area. The following shall be taken into account:a) other supply cables, control cables, signalling and telephone cables, above, below andadjacent to the arc welding equipment;b) radio and television transmitters and receivers;c) computer and other control equipment;d) safety critical equipment, for example guarding of industrial equipment;e) the health of the people around, for example the use of pacemakers and hearing aids;f) equipment used for calibration or measurement;g) the immunity of other equipment in the environment. The user shall ensure that otherequipment being used in the environment is compatible. This may require additional protection measures;h) the time of day that welding or other activities are to be carried out.The size of the surrounding area to be considered will depend on the structure of the building and other activities that are taking place. The surrounding area may extend beyond the boundaries of the premises.5.3 Methods of reducing emissions5.3.1 Public supply systemThe arc welding equipment shall be connected to the public supply system in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. If interference occurs, it may be necessary to take additional precautions such as filtering of the supply system. Consideration shall be given to shielding the supply cable of permanently installed arc welding equipment, in metallic conduit or equivalent. Shielding shall be electrically continuous throughout its length. The shielding shall be connected to the welding power source so that good electrical contact is maintained between the conduit and the welding power source enclosure.5.3.2 Maintenance of arc welding equipmentThe arc welding equipment shall be routinely maintained in accordance with IEC 60974-4 and the manufacturer’s instructions. All access and service doors and covers shall be closed and properly fastened when the arc welding equipment is in operation. The arc welding equipment shall not be modified in any way, except for those changes and adjustments covered in the manufacturer’s instructions. In particular, the spark gaps of arc striking and stabilising devices shall be adjusted and maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.cables5.3.3 WeldingThe welding cables shall be kept as short as possible and shall be positioned as close as possible to each other, running at or close to the floor level. The welding cables shall never be coiled.bonding5.3.4 EquipotentialBonding of all metallic objects in the surrounding area should be considered for the purpose of reducing emissions. However, metallic objects bonded to the workpiece will increase the risk that the operator could receive an electric shock by touching these metallic objects and the electrode at the same time. The operator shall be insulated from all such bonded metallic objects.5.3.5 Earthing of the workpieceWhere the workpiece is not bonded to earth for electrical safety, a connection bonding the workpiece to earth may reduce emissions in some, but not all instances. Care should be taken to prevent the earthing of the workpiece increasing the risk of injury to users, or damage to other electrical equipment. Where necessary, the connection of the workpiece to earth should be made by a direct connection to the workpiece, but in some countries where direct connection is not permitted, the bonding should be achieved by suitable capacitance, selected in accordance with national and local regulations.5.3.6 Screening and shieldingSelective screening and shielding of other cables and equipment in the surrounding area may alleviate problems of interference. Screening of the entire welding area may be considered for special applications.6 Electromagnetic fields (EMF)Electric current flowing through any conductor causes localized electric and magnetic fields (EMF). All welders should use the following procedures in order to minimize the risk associated with exposure to EMF from the welding circuit:– route the welding cables together – secure them with tape when possible;– place your torso and head as far away as possible from the welding circuit;– never coil welding cables around your body;– do not place your body between welding cables. Keep both welding cables on the same side of your body;– connect the return cable to the workpiece as close as possible to the area being welded;– do not work next to, sit or lean on the welding power source;– do not weld whilst carrying the welding power source or wire feeder.EMF may also interfere with medical implants, e.g. pacemakers. Protective measures for persons with medical implants shall be taken. For example, access restrictions for passers-byor individual risk-evaluations for welders. Risk assessment and recommendation for users of medical implants shall be made by a medical expert.7 Userequirements7.1 GeneralUser shall ensure that arc welding equipment and accessories conform to the relevant parts of IEC 60974, see Clause 2, as given on the rating plate. Before welding equipment is put into service, the user shall read and understand the instructions provided by the manufacturer, national or local regulation, trade association and occupational recommendations, national health and safety recommendations.Consideration shall be given to the environment in which the welding equipment is used as additional precautions may need to be taken e.g. increased hazard of electric shock; confined spaces; flammable area, asphyxiation (see Annex A).7.2 Connection between several welding power sourcesIf welding power sources are to be connected in parallel or in series, this shall be carried out by an expert and in accordance with the manufacturers' recommendations. The equipment shall be approved for arc welding operations only after a check has been carried out to ensure that the permissible no-load voltage cannot be exceeded.When one welding power source connected in parallel or series is taken out of service, that power source shall be disconnected from the mains supply and from the welding circuit, so as to prevent any hazards that might be caused by feed-back voltages.7.3 Inspection and maintenance of the welding installationinspection7.3.1 PeriodicalOn installation, and periodically thereafter, an expert nominated for the task shall check that the welding equipment has been correctly selected and connected for the work to be carried out in accordance with IEC 60974-4 and the manufacturer's instructions and that all connections are clean and tight and the welding equipment is in good condition.In addition, all protective earthing shall be checked for effectiveness. Any defects found shall be repaired.inspection7.3.2 RoutineThe operator shall be instructed to check all external connections daily and each time a reconnection is made. Particular attention shall be paid to the installation of supply and welding cables, electrode holders and coupling devices. Any defects found shall be reported, and faulty equipment shall not be used until it has been repaired.The return clamp shall be connected directly to the workpiece as close as practicable to the point of welding or to the welding bench on which the workpiece is situated or to the work-handling device.For plasma cutting the no-load voltages are higher than with welding. This shall be considered during inspection and maintenance procedures. Particular attention shall be paid to the water cooling equipment to ensure that any leaks do not affect the insulation.Before carrying out arc welding on equipment having associated transformers (e.g. arc furnaces), such transformers shall be isolated to avoid the hazard of shock from induced voltages on the input side of the transformer.7.4 Disconnection of welding power sources and/or welding circuitsIf the supply cable or the welding cables are liable to damage when the welding power source is moved to another location, that power source, including its cables, shall be disconnected before it is moved.When maintenance or repair work is carried out on the welding equipment, the input and output shall be disconnected.7.5 GuardsGuards and removable parts of the enclosure shall be in position before the welding equipment is made live.7.6 Information for operatorsOperators and their assistants shall be trained in the safe use of equipment. Operators and persons working in the vicinity of the welding operation shall be warned of the hazards and informed about protective measures concerning arc processes (see Annex A).The operator shall prevent gas cylinders in the vicinity of the workpiece from becoming part of the welding circuit.measures7.7 Protective7.7.1 Extraneous conductive parts in the welding areaWith respect to extraneous conductive parts,a) persons shall be aware of such parts, see 3.2;b) care shall be taken to minimize the extent of such parts;c) torches and electrode holders shall be kept insulated from extraneous conductive parts inthe welding area.7.7.2 Protection against electric shockThe operator shall take precautions to be insulated from the electrode, the workpiece and conductive parts in contact with earth in the vicinity. This can normally be achieved with dry gloves, clothing, head gear, footwear, dry boards and insulating mats or similar in good condition. An expert shall assess whether the proposed insulation method is suitable.NOTE An operator, who comes into direct contact with both terminals of the welding power source, or conductors connected to them, may experience an electric shock. Under some circumstances, the electric shock may be severe enough to cause injury or death.7.8 Isolation of the welding circuit from the workpiece and earth when not in useWhen not in use (e.g. during lunch or changing shift), electrode holders and torch circuits shall, where practicable, be switched off at the welding power source; if this is not possible, they shall be kept isolated and/or be insulated, without contact with the workpiece or other conductive parts, especially the welding power source enclosures. Manual metal arc welding electrodes shall be removed from the electrode holder when the welding operation has been completed. If applicable, shielding gas supply shall be closed.The operator shall ensure that the return current clamp is either connected to the workpiece or stored isolated from earth or any conductive part.7.9 Voltage between electrode holders or torchesWhen working with several welding power sources on a single workpiece or on conductively connected workpieces, a hazardous sum of no-load voltages may arise between two electrode holders or torches. This may reach twice the value of the admissible no-load voltage (see also 4.3.2).The instructed person who is co-ordinating the welding tasks shall ensure that a measuring device is used to determine whether there is a hazard.Operators shall:a) be warned of this hazard;b) never touch two electrode holders or torches at the same time;c) work out of reach of each other, where practicable.The following examples show schematically the influence that the connection to the mains supply and the polarity for welding may have on the sum of welding voltages between electrode holders or torches. It is assumed that the no-load voltages for each welding power source are identical but in practice they may differ (see items a) to c) below).a) Direct currentThe connections to the mains supply have no influence on the sum of no-load voltages. The voltage U depends on the polarity of the output connections (see Figure 1).U = 2U0U = 0IEC 582/99 NOTE The polarity for welding depends on the welding process.Figure 1 – Example of d.c. voltage between electrode holders or torchesb) Alternating current single-phase welding power sourcesThe connections to the mains supply and the output connections will influence the sum U of the no-load voltages (see Figure 2).Figure 2 – Example of a.c. voltage between electrode holders or torches – Single-phase supply from the same pair of lines of a three-phase mains supply If the connections to a three-phase mains supply are made across different pairs of lines, the sum U of the no-load voltages will always be greater than zero (see Figure 3).NOTE Unconnected work pieces. The middle electrode is accidentally in contact with the other work piece.Figure 3 – Example of a.c. voltage between electrode holders or torches – Single-phase supply from different pairs of lines of a three-phase mains supply Increased a.c. voltages can be avoided by reversinga) the welding cable connections, preferably by an expert, orb) the mains supply connections to the welding power source (see 4.3.2). c) Alternating current three-phase multi-operator welding transformerThe connections to the mains supply have no influence on the sum U of the no-load voltages (see Figure 4).U =2U o U =2U o U =0U =0L1 L2IEC 583/99U =√3U o U =U o U =2U oL1 L2 L3IEC 584/99Figure 4 – Example of a.c. voltage between electrode holdersconnected between different lines of output7.10 Welding in an environment with increased hazard of electric shockWhen welding is carried out in an environment with increased hazard of electric shock, means for electrically disconnecting the welding power source or the welding circuit quickly shall be provided within easy access (e.g. emergency stopping device).The following precautions shall be taken to reduce the risk of an electric shock from the voltage between the welding electrode and earth:a) if possible, the welding power source shall not be taken into the environment with increasedhazard of electric shock. If not possible, the welding power source shall be supplied by an insulating transformer; b) the welding power source shall be out of normal reach of the operator during welding.Additional protection against a shock from current from the mains supply under fault conditions may be provided by the use of a residual current circuit breaker that is capable of operating at a leakage current not exceeding 30 mA and feeds all mains powered equipment in the vicinity. The residual current circuit breaker shall be sensitive to all types of current; c) only remote controls supplied with the protective measure "safety extra low voltage" inaccordance with IEC 60974-1 shall be used; d) only welding power sources and welding equipment suitable for use in environments withincreased hazard of electric shock shall be used. Where appropriate, voltage reducing devices shall be used;NOTE 1 This should be verified by an expert unless the welding power source is marked with the symbol(see IEC 60974-1).e) electrode holders shall conform to IEC 60974-11, i.e. to type A; f) insulating platforms or mats shall be used.NOTE 2 Attention should be drawn to the requirements concerning protective clothing, headgear and accessories in 7.7.2.7.11 Use of shoulder slingsWelding shall not be carried out whilst carrying the welding power source, or wire feeder, e.g. by a shoulder sling. This is to preventa) the risk of loss of balance if any connected cables or hoses are pulled;b) an increased risk of electric shock as the operator will be in contact with earth if using aclass I welding power source whose enclosure is earthed by its protective earth conductor.A3L3A2A1a2a1a3U = √3U oU = √3U oU oU oU oIEC 585/99L1L2。
标准中文名称
标准中⽂名称,齿轮油泵尺度编号标准中⽂名称标准英⽂名称 JB/T7040-1993(2005复审) 液压叶⽚泵实验办法 - JB/T7039-1993 液压叶⽚泵技巧前提 - JB/T50001-1999 液压叶⽚泵产品品质分等6.3MPa定量叶⽚泵 - JB/T50002-1999 液压叶⽚泵产品质量分等16MPa定量叶⽚泵 - JB/T50000-1999 液压变量叶⽚泵产品德量分等 - DIN 51389-3-1998 润滑剂检验.叶⽚泵中液压液体的机械检修.第3局部:含⽔不易燃液压液体⽤B⽅式 (Determination of lubricants - Mechanical testing of hydraulic fluids in the vane-cell-pump - Part 3: Method B for aqueous not easily inflammable hydraulic fluids) DIN 51389-2-1982 润滑剂检验.叶⽚泵中液压液体的机械检验.不含⽔份的液压液体A法 (Determination of lubricants; mechanical testing of hydraulic fluids in the vane-cell-pump; method A foranhydrous hydraulic fluids) DIN 51389-1-1982光滑剂检验.叶⽚泵中液压液体的机械测验.个别⼯作原理 (Determination of lubricants; mechanical testing of hydraulic fluids in the vane-cell-pump; general working principles) JIS B8351-1999 液压叶⽚泵 (Vane pumps for hydraulic use)。
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GB/T 14598.30231
2016
弧光保护装置技术要求
GB/T 14598.30332
2011
数字式电动机综合保护装置通用技术条件
测试方法
39 GB/T 18268.1-2010 测量、控制和实验室用的电设备 电磁兼容性要求 第 1 部分：通用要求
IEC 61326-1:2005
测量、控制和实验室用的电设备 电磁兼容性要求 第 21 部分：特殊要求 无
40 GB/T 18268.21-2010
IEC 61326-2-1:2005
度试验
量度继电器和保护装置 第 11 部分：辅助电源端口电压暂降、短时中断、电压 17 GB/T 14598.11-2011
变化和纹波
电气继电器 第 22-1 部分：量度继电器和保护装置的电气骚扰试验 1 MHz 脉冲
18 GB/T 14598.13-2008
IEC 60255-22-1:2007
￥16.00
序号
标准代号
标准名称
采标情况
有害物质国际法规介绍
绝对品质不是选择,而是生存的必要条件
SESC QRE
法律/法规清单
区分
有害/化学物质管理现状
日本
- Japan J-MOSS - Japan Law Concerning Prevention from Radiation Hazards - Japan Law concerning the evaluation of chemical substances - Japan Law for the Regulation of Nuclear Source Material,Nuclear Fuel Material, and
。。。。。。
绝对品质不是RE
RoHS
名 称：《电子电气设备中限制使用某些有害物质指令》简写“RoHS指令” The Restriction of the use of certain Hazardous Substances in electrical and electronic equipment
绝对品质不是选择,而是生存的必要条件
SESC QRE
RoHS
RoHS 1.0
RoHS 2.0
元素 符号
Pb
Cd
Hg Cr(VI) PBBs PBDEs DIBP DEHP
DBP BBP
中文名称
限值要求
高风险材质
检测仪器
铅及其化合物
镉及其化合物 汞及其化合物
六价铬 多溴联苯 多溴二苯醚 邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯
SESC QRE
蒙特利尔议定书-关于消耗臭氧层物质
名 称：蒙特利尔破坏臭氧层物质管制议定书
（Montreal Protocol on Substances that Depletethe Ozone Layer）
IEC 60974-1 POWER WAVE 455M STT
IEC 60974-1™OPERATOR’S MANUALIM924January, 2007Safety Depends on YouLincoln a c welding and cutting equipment is designed and built with safety in mind. However, your overall safety can be increased by proper installation ... and thought-ful ope ation on you pa t.DO NOT INSTALL, OPERATE OR REPAIR THIS EQUIPMENT WITHOUT READING THIS MAN-UAL AND THE SAFETY PRE-CAUTIONS CONTAINED THROUGHOUT.And, most impor tantly, think befor e you act and be careful.Copyright © 2007 Lincoln Global Inc.NRTL/CAUG 06Jan, 07Mar. ‘93viiviiThank Youfor selecting a QUALITY product by Lincoln Electric. We want you to take pride in operating this Lincoln Electric Company product •••as much pride as we have in bringing this product to you!TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS - POWER WAVE 455M/STT (CE) (K2203-4)• Lift only with equipment ofFIGURE A.1 - CONNECTION DIAGRAM ON CONNECTION/INPUT ACCESS DOORNOTE: Turn main input power to the machine OFF before performing connection procedure. Failure to do so will result in damage to the machine.POWER WAVE 455M/STT (CE)ROBOTPLC CONTROLLER ANALOG INTERFACEetc.POWER WAVE 455M/STT (CE)POWER WAVE 455M/STT (CE)POWER WAVE 455M/STT (CE)FEED HEADSINGLE HEAD FEEDERDUAL HEAD FEEDERSINGLE HEAD BOOM FEEDERFH 1PF-10RUP TO 4 FEEDERS ALLOWEDUP TO 4 FEED HEADS ALLOWEDWIRE DRIVE MODULETypical Robotic/ Hard Automation(using Wire Drive Module and PF-10R)POWER WAVE 455M/STT (CE)POWER WAVE 455M/STT (CE)POWER WAVE ALTERNATE HARD AUTOMATIC APPLICATION (using a UI, WD Module, and PF-10R)COMBINATION HARD AUTOMATION APPLICATION (w/ Semi-Auto, WD Module, and PF-10R)DUAL HEAD BOOM FEEDER (using two single heads)PF-10RPF-10RWIRE WIRESAFETY PRECAUTIONSRead this entire sec tion of operating instruc tions before operating the machine.ELECTRIC SHOCK can kill.• Do not touch electrically live parts or elec trodes with your skin or wet clothing.• Insulate yourself from the work and ground.• Always wear dry insulating gloves.• Do not use AC welder if your cloth-ing, gloves or work area is damp or if working on, under or inside work-piece.Use the following equipment:-DC manual (stick) welder.-AC welder with reduc ed voltage control.• Do not operate with panels removed.• Disconnect input power before serv-icing.-------------------------------------------------------------ONLY QUALIFIED PERSONS SHOULD INSTALL,USE OR SERVICE THIS EQUIPMENT. READ AND FOLLOW THE MANUFACTURER’S INSTRUC-TIONS, EMPLOYER’S SAFETY PRACTICES AND MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS (MSDS) FOR CONSUMABLES.-----------------------------------------------------------READ THIS WARNING, PROTECT YOURSELF &OTHERS.the arc,or both,to keep fumes and gases from your breathing zone and general area.WELDING SPARKS can cause fire orheld flammable material.ARC RAYS can burn.• Wear eye, ear, and body protection.INPUT POWERONOFFHIGH TEMPERATUREMACHINE STATUS CIRCUIT BREAKER WIRE FEEDER POSITIVE OUTPUT NEGATIVE OUTPUT 3 PHASE INVERTER INPUT POWER THREE PHASE DIRECT CURRENT GMAWFCAWGTAWOPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGEINPUT VOLTAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE INPUT CURRENT OUTPUT CURRENT PROTECTIVE GROUNDWARNING ORCAUTIONGRAPHIC SYMBOLS THAT APPEAR ON THIS MACHINE OR IN THIS MANUALU0U1U2I1I2SMAW11101546141732581213916WELDING ADJUSTMENTSAll adjustments are made on the system component known as the User Interface (Control Box), which con-tains the switches, knobs, and digital displays neces-sary to control both the Power Wave and a Power Feed wire feeder. Typically, the Control Box is supplied as part of the wire feeder. It can be mounted directly on the wire feeder itself, the front of the power source, or mounted separately, as might be done in a welding boom installation.Because the Control Box can be configured with many different options, your system may not have all of the following adjustments. Regardless of availability, all controls are described below. For further information, consult the Power Feed wire feeder instruction manu-al.•WFS / AMPS:In synergic welding modes (synergic CV, pulse GMAW, STT), WFS (wire feed speed) is the dominant control parameter, controlling all other variables. The user adjusts WFS according to factors such as weld size, penetration requirements, heat input, etc. The Power Wave then uses the WFS setting to adjust its output characteristics (output voltage, output current) accord-ing to pre-programmed settings contained in the POWER WAVE 455M/STT(CE). In non-synergic modes, the WFS control behaves more like a conven-tional CV power source where WFS and voltage are independent adjustments. Therefore to maintain the arc characteristics, the operator must adjust the volt-age to compensate for any changes made to the WFS. In constant current modes (stick, TIG) this control adjusts the output current, in amps.•VOLTS / TRIM:In constant voltage modes (synergic CV, standard CV) the control adjusts the welding voltage.In pulse synergic welding modes (pulse GMAW only) the user can change the Trim setting to adjust the arc length. It is adjustable from 0.500 to 1.500. A Trim set-ting of 1.000 is a good starting point for most condi-tions.Power Wave 455M/STT(CE) Only: In STT modes, the user can adjust the Trim setting to change the overall heat input to the weld.• WELDING MODEMay be selected by name (CV/MIG, CC/Stick Crisp,Gouge, etc.) or by a mode number (10, 24, 71, etc.)depending on the Control Box options. Selecting a welding mode determines the output characteristics of the Power Wave power source. For a more complete description of the welding modes available in the Power Wave, see the explanation below.• ARC CONTROLAlso known as Inductance or Wave Control. Allows operator to vary the arc characteristics from "soft" to "harsh" in all weld modes. It is adjustable from -10.0 to +10.0, with a nominal setting of 00.0 (The nominal set-ting of 00.0 may be displayed as OFF on some Power Feed wire feeder control panels). See the Welding Mode descriptions, below, for detailed explanations of how the Arc Control affects each mode.CONSTANT VOLTAGE WELDINGSynergic CV :For each wire feed speed, a corresponding voltage is preprogrammed into the machine through special soft-ware at the factory. The nominal preprogrammed volt-age is the best average voltage for a given wire feed speed, but may be adjusted to preference. When the wire feed speed changes, the Power Wave automati-cally adjusts the voltage level correspondingly to main-tain similar arc characteristics throughout the WFS range.Non Synergic CV:This type of CV mode behaves more like a conven-tional CV power source. Voltage and WFS are inde-pendent adjustments. Therefore to maintain the arc characteristics, the operator must adjust the voltage to compensate for any changes made to the WFS.All CV Modes:Arc Control, often referred to as wave control, adjusts the inductance of the wave shape. The wave control adjustment is similar to the "pinch" function in that it is inversely proportional to inductance. Therefore,increasing wave control greater than 0.0 results in a harsher, colder arc while decreasing the wave control to less than 0.0 provides a softer, hotter arc.(See Figure A.5)SAFETY PRECAUTIONSELECTRIC SHOCK can kill.• Only Qualified personnel sh ouldperform this maintenance.• Turn th e input power OFF at th edisconnect switch or fuse boxbefore working on this equipment.•Do not touch electrically hot parts. ROUTINE MAINTENANCERoutine maintenance consists of periodically blowing out the machine, using a low pressure airstream, to remove accumulated dust and dirt from the intake and outlet louvers, and the cooling channels in the machine.PERIODIC MAINTENANCECalibration of the Power Wave 455M/STT(CE) is criti-cal to its operation. Generally speaking the calibration will not need adjustment. However, neglected or improperly calibrated machines may not yield satisfac-tory weld performance. To ensure optimal performance, the calibration of output Voltage and Current should be checked yearly.CALIBRATION SPECIFICATIONOutput Voltage and Current are calibrated at the facto-ry. Generally speaking the machine calibration will not need adjustment. However, if the weld performance changes, or the yearly calibration check reveals a prob-lem, contact the Lincoln Electric Company for the cali-bration software utility.The calibration procedure itself requires the use of a resistive load bank, and certified actual meters for volt-age and current. The accuracy of the calibration will be directly affected by the accuracy of the measuring equipment you use. Detailed instructions are available with the utility.This Troubleshooting Guide is provided to help you locate and repair possible machine malfunctions. Simply follow the three-step procedure listed below. Step 1.LOCATE PROBLEM(SYMPTOM).Look under the column labeled “PROBLEM (SYMP-TOMS)”. This column describes possible symptoms that the machine may exhibit. Find the listing that best describes the symptom that the machine is exhibiting. Step 2.POSSIBLE CAUSE.The second column labeled “POSSIBLE CAUSE” lists the obvious external possibilities that may contribute to the machine symptom.Step 3.RECOMMENDED COURSE OF ACTION This column provides a course of action for the Possible Cause, generally it states to contact your local Lincoln Authorized Field Service Facility.If you do not understand or are unable to perform the Recommended Course of Action safely, contact your local Lincoln Authorized Field Service Facility.Service and Repair should only be performed by Lincoln Electric Factory Trained Personnel. Unauthorized repairs performed on this equipment may result in danger to the technician and machine operator and will invalidate your factory warranty. For your safety and to avoid Electrical Shock, please observe all safety notes and precautions detailed throughout this manual.__________________________________________________________________________USING THE STATUS LED TO TROUBLESHOOT SYSTEM PROBLEMS The Power Wave / Power Feed are best diagnosed as a system. Each component (power source, user inter-face, and feed head) has a status light, and when a problem occurs it is important to note the condition of each. In addition, errors displayed on the user interface in most cases indicate only that a problem exists in the power source, not what the problem may be. Therefore, prior to cycling power to the system, check the power source status light for error sequences as noted below. This is especially important if the user interface displays "Err 006" or "Err 100" .Included in this section is information about the power source Status LED, and some basic troubleshooting charts for both machine and weld performance.The STATUS LIGHT is a two color light that indicates system errors. Normal operation is a steady green light. Error conditions are indicated in the following chart.NOTE: The POWER WAVE 455M/STT(CE) status light will flash green, and sometimes red and green, for up to one minute when the machine is first turned on. This is a normal situation as the machine goes through a self test at power up.LIGHT CONDITION Status LED is solid green (no blinking). Status LED is blinking green.Status LED is blinking red and green.Status LED is solid red (no blinking). Status LED is blinking red.MEANING1. System OK. Power source communicating normallywith wire feeder and its components.2. Occurs during a reset, and indicates the POWERWAVE 455M/STT(CE) is mapping (identifying) each component in the system. Normal for first 1-10 sec-onds after power is turned on, or if the system con-figuration is changed during operation.3. Non-recoverable system fault. If the PS Status lightis flashing any combination of red and green, errors are present in the POWER WAVE 455M/STT(CE).Read the error code before the machine is turned off.Error Code interpretation through the Status light is detailed in the Service Manual. Individual code digits are flashed in red with a long pause between digits. If more than one code is present, the codes will be sep-arated by a green light.To clear the error, turn power source off, and back on to reset.Non recoverable hardware fault. Generally indicates nothing is connected to the POWER WAVE 455M/STT (CE) wire feeder receptacle. See Trouble Shooting Section.Not applicable.ERROR CODES FOR THE POWERWAVEThe following is a list of possible error codes that the POWER WAVE 455M/STT(CE) can output via the status light (see "Troubleshooting the Power Wave / Power Feed System Using the Status LED." If connected to a PF-10/11 these error codes will generally be accompanied by an "Err 006" or "Err 100" on the user interface display.If for any reason you do not understand the test procedures or are unable to perform the tests/repairs safely, con-If for any reason you do not understand the test procedures or are unable to perform the tests/repairs safely, con-If for any reason you do not understand the test procedures or are unable to perform the tests/repairs safely, con-Connection Diagram Semi-automatic "Simple System" (Electrode Positive, CV/Pulse Configuration shown)Connection Diagram Semi-automatic "Simple System" (Electrode Positive, STT Configuration shown)JapaneseChineseKoreanArabicREAD AND UNDERSTAND THE MANUFACTURER’S INSTRUCTION FOR THIS EQUIPMENT AND THE CONSUMABLES TO BE USED AND FOLLOW YOUR EMPLOYER’S SAFETY PRACTICES.SE RECOMIENDA LEER Y ENTENDER LAS INSTRUCCIONES DEL FABRICANTE PARA EL USO DE ESTE EQUIPO Y LOS CONSUMIBLES QUE VA A UTILIZAR, SIGA LAS MEDIDAS DE SEGURIDAD DE SU SUPERVISOR.LISEZ ET COMPRENEZ LES INSTRUCTIONS DU FABRICANT EN CE QUI REGARDE CET EQUIPMENT ET LES PRODUITS A ETRE EMPLOYES ET SUIVEZ LES PROCEDURES DE SECURITE DE VOTRE EMPLOYEUR.LESEN SIE UND BEFOLGEN SIE DIE BETRIEBSANLEITUNG DER ANLAGE UND DEN ELEKTRODENEINSATZ DES HER-STELLERS. DIE UNFALLVERHÜTUNGSVORSCHRIFTEN DES ARBEITGEBERS SIND EBENFALLS ZU BEACHTEN.JapaneseChineseKoreanArabicLEIA E COMPREENDA AS INSTRUÇÕES DO FABRICANTE PARA ESTE EQUIPAMENTO E AS PARTES DE USO, E SIGA AS PRÁTICAS DE SEGURANÇA DO EMPREGADOR.••• Sales and Service through Subsidiaries and Distributors Worldwide •Cleveland, Ohio 44117-1199 U.S.A. TEL: 216.481.8100 FAX: 216.486.1751 WEB SITE: 。
米加尼克PI350,500
的单位符号。
选定一个需要恢复为出厂设置的参数，然后按下
一个参数，由其相应的键选择。指示灯变亮表示一个 参数已选择。这时，转动控制旋钮以调节这个参数的
键，持续10秒钟，不用转动控制旋钮。
数值。
当程序号在显示屏上闪烁时，这个程序被恢复出厂
设置，这时放开 键。
储存参数为程序
这个功能可以把焊接工艺程序（即常用设置
光和热辐射 -即使是短暂的裸眼暴露于弧光也会对眼睛造成持续性伤害，请使用带防辐射滤镜的头盔保护。-因为 弧光辐射对会致伤皮肤，请穿着防护服作好防弧光辐射保护。-如果可能，工场应使用屏板隔离，并 且警示工场区域的人员避免弧光辐射。
焊接烟尘 -焊接烟尘有害健康，请确保排烟系统能正常工作，并且保证通风良好。
我们建议配用防扩散的导气管。防扩散导气管保证湿 度低，能保护气体。 这些特殊的导气管可作为特殊 部件订购。安装时，应从供气端直到电磁阀安装。
遥控器的连接
Pi焊机装有一个8孔的控制插座，可与遥控器或 机器人连接。作为遥控器插座时，其端子功能
焊接电缆的连接
如下： A：输入焊接电流，0-10V输入电阻：1Mohm
PI 320/400/500 AC/DC Instruction manual 使用说明书
2008 年 10 月生效
C50333203_A
目录
1. 警告/电磁泄漏.......................1
2. 焊机配置/准备工作...................2
3. 控制面板............................4
控制面板
控制旋钮
所有间、电 流缓升时间，等等。
最后所用那个程序（MMA DC,MMA AC/DC,TIG DC和TIG AC/DC分别都有一个），会在该程序键启 用时显示出来。
EN与GB对照表
CE认证产品、检测标准目录. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 1 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 2 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 3 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 4 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 5 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 6 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 7 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 8 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 9 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 10 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 11 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 12 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 13 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 14 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 15 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 16 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 17 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 18 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 19 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 20 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 21 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 22 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 23 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 24 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 25 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 26 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 27 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 28 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 29 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 30 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 31 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 32 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 33 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 34 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 35 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 36 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 37 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 38 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 39 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 40 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 41 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 42 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 43 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 44 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 45 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 46 页共 47 页. 修订次数：1 修订日期： 2010-8-13 第 47 页共 47 页。
IEC60947-7-1-2009翻译AnnexB-D
附录 B（参考性资料）经由制造商和用户协商一致的条目注：出于本附录的需要，词语“协商一致”是广义意义上的应用；词语“用户”包括试验站在内。
只要是本标准的条款和子条款所涉及的内容（带有下列附加条件），IEC 60947-1的附录J适用于本标准。
附录 C（空缺）附录 D（规范性资料）测试断开连接接线板的其它要求D.1 范围本附录对旨在对适用于横截面为0.2 mm2到35 mm2导体的测试断开连接接线板规定了要求。
这些接线板主要用于零电位和无负载下临时断开连接（作测验用）用的电源电路和控制电路。
D.2 术语和定义条款2与下列附加条件一道应用：D.2.1 测试断开连接接线板在零电位下作测试和测量用的，在电源电路和控制电路进行临时打开和关闭的电流电路中，带有一个或多个夹持装置和断开装置的接线板。
D.2.2 纵向断开连接接线板内部线路断开或接线板与接线端子组件中的母线断开（见图D.1a）。
D.2.3 垂直断开连接几个相邻测试断开连接接线板之间的断开或接线板间的断开（见图D.1b）。
D.3 分类条款3应与下列附加条件一道应用：——纵向断开连接——垂直断开连接D.4 特性条款4与下列附加条件一道应用。
D.4.2 接线板类型——断开连接的类型／断开连接功能（例如：螺旋型断开滑板或非螺旋型断开滑板、断开闸刀等）。
D.5 产品信息条款5与下列附加条件一道应用：h)一些周期中的使用寿命。
D.6 正常使用、安装和运输条件条款6适用本标准。
D.7 结构和性能要求条款7与下列附加条件一道应用。
D.7.1 结构要求D.7.1.3 间隙和爬电距离在敞开式断开触点（缺口）上不要求对爬电和间隙距离进行测试。
然而，根据IEC 60947-1表13的要求，在不使用高度修正系数的情况下，）进行应在敞开式断开触点（缺口）上对制造商给出的额定冲击耐受电压（Uimp验证。
D.7.1.7 断开装置对于纵向和垂直断开，测试断开连接的接线板可备有断开装置，如下列的类型：——插头；——闸刀；——滑板（带或不带母线）。
电焊机的标准体系介绍
电焊机标准体系介绍1.1电焊机的标准体系介绍电焊机行业的标准化工作由全国电焊机标准化技术委员会（CSBTS/TC70，以下简称电焊机标委会）负责，电焊机标委会成立于1985年12月。
电焊机标委会由国家标准化管理委员会（SAC）和由其委托的专业标准化主管部门领导和管理，电焊机标委会设置有秘书处，秘书处负责电焊机专业领域的标准化及国际电工委员会IEC/TC26（电焊技术委员会）以及国际标准化组织ISO/TC44/SC6（电阻焊技术委员会）在国内的技术归口工作。
电焊机标准体系按电弧焊机、辅机具（配套件、零部件）、电阻焊机（包括控制器、电极接头等部件）、特种焊机、电磁兼容、电弧焊机能效和基础标准划分。
目前电焊机行业现行有效的国家标准27项，行业标准43项，见表1。
现行电焊机标准覆盖了所有电弧焊机及其关键性的辅机具；覆盖了大部分的通用电阻焊机产品；特种焊机由于使用量较小，所以仅制订了摩擦焊机标准。
表1 电焊机现行标准目录1.1.1安全标准体系和相关标准现共有安全标准9项，分别涉及电弧焊机、辅机具和电阻焊机。
1.1.1.1电弧焊机产品安全标准现行电弧焊机产品安全标准为GB 15579系列标准。
GB 15579.1《弧焊设备第1部分：焊接电源》和GB 15579.6《弧焊设备第6部分：限制负载的手工金属弧焊电源》，两项标准均等同采用IEC标准，是各类电弧焊机产品生产、销售以及CCC认证依据的标准。
其中GB 15579.6仅适用于额定最大焊接电流不超过160A、具有热切断装置、主要由非专业人员使用的手工电弧焊机，但不包括变频式、带遥控和旋转式电弧焊机，目前这类产品数量极少。
GB 15579.1适用于除GB15579.6以外的所有电弧焊机产品。
GB 15579.10《弧焊设备第10部分:电磁兼容性(EMC)要求》等同采用IEC标准。
该标准是强制性国家标准，涉及人身的电磁辐射安全，也涉及到电网及相关设备的电磁安全。
PV_6097草案(孔隙率)
分类号：A6000 草案 2007年5月VOLKSW AGEN AG (大众汽车股份公司)气孔率测定按照VW 50097的规定PV6097公司标准主题词：气孔率、气孔率测定、气孔率试验、铸件的气孔率试验使用注意事项征求意见截止日期：2007-06-04 因为即将发布的正式标准可能与本草案有偏差，原则上不能按照本草案的规定执行。
如果特殊情况下仍然需要使用本标准的草案，使用者之间应进行协商。
目录1 适用范围 (1)2 目的 (2)3 标记 (2)4 定义和术语 (2)5 试验的实施 (2)5.1 有关参考面的规定 (2)5.1.1 允许的参考面的几何形状 (2)5.1.2 参考面的选择及其尺寸 (3)5.1.3 参考面的位置 (3)5.2 切割面（断面）或者投影面的选择 (4)5.3 待评定参考面的质量 (4)5.3.1 评定气孔级别S的参考面 (4)5.3.2 评定气孔级别D的参考面 (4)5.3.3 评定气孔级别F的参考面 (5)5.3.4 评定气孔级别G的参考面 (5)5.4 参考面的评定 (5)5.5 气孔率试验结果 (6)5.6 气孔率试验实例 (6)6 同时有效的文件 (6)附录（资料性附录） (7)A.1 气孔级别D——试样制备和评定时的问题和缺陷 (7)A.2 在一个金相抛光磨片上测定气孔率 (10)A.3 气孔率不同的磨片的图示 (15)1 适用范围本标准适用于图纸或同时有效的标准中含有VW 50097规定的气孔率要求的金属铸件。
以前的VDG-Merkblatt P 201规定的气孔率要求，应参照VW 50097中相应的规定执行。
后继2~19页专业负责人：K-GQL-2/1 Hannes W endt电话:+49-5361-9-38956 K-GQL-2 Stefan Eisenberg博士标准（EKTC，1733）：EKTC/4 Gabriela Bochynek电话：+49 5361-9-21698 Manfred Terlinden机密。
费休氏容量法测量冻干人用狂犬病疫苗中水分含量的不确定度分析
费休氏容量法测量冻干人用狂犬病疫苗中水分含量的不确定度分析邱文娜;饶玲;王永智;方朝东;李磊【摘要】目的对费休氏容量法测量冻干人用狂犬病疫苗中水分含量的不确定度进行分析,为评价该方法的准确性和可靠性提供科学依据.方法建立费休氏容量法测量冻干人用狂犬病疫苗中水分含量的数学模型,找出影响不确定度的因素,并对各个不确定度分量进行评估.结果计算出各变量的不确定度,取包含因子K=2,置信概率为95％,费休氏容量法测量冻干人用狂犬病疫苗中水分含量的扩展不确定度为0.082％.结论卡尔费休容量法检测冻干人用狂犬疫苗中水分含量时,不确定度主要由测定时卡尔费休试液的消耗体积和滴定度F值产生,该评价方法适用于冻干狂犬疫苗水分测定的不确定度评定与报告.【期刊名称】《中国医药科学》【年(卷),期】2018(008)009【总页数】4页(P37-40)【关键词】卡尔费休容量法;冻干人用狂犬病疫苗;水分;不确定度评定【作者】邱文娜;饶玲;王永智;方朝东;李磊【作者单位】江苏省泰州医药高新技术产业园区疫苗工程中心,江苏泰州 225300;江苏省泰州医药高新技术产业园区疫苗工程中心,江苏泰州 225300;江苏省泰州医药高新技术产业园区疫苗工程中心,江苏泰州 225300;江苏省泰州医药高新技术产业园区疫苗工程中心,江苏泰州 225300;江苏省泰州医药高新技术产业园区疫苗工程中心,江苏泰州 225300【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R392狂犬病是由狂犬病毒所致的人畜共患急性传染病，流行性广，病死率100%，有效预防该病的措施是接种狂犬病疫苗[1]。
目前，上市的狂犬疫苗有两种剂型，冻干粉针剂因技术含量高、易于保存、免疫反应轻等特点，将逐步成为市场主流。
水分含量是冻干粉针剂疫苗稳定性相关的一个重要参数，在日常质检过程中诸多因素会影响该检测结果的准确性[2-6]。
本实验室该项检测项目于2012年获得CNAS认可，曾两次参加CNAS组织的测量审核、能力验证，且结果均为满意。
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国际电工委员会——————————————电弧焊焊接设备—第10部分：电磁兼容（EMC）的要求1.范围本部分规定了a)无线电频率发射的适用标准和测试方法b)谐波电流发射，电压波动和闪烁的适用标准和测试方法c)连续的和瞬态的、传导的和辐射的以及静电放电的抗扰度要求和测试方法。
这一部分适用于弧焊及类似工艺的设备，包括电源及辅助设备，如送丝机、水冷系统、引弧及稳弧装置等。
注1：相关工艺是指如等离子切割，电弧点焊等工艺。
注2：本标准并没有详述弧焊设备所需要的最基本安全防护，如对电击的防护，非安全运行，绝缘分类和相关的非电量的测试。
按照本标准测试并通过本测试标准的弧焊设备可以认为是所有的应用场合都是电磁兼容的。
2. 标准文献下面的这些参考文件在本文件的应用中必不可少。
对标出日期的参考文件，只采用该版本。
对没有标出日期的参考文件，采用其最新版本（包括其所有的修正案）。
IEC 60050-161 国际电工术语—第161章：电磁兼容IEC 60050-851 国际电工术语—第851章：电焊IEC 60974-1 弧焊设备—第1部分：焊接电源IEC 60974-3 弧焊设备—第3部分: 稳弧和引弧装置IEC 60974-6 弧焊设备—第6部分：限载手动金属弧焊电源IEC 61000-3-2：2005 电磁兼容（EMC）——第3-2部分：限值—谐波电流发射的限值（设备每相的输入电流≤16A）IEC 61000-3-3：1994 电磁兼容（EMC）—第3-3部分：限值—第3节：对额定电流≤16A的设备在低电压供电系统中产生的电压波动和闪烁限值修正案1（2001）修正案2（2005）IEC/TS 61000-3-4，电磁兼容（EMC）—第3-4部分：限值—额定电流大于16A的设备在低电压供电系统的谐波电流发射限值IEC 61000-3-11，电磁兼容（EMC）—第3-11部分：限值—在公用低电压供电系统的电压变化、电压波动和IEC 61000-3-12，电磁兼容（EMC）—第3-12部分：限值—在公用低电压供电系统的谐波电流——16A＞输入电流≤75A的设备IEC 61000-4-2，电磁兼容（EMC）—第4部分：试验和测量技术—第2节：静电放电抗扰度试验IEC 61000-4-3，电磁兼容（EMC）—第4部分：试验和测量技术—第3节：射频电磁场辐射抗扰度试验IEC 61000-4-4，电磁兼容（EMC）—第4部分：试验和测量技术—第4节：电快速瞬变脉冲群抗扰度试验IEC 61000-4-5，电磁兼容（EMC）—第4部分：试验和测量技术—第 5节：浪涌抗扰度试验IEC 61000-4-6，电磁兼容（EMC）—第4部分：试验和测量技术—第 6节：射频场产生的conducted 干扰的抗扰度IEC 61000-4-11，电磁兼容（EMC）—第4部分：试验和测量技术—第11节：电压瞬时跌落，短时中断及电压变化的抗扰度试验CISPR 11：2003，工、科、医（ISM）射频设备——电磁骚扰特性限值和测量方法CISPR 14-1 ：电磁兼容－家用电器，工具和相似设备的要求第1部分：发射CISPR 16-1-1无线电干扰和抗扰度测量设备和方法的规定第1部分：无线电干扰和抗扰度测量设备－测量设备CISPR 16-1-2无线电干扰和抗扰度测量设备和方法的规定第2部分：无线电干扰和抗扰度测量设备－辅助设备—conducted 干扰CISPR 16-1-4无线电干扰和抗扰度测量设备和方法的规定第4部分：无线电干扰和抗扰度测量设备－辅助设备—放射干扰3．术语及定义为了达到IEC60974这部分的目的，与EMC以及相关现象的定义包含在IEC 60050-161的出版物中，与电弧焊设备有关的定义包含在IEC60050-161与IEC60974-1中。
另增加定义如下。
3.1 喀呖声超过连续骚扰限制不长于200ms，并与下一次骚扰间隔至少200ms的骚扰注1：两个间隔斗鱼连续骚扰限制限制水平有关注2：喀呖声包含许多脉冲在此情况下相关时间指从第一个脉冲开始到最后一个脉冲结束。
3.2 闲置状态在这种运行状态下，电源打开，但并未进行焊接。
4．通用试验要求4.1 试验条件按照IEC 60974-1或IEC 60974-6，试验应在指定的操作条件下进行，而且要用额定的供电电压及频率。
对同一模式运行，在50HZ下得到的结果对60HZ也是有效的，反之亦然。
4.2 测量工具测试设备在使用时应遵从CISPR16-1-1的要求以及在表1、2、3中提到的标准。
4.3 人工电源网络用50欧/50？？V网的人工电源网络做输入端骚扰电压的测量，见CISPR 16-1-2.人工网络在测量点射频穿过电压输入时能提供一定的干扰，并在试验时能隔离设备与输电线上的周围噪音。
4.4 电压探针当不能使用人工电源网络时则使用电压探针。
探针有序的连接在输电线与相应接地间。
探针由阻塞电容器和电阻器组成，以使输电线与接地之间的电阻不低于1500欧。
用于保护测量接收器不受危险电流损坏的电容器或其他设备，探针对其测量精确度的影响应小于1dB 或在标准允许范围内。
4.5 天线频率范围在30MHz－1GHz的天线按CISPR 16-1-4的规定使用。
测量应在水平极化和垂直极化进行。
天线离地最近点应不低于0.2m5发射及抗扰度试验布置弧焊设备的发射及抗扰度试验应在表1所示的典型安装下进行。
在这样的安装下的焊接设备应能满足本标准中所必需的要求。
如果由于弧焊设备的设计问题，而使这个测试不能按照图1的按照布置进行。
可以采纳制造商的建议（如可以暂时旁路或屏蔽某些控制电路），目的是达到试验的目标。
弧焊设备的任何临时变化都应在文件中记载下来。
受试设备的测试布置图应该记录在测试报告中。
关键字1 送丝机 7 绝缘层2 焊接电源 8 接地面3 焊接电缆（捆扎） 9 水冷系统4 内部连接电缆（捆扎） 10 供电输入电缆6 约定负载a =1mb ≤0.4m注：1，5，9，11是辅助设备，按照实际情况选用。
图1——采用约定负载的典型试验布置关键字W 弧焊设备 A 天线3 焊接电缆 6 约定负载a =1m c =10m或30m图2弧焊设备和约定负载与测量天线位置示意图如焊接电源连有辅助设备，则测试时，焊接电源应与最少量必须的辅助装置端口连接。
如果弧焊设备电源有许多类似的电源端口，或者电源端口有许多类似的连接，那么，测试时必须选择足够多的端口或者连接方式来模拟弧焊设备的实际运行情况，以确保覆盖所有不同的连接方式。
对conducted 射频发射试验，焊接电源，在可能时应用V网与电网连接，见4.3。
V网应如此安装：试验中其最近的表面离设备最近的边缘不低于0.8m。
输入电源电缆的长度至少是2m。
焊接电源与约定负载的连接应通过适合输出电流的截面积的电缆，或者是适当的焊枪和带有相应接头的电焊钳，其中焊接电缆长度也不少于2米。
射频发射的试验，焊接电源应用一个厚度不超过12mm的绝缘体和接地平面绝缘，或者是通过其自身的底座与地平面绝缘在辐射发射和抗扰度测试时，弧焊电源和约定负载应放置在离天线等距离的位置进行测试（见图2）。
电缆应自然的接触地面，过长的输入电缆、焊接电缆或焊枪电缆都应根据实际情况折叠成长度不超过0.4米的线束。
抗扰度试验的相应的试验布置，见表1，2和3。
5.2 负载试验中，通过向设备施加约定负载来模拟弧焊操作，见IEC 60974-1. 射频发射的试验，约定负载应用一个厚度不超过12mm的绝缘体和接地平面绝缘，或者是通过其自身的底座与地平面绝缘5.3辅助设备5.3.1 概述辅助设备应当焊接电源一起进行试验，其安装和连接方式应依照制造品的建议。
下面给出的是送丝机和遥控器的一些特殊要求。
5.3.2 送丝机根据设计要求，送丝机应该放在焊接电源的上面或者旁边。
如送丝机可安放在焊接电源机箱的内部或外部，则放在外部。
射频发射试验时，如送丝机设计成放置在地面，则送丝机应放在旁边厚度不超过12mm的绝缘层上，或者是通过其自身的底座绝缘。
连接送丝机和焊接电源的电缆长度应为2m，如为了连接需要和得到合适的电流定额，连接电缆可以超过2m。
如果制造商提供的焊接电缆长于2m，则超长部分应尽可能往复折叠成长度不超过0.4m的线束。
允许随设备提供的焊接电缆短于2m。
送丝机和焊接电源间的连接电缆应采取制造商推荐的型号和长度。
根据实际要求超出的部分应当往复折叠成不超过0.4米长的线束。
制造商推荐的焊枪可代替焊接电缆来实现送丝机到约定负载的连接。
5.3.2 遥控器如果焊接电源可以使用遥控器来操作，则测试应该连接遥控器后进行，其目的在于要尽可能给出最大电磁发射和最低抗干扰能力。
遥控器应当放置在负载旁边的地面上，如果可能最好将其隔离绝缘。
绝缘层不应厚于12mm。
遥控器是设计成和焊接设备相连时，在使用过程中则应放在预定的位置。
同样，多出的电缆线也应当根据实际的需要，折叠成不超过0.4m长的电缆束。
6．发射试验6.1 射频发射试验的等级6.1.1 A级设备A级设备用于特定地区而不是住户地区，住户地区的电力由公共低压供电系统提供。
A级设备应符合A级限值，见6.36.1.2 B级设备B级设备适用于所有地区，包括电力由公共低压供电系统提供的住户地区。
B级设备应符合B级限值，见6.36.2 试验条件6.2.1 焊接电源6.2.1.1 射频发射试验的试验条件焊接电源应在6.2.2规定的约定负载下按照下述三种状况进行。
a) 闲置状态c) 在100%负载持续率（暂载率）的额定焊接电流下闲置状态试验布置如图1所示，在负载开路情况下进行。
如果上述的任一种状况输入电流超过25A，那么可以调整输出电流使输入电流降低到25A。
但是如果输入电流降不到25A或者更小时，可以根据CISPR 11：1997的6．2．3条款中规定的电压探头代替在其6．2．2条款中规定的人工电源网络。
如焊接电源可以工作在AC和DC两种模式，则两种模式都应进行试验。
多功能焊接电源应在设定电流下最高的约定负载电压下进行试验。
如果焊接电源不止一种输出回路（例如：有等离子切割和手工电弧焊两种功能），则每一回路应分别进行试验。
对带外置送丝机的电源，仅用MIG约定负载电压测试MIG配置。
6.2.1.2 谐波测试条件IEC 60974-1范围内的焊接电源应根据6.2.2的程序在最大额定焊接电流额定负载周期下用约定负载电压测试。
观察周期为10分钟。
直流交流模式都可用的焊接电源应测试两种模式。
多功能焊接电源应在设定电流下最高的约定负载电压下进行试验。
6.2.1.3 电压波动和闪烁的条件焊接电源的测试条件，见IEC 61000-3-36.2.2 负载约定负载电压见IEC 60974-1 或 IEC 60974-66.2.3 送丝机送丝机应在50%最大送丝速度下试验。