Proxemics
跨文化商务交际答案
名词对应。
（Kinesics）：the nonverbal behavior related to the movement of the body or part of the body.（身势）：非言语行为相关的运动身体肌肤上或局部的身体。
（etiquette）：it refers to manners and behavior considered acceptable in social and business situations.(礼仪): 它指的是礼貌和行为认为是可以接受的,在社会和商业管理硕士学位。
(pragmatics)：it is the study of how speakers use the language to reach successful communication, and the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behaviors.(语用学): 它是研究如何说话者可以运用语言达到成功的交际,而且该研究结果的语言对人类的观念和行为。
(power distance):the degree to which power differences are expected and accepted by society.(权力距离): 在何种程度上的力量和接受不同是被期望的社会。
(Values): a learned organization of rules for marking choices and for resolving conflicts.(价值观): 学会组织的规则为标志的选择和解决冲突。
（reverse culture shock）:it refers to the “shock” one experiences upon returning to one’s home culture after growing used to a new one.(反向文化冲击): 它指的是“震惊”一经使用后返回到一个新的增长一对一的家居文化体验。
《建筑环境心理学》第6讲个人空间、私密性和领域性
人们偏爱的休息停留位置
二、领域性（Territoriality）
阿尔托曼（Altman）对领域性的定义：领域性是个人或群 体为满足某种需要，拥有或占用一个场所或区域，并对其 加以人格化和防卫的行为模式。
对侵犯个人空间的反应：
被入侵者的反应： 1.入侵者的个人特征影响着被入侵者的反应 2.男性入侵者比女性入侵者引起更多动作反应 3.入侵者年龄对反应也起一定的影响 入侵者的反应： 1.侵犯别人的人自己的空间也同时被别人侵犯 2.群体的大小也影响着个人入侵的倾向 3.被侵犯群体的地位越高，被侵犯的几率越少
一、个人空间（Personal space）
人与人之间总保持着一定距离，人好似被包围在一个 气泡之中。这个神秘的气泡随身体的移动而移动，当这个 气泡受到侵犯或干扰时，人们会显得焦虑和不安。这个气 泡是心理上个人所需要的最小的空间范围，Sommer把这 个气泡称为个人空间。
在日常生活里，我们与他人之间保持一定距离，人们 用它来调整与他人交往的程度。个人空间并不是固定的， 在环境中它会收缩或伸展，它是能动的，是一种变化着的 界限调整现象。
沿建筑空间边缘的桌椅更受欢迎，因为人们倾向于在 环境中的细微之处寻找支持物。社会学家Jonge在研究中 发现，在餐厅和咖啡厅中，有靠背或靠墙的坐位，以及 能纵观全局的坐位比别的更受欢迎，尤其靠窗的坐位。 丹麦建筑学家Gehl发现，人们在驻足时会很细心地选择 在凹处、转角、入口，或是靠近柱子、树木、街灯和招 牌之类可依靠的物体边上。这类空间即可以为人们提供 防护，又不使人们处于众目睽睽之下，并有良好的视野。 朝向和视野对坐位的选择也有重要的影响。（季节变化 对日照要求也不同）。
公共距离
包括360到750厘米的近段和750厘米以上的远段。 这个距离通常出现在较正式的场合，如讲演、谈判等。
08级考试资料《跨文化交际》
跨文化交际课程期末考试复习资料I. Give a brief definitions of the following terms(名词解释)1. Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types f signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.2. privacyprivacy: It could be understood as the right of an individual to self-determination as to the degree to which the individual is willing to share with others information about himself that may be compromised by unauthorized exchange of such information among other individuals or organizations.3. slangWords and expressions which are regarded as very informal and so are not considered suitable for formal social situations or serious writing.4. collectivist cultureCollectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” culture s because basic unit is thein-group or collective.5. culture shockculture shock：It is a psychological phenomenon that is experienced most often by those who, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture.6. proverbProverbs are those popular short sayings containing words of advice or warning—are an important part of the language and culture of a society.7. intercultural communication.8. Individual CultureIndividuals tend to define themselves by the extent to which they are different from, rather than similar to other. People are encouraged to display self-confidence and assertiveness, disclosure of personal thoughts and feelings.9. CultureCulture means:(a) The arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular society or nation.(b).The beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that constitute a people's way of life.10. ProxemicsProxemics refers to the study of spatial relations. The study of proxemics includes three aspects of space: (a) fixed features of space. (b) semifixed features of space, and(c) personal space11. NormsNorms refer to rules for appropriate behavior, which provide the expectations people have of one another and of others. Norms are the outward manifestations of beliefs and values.12. IndividualismIndividualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence，individual expression, and even privacy.13. ParalanguageThe set of nonphonemic properties of speech, such as speaking tempo, vocal pitch, and intonational contours, that can be used to communicate attitudes or other shades of meaning.14.Low-context cultureCultures in which little of the meaning is determined by the message is encoded in the explicit code are labeled low-context.II. Answer the following questions(简答题)1.Give some basic rules of boys or girls interaction2. Describe the different ways in showing hospitality between Chinese culture and western cultureChinese guests always refuse offer of drinks or food to demonstrate politeness in seeming not to wish to put their host to any trouble.Sometimes an offer is not a real offer but a polite remark. After we say 'no', we usually wait for the second and third offer. If the host just brings the food or drink and ignores 'no', we ill accept it. Chinese like to press their guests to drink or eat to show their hospitality. While westerners always accept or refuse offer of drinks or food very genuinely.Their refusal is accepted as genuine.Westerners don’t to press. To press people to have food or drink after they have refused is frowned upon and can cause embarrassments.3. What are the differences on receiving gifts between Chinese and westerner?In the West, it is regarded as polite to open gifts as soon as they are given to express appreciation. In China, the situation is quite the reverse. Normally we Chinese feel that if you open the gift as soon as it is given, you might embarrass the person who gives the gift and you might be thought greedy. Therefore, Chinese people tend to open the gifts after the visitors have left.In China, many people send gifts without wrapping them, and if they wrap them, they usually tell the receiver what is inside, and the receiver will thank the sender and put the gift aside without unwrapping them since they already know what is inside. English receivers open the gifts in front of the senders of the gifts.4. Explain the term “intercultural communication competence” and its three components.The intercultural competence refers to the ability to understand and adapt the target culture. Intercultural communicative competence involves cognitive, affective and operational aspects, which are inseparable in reality. The interrelatedness of cognitive, affective, and operational components is very important in the improvement of the communicator’s intercultural communication competence. There are also three aspects in terms of affective components: adaptation motivation, Identity flexibility and esthetic co-orientation, The cognitive aspects of intercultural communication competence are the mental capacities of comprehension and ability to understand the meanings of various verbal and nonverbal codes. Operational components are that Individuals’ capacity to express cognitive and affective experiences outwardly is shown through specific behaviors.1. The obstacles of studying Intercultural communication2. Why do many Chinese people tend to ask about age, martial status, and even salary when first meeting one another?To them, these are open conversational topics. Knowing a person’s age helps them use appropriate terms of address. And Chinese people pay a lot of attention to family life, so naturally talk of family members features as a common topic. As to salary, since there is a national system of salarie s, people usually don’t consider it a secret and they talk about it openly.3 . Analyze the cultural variations in selecting negotiators in America and Japan4. What would you do if a stranger pronounced your name incorrectly?5. What are the five basic themes in individualist culture?1) There is a tendency for foreigners to treat strangers as equals, seen in the politeness with which foreigners treat out-group members and their willingness to follow public rules and laws that guarantee the rights of all. 2) There is a desire for independence and separateness, found in foreigners' needs for their own privacy and autonomy and in the freedom they give to children. 3) There is a lack of inhibition on the part of foreigners in terms of expressive behaviors, seen in their lack of concern about drawing attention to themselves and their willingness to disclose feelings and emotions. 4) There is a lack of understanding if the reciprocal bonds and duties that regulate in-group members, found in foreigners' casual attitudes towards hospitality. 5) There is a lack of concern at public displays of physical or sexual intimacy.6. Analyze the characteristics in Masculine communication culture7. What are the differences between Chinese and English Kin Terms?In Chinese culture, people refer to people strictly according to the kin terms. It is completely unacceptable to refer to one's parents by using the names. When children address relatives, Chinese kin terms tell whether they are older or younger than their father or mother. Chinese kin terms tell whether the relatives are from the mother' or father's side and whether one's brother, sister or cousin is older or younger than he/she. Chinese kin terms are also to other people who are not one's relatives; kin terms are widely used to address known or unknown peopleWhile in English culture, in some families in Western countries, some childrenaddress their parents directly by their first names. In Britain, children are expected to address the parents' brother and sisters with the title of Uncle or Aunt plus their names and sometimes simply address them by first name without a title. English kin terms don’t tell whether the relatives are from the mother' or father's side ,and there are not distinct kin terms for elder brother or younger brother. Kin terms are not as frequently used as in Chinese. In all kinds of social situations, either formally or informally, people won't use kin terms to address each other if they are not relatives.8. State six principles for effective cross-gender communication.9. What is the significance of Nonverbal Communication?Nonverbal behavior is a significant area of communication study for at least three reasons.Nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we get from conversations.Nonverbal behavior spontaneously reflects the subconsciousness.We cannot avoid communicating through nonverbal signals.Besides, nonverbal behavior is significant because nonverbal communication can be open to many interpretations.10.Describe the U.S. cultural patterns with the five value orientation categories.People in the United States generally believe in a supreme God or universal spirit and believe that they can control nature. They have a lot of faith in science and technology and are materialistic. They get a sense of identity from work and generally separate work from play. People, in the United States are efficient, practical, and see progress and change as a good thing. They place a high value on time and have a future time orientation, although they often divide it into short-term goals.People in the United States do not agree about whether humans are naturally good, bad, or a mixture of both. However, two beliefs related to human nature—rationality and mutability--- are still believed by many in the United States. One of the most fundamental beliefs of people is individualism. Associated with this belief are the ideas of self-motivation, competition, and responsibility for one’s own actions. People in the United States also have an unshakable belief in equality. They do not believe that everyone is the same, but they do believe that everyone does or should have the same opportunities as everyone else. Last, people in the United States are conformist—it is important to stay in touch with the latest fashion in hair, clothing, and so forth.11. What does "gilding the lily" mean?12.What are the communication differences between high-and low-context cultures?13.What are the social functions of compliments14. List some study area in nonverbal communication.15. What would you do if someone asks you a question that you feel too personal?16. Explain high-context culture and low-context culture.Cultures in which little of the meaning is determined by the message is encoded in the explicit code are labeled low-context. Cultures in which less has to be said or written because more of the meaning is in the physical environment or already shared by people are labeled high context .17. Explain the definition of “collect ivist culture”a. Collectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” cultures because basic unit is thein-group or collective.b. kindness to visitors: friendly, welcoming, and generous treatment offered to guests or strangersc. Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that stresses "the moral worth of the individual". Individualists promote the exercise of one's goals and desires and so independence and self-reliance while opposing most external interference upon one's own interests, whether by society, or any other group or institution.18. How do people from different cultures understand “silence”?The use of silence in communication is different from culture to culture. Silence can communicate agreement, apathy, awe, confusion, contemplation, disagreement, embarrassment, obligation, regret, repressed hostility, respect, sadness, thoughtfulness, or any number of meanings. In eastern cultures, silence has long been regarded as a virtue. While in western cultures, silence has generally been considered socially disagreeable. To most people in the United States, silence means lack of attention and lack of initiative. To the Chinese, silence means agreement.19. Analyze the characteristics in Feminine communication culture20. Why do we need to study intercultural communication?(1). Technological developmentThe development of new transportation and information technologies has connected all nations in ways that were possible before this century only in the imagination.(2). Widespread population Migrations(3). The changes in the international business community have compelled China to reexamine her business.(4). Development of Multiculturalism. Cultural diversity or multiculturalism will become the norm; not the exception. The public must acknowledge and adjust to difference but build on commonality.21. What are the characteristics in naming Chinese Given Names?There have existed differences in naming given names to male and female throughout the Chinese history. If we get down to the classifications of the Given Names according to the different sexes, it is not difficult to see that the differences may lie in two categories, that is, in meanings and forms. Traditionally, male given names usually suggest steel and great strength, showing great concerns about the fate and future of the nation, while female given names impress people on their beauty, elegance, fragrance, loveliness, and gentleness. Shown in the following are the ten classifications of both the sexes showing different characteristics in given names:22. State two typical situations to send flowers in business and social situationsThere are two typical situations in which flowers can be useful to businesspeople. One is to help establish a good relationship with a secretary. The other is when anexecutive is invited to someone's house. It is still more customary - all over the world - to give flowers to women rather than men, who in most cultures only receive flowers when ill. Here are some flower-giving guidelines which should keep you from falling foul of local taboos.Part III Case Analysis (You are required to state cultural phenomenon in each case)(3*20’)Case 1Xiao LI and Xiao Wang were colleagues. Xiao LI gave a lot of help to Xiao Wang financially and socially. Recently Xiao LI would get married. But he forgot inviting Xiao Wang attend his wedding. Later Xiao Wang got information about Xiao LI’ wedding and sent RMB 500 Yuan to Xiao LI.Question: What cultural phenomenon can be reflected? Why?In Chinese culture influenced by Confucianism, if someone does a favor for you, you should return the favor to them. This is very common for Chinese people..In the philosophy of Confucianism Reciprocity are the base of relationships. Gratitude and indebtedness are important parts of Chinese culture. If a person feels uneasy to be indebted of someone, payback is necessary to achieve balance in the relationshi p.Case 2An English guest: Each time a new dish arrived his parents would lean over and load my plate with tasty morsels. As they had taken all the trouble to cook it I just had to polish it off. As soon as my plate was empty they would put more on. Of course, I felt duty-bound to eat that too.A Chinese guest: Can you imagine how many dishes I had? Only one -- a stew with meat and vegetables. The meat was over done and too hard to eat; green vegetables were no longer green. They never put food on your plate but just ask you to help yourself. If you, as a guest, are shy or modest, waiting for the food to be put on your plate, you will remain half-starved.Question: Are there any differences in hospitality between a Chinese and English? What are the reasons?Yes. The Chinese student felt disappointed at British hospitality because she used the Chinese way of showing hospitality to judge the British one. In the story taking place in China, the westerner couldn't imagine that there should be sixteen dishes prepared for her. When she ate from the eight cold dishes, she couldn't eat anymore. It is because a Western meal normally severs one main course plus a starter and sweets or desserts. The fact is that different people in the world show their differenthospitality in different ways.Case 3Li Lan had an American friend Susan. They usually had lunch together and Li Lan often asked Susan for advice on problems she faced adjusting to American society. Susan gave Li Lan a lot of advice and helped her to improve her English. Once Li Lan needed urgently a big sum of money to pay her tuition fee. Since she has no other friends in the States, she turned to Susan for help and promised that she would return the money soon.To Li Lan’s great disappointment, this time Susan didn’t seem happy to lend the money to her. Though Li Lan returned the money as she promi sed, they didn’t get along well from then on.Question: Why did Li Lan feel unpleasant?Li Lan asked to borrow money from her American friend Susan, which is rarely part of Western friendship. Li Lan and Susan have different expectations of friendship.In the West, people prefer to be independent and equal rather than dependent, so they don't feel comfortable in a relationship in which one person gives more and the other person is dependent on what is given. Among friends they mostly provide emotional support to each other and spend time together, so they rarely borrow or lend money to each other. They would ask for a loan from the bank rather than from their friends.While in China, people expect their friends to be loyal to each other, and they even take risks for their friends. So they would give not only emotional support to each other but also concrete help to each other, such as helping to find a job, solving a problem, or even giving money to help one out over a long period of time. So when a friend is in need, the first person he or she wants to ask for help is naturally his/her friend.Case 4In 1997, a Danish woman from Copenhagen left her 14-month-old baby girl in a stroller outside a Manhattan restaurant while she was inside. Other diners at the restaurant became concerned and called New York City Police. The woman was charged with endangering a child and was jailed for two nights. Her child was placed in foster care. The woman and the Danish consulate explained that leaving children unattended outside cafes is common in Denmark. Pictures were wired to the police showing numerous strollers parked outside cafes while parents were eating inside. Question: What cultural phenomenon can be reflected?This case reflects one of the barriers to the effective intercultural communication----assuming similarity instead of difference. In American culture, it isillegal for parents to leave their baby alone. Whereas it is commonplace for parents to leave their baby alone in Danish culture.The Danish woman had assumed that Copenhagen is similar to New York, that what is commonly done in Copenhagen is also commonly done in New York.Case 5Describing the differences of verbal communication Styles between Chinese people and American people. Take examples to explain it.The Chinese shout be loud when talking about everything. Direct eye-contact is rare when speaking person to person. Counting on your fingers is different. Instead of just holding out the number of fingers on two hands as in America, the Chinese have specific finger signs for numbers one to ten.To indicate yourself, Americans tend to use their thumb or forefinger and point at or touch their chest. Chinese people usually point at their nose with their index finger to do so. Chinese people feel no compunction against staring at other people for long periods of time. Young people, both boys and girls up to the age of 21, engages in all manner of rough-housing, often hitting each other. Women often walk arm and arm down the streets. Men and men hold hands or embrace shoulders as they walk outside. Nothing is wrong with that if they are friends.Case 6Xie Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situation in the laboratory.Xie Li: I don’t know where it went wrong!Tom: Don’t feel so bad. Cheer up; you’ve done your job.Xie Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure.Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I’ll face the music.Xie Li: Tom, we are not playing children’s games here. This is a scientific experiment. Tom: I’ve never taken the experiment as child’s play and I’m playing the game.Xie Li: You say you’re playing the game! It’s a rather important experiment!Xie Li walks out of the laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.Question: What’s the problem in this case?Idiomatic phrases are often misinterpreted.In English, face the music means: face reality and take the consequence and play the game means: abide competition rules. Here Xie Li misinterpreted two idiomatic phrases Tom used. First he thought that Tom didn’t take the failure of the experiment seriously and wanted to escape from it, because he would “face the music”; secondly, he misinterpreted Tom’s “playing the game” as that he hadn’t done the experiment seriously, which might lead to its failure.A young Chinese officer, together with his wife, was meeting an American consultant at an airport. After phatic communication, the consultant complimented him on his wife out of politeness, “Your wife is beautiful!”The officer felt embarrassed and said, “Where! Where!”（哪里！哪里！）“Where! Where!”the consultant was puzzled and had to say,“From head to foot.”Question: What went wrong in the case and Why?In this case, the words of the Chinese conveyed a message quite different from what was intended. The Chinese officer would be suspected of “fishing for compliments”even though the remarks might have been quite sincere because the consultant was almost forced to say “Your wife is beautiful from head to foot.” Forced compliments like this can leave a bad taste in the mouth.Because as far as the responses to praise and compliments is concerned, there are great difference between Chinese people and native English speakers. Native English speakers, especially Americans tend to verbalize their compliments and accept them, whereas the Chinese tend to efface themselves to show modest. In contrast, native English speakers, in the same situation, will say Thank you or Thank you for saying so or Thanks a lot, etc. to acknowledge and accept the thanks as a kind of recognition of their individual efforts. Case 8A young Chinese woman in U.S was complimented by an American woman for the lovely dress she was wearing: "It's exquisite. The colors are so beautiful!" she was pleased but somewhat embarrassed. In typical Chinese fashion, she replied, "Oh, it's just an ordinary dress I bought in China."Question: What went wrong in the case and Why?Case 9A married couple are going to visit a friend. They have been driving around for some time looking for the street.B is angry because A refuses to stop and ask direction of someone.Question: What cultural phenomenon can be reflected?This case reflects the masculine emphasis on maintaining autonomy and not appearing weak or incompetent. Men are less likely than women to seek directions from others. Part of the reason for this may well lie in sensitivity of men to issues of status. From the perspective to ask for information and help from others implies that the person asking is inferior. From a woman's point of view, however, sharing information is a way of cementing bonds.Dedrick and Melita have been dating for two years and are very serious. To celebrate their anniversary Melita wants to spend a quiet evening in her apartment where they can talk about the relationship and be alone with each other. When Dedrick arrives, he's planned to dine out and go to a concert. Melita feels hurt that he doesn't want to talk and spend the evening alone with her.Question: could you explain the differences in communication between men and women?Case 11A Filipino couple was vacationing in England. While they were strolling along one of the main streets of London with a British acquaintance, they met another Filipino who had been residing there for some time. He was a good friend from the past, who has not seen for several years. They greeted each other warmly and continued their conversation in a loud and animated fashion using their native language. After a while the British became noticeably agitated, and turned his head away and sighed. TheFilipinos noticed the reaction, and then resumed their conversation but in a quieter tone.Question: Why did the British become agitated?Case 12An American went to Chinese home. He was offered some tea. Just when the first cup was about to finish, more tea was added. The visitor drank the second cup. Then the cup was filled the third time. Then he drank it, then…until the visitor was quite full.Question: Why did the American get quite full?The culture for treating visitors varys from country to country.In China, the Chinese host often constantly puts foot on the visitors' plate, which is an expression of hospitality. The visitors refusals are usually ignored. Westerners, on the other hand, usually leave the guest to help himself/herself and do not keep urging him/her to eat more. in China it is acceptable to leave unwanted food on the plate, whereas according to Western custom, it is impolite to do so. As result, misunderstandings occur. In this case, the American kept finishing all the tea in his cup to show his politeness. Therefore, the American got quite full.Case 13An American tourist and a Chinese couple met for the first time. They are introducing themselves like this:American tourist: It was so nice to meet you both here. I'm Lucy Webster. Thank you very much.Chinese woman: It's a pleasure. I'm Li Hong, and this is my husband. Welcome to China, Miss Lucy.American tourist: Thank you, Mr. and Mrs. Li. Would both of you like a cup of coffee?Chinese couple: No, thanks.Question: What went wrong in the case and Why?1)The American tourist thinks that Li Hongs surname is her husband's surname, because she is unaware of the fact that in China women still use their own surnames after marriage.2) Li thinks that "Miss" is a respectful term of address for any female English speaker, but unaware of the fact that in America it is not used before someone's first name. She also mistakes the given name "Lucy' for the surname.Case 14Lee, an overseas student from China, once had a talk with his American classmate Tom.Lee: It really puzzles me that you Americans thank people all day long: When the teacher answers your questions, when your mother buys you a book that you need, when a wife brings her husband a cup of coffee and so on.Tom: Well, when I finished my tour in China, I said "thank you" to the interpreter who accompanied me during the tour. The interpreter replied, "It's my duty to do so."I can't help thinking what he means, "I had no choice but to do it, because it is my duty. Otherwise I would not have done so."Questions: What makes Lee puzzled and why? Is the interpreter's reply appropriate in the English context?1) A Chinese student would always thank his/her teacher for the latter's help, but would seldom do so to his/her parents because Chinese people don't usually say "Thank you" to those who are very close. They would rather choose some implicit ways to show their gratitude and concern, such as saying something like "leile ba?"(累了吧) "Xingku le."( 辛苦了) "kuai xiexie ba," (快歇歇吧)etc. But one traditional Chinese concept holds that it is the duty of the young and the junior to do something for the elderly and the senior, and so the latter don't have to say thanks.2) Saying "Thank you" is very common in America, even between parents and children, husband and wife for very small and ordinary things. So they thank all day long. They use words like "Please", "Excuse me", "Thank you" in daily conversation, whether between intimates or between strangers.。
跨文化交际学考试名词解释
跨文化交际学考试名词解释跨文化交际学题型名词解释整理：Intercultural communication :intercultural communication is a face-to-face communication between people from different cultural back-grounds .Intracultural communication :intracultural communication can be defined as the extent to which there is shared interpersonal communication between members of the same culture whether this is in the majority .or within minority cultures .Individualism :broadly speaking ,individualism refers to the doctrine theater the interests of the individual are of ought to be paramount ,and that all values ,rights and duties originate in individuals ,it emphasizes individual initiative,independence ,individual expression ,and even privacy .Collectivism: it is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguish between in-groups and out-groups .people expect their in-group to look after them ,and in exchangefor that they fell they owe absolute loyalty to thegroup .collectivism means greater emphasison (1)the views ,needs ,and goals of the in-groups rather than oneself ; (2)social norms and duty defined by the in-group rather than behavior to get pleasure ; (3)beliefs shared with the in-group; rather than beliefs that distinguish self from ingroup ; and (4)great readiness to cooperate with ingroup membership .Power distance :it's the extent to which a society accepts that power in relationships ,institutions, and organizations is distributed unequally . Context :it 's the information that surrounds an event ,it is in extricably bound up with the meaning of the event .High-context communication :it is a kind of communication in which most of the information is already in the person ; while very little is in the coded ,explicitly transmitted part of themessage ,e.g.,Chinese ,Japanese Low-context communication :it's just the opposite of high-context communication .'sit themass of information is rested in the explicitcode ,e.g. American GermanHigh-context culture :it's a kind of culture in which people are very homogeneous with regard to experiences,information networks ,and thelike ,e.g. Chinese ,JapaneseLow-context culture :it's a kind of culture in which the population is less homogeneousand therefore tends to compartmentalize interpersonalcontacts ,e.g. American ,German Activity orientation :it is the way a culture viewsactivity ,which is classifiedby kluckhohns and strodtbeck as being ,being-in-becoming ,and doing.Nonverbal communication: nonverbalcommunication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver. Paralanguage :certain vocal cues provided us with information with which to make judgments about characters' personalities', emotional States ,and rhetorical activity .Paralanguage involves the linguistic elements of speech,thatis ,how something is said and not the actual meaning of the spoken words .most classifications divide paralanguage into three kinds of vocalizations ;vocal characterizers ;vocal qualifiers ; and vocal segregatesM-time (monochromic time schedule ):M-time cultures tend to think of time as something fixed in nature ,something around us and from which we can not escape ; and ever-present part of the environment ,just like the air we breathe P-time (polychromic time schedule ):P-time cultures deal with time holistically and place great stock in theactivity occurring at the moment .Polychronic time cultures emphasize people more than schedules .For P-time cultures ,time is less tangible and hence feeing of wasted time are not as prevalent as M-time cultures .15. Denotation: the literal meaning or definition ofa word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.16. Connotation: the suggestivemeaning of a word --- all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.19. Chronemics （时间学）：The study of how people perceive andse time.20. Proxemics （空间学）:refers to the perception anduse of space.21. kinesics （肢体语言）:The study of body language .22. Paralanguage副语言）:Involving sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication .23. Monochronic time 一元时间观念：means paying attention to and doing only one thingt a time.24. Polychronic time 多元时间观念：means being involved with many thingsat once1. What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global villag？e P8~9 Four trends that lead to the development of the global village: Convenient transportation systems/ Innovative communication systems/ Economic globalization/Widespread migrations2. What are the three aspectswhere cultural differences exist?Verbal difference:language, thought patterns Non-verbal communication: body-language, time concept, spaciouslanguage, paralanguage, environment …Perception: values, worldviews, beliefs, attitudes 3. What are three ingredients of culture? 文化的三个成分( three Ingredients)P5~6An shared artifact(the material and spiritual products people produc)e shared Behavior(what they do) shared Concepts ( beliefs, values, world views what they think)4. How to understand cultural Iceberg?P6~7 Like an iceberg what we can see about culture is just the tip of the iceberg; the majority of it is intangible, beyond sight. and the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much biggerwhole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface.(Just as an iceberg which has a visible section above the waterline and a larger invisible section below the waterline, culture has some aspects that are observableand others that can only be suspectedand imagined. Also like an iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surfac.e(P7))5. What are the tour characteristics of culture? Dynamic/ shared/ learned/ ethnocentric Culture is shared. All communications take place by means of symbols.Culture is learned. Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one's social environment, not from one's genes. Enculturation(文化习得):All the activities of learning one's culture are called enculturation . Culture is dynamic. (P6)Culture is subject to change. It's dynamic rather than static, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. Acculturation(文化适应):the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.Culture is ethnographic(文化中心主义).Ethnographic is the belief that your own cultural background is superior. Ethnocentrism: the belief that your own culture background issuperior.6. What are the six characteristics of communication?Dynamic/ irreversible/ symbolic/ systematic/ transactional/ contextualCommunication is dynamic.Communication is ongoing, ever-changing activity. A word or action does not stay frozen when you communicate; it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action. Communication is irreversible.Once we have said something and someone else has received and decodedthe message,the original sender canno take it back. Communication is symbolic.Symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. Symbols are vehicle by which the thoughts and ideas of one person can be communicated to another person. Communication is systematicCommunication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a large system. It takes place in a physical and a social contex;t both establish the rules that govern the interaction.Communication is transactional. (P8)A transactional view holds that communicatorsare simultaneouslysendingand receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversation. Communication is contextual. (P8)All communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. By context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship. Thus the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings.7. How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?三方面)P22~24In Chinese the surname comes first and is followed by the given name/ but in English this order is reversed.Addressing by names: In China seniority is paid respect to. Juniors are supposed to address seniors in a proper way. The use of given names is limited to husband and wife, very close friends, juniors by elders or superiors/ Nowadays, more and more English-speaking people address others by using the first name, even when people meet for the first time. (intimacy and equality) Addressing by relationship: Chinese oftenextend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. These terms are used afterthe surname to show politeness and respect/ The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. Even with relatives, Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.Addressing by title, office, profession: Another common Chinese form of address is the use of a person's title, office, profession to indicate the person's influential status. In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used. (P24) Americans tend to regard titles as trivial unless they have a clear idea of what kind of work a person does and what his responsibilities are. 8. How is the Chinese writing style different the American writing style?The Chinese employ a circular approach in writing. In this kind of indirect writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be ‘ turningand turning in a widening gyre 'T.he circles or gyres turn around the subject and showit from a variety of tangential views, butthe subject is never looked at directly. A paragraph is set off by an indentation of its first sentences or by some other conventional devise, such as extra space between paragraphs. In contrast, the Americans are direct and linear in writing. An English expository paragraph usually begins with a topic statement, and then, by a series of subdivisions of that topic statement, each supported by example and illustrations, proceeds, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to all other ideas in the whole essay,and to employ that idea in proper relationship with the other ideas, to prove something, or perhaps to argue something.9. What are the different feature of m-time and p-time? P97M-time is noted for its emphasison schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure.P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time and time is perceived as more flexible and more human-centered.10. What different worldview can be drive from Buddhism and Christianity?Buddhists do not believe in a god or gods who created the world. However, they do believe that there is a supreme and wonderful truth that words cannot teach, and ritual cannot attain. Buddhists are not favorably disposed to the notion of free enterprise and the pursuit of material well-being. Seen from a western worldview, having no desires adversely affects motives for personal enrichment and growth generally. Thus, little support is accorded to free enterprise.Christianity recognizesthe importance of work and free ownership of property. Protestant, in particular, sees the salvation of the individual through hard work and piety.11. What is the American cultural value like in terms of value orientation?As far as the human nature is concerned, the American culture holds that it is evil butperfectible through hard work.As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer the nature.They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented.They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem.They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.12. What is the Chinese cultural value like in terms of value orientation?PWhat is the character of innate human nature? What is the relation of man to nature?What is the temporal focus of human life?What is the mode of human activity?What is the mode of human relationships?11. It is evil but perfectible/ Man can conquer the nature / present / being-oriented a non-developmental model of society/ Competitive 12. Good but corruptible/ harmony with nature / Past/ being-and-becomingis a kind of spiritual good of inner harmony and peace/ cooperation 13. How is gender different from sex? P119~120Sex: biological, permanent, with a individual propertyGender: socially constructed, varied over time and across cultures, with a social and relational quality14. What are the two primary influences processes of Gender Socialization? P121 Family communicationRecreational interaction15. Identify the features of each of fourHofsted's cultural dimensionsand the contrast between high-context and low-context culture. （语境案例分析）P192~193Individualism VS collectivism /Masculinity VS femininity /Power distance/Uncertainty avoidance High-context VS. low-contextHigh-context cultures assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message. In high-context cultures, verbal messageshave little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication. Low-context cultures exclude many of those stimuli and focus more intensely on the objective communicationevent, whether it be a word, a sentence,or a physical gesture. In low-context cultures, the message itself means everything.。
非言语交际读书笔记读书摘录读书感想
非言语交际1.非言语交际的特点：非语言交际不包括语言，而是包括了各种非语言的交际行为；非语言交际具有互动性，涉及信息的发出者和接受者的编码和解码过程；非语言交际是在特定情景中产生的，与语境有密切的关系；非语言交际可能是有意的，也可能是无意的。
2.非语言交际的主要种类：（1）体态语（body language），又称为身体语言。
包括外貌服饰、面部表情、眼神交流、手势、姿势、身体接触等。
（2）副语言（paralanguage），又称为伴随语言。
指的是伴随语言发出的没有固定语义的声音，包括音高、音量、语素、话轮转换等。
（3）时间观念（chronemics），又称为时间学。
指的是人们如何对待和使用非正式的时间，例如人们对准时、预约、计划性、最后期限等问题的看法和处理方式等。
（4）空间利用（proxemics），又称为距离学。
包括个人空间、人体距离、座位安排、家具排列等方面。
3.非语言交际的特点：（1）非语言行为可能是有意的，也可能是无意的。
如：中国人习惯大嗓门说话，但外国人会以为中国人在吵架。
（2）非语言行为具有文化规约性。
如：西方文化耸肩表示“我不知道”或者“无可奈何”的意思，但在亚洲文化这个动作很少见，也没什么特殊意义；中国长辈会摸孩子头来表示喜爱和鼓励，而在泰国等佛教国家这是一种冒犯。
（3）非语言行为受到语境制约。
如：西方人见面喜欢拥抱和亲吻面颊，但是男性和男性之间的亲吻却是禁忌。
西方文化强调准时，与工作相关的正式约会如果迟到是很不礼貌的事情，但是社交聚会时的迟到却是容易接受的。
（4）非语言行为具有模糊性。
如：来自两种不同文化背景的人在谈判时，如果一方保持沉默，另一方是很难理解这种沉默是表示赞同，还是表示反对或拒绝的。
4.非语言交际的三种主要功能：（1）传达真实的内在感情当语言交际和非语言交际同时发生的时候，语言行为表达的是内容，而非语言行为表达的是态度和与别人的关系。
（2）营造交际印象（3）进行会话管理5.非语言交际与语言交际的关系：语言交际和非语言交际是跨文化交际的两种主要渠道。
跨文化交际主要名词解释
1.verbal communication1.言语交际V erbal intercultural communications happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.当来自不同文化背景的人们用语言进行交流时言语交际就发生了。
2.非言语信号：（狭义）noverbal communication refers to intertional use of non-spoken symbol to communicate a specific message .运用非言语符号传达特定信息的交际行为。
（广义）refers to elements of the environment that communicate by virtue of people’s use of them.人们交际时运用的环境因素。
municative context;Communicative context is more likely to affect our communication with those who have different culture from ours or hold our language as their second language.情境context交际发生的环境并且有助于解释交际内容的含义。
The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication. It’s the information that surrounds an event, it is in extricably bound up with the meaning of the event.4.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。
《跨文化交际》_名词解释
名词解释1.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whoseculture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter thecommunication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。
Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。
Culture identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.文化身份：指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。
Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化。
Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则，这种不正确的行为一旦发生，就意味着一种显性或隐性的处罚。
跨文化交际名词解释（3）
跨文化交际名词解释（3）跨文化交际名词解释29. 国家间交际internation communication指国家和政府而非个人之间的交际，此种交际非常正式和仪式化。
30. 跨民族交际interthnic communication ：refers to communication between people of the same race ,but different ethnic backgrounds . 指同一种族，不同民族背景的人们之间的交际。
31. 跨种族交际interracial communication:occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races that pertain to different physical characteristics.指信息源和信息来自不同的种族，种族具有不同的身体特征。
32. 跨地区交际interregional communication:refers to the exchange of messages between members of the dominant culture within a country.指一个国家内主流文化成员之间的信息交换过程。
Chapter 533. 世界观worldview :is the belief that we hold explaining the cosmos God,the nature of humanityand nature.指我们持有的对宇宙，神，人本质及自然的最根本的看法。
34. 宗教religion refers to belief in and reverence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as creator and governor of the universe. 对超自然力量宇宙创造者和控制者权力的相信与崇敬。
跨文化交际名词术语解释
Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international business operations.经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。
Macroculture :The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society.宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。
Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationlities.熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。
Microcultures:cultures within cultures微观文化：文化中的文化Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。
Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。
(完整版)跨文化商务交际答案
名词对应。
（Kinesics）：the nonverbal behavior related to the movement of the body or part of the body.（身势）：非言语行为相关的运动身体肌肤上或局部的身体。
（etiquette）：it refers to manners and behavior considered acceptable in social and business situations.(礼仪): 它指的是礼貌和行为认为是可以接受的,在社会和商业管理硕士学位。
(pragmatics)：it is the study of how speakers use the language to reach successful communication, and the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behaviors.(语用学): 它是研究如何说话者可以运用语言达到成功的交际,而且该研究结果的语言对人类的观念和行为。
(power distance):the degree to which power differences are expected and accepted by society.(权力距离): 在何种程度上的力量和接受不同是被期望的社会。
(Values): a learned organization of rules for marking choices and for resolving conflicts.(价值观): 学会组织的规则为标志的选择和解决冲突。
（reverse culture shock）:it refers to the “shock” one experiences upon returning to one’s home culture after growing used to a new one.(反向文化冲击): 它指的是“震惊”一经使用后返回到一个新的增长一对一的家居文化体验。
大学跨文化英语教材答案
大学跨文化英语教材答案Unit 1: Introduction to Cross-Cultural CommunicationSection A: Understanding Culture1. What is culture?Culture refers to the shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that characterize a group or society. It includes both material and non-material aspects.2. How does culture influence communication?Culture influences communication by shaping the way we perceive, interpret, and express verbal and nonverbal messages. It also affects our attitudes towards time, space, relationships, and social norms.Section B: Cultural Dimensions1. Hofstede's Cultural DimensionsHofstede identified five cultural dimensions that can help us understand cultural differences:- Power Distance: The extent to which a society accepts unequal distribution of power.- Individualism vs. Collectivism: The focus on individual goals vs. group harmony and interdependence.- Masculinity vs. Femininity: The emphasis on assertiveness, competition, and material success vs. cooperation and quality of life.- Uncertainty Avoidance: The extent to which a society tolerates ambiguity, uncertainty, and risk.- Long-Term vs. Short-Term Orientation: The focus on future rewards and persistence vs. tradition and immediate gratification.2. Trompenaars' Cultural DimensionsTrompenaars proposed seven cultural dimensions that complement Hofstede's model:- Universalism vs. Particularism: The emphasis on rules and standards vs. flexibility and relationships.- Individualism vs. Communitarianism: The importance of personal interests vs. collective welfare.- Neutral vs. Emotional: The display of emotions in social interactions.- Specific vs. Diffuse: The separation of personal and professional life vs. overlapping roles.- Achievement vs. Ascription: The emphasis on individual achievements vs. social status.- Sequential vs. Synchronic: The perception of time as linear and structured vs. flexible and fluid.- Internal vs. External Control: The belief in personal control over events vs. fate and destiny.Unit 2: Verbal Communication across CulturesSection A: Language and Meaning1. Language and CultureLanguage reflects cultural values, beliefs, and worldview. It includes not only words but also grammar, sentence structure, and idiomatic expressions. To communicate effectively across cultures, it is important to remember that words may have different meanings or interpretations.2. High-context vs. Low-context CulturesIn high-context cultures, such as China and Japan, meaning is often embedded in the context and nonverbal cues. In contrast, low-context cultures, like the United States and Germany, rely more on explicit verbal communication.Section B: Pragmatics and Speech Acts1. Speech ActsSpeech acts refer to utterances that perform actions, such as making requests, giving compliments, or offering apologies. However, the appropriateness and interpretation of speech acts vary across cultures due to differences in politeness norms, directness, and indirectness.2. Politeness StrategiesPoliteness strategies aim to maintain social harmony and avoid face-threatening acts. They can be categorized into positive politeness, which emphasizes friendliness and solidarity, and negative politeness, which focuses on respect and deference.Unit 3: Nonverbal Communication and CultureSection A: Nonverbal Codes1. Body LanguageBody language includes gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, and posture. These nonverbal cues can convey different meanings and emotions across cultures. For example, a thumbs-up gesture may be positive in the United States, but offensive in some Middle Eastern countries.2. ProxemicsProxemics refers to the use of space in communication. Different cultures have different preferences for personal space, which can range from intimate distance to public distance. Violating these norms can lead to discomfort or misinterpretation.Section B: Nonverbal Communication Styles1. Display RulesDisplay rules refer to cultural norms that dictate the appropriateness and intensity of displaying emotions. Some cultures encourage emotional expressiveness, while others value emotional restraint or suppression.2. ChronemicsChronemics is the study of how time is perceived and used in different cultures. It includes attitudes towards punctuality, the pace of speech, and the organization of daily activities. Understanding these differences is crucial for effective cross-cultural communication.Note: The above content is a sample outline for a 1000-word article on the answers to cross-cultural English textbook questions. It is important to further develop and expand each section to meet the desired word count.。
十四nonverbal_communication_3[1]
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2. 个人距离/区(Personal distance/zone)。距离约 为1.5-4英尺，这是朋友间谈心的距离，所谈的内 容一般是个人的私事，谈话声音不高，而且柔和亲 切。 3. 社交距离/区(Social distance/zone)。相距4-12 英尺，这是社交的正常距离，谈论的内容一般是非 个人事宜。在这种距离谈话，音量适中，对无关者 也不保密。 4. 公共距离/区(public distance/zone)。距离为12 英尺以上，在这种距离内讲话声音很高，谈话内容 不涉及个人私事，一般适用于讲课、演说、演戏等 场合。
Territoriality (领地观念)
Altman, 1975, divide territory into three parts: Primary territories (主要领地) Secondary territories(次要领地) Public territories (公共领地)
M-time
As the word monochronic implies, this system views time as lineal, segmental and prompt. It schedules one event at a time. In a culture of MTime, time is perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future. Time can be saved, borrowed, divided, and lost. Northern American, western and northern European cultures are typical M-Time cultures. People of M-Time cultures think of time as something concrete and tangible. They believe time is something they must not waste, they must be doing something or they feel guilty, “time is money”,” time is life” are their mottoes and rules for behavior.
proxemics英文解释
proxemics英文解释Proxemics, simply put, is the study of how we use space in our daily interactions. It's like a secret language that we all speak without realizing it. Think of it as the distance dance we do with people, whether we're standing close for a hug or keeping our distance in a formal meeting.You know, sometimes when you're in a crowded place and someone gets too close, you can feel a bit uneasy? That's proxemics at work. It's our subconscious way of setting boundaries and communicating comfort levels.Different cultures have their own proxemic rules. In some cultures, it's normal to stand closer and talk louder, while in others, people prefer a bit more personal space.It's fascinating to observe how these differences shape our social interactions.I remember once, I was in a foreign country and didn't quite understand the proxemic norms. I kept backing awayfrom people who were trying to have a conversation with me, thinking they were too close. It was awkward, but it taught me a valuable lesson about the importance of understanding cultural differences.Proxemics is not just about physical distance; it'salso about the emotional and psychological spaces we create. It's how we make ourselves feel comfortable and how we show respect to others. So, next time you're in a social situation, pay attention to the spaces you and others are creating. It's a fascinating window into the hidden worldof human interaction.。
肢体语言是什么的英语作文
肢体语言是什么的英语作文Title: The Power of Body Language。
Introduction:Body language, also known as non-verbal communication, is a powerful form of expression that plays a crucial role in our daily interactions. It encompasses the use of facial expressions, gestures, postures, and other physical cues to convey messages and emotions. While verbal communication relies on words, body language adds depth and nuance to our conversations, allowing us to better understand others and be understood. In this essay, we will explore the significance of body language, its various forms, and its impact on interpersonal communication.Body:1. Definition and Importance of Body Language:Body language refers to the non-verbal signals weuse to communicate with others. It is an innate anduniversal form of expression, allowing individuals toconvey emotions, intentions, and attitudes without the need for spoken words. In fact, research suggests that body language accounts for a significant portion of our overall communication, often surpassing the impact of verbal cues alone.2. Facial Expressions:Facial expressions are one of the most recognizable forms of body language. They are universal and can convey a wide range of emotions, including happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust. For example, a smile typically indicates happiness or friendliness, while furrowed eyebrows might indicate confusion or concern. Understanding these facial cues enables us to interpret the emotions and intentions of others accurately.3. Gestures:Gestures involve the movement of our hands, arms,and other body parts to enhance or emphasize our verbal communication. They can be cultural or individual-specific and play a significant role in conveying meaning. Common gestures include pointing, waving, thumbs-up, and handshakes. However, it is important to note that gestures can have different meanings in different cultures, and misinterpretations can occur if not considered within the appropriate context.4. Posture and Body Movement:Posture and body movement reflect our overall demeanor and can communicate various messages. For instance, standing upright with shoulders back and head held highoften conveys confidence and assertiveness. On the other hand, slouching or crossing arms might indicate defensiveness or disinterest. Additionally, body movement, such as nodding or shaking the head, can show agreement or disagreement, respectively.5. Eye Contact:Eye contact plays a crucial role in interpersonal communication and is often considered a window to one's thoughts and emotions. Sustained eye contact is generally associated with trust, confidence, and attentiveness, while avoiding eye contact can indicate shyness, guilt, or deception. However, it is important to consider cultural differences, as eye contact norms can vary across societies.6. Proxemics:Proxemics refers to the use of personal space during interactions. The distance we maintain from others can convey different meanings and comfort levels. For example, intimate conversations typically involve close proximity, while maintaining a larger distance can indicate formalityor a desire for personal space. Understanding andrespecting these cultural norms is crucial to effective communication.7. Cultural Variations:It is essential to recognize that body language can vary significantly across cultures. Gestures, facial expressions, and even the interpretation of eye contact can differ, leading to misunderstandings or misinterpretations. To communicate effectively across cultures, it is important to learn about and respect these variations, ensuring that non-verbal cues are appropriately understood and interpreted.8. Importance in Interpersonal Communication:Body language serves as a powerful tool in enhancing interpersonal communication. It allows us to convey emotions, build rapport, and establish trust with others.By paying attention to non-verbal cues, we can gaininsights into someone's true feelings, even when theirwords may say otherwise. Furthermore, being aware of ourown body language helps us project confidence, empathy, and openness, fostering better connections with those around us.Conclusion:In conclusion, body language is a fundamental aspect of human communication. It enriches our interactions,providing additional layers of meaning and understanding.By being attentive to facial expressions, gestures, posture, eye contact, and proxemics, we can enhance our ability to perceive and convey messages accurately. Moreover, recognizing and respecting cultural variations in body language allows for effective communication across diverse contexts. Developing an awareness of body language empowers us to connect more deeply with others, fostering stronger relationships and improving overall communication skills.。
Space
England
America Australia
Cultures that stress individualism generally demand more space than do collective cultures and “tend to take an active,aggressive stance when their space is violated.”
Proxemics(空间关系学)
Personal Space
Our personal space,that piece of the Universe we occupy andcall our own,is contained within an invisible boundary surrounding our body.As the owners of this area,we usually decide who may enter and who may not.When our space is invaded,we react in a variety of ways.We bace up and retreat,stand our ground as our hands become moist from nervousness,or sometimes even react violently.
In Mexico
Physical distance between people when engaged in conversation is closer than what is usual north of the border
Middle
Easterners
Typical Arab conversations are at close range.Closeness cannot be avoided.
客体语与环境语
3. 身体气味的掩饰
对人体气味（body odor）在交际中作用的研究也 是非语言交际研究的一个重要组成部分。在交际场合，英 语国家的人非常忌讳口出臭气、腋处流汗、人前放屁或因 衣着不洁或洗漱不勤而出现的身体怪味。有的中国人对自 己的身体气味不大注意，甚至听其自然。吃过葱、蒜、韭 菜等怪味菜后也不注意清楚口中遗留的气味，在对外交往 中容易造成障碍。有人与他人交谈时，站得过近，让人对 自己的气味感到生厌，为了不让人闻到自己的口臭而用手 捂住嘴说话就更易激起对方的反感。在英语国家，人们往 往花费不少金钱购买各种化妆品来掩盖自己的身体气味。 当然，不少人对此很反感，认为这是“令人生厌地用化妆 品掩盖自己的真实面目”，“给人以气味的袭击”，“是另 外 一种形式的空气污染”，“其作用只能是帮助人们更易见别 处这些人文化水平不高”。
6.家具与车辆
• 英语国家室内装饰也与中国不同。据美国教授布罗斯纳 安对比：中国人喜欢使用图案精美的纺织品和原色壁纸 ，英语国家的人却喜爱单色织物和灰白色墙壁；中国的 木质和皮面座椅都加工精细，而英语国家的却显得粗制 滥造；中国的窗帘一般都异常精美，英语国家的却很寒 酸。 • 英语国家的私人小汽车可以反映出车主的许多特点：地 位、价值观、抱负，甚至还可以反映出其心理状态。驾 驶着一辆老式、昂贵、不注意保养的赛车，可以表现出 主人的富有、守旧、漫不经心、大大咧咧、朝气蓬勃， 也许还有活泼开朗的性格；驾驶保养良好的豪华轿车， 则显示车主是一个虽然富有但自信心不足的人；一辆四 门轿车的车主可能是一个拖家带口的人；客货两用车是 郊区居民的标志；驾驶狭小的经济车的人可能生活简朴 或者举止随便。
• 2）服装的含义 • 男士服装的特点一是威严、庄重，二是样式比较稳定，即一直处于比较静 止的状态。其传统看法是：“一个有见识的人总是小心避免在服饰上标新 立异。”这主要指的是，男士礼服总是西装，而且颜色一直是保守的深蓝 色或黑色。 • 女性服装往往突出体型的美丽和对异性的吸引力，因此时兴紧身衣裙和低 胸礼服，以袒胸、露背、光腿为美。 • 3）着装的规则 • 在跨文化交际中要注意的是英语国家的人着装不是随随便便而是相当讲究 ，这是因为他们有严格的规则要求。 • 西装着装要求复杂。双排扣上衣必须口号下边两颗扣子（坐着时可解开以 下纽扣一面弄皱衣服）。单排扣西服则只扣上边一颗扣子，人们认为扣上 纽扣是正规，不扣是潇洒，两个都扣上是土气，如果扣下边那个，不扣上 面那个，就有点流气。正式着装必须配有领结或领带。穿西服时必须穿鞋 ，有的还讲究颜色固定搭配。 • 4）服装与场合： • TPO原则:time；place；object(时间，地点，对象目的）。 • 5）服饰与职业身份
跨文化交际-时空学要点
1. Time orientation
Past, present, and future-oriented 2. chronemics:
Monochromic time and polychromic time 单向、多向记时制
•Touch - baptics
Poly-chronic people Do many things at a time Are highly distractible and subject to interruptions Consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, if possible Are high-context and already have information Are committed to people and human relationships Change plans often and easily Are more concerned with those who are closely related (family, friends, close business associates ) than with privacy Borrow and lend things often and easily Base promptness on the relationship Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationships
3. Proxemics Proxemics is nonverbal communication that involves
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We can see that the Chinese people on the human body "space bubble" far below the requirements of the Americans. On the one hand, Chinese are more tolerant of crowding on the territory of the human body and objects far below the sensitivity of the Americans. On the other hand, in the seating arrangement, the Chinese use more traditional classroom model, while the Americans love horseshoe type and modular models.
EXAMPLES
Saudi Arabia You might find yourself almost nose to nose with a business associate because their social space equates to our intimate space. You would probably find yourself backing away, trying to regain your social space. While your associate chases you across the floor trying to maintain his. Finally, you would come away from the encounter, thinking he was "pushy”. While he thought you were "standoff-ish”. Netherlands If you were visiting a friend in Netherlands ,you would find the roles reversed, you would be doing the chasing because their personal space equates to our social space.
PROXEMICS
3 班2 组
WHAT IS PROXEMICS
Proxemics, the study of spatial distances between individuals in different cultures and situations. It was coined by researcher Edward Hall during the 1950's and 1960's and has to do with the study of our use of space and how various differences in that use can make us feel more relaxed or anxious.
CHINA
In China, people avoid direct eye contact to strangers and smiles to other people. Chinese also use less body movements when they converse. They do not touch frequently and avoid displaying emotions in public, even to their family, always being implicative and gentle. If someone has an accident, sometimes they cannot find any strangers for help.
PERSONAL TERRITORY
Public space ranges from 12 to 25 feet and is the distance maintained between the audience and a speaker such as the President. Social space ranges from 4 to 10 feet and is used for communication among business associates, as well as to separate strangers using public areas such as beaches and bus stops. Personal space ranges from 2 to 4 feet and is used among friends and family members, and to separate people waiting in lines at teller machines for example. intimate space ranges out to one foot and involves a high probability of touching. We reserve it for whispering and embracing.
The difference of natural environment, background and lifestyle results in the America’s pioneering spirit. They constantly open up new areas and try new things with good dynamic character. The Chinese tend to seek stability and has a quiet character. Individuality is the core of American values. This feature strongly reflected in the use of space and their attention to the maintenance of personal privacy. Collectivism is the core of Chinese values. This characteristic makes Chinese people to focus their eyes on the maintenance of collective privacy.
THE US
Compared to China, people in the US keep smaller distance and use more body movements. It always can be seen that people talk to others, however, they just saw each other. Once, if there were some troubles with a friend’s car, the car stopped suddenly on the road. People do not know what happened or what they should do. Gradually, lots of people came to help.
Proxemics is one of the most important aspects of non-verbal communication. Cultural differences and the use of color in our physical environment can have a great impact upon our interactions with others. But these are only two of more than twenty major aspects of proxemics, such as eye-contact, facial expression, smells, body warmth, gender, number of people involved, subject matter, and goals of the communication, for which we continuously and automatically adjust our use of space.
TYPES OF SPACE
Fixed-feature space. This comprises things that are immobile, such as walls and territorial boundaries. However, some territorial boundaries can vary and are classified as semifixed-features. Semifixed-feature space. This comprises movable objects, like mobile furniture, while fixed-furniture is a fixed-feature. Informal space. This comprises the individual space around the body, determining the personal distance among people.
Chinese culture has the characteristic of gathering，focusing on the privacy groups. The Chinese people through walls, railings and other partition to protect their privacy regulation. The Americans adjust the size of spatial extent to protect their privacy. These characteristics reflected in American "good move" and Chinese "quiet”, the character, the expression of words, as well as utilization of space.