2009年中国海洋大学考博英语真题
中国海洋大学2010年博士研究生入学考试试题
中国海洋大学博士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：科目名称：---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 一、简答题（每题12分）1．长为L 的均匀弦，两端固定，弦中张力为T0，在x=h点，以横向力F0拉弦，达到稳定后，放手任其自由振动，写出定解条件。
该题是否需要衔接条件？2．行波法解题的要领是什么？它适合于求解哪一类定解问题？能否用行波法求解如下定解问题：U tt - a2U xx=0 （0 « x<∞，t>0 ）U(0,t)=0;U(x, 0)=φ(x); U t(x, 0)=Ψ(x)3．何为积分变换？它的解题步骤是怎样的？4．用分离变量法求解定解问题时，应如何选择坐标系？能否在直角坐标系中求解如下定解问题：U xx + U yy=0= f (φ)U∣ρ=a5．在球坐标系中，在轴对称的情况下，写出拉普拉斯方程（△U=0）在球内的解的表达式。
二、计算题（共2题，每题20分）1．半径为ρ高为H的圆柱体。
上底和侧面保持零度，下底温度分布为f（ρ）=ρ2，写出定解问题，并给出柱体内各点的稳恒温度分布的通解的表达式。
2．求解下列定解问题：U tt - a2U xx=0 （0 < x < L ，t >0 ）U(0,t)= 0;U(L,t)=0;U(x, 0)=3sin(2πx/L); U t(x, 0)=0;-------------------------------------------------------------------------------特别提醒：答案必须写在答题纸上，若写在试卷或草稿纸上无效。
2009年英语真题+答案解析
2009年英语真题+答案解析河南省2019年普通⾼等学校选拔优秀专科毕业⽣进⼊本科阶段学习考试公共英语Part Ⅰ Vocabulary and Structure (1×40 points)Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence, and then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. Julie spent one month________her term paper on Chinese poems.A. to writeB. and wroteC. writtenD. writing2. I was so________ the night before my examination that I could not sleep.A. WorryingB. tiredC. happyD. nervous3. Whether you learn or not is entirely________you.A. up toB. as toC. about toD. due to4. I finally________ to study much harder in the future.A. preparedB. made up my mindC. worked outD. made out5. The old couple decided to________ a boy though they had three of their own.A. adaptB. bringC. receiveD.adopt6. The teacher insisted that we ________our homework before 9 o’clock.A. FinishedD. was finishing7. The little girl showed the policeman the corner________ she was knocked off her bike.A. AndB. whichC. thatD. where8. The garden requires________.A. WateringB. being wateredC. to waterD. having watered9. Is this the house________ Shakespeare was born?A. whichB. in thatC. in whichD. at which10. ________leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.A. AnyoneB. The personC. WhoeverD. Who11. The population of the world is growing at a dangerous________.A. PaceB. measureC. progressD. rate12. You________ not have seen her yesterday, for she was abroad.A. mustB. shouldC. couldD. would13. Alice trusts you; only you can ________her to give up the foolish idea.A. SuggestD. persuade14. When Mary paid the bill she was given a ______ for her money.A. chequeB. receiptC. ticketD. label15. It was at the music hall ________we met each other for the first time.A. WhenB. whereC. whichD. that16. They found the lecture hard________.A. to understandB. to be understandC. being understoodD. understood17. It is no use ________me not to worry about his injury.A. for you to tellB. your tellingC. you tellD. having told18. You must walk slowly if you want the children to________ you.A. put up withB. come up withC. keep up withD. go on with19. Little John caught a(n)fish________ this morning.A. aliveB. aloneC. lonelyD. living20. ________finished his work, he had to stay at home at the weekend.A. Having not beenC. Not havingD. Having not21. I took the medicine, but it didn’t have any ________on me.A. effectB. relationC. touchD. affect22. The age of the students in this class ________from eighteen to twenty.A. ChangesB. rangesC. altersD. limits23. It would be________a risk to let the child go to school by himself.A. followingB. passingC. runningD. carrying24. He________a knowledge of this language by careful study.A. acquiredB. requiredC. inquiredD. requested25. We develop trade with that company for our shared________.A. honourB. rewardC. benefitD. prize26. If you take this medicine twice a day, it should ______ your cold.A. HealB. cureC. treatD. recover27. We object______ punishing a whole group for one person’s fault.A. againstC. toD. for28. She has fallen in love with Jack,______I find hard to imagine.A. whoB. thatC. whomD. which29. —Are you going downtown this afternoon?—I am going to have these letters______ .A. mailedB. mailC. to mailD. mailing30. ______, everything would have been all right.A. He had been hereB. Been here he hadC. Here he had beenD. Had he been here31.______ , water resources have been severely wasted or polluted.A. They are scarceB. Scarce they areC. Scarce as they areD. As scarce they are32. ______from space, our earth, with water covering 70% of its surface, appears as a “blue planet”.A. SeenB. SeeingC. To be seenD. Having seen33. He’ll never succeed in passing the CET6,______hard he tries.A. HoweverB. whateverC. despiteD. though34. Her face is ______to me, but I can’t remember where I saw her.B. friendlyC. alikeD. familiar35. You’ll have to book the tickets for the holiday in______.A. frontB. advanceC. aheadD. forward36. Children who are overprotected by their parents may become.______A. hurtB. spoiledC. damagedD. harmed37. Kids are very curious______.A. at heartB. in personC. by natureD. on purpose38. He has made another wonderful discovery, ______of great importance to science and man.A. which I think isB. which I think it isC. of which I think it isD. I think which is39. My daughter and I took a______tour around New York City.A. two dayB. two day’sC. two daysD. two-day40. Your brother is very tall. What is his ______ exact?A. sizeB. lengthC. heightD. breadthPart Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (2×20 points)letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1A wealthy Persian Prince loved good stories. The older he grew，the fonder he became of them. But he always regretted they had to have an end. So he decided to give half his wealth and his beautiful daughter to the man who could tell him a story without an end. Anybody who failed would be sent to prison for life. The risk was so great that nobody came to the palace to tell the Prince a story for a whole year. Then one day, a tall, handsome young man came and said he wanted to tell a story that would go on forever. The Prince agreed but warned him what would happen if he failed. “The risk is worth your fair daughter,” the young man replied poetically (得体地). He then began this well known story:“Once upon a time there was a certain King who feared famine. So he ordered his men to build an enormous storehouse, which he filled with corn. Then, when it was up, made water proof and fire proof, the King felt happy. But one day he noticed a small hole in the roof and as he looked at it, a locust came out with a grain of corn. A minute later, another locust came out with another grain of corn. Then a third locust with another grain of corn. Then a fourth locust, flying at great speed, pushed through the hole and came out with two grains of corn. Then a fifth locustcame and...”“Stop,” shouted the Prince. “I can’t,” answered the young man. “I must go on unti l I tell you what happened to each grain of the corn.” “But that will go on forever.” The Prince protested. “Exactly,” the young man replied, and he smiled as he turned towards the Prince’s beautiful young daughter.41. The Prince always felt regretted about story because______ .A. he had too much wealthB. there was a terrible famineC. all stories have endsD. there was no story teller42. The young man risked to tell an endless story to the Prince for______ .A. a great sum of moneyB. the Prince’s beautiful daughterC. showing his braveryD. Both A and C43. The young man would be sent to prison ______ if he failed to tell a story without an end.A. foreverB. for some timeC. for a whileD. for a year44. In order to prevent famine, the King asked to build______ .A. a huge storehouseB. a large farmC. a beautiful palaceD. a waterproof kitchen45. The thing the king noticed first in the roof was______ .A. a loafC. a grain of cornD. a locustPassage 2Packaging is an important form of advertising. A package can sometimes motivate someone to buy a product. For example, a small child might ask for a breakfast food that comes in a box with a picture of a TV character. The child is more interested in the picture than in the breakfast food. Pictures for children to color or cut out, games printed on a package, or small gifts inside a box also motivate many children to buy products or to ask their parents for them.Some packages suggest that a buyer will get something for nothing. Food products sold in reusable containers are examples of this. Although a similar product in a plain container might cost less, people often prefer to buy the product in a reusable glass or dish, because they believe thecontainer is free. However, the cost of the container is added to the cost of the product.The size of a package also motivates a buyer. Maybe the package has “Economy Size” printed on it. This suggests that the large size has the most product for the least money. But that is not always true. To find out, a buyer has to know how the product is sold and the price of the basic unit.The information on the package should provide some answers. But the important thing for any buyer to remember is that a package is often an advertisement. The words and pictures do not tell the whole story. Only the product inside can do that.46. Which of the following statements could best summarize the main idea of the passage?A. Children are interested in some packages of products.B. Package is one of the important ways of advertising.C. People prefer to buy the products in plain containers.D. The size of a package usually motivates a buyer.47. The phrase “a buyer will get something for nothing” ( Line 1, Para. 2 ) probably means ______.A. a buyer will get something free of chargeB. a buyer will get something uselessC. a buyer will get something usefulD. nothing is worth buying48. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?A. Sometimes people are easily motivated by packages.B. Small children sometimes are more interested in games printed on a package than theproduct itself.C. A product in a reusable container must be cheaper than a similar product in a plain container.D. “Economy Size” doesn’t always suggest that people can buy the most product for the leastmoney.49. What does the word “ them ” ( Line 5, Para. 1 ) refer to?A. Small gifts.B. Pictures.C. Games.A. Package is just an advertisement.B. Buyers shouldn’t believe the information on the package too much.C. The package has nothing to do at all with the product.D. Buyers can always find answers in the information on the package.Passage 3For any Englishman, th ere can never be any discussion as to who is the world’s greatest poet and greatest dramatist. Only one name can possibly suggest itself to him: that of William Shakespeare. Every Englishman has some knowledge, however slight, of the works of our greatest writer. All of us use words, phrases and quotations from Shakespeare’s writings that have become part of the common property of English speaking people. Most of the time we are probably unaware of the source of the words we use, rather like the old lady who was taken to see a performance of HAMLET and complained that “it was full of well known proverbs and quotations.”Shakespeare, more perhaps than any other writer, made full use of the great resources of the English language. Most of us use about five thousand words in our normal employment of English; Shakespeare in his works used about twenty five thousand. There is probably no better way for a foreigner to appreciate the richness and variety of the English language than by studying the various ways in which Shakespeare used it. Such a study is well worth the effort (it is not, of course, recommended to beginners) even though some aspects of English usage, and the meaning of many words, have changed since Shakespeare’s day.51. English people______.A. h ave never discussed who is the world’s greatest poet and greatest dramatistB. never discuss about the world’s greatest poets or dramatistsC. are sure who is the world’s greatest poet and greatest dramatistD. do not care who is the world’s greatest poet and greatest dramatist52. Every Englishman knows______.A. more or less about ShakespeareB. Shakespeare, but only slightlyC. all the Shakespeare’s writingsD. only the name of the greatest English writer53. Which of the following is TRUE?A. We use all the words, phrases and quotations from Shakespeare’s writings.B. Shakespeare’s writings have become the property of those who are learning to speak English.C. It is likely to be true that people often do not know the origin of the words they use.D. All the words people use are taken from Shakespeare’s writings.54. “HAMLET” is______ .A. a play written by ShakespeareB. a play recommended by ShakespeareC. a play appreciated by ShakespeareD. a play people have been complaining about55. It is worthwhile to study the various ways in which Shakespeare used English because______ .C. English words are now being used in the same way as in Shakespeare’s daysD. English words are now the same in various ways as in Shakespeare’s daysPassage 4Most cities and/or states in the U.S. collect a sales tax on almost everything you buy. You must ask when you move into a new community how much the local sales tax is, and what items are and are not taxable. Both taxable items and the amount of tax vary considerably from place to place, from one or two percent in some places up to eight or ten in others. The New York City sales tax, for example, is currently 8%, so if you buy a pair of ＄40 shoes you will actually have to pay ＄43.20. This makes paying and getting correct change much more difficult (not to mention making everything more expensive).Another thing that makes money changes more complicated is tipping. The Chinese people have happily put an end to tipping, but Westerners are still plagued(遭受折磨) with this indignity. Waiters and waitresses, cab drivers, hotel bellboys, barbers and hairdressers and all sorts of otherpeople must be tipped. Their employers give them low wages because it is expected that you, the customer, will make up the difference. If you don’t, the service person can’t earn a living. Tipping also varies from place to place, generally in the area of 15% of your bill (before taxes), but again you should ask local residents whom to tip and how much.There is another kind of tipping as well. You are generally expected to give something (either cash or a bottle of whisky) to the mailman at Christmas time. You should discuss this also with neighbors and friends.56. The main idea of this passage is______ .A. shopping and tippingB. sales and shoppingC. sales taxes and tippingD. sales taxes and people57. According to the passage, if you buy a pair of ＄50 shoes in the New York City, you pay extra ______as sales tax.A. ＄4.5B. ＄4C. ＄5D. ＄5.558. Usually, cab drivers______ .A. get high wages from the employerB. get great benefits from the employerC. get low wages from the employerD. get prize from the employer59. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?A. The Chinese people have to pay tips in western countries.B. The Westerners don’t have to pay high tips in their own country.C. Barbers, hotel bellboys and all sorts of other people can earn a living if they are not tipped.D. Tipping varies from place to place, generally in the area of 20% of your bill.60. Usually, taxable items and the amount of tax______.A. have no difference from place to place in the U.S.C. have been put an end in the U.S.D. vary from place to place in the U.S.Part Ⅲ Cloze (1×20 points)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B,C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Most Americans don’t like to get advice from members of their family. When they need advice, they don’t usually61 people they know. 62 , many Americans write letters to newspapers and magazines which give advice 63 many different subjects, including family problem, sex, the use 64 the language, health, cooking, childcare, clothes, and how to buy a house or a car.65 newspapers regularly print letters 66 readers with problems. Along 67 the letters there are answers written 68 people who are supposed to know how to 69 such problems. Some of these writers are doctors; 70 are lawyers or educators. But two of the most famous writers of advice 71 women without special training 72 this kind of work. One of them answers letters 73 to “Dear Abby”. The other is addressed74 “Dear Ann Landers”. Experience is their preparation for 75 advice.There is one writer who has not lived long 76 to have much experience. She is a girl named Angel Cavaliere, who started writing 77 for newspaper readers 78 the age of ten. Her advice to young readers now 79 regularly in the Philadelphia Bulletin in a column 80 DEAR ANGEL.61. A. talk B. ask C. tell D. speak62. A. Because B. Instead C. When D. As63. A. for B. in C. on D. with64. A. with B. on C. to D. of65. A. Most B. These C. Those D. The66. A. from B. for C. to D. about67. A. in B. with C. on D. for68. A. to B. for C. about D. by69. A. make B. overcome C. beat D. solve70. A. some B. many C. others D. those71. A. is B. are C. were D. was72. A. for B. on C. at D. by73. A. made B. addressed C. written D. sent74. A. with B. for C. to D. by75. A. producing B. giving C. making D. sending76. A. time B. yet C. way D. enough77. A. advise B. answers C. advice D. problems78. A. at B. on C. in D. about79. A. gives B. sends C. appears D. writes80. A. called B. arranged C. reached D. claimedPart Ⅳ Word Formation (1×10 points)Directions: There are 10 incomplete statements in this part. You should fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word, and write your answer on the Answer Sheet.81.They are not________with the performance of the students. (satisfy)82.There is________of religion in our country. (free)83.The police were delayed by the________of information about the crime. (absent)84.It is________that the company will make a big profit in the export trade. (like)85.Reading English novels can ________your vocabulary. (large)86.When college students are caught________in exam, they can be kicked out of school. (cheat)87.Following the________settlement of the strike, the train service is now back to normal. (success)88.________more time, the experts will be able to find out the cause of this disease finally. (give)89.It is essential that we________informed of your plans in advance. (be)90.The news that her son failed to pass the exam was so________that she hardly believe it. (disappoint)Part Ⅴ Translation (2×10 points)Section ADirections：There are 5 sentences in this section. Please translate them from Chinese into English, and write the answer on the Answer Sheet.91.他们已经⼗年没见⾯了。
中国海洋大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
中国海洋大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Unions are organizations of workers that bargain with employersfor economic and job benefits.They exist to create1and economicpower against private management and the2to achieve their goals.These goals are primarily higher3,better working conditions,andjob security.4organized to achieve these goals are usually complexin their social and psychological detail。
Union movements occurred in the5half of the1700s in the U.S.Carpenters,printers,and shoemakers formed organizations as earlyas1791in Philadelphia,Boston and New York.These6in most casesover social and economic7between workers and employers when rapid8in a young development country began to break down the familiar modesof9and the close ties between workers and employers。
A long,hard drive for legalization of union10Unions fought withcompanies and11courts for legitimacy and status.Unions were12asa threat to free enterprise and private property,and13to politicaland economic stability.They were also considered radical,and Gengduo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lianxi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi companies resistedthem14.Violent conducts were frequent on both sides.The governmentat times moved in state police to suppress the more15conflicts.Unionworkers themselves often punished other workers who did not back theirpolicies。
中国海洋大学本科英语lll考试试题及答案
中国海洋大学本科英语lll考试试题及答案中国海洋大学本科英语III考试试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. What does the abbreviation "UN" stand for?A) United NationsB) Union of NationsC) United Nations of AmericaD) None of the above答案：A2. Which of the following is not a form of renewable energy?A) Solar energyB) Wind energyC) Fossil fuelsD) Hydropower答案：C3. The phrase "break the ice" is used to describe:A) Starting a conversationB) Ending a relationshipC) Cooling down a heated argumentD) Freezing water答案：A4. In English grammar, which word is used to connect two independent clauses?A) ConjunctionB) PrepositionC) ArticleD) Adjective答案：A5. The verb "to be" in English is used to indicate:A) PossessionB) ExistenceC) ActionD) Condition答案：B6. Which of the following is not a method of communication?A) WritingB) SpeakingC) PaintingD) Listening答案：C7. The word "facetious" is closest in meaning to:A) SeriousB) HumorousC) AngryD) Sad答案：B8. The idiom "let the cat out of the bag" means:A) To reveal a secretB) To adopt a petC) To be carelessD) To be sneaky答案：A9. In English, the word "peruse" means:A) To glance at quicklyB) To read thoroughlyC) To ignoreD) To skim through答案：B10. The phrase "a piece of cake" is used to describe something that is:A) DifficultB) ExpensiveC) EasyD) Tasty答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The capital of Australia is ________.答案：Canberra2. The largest ocean on Earth is the ________.答案：Pacific Ocean3. The chemical symbol for gold is ________.答案：Au4. The first woman to win a Nobel Prize was ________.答案：Marie Curie5. The term "Middle Ages" refers to the period between the________ and the ________.答案：fall of the Roman Empire; Renaissance6. The process of photosynthesis in plants is carried out in the ________.答案：chloroplasts7. The first African-American to win the Nobel Prize in Literature was ________.答案：Toni Morrison8. The theory of relativity was developed by the physicist ________.答案：Albert Einstein9. The largest continent by area is ________.答案：Asia10. The first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth was________.答案：Sputnik 1三、阅读理解（每题3分，共30分）（阅读材料略）1. According to the passage, what is the main cause of deforestation?答案：Agricultural expansion2. What is the primary function of the rainforest mentioned in the text?答案：Absorbing carbon dioxide and producing oxygen3. How does the author describe the impact of deforestation on wildlife?答案：It leads to habitat loss and endangers many species.4. What is the significance of the Amazon rainforest?答案：It is often referred to as the "lungs of the Earth."5. What measures are suggested by the author to protect the rainforest?答案：Implementing sustainable logging practices and creating protected areas.6. What is the author's opinion on the importance of preserving the rainforest?答案：It is crucial for maintaining the Earth's ecological balance.7. What is the main threat to the coral reefs mentioned in the text?答案：Climate change and pollution8. How do coral reefs benefit marine life?答案：They provide shelter and breeding grounds for many species.9. What is the current trend in coral reef health?答案：A decline due to various environmental pressures.10. What action can individuals take to help protect coral reefs?答案：Reducing carbon footprint and supporting conservation efforts.四、作文（30分）请根据以下提示写一篇不少于200字的英语短文。
2009全国大学生英语呢竞赛试题及答案
2009 National English Contest for College Students(Level A - Preliminary)参考答案及作文评分标准Part I Listening Comprehension (25 minutes, 30 marks)Section A (5 marks)1. A2. C3. B4. C5. BSection B (10 marks)6. A7. C8. B9. C 10. A 11. C 12. A 13. B 14. A 15. BSection C (5 marks)16. C 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. BSection D (10 marks)21. revival of interest 22. unfashionable 23. collecting information24. healthier indoor alternative 25. superb 26. popularity 27. majority28. obviously 29. relive 30. wealthy middle-aged menPart II Vocabulary and Structure (10 minutes, 15 marks)31. B 32. A 33. D 34. C 35. C 36. B 37. A 38. D 39. C 40. D 41. D 42. A 43. B 44. B 45. CPart III Reading Comprehension (20 minutes, 35 marks)Section A (5 marks)46. C 47. A 48. D 49. A 50. BSection B (10 marks)51. residential colleges 52. rent, gas and electricity 53. a residential college54. fully understand it 55. receiptSection C (10 marks)56. The economic crisis.57. make ends meet58. They didn’t want to order starters.59. Construction and building.60. Because there were fewer international tourists.Section D (10 marks)61. habitat 62. genetic 63. protect / maintain 64. new reserves 65. individuals Part IV Cloze (15 minutes, 15 marks)66. savings 67. charge 68. up 69. expensive 70. though 71. over72. booking 73. such 74. properties 75. if 76. exist 77. favourite78. compared 79. Both 80. peakPart V Translation (15 minutes, 20 marks)Section A (10 marks)81. 出于一种自然的反应，我伸手摸摸口袋，掏出了所有的零钱放到她的手里，连看都没看她一眼。
(完整word)2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析
2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析Paper OnePart Ⅰ Listening Comprehension （30 ％）Section A1. D 女士的话Finally(终于通过了）说明John用了很长时间才通过这门考试。
2。
B 男士听到乘出租只要两小时后说“I'm up for that”，意思是我愿意这样做，即乐意乘出租车。
up for sth。
意思是愿意做某件事。
3。
C 由女士的话12135551212可知选C。
4。
C 由女士的话She came to see me this morning complaining a pain in her right leg可知病人的抱怨是右腿疼.5。
B 女士说：我要离开一周,我希望你能接着处理这里的事务,男士说You have nothing to worry about(你什么都不用担心），可知女士在给男士交待任务，应该是老板和秘书的关系.6. C 男士先说I feel ashamed to ask him for help（我不好意思找他帮忙），女士安慰说他是你的哥哥，然后男士说I'll call him tonight(我今晚给他电话),可知男士今天可能会找他哥哥帮忙.7。
B 由男士的话Now I am going retake your left leg and see how far you can raise it Keep the knee straight。
Does that hurt at an可知男士在给女士做检查。
8. D 女士说I have just made plans to play tennis,男士说Oh,that’s too bad. Maybe some other time，可知女士还要继续按自己的计划去打台球。
9. A 男士说She's been here as long as I have可知Louise并不是新来的护士.10。
2009年考研英语真题答案完整版
2009年考研英语真题答案完整版：1-10 BADBC BDCAB11-20 CADDA DCBBD21-25 BDAAA26-30 ACAAB31-35DBBCC36-40 DDDAC41-45 35216Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.46题有人说，测量任何学校的价值是扩大和提高经验的影响，这种影响是最初动机的一部分47题只有逐渐注意机构的副产品，并且逐渐增多，它才能初人民认为是机构产品的一个直接因素。
人大2009年考博英语阅读理解真题解析
人大２００９年考博英语阅读理解真题解析Planet Earth will do an electronic skin in the not-too-distance future.It will use the internet as a scaffold to transmit its sensations.This skin is being stitched together. It consists of millions of electronic measuring devices,such as thermostats,pollution detectors,cameras,EKGs.These will probe and monitor cities and endangered species,the atmosphere,and our ships,highway vehicles,and our bodies.For a decade or longer there will be no central nervous system to manage this vast signaling network.And there will be no central intelligence.But we believe that some qualities of self-awareness will emerge once the Net is sensually enhanced and emulated the complexity of the human brain.Sensuality is only one force pushing the Net toward intelligence.An eerie symbiosis of human and machine effort is also starting to evolve.The Internet creates a channel for thousands of programmers around the world to collaborate on software development and debugging.Through collaboration,this community can push past the technical barriers to machine intelligence.And though silicon networks today look nothing like the brain,nodes of the Net have begun to function as neuron.Researchers have already tackled complex computing problems, such as interpreting interstellar radio signals with about a million PCs working in concert. Before long,discrete microprocessors will probably be knitted together into ad hoc distributed computers.Don’t think of these as PC networks.The terminals would just as likely be cell phones of palm-like devices,each one far smarter than today’s heftiest desktops.We may think of this as a whole ecology,an information environment that’s massively connected.Humanity is now preparing to cast its net across the solar system.At a NASA laboratory in California,scientists are devising a version of the Internet called Inter Planet that will weave the moon,Mars,and some asteroids and comets into the earth’s expanding nervous system.Today’s communications between earth and unmanned probes are expensive,proprietary, and complex.With Inter Planet,we can simplify everything,cut costs,and engage the public more effectively.Then,the earth’s telemetric body will span the reaches of the solar system. The Net may not experience all the human thrills of exploration,but it will feel some tingles up and down its spine.育明考博全国免费电话：四零零六六八六九七八。
中国海洋大学英语II(本科)考试试题及答案
A. interestingB. ridiculousC. capriciousD. instructive
23. The word 'company' in the first paragraph refers to __.
A. shutdownB. done awayC. taken offD. called off
7. Jenny complained that the hospital
_ her too much for the treatment.
A. expendedB. paidC. costD. charged
中国海洋大学继续教育学院命题专用纸（A卷）
试题名称：英语II （本科） 学年学期：201602站点名称：
层次:高升本专业：年级：学 号：姓 名：分 数：
一、选择题（每题1分，共10分）
1. It is difficult to __ the implication between the lines.
8. Having decided to rent a flat, we __ contacting housing agencies in the city.
A. set aboutB. set downC. set outD. setup
9. The book fair has received a positive __ from readers.
A. companionsB. bankersC. lawyersD. prisoners
24. The banker was extremely excited because __.
2009年考研英语真题(含答案解析)
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I U se of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer's piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns morefuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning —a gradual 7— instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned is when to8.Is there an adaptive value to9intelligence? That's the question behind this newresearch. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance10 at all the species we'veleft in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real11of our own intelligencemight be. This is12 the mind of every animal I've ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14, is running asmall-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15animals ran the labs,they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 1819 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in?20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C] inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. "Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd," William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word "habit" carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don't bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they're there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads."The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder," says Dawna Markova, author of "The Open Mind" and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. "But we are taught instead to 'decide,' just as our president calls himself 'the Decider.' " She adds, however, that "to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one.A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities."All of us work through problems in ways of which we're unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. "This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything," explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book "This Year I Will..." and Ms. Markova's business partner. "That's a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you're good at and doing even more of it creates excellence." This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being ________.A. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be ________A. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23. "ruts"(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning to ________A. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova's comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ________?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he's the kid's dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family's geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, "There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing," says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father's line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don't rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26. In paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTK's ___________.[A] easy availability[B] flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A] locate one's birth place[B] promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A] trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A] disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building[C] excessive sample comparison[D] lack of patent evaluation30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A] Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It's problems[C] DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts -- a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don't force it. After all, that's how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn't have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity's productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn't constrain the ability of the developing world's workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn't developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A] challenges economists and politicians[B] takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33. A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C] the U.S workforce has a better education[D] the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was "So much important attached to intellectual pursuits " According to many books and articles, New England's leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans' theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: "come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people." One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Meanwhile, many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane's, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . "Our main end was to catch fish. "36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often__________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection.41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________.Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had asingle origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilledin linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survivalof the fittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people's socialstructure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children's entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, formsof marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F] Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work togetherto keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectlysuggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which everyone gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.(46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effectin enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. (47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance. (48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. (49) Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.(50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. "White pollution "is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper togive your opinions briefly andmake two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2009年考研英语真题答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)Part B (10 points)Part C (10 points)46. 虽然我们可以说衡量任何一个社会机构价值的标准是其在丰富和完善人生方面所起的作用，但这种作用并不是我们最初的动机的组成部分。
2009医博统考听力题解析原文
2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题Paper OnePart Ⅰ Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be road only once. After you hear the question, read the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven't had a bite all day.Question: What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the fight answer.Sample AnswerA B DNow let's begin with question Number 1.1. A. John failed the exam. B. John didn't take the exam.C. John passed the exam, but scored low.D. It took John a long time to pass the exam2. A. To travel by train. B. To go by Taxi. C. To go hiking. D. To rent a car.3. A. 1-231-555-1212. B. 1-213-555-2112. C. 1-213-555-1212. D. 1-231-555-2112.4. A. Morning sickness. B. A frequent headache.C. A pain in her right leg.D. A boring hospitalization.5. A. Doctor and patient. B. BOSS and secretary.C. Agent and customer.D. Driver and passenger.6. A. To buy another pair of shoes. B. To help his brother right away.C. To turn to his brother for help.D. To seek advice from the woman.7. A. He is offering a piece of advice. B. He is examining a patient.C. He is attending his daughter.D. He is taking a patient's history.8. A. To ask the man to call her back. B. To go to the botanic garden.C. To do some gardening.D. To play tennis.9. A. Louise is not a new comer. B. Louise loves being a nurse.C. Louise did a lot of work for the man,D. Louise has been waiting for a long time10. A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Seven.11. A. She has thrown out of the car. B. She was knocked down by the car,C. She hit her head on the steering wheel.D. She got the steering wheel in her chest12. A. She overacted to the man. B. She cried over her failure.C. She made a success of her diet.D. She was jealous of the man.13. A. He hates those who fool around. B. He will never try the stuff.C. He will shoot any drug dealer.D. He regrets having tried the stuff.14. A. The opposite to the man's expectation. B. A quicker recovery than expected.C. A pair of mismatching boots.D. Her healthy pregnancy.15. A. He will do as requested. B. He will not join the team.C. The woman is crazy about him.D. The woman has trouble standing.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one dialogue and two passages. After each one, you hear five questions. After each question, read the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Dialogue16. A. For the purpose of diagnosis confirmation. B. For the possibility of legal trouble.C. For the doctor's investigation.D. For the patient's future use.17. A. He has got cancer in his pancreas. B. He falls with a stomach problem.C. He suffers from fatigue.D. He has a loss of weight.18. A. See a dietician. B. Have an operation.C. Start chemotherapy.D. Take medication for pain relief.19. A. A couple of years. B. More than 5 years.C. A couple of months.D. Approximately 5 years.20. A. Suspicious. B. Anxious.C. Hesitant.D. Factual.Passage One21. A. Life evolution. B. Space exploration,C. Extraterrestrial life.D. Unknown flying objects.22. A. His 50th birthday.B. NASA's 50th anniversary.C. The University's 50th anniversary.D. The US Cosmology Association's 50th Anniversary.23. A. Even primitive life is impossible. B. Intelligent life is fairly common.C. Intelligent life is less likely.D. Any form of life is possible.24. A. Nuclear weapons. B. Alien kidnapping.C. Human extinction.D. Dangerous infection.25. A. Ironic. B. Negative. C. Indifferent. D. Supportive.Passage Two26. A. Obese people need more food. B. Obese people require more fuel.C. Obesity contributes to global warming.D. Obesity is growing as a global phenomenon.27. A. Limited living space,B. Crowded shopping malls.C. Food shortage and higher energy prices.D. Incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.28. A. Over 700 millions. B. Over 400 millions. C. Over 2. 3 billions. D. Over 3 billions.29. A. 1800 calories. B. 1280 calories. C. 1680 calories. D. 2960 calories.30. A. Climate change. B. The fall of food prices.C. A rise in energy prices.D. An increasing demand for food.Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension (30 % )Section A1. D 女士的话“Finally(终于通过了)”说明John用了很长时间才通过这门考试。
2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试(英语)
2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section A1. A. John failed the exam.B. John didn‘t take the exam.C. John passed the exam, but scored low.D. It took John a long time to pass the exam.2. A. To travel by train. B. To go by Taxi.C. To go hiking.D. To rent a car.3. A. 1-231-555-1212. B. 1-213-555-2112.C. 1-213-555-1212.D. 1-231-555-2112.4. A. Morning sickness. B. A frequent headache.C. A pain in her right leg.D. A boring hospitalization.5. A. Doctor and patient. B. Boss and secretary.C. Agent and customers.D. Driver and passenger.6. A. To buy another pair of shoes. B. To help his brother right away.C. To turn to his brother for help.D. To seek advice from the woman.7. A. He is offering a piece of advice. B. He is examining a patient.C. He is attending his daughter.D. He is taking a patient‘s history.8. A. To ask the man to call her back. B. To go to the botanic garden.C. To do some gardening.D. To play tennis.9. A. Louise is not a new comer.B. Louise loves being a nurse.C. Louise did a lot of work for the man.D. Louise has been waiting for a long time.10. A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Seven.11. A. She was thrown out of the car.B. She was knocked down by a car.C. She hit her head on the steering wheel.D. She got the steering wheel in her chest.12. A. She overacted to the man. B. She cried over her failure.C. She made a success of diet.D. She was jealous of the man.13. A. He hates those who fool around. B. He will never try the stuff.C. He will shoot any drug dealer.D. he regrets tried the stuff.14. A. The opposite to the man‘s expectation.B. A quicker recovery than expected.C. A pair of mismatching boots.D. her healthy pregnancy.15. A. He will do as requested. B. He will not join the team.C. The woman is crazy about him.D. The woman has trouble standing. Section BDialogue16. A. for the purpose of diagnosis confirmation.B. For the possibility of legal trouble.C. For the doctor‘s investigation.D. For the patient‘s further use..17. A. He has got cancer in his pancreas. B. He falls with a stomach problem.C. he suffers from fatigue.D. He has a loss of weight.18. A. See a dietician B. Have an operation.C. Start chemotherapy.D. Take medications for pain relief.19. A. A couple of years. B. more than five years.C. A couple of months.D. Approximately 5 years.20. A. Suspicious. B. Anxious C. Hesitant. D. Factual. Passage One21. A. Life evolution. B. Space exploration.C. Extraterrestrial life.D. Unknown flying objects.22. A. His 50th birthday.B. NASA‘s 50th anniversary.C. The university‘s 50th anniversary.D. The US Cosmology Association‘s 50th anniversary.23. A. Even primitive life is impossible. B. Intelligent life is fairly common.C. Intelligent life is less likely.D. Any form of life is possible.24. A. Nuclear weapons. B. Alien kidnapping.C. human extinction.D. Dangerous infection.25. A. Ironic. B. Negative C. Indifferent D. Supportive. Passage Two26. A. Obese people need more food.B. Obese people require more fuel.C. Obesity contributes to global warming.D. Obesity is growing as a global phenomenon.27. A. Limited living space.B. Crowded shopping mall.C. Food shortage and higher energy prices.D. Incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.28. A. Over 700 millions. B. Over 400 millions.C. Over 2.3 billions.D. Over 3 billions.29. A. 1800 calories. B. 1280 calories.C. 1680 calories.D. 2960 calories.30. A. Climate change. B. The fall of food prices.C. A rise in energy prices.D. An increasing demand for food.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section A31. The ______ conditions and places are likely to cause diseases.A. insanitaryB. insidiousC. insaneD. inefficacious32. The witness was ________ by the judge for failing to answer the question.A. abstainedB. acquittedC. admonishedD. adduced33. He has _________ two cars this year because of traffic accidents.A. pulled offB. worn outC. passed outD. written off34. People are much better informed since the _________ of the internet.A. convenienceB. adventC. interfaceD. aftermath35. All instruments that come into contact with the patient must be ________ before being used by others.A. sterilizedB. labeledC. quarantinedD. retained36. By adopting this cunning policy, the clinic risks _______ many of its patients.A. acquittingB. allocatingC. alleviatingD. alienating37. Humor can also be a powerful ________ against stress and misfortune.A. braveryB. blossomC. bufferD. buffet38. Diabetes upsets the _________ of sugar, fat and protein.A. metastasisB. metabolismC. malaiseD. maintenance39. The muscular ___________ can affect the way we feel mentally.A. potencyB. fiberC. lethargyD. synthesis40. Evidence is widespread that HIV-infected persons show to ______ their unsafe behavior.A. respond toB. reflect onC. wipe outD. put off Section B41. Memory can both be enhanced and impaired by the use of drugs.A. inhibitedB. injuredC. inducedD. intervened42. Is it true that this is the major drawback of the new medical plan.A. defectB. assistanceC. culpritD. triumph43. The physician was becoming exasperated by all the questions they were asking.A. frustratedB. perplexedC. irritatedD. crippled44. We were shocked at the physician‘s callous disregard for the human dimension of medicine.A. involuntaryB. apparentC. deliberateD. indifferent45. For years, biologists have known that chimpanzees and even some monkeys produce a panting Sound akin to human laughter.A. rockingB. gaspingC. vibratingD. resonating46. Everybody at the party was in a very relaxed and jolly mood.A. rejoicingB. reconcilingC. refreshingD. resenting47. The bacterial infection is curable with judicious use of antibiotics.A. impudentB. imprudentC. purulentD. prudent48. He tried to run, but he was hampered by his broken leg.A. endangeredB. enduredC. encounteredD. encumbered49. The whole holiday was a colossal waste of money.A. consecutiveB. conductiveC. considerateD. considerable50. The idea of correcting the defective genes is not particularly controversial in the scientific community.A. inevitableB. applicableC. disputableD. incrediblePart III Cloze (10%)Every day, over a million people log onto different Internet-based games. There is truly something for everyone in the gaming world. Games provide a quick escape from ___51___. Game developers are the new breed of storytellers, creating alternative ___52___. Games represent the ultimate interactive movie, allowing the user to control the direction of the plot.And now the newest technologies allow you to play games no matter where you are. At home, we have PC or video game consoles. ___53__, a desktop or laptop computer can be loaded with OS-bundled games or Web-based freebies. Even while traveling, there are many wireless computers, portable game devices, wireless phones and PDAs ___54___.Games are now pushing back all the ___55___ once placed upon them by technology, category, realism, location and time. These advances are helping to push games into the ___56___ of visual reality. Thus, the stuff of science fiction novels is gradually emerging, the graphic aspects of the game quickly ___57___. Initially, electronic involved ___58___ moving blocks across a TV or computer screen. ___59___ the vast increases in processing power, games are quickly approaching three-dimensional realism. This power allows a developer to create a ___60___ world where a gamer can look around in full 360-degree vision.51. A. society B. reality C. dream D. illusion52. A. approaches B. characters C. worlds D. mazes53. A. In general B. At present C. In reality D. At work54. A. to choose from B. to choose C. choosing from D. chosen55. A. defects B. drawbacks C. limitations D. disadvantages56. A. room B. realm C. range D. boundary57. A. evolve B. evolving C. evolved D. evolve58. A. simply B. readily C. exceptionally D. simultaneously59. A. Aiding by B. To aid by C. Aided by D. To be aided by60. A. human B. original C. realistic D. microscopicPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Passage OneToo much alcohol dulls your senses, but a study in Japan shows that the moderate drinkers have a higher IQ than teetotalers.Researchers at the National Institute for the Longevity Sciences in Aichi Prefecture, 250 kilometers west of Tokyo, tested the IQs of 2000 people between the ages of 40 and 79. They found that, on average, men who drank moderately --- defined as less than 540 milliliters of sake or wine a day --- had an IQs that was 3.3 points higher than men who did not drink at all. Women drinkers scored 2.5 points higher than female teetotalers.The type of alcohol didn‘t influence the results. The volunteers tried a variety of tipples, which ranged from beer and whisky to wine and sake.The researchers are quick to point out that the results do not necessarily show that drinking will make you more intelligent.―It‘s very difficult to show a cause-effect relationship,‖says senior researcher Hiroshi Shimokata. ―we screened subjects for factors such as income and education, but there may be other factors such as lifestyle and nutritional intake.‖Shimokata says that people who drink sake, or Japanese rice wine, tend to eat more raw fish. This could be a factor in enhanced intelligence, as fish often contain essential fatty acids that have been linked to brain development. Similarly, wine drinkers eat a lot of cheese, which is notsomething Japanese normally consume or buy. Shimkata says the high fat content of cheese is thought to be good for the brain.If alcoholic drinks are directly influencing IQ, Shimkata believes chemicals such as polyphenols could be the critical factor. They are known to have antioxidant properties and other beneficial effects on ageing bodies, such as dilating constricted coronary arteries.The study is part of a wider research project to find out why brain function deteriorates with age.61.The Japanese study was carried out on .A. the development of IQB. the secrete of longevityC. the brain food in a glassD. the amount of healthy drinking62. The Japanese researchers found a higher IQ inA. female teetotalers than in male onesB. female drinkers than in male onesC. moderate drinkersD. Teetotalers63.When he says that it is very difficult to show a cause-effect relationship, Shimokata means that_________.A. the study failed to involve such variables as income and educationB. he is doubtful of the findings of the investigationC. there are some other contributing factorsD. the results were just misleading64.From Shimokata‘s mention of fish and cheese we can infer that in enhancingA. sake or wine is a perfect match for fish and cheeseB. they promote the drinking effect of sake or wineC. they are not as effective as sake and wineD. sake or wine is not alone65.Based on the study, Shimokata would say thatA. intelligence improves with ageB. IQ can be enhanced in one way or anotherC. polyphenols in alcohol may boost the brainD. alcoholic drinks will make you more intelligentPassage TwoWomen do not avoid fighting because they are dainty or scared, but because they have a greater stake than men in staying alive to rear their offspring. Women compete with each other just as tenaciously as men, but with a stealth and subtlety that reduces their chances of being killed or injured, says Anne Campbell of the department of psychology at the university of Durham.Across almost all cultures and nationalities, men have a much smaller role than women in rearing children. ―Males go for quantity of children rather than quality of care for offspring, which means that the parental investment of women is much greater,‖ says Campbell. And unlike men, who can‘t be sure that their children have not been fathered on the sly by other men, women can always be certain that half an offspring‘s genes are theirs.Women have therefore evolved a stronger impulse than men to see their children grow up intoadults. Men‘s psychological approach is geared to fathering as many children as possible.To make this strategy work and to attract partners, men need to establish and advertise their dominance over rival males. Throughout evolution this has translated into displays of male aggression, ranging in scale from playground fights to world wars.Men can afford to take more risks because as parents they are more expendable. Women, meanwhile, can only ensure reproductive success by overseeing the development of their children, which means avoiding death.― The scale of parental investment drives everything,‖ says Campbell. ― It‘s not that women are too scared to fight,‖ she says. ―It‘s more to do with the positive value of staying alive, and women have an awfully big stake not just in offspring themselves but in offspring they might have in the future,‘ she says.This means that if women do need to compete—perhaps for a partner—they choose low-risk rules of engagement. They use indirect tactics, such as discrediting rivals by spreading malicious rumours. And unlike men who glory in feats of dominance, women do better by concealing their actions and their ―victories‖.But there is no doubt says Campbell, that the universal domination of culture by males has exaggerated these differences in attitudes to physical aggression. ―The story we‘ve always been told is that females are not aggressive,‖ says Campbell. And when they are aggressive, women are told that their behaviour is ―odd or abnormal‖.66. For the sake of their children, according to Campbell, women _______________A. are reluctant to start warsB. cannot avoid being dainty or scaredC. would rather get killed or injured in fightingD. do not fight with men under any circumstances67. It can be learned from the passage that men and women__________________A. present different family values in the worldB. show definite differences in parenting skillsC. are genetically conditioned in educating their childrenD. take different psychological approaches to their children68. Which of the following would men most probably be concerned about according to the passage?A. LifeB. ParentingC. DominanceD. Reproduction69. To avoid death, women _________.A. cannot afford to confront risksB. choose to fight in a violent wayC. try to seek protection from the menD. would resort to the ― odd or abnormal‖ tactics70. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Why men and women possess different parenting skillsB. Why men are more aggressive than womenC. Why women evolve in their own wayD.Why women do not start fightsPassage ThreeThe first line reads: ―She sits on the bed with a helpless expression. What is your name?Auguste. Last name? Auguste. What is your husband‘s name? Auguste, I think.‖ The 32 pages of medical records that follow are the oldest medical description of Alzheimer‘s disease. Psychiatrist Konrad Maurer and his colleagues at Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt found the file in their hospital‘s archive, where it had been missing for nearly 90 years, and published excerpts from it last May in the Lancet. The notes, in a cramped, archaic German script, were written by Alois Alzheimer – the physician who first described the disease.His patient, Auguste D, was a 51-year-old woman who had suffered fits of paranoid jealousy and memory lapses so disturbing that her family brought her to a local hospital known as the Castle of the Insane. Over the next four years Alzheimer tracked her condition. Upon her death he examined her brain issue and found the distinctive lesions that are now hallmarks of the disease.Today Alzheimer‘s afflicts some 4 million Americans. Although it still cannot be cured, or even treated very well, several recent studies hint that some treatments – from estrogen to Vitamin E to anti-inflammatory drugs –can reduce either the risk of developing the disorder or its symptoms. And more is being learned about its distinctive pathology. This past year, for instance, researchers discovered a new kind of lesion in Alzheimer‘s patients. A genetic study also pinpointed a mutation that is present in some 60 percent of them –a mutation in the DNA of mitochondria, the energy-producing organelles of the cells.But nearly a century ago, it was Alois Alzheimer who first described the disease and in so doing became one of the physicians to offer a biological basis for a psychiatric condition. Finding the file, Maurer says, ―is like holding history in your hands.‖71. Obviously, the discovery of the missing file of Auguste D __________________.A. adds credit to Alois AlzheimerB. sheds doubt on the first description of Alzheimer‘sC. presents a big challenge to the present medical communityD. has a great impact on the development of a cure for Alzheimer‘s72. The anatomical characteristics of Alzheimer‘s _________________________.A. can be found in the missing fileB. could have been confirmed decades agoC. are wrongly described in the missing fileD. even puzzled the medical community today73. The findings of the research on Alzheimer‘s _________________________.A. sound encouragingB. took more time than expectedC. were ascribed to the missing fileD. will bring about a cure in no time74. When he says that finding the file is like holding history in your hands. , Maurer means___________________.A. his assurance of the historical findingB. his further studies on Alzheimer‘sC. the beauty of the medical historyD. the importance of imagination75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. The Physician Who First Described Alzheimer‘sB. The Resent Studies on Alzheimer‘sC. The missing File Of Auguste DD. The history of PsychiatricsPassage FourDry-cleaning machines that use liquid carbon dioxide as a solvent will go on sale in the US next year – thanks to chemists in North Carolina who have developed CO2-solluble detergents. Dry-cleaner will lose their characteristic smell, and the new process will cut the amount of toxic waste in cleaning clothes.Joseph DeSimone, a chemist at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, says liquid CO2 is an ideal solvent because after cleaning, the CO2 can be evaporated off, collected, liquefied and reused.The problem in developing the process, says DeSimone, has been that CO2 by itself is not a good solvent. However, he points out that not too much dissolves in water without the help of detergents, yet water is the most common solvent. What CO2 needed, the thought, was the right detergent.Detergent molecules such as those in washing-up liquid have two chemically distinct ends: one has a liking for water, the other sticks to dirt. Normal detergents do not dissolve in liquidCO2, so DeSimone created three CO2-soluble detergents. One end of the detergents has a fluorocarbon group, which makes them soluble in CO2. The other end is soluble in water, oil or silicone, depending on the type of dirt being removed. The person doing the dry-cleaning has to decide which of the detergents is best suited for the job.DeSimone‘s company, Micell, will start selling liquid CO2 dry-cleaning machines next year. They operate at room temperature at a pressure ―about ten times the pressure of a bicycle tyre,‖according to a spokesman for Micell.Most dry-cleaners currently use chlorinated hydrocarbons such as perchloroethylene. But the US Environment Protection Agency (EPA) is clamping down on the toxic waste emissions this produces. After cleaning with the new machines, the liquid CO2 is evaporated and collected for reuse, leaving a residue of detergent and dirt.Brad Lienhart, president of Micell, says that cutting waste and pollution is the company‘s strongest selling point. ―Dry-cleaner owners are saying ‗get this burden off my back‘,‖ he says. He hopes to sell a hundred machines in the first year of business. About 15000 conventional dry-cleaning machines are sold around the world every year. Buster Bell, who owns Bell Laundry and Dry Cleaning in South Carolina, says the Micell technology looks competitive, and he likes the reduced environmental impact. ―You really don‘t know what is coming from the EPA,‖he says.76. The passage begins with ___________________.A. a commercial advertisementB. a horrible warningC. a sale promotionD. good news77. What is the liquid CO2 for?A. Better cleaning clothes.B. Help recycle dry cleaners.C. Dissolve the toxic waste from dry cleaningD. Reduce the toxic emission from dry cleaning78. The right detergent for CO2__________________.A. makes dry cleaning easyB. must be chemically solubleC. is chemically of two purposesD. means a right person for dry-cleaning79. When they are saying ―get this burden off my back,‖the dry-cleaner owners refer to __________________.A. the competition in the business of dry cleaningB. the pressure from EPAC. their potential profitD. their selling point80. What is the strongest selling point of the MiCell technology according to Lienhart?A. It will promote dry-cleaning business.B. It is environment-friendlyC. It costs less in the market.D. All of the abovePassage FiveThe alarm on our household computer terminal rings and wakes me up. My husband simply stirs and goes back to sleep. I transfer today‘s information onto the personal data card I carry with me everywhere and scan today‘s readings. Values are given as to the number of litres of water I can use ,the amount of coal-generated electricity I have been allocated and how many ―envirocredits‖ I have earned.I am free to use the water and electricity as I choose, however I notice that the ration of electricity is decreasing every day. Of course, this will not be a problem when we have earned enough envirocredits to buy another solar panel. Envirocredits are earned by buying goods with limited or no packaging, minimizing the amount of garbage thrown out and by financially supporting ―envirotechnology‘. Before cars were phased out due to unpopularity, credits could be gained by using public transport.I notice an extra passage added to the readings. At last I have been given permission to havea child. Almost instantaneously a package arrives with a label on it: ―anti-sterilization Unit‘. Inside there are instructions and a small device that looks like a cross between a pistol and s syringe. Eagerly I follow the instructions. The procedure is painless and I don‘t know if I am imagining it but I seem to feel the effects at once.Shaking my husband awake, I tell him the good news. I want to get started baby-making right now. ―You‘ve been on the waiting list for 37 years,‖ he says. ―Can‘t you just wait until I‘ve woken up properly?‖I decide that I probably don‘t have much choice and wander downstairs. I am feeling very privileged to have the opportunity to create a new life. It is saddening, however, when I realize that, because of strict population controls, this new life will be replacing an old one.I decide to ring my mother and tell her the good news. When she answers the phone she is crying. She has received word that my grandmother has failed her last health check and will be euthanized next week.For some reason, I don‘t feel like creating that new life anymore.81. Based on today‘s data, the wife will ________________.A. use up all the envirocredits she earnedB. make arrangements with her husband for the dayC. be allowed to use a certain amount of water and electricityD. do as required to generate enough water and electricity for the day82. According to the passage, envirocredits go to those who ______________--.A. recycle their garbage at homeB. limit themselves to solar energyC. push envirotechnology forwardD. do some environment-friendly83. the effects the wife is feeling at once following the instructions refer to _____________.A. the desire to make a babyB. the permission to make a babyC. the device to help her make a babyD. the consequences of making a baby84. The good news for the wife turned into bad news because _____________.A. she has to wait for another 37 yearsB. to create a new life is to replace an old oneC. population is strictly controlled in the countryD. today she is not healthy enough to make a baby85. What is the passage?A. It is a scenarioB. It is a true storyC. It is a piece of newsD. It‘s a scientific reportPassage SixJust because you‘re better educated doesn‘t mean that you‘re any more rational than everyone else, not matter how hard you may try to give that impression.Take the selection of lottery numbers. A survey in Florida described at this year‘s annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science shows that better educated people try to use random number system to pick their lottery numbers.Despite the apparent logic of choosing random numbers, however, their chances of winning are not better than those of ordinary folk who use birthdays, anniversaries and other ―lucky‖ dates. Nor are they better off than those who draw on omens and intuitions, picking numbers seen on car number-plates and in dreams. But no doubt they feel a lot more rational.That appearance of ―rationality‖ may be a dangerous thing. Scientists are not immune to subtle and subjective influences on their judgments. Take the data from a survey of the public and members of the British Society of Toxicology discussed at the same meeting.The survey shows that most people agree with the view that animals can be used to help predict how humans will react to chemicals, and that if a chemical causes cancer in an animal we can be ―reasonably sure‖it will cause cancer in humans. The toxicologists, however, are more circumspect. They accept the first statement but are less likely to agree that if a chemical causes cancer in an animal, it will cause cancer in a human.Can this difference be attributed to their expertise? Perhaps. But consider the considerable variation among toxicologists: those who were young, female, working in academia rather than industry or who felt that technology is not always used for the good of all, were more likely to agree that what causes cancer in an animal will cause cancer in a human.Maybe we need to think more about how who we are affects our ―rational‘ decisions.86. According to the Florida-based survey, those who are better educated feel a lot more rational about the way they ______________________.A. look at the worldB. use logic in doing scienceC. choose their lottery numbersD. use numbers professionally and personally87. Actually, the selection of random numbers _______________________.A. does not work any better than the use of omens and intuitionsB. stands more chance of winning a lottery in the United StatesC. is wrongly appreciated by rational peopleD. is widely practiced in lottery88. What are the survey data suggesting in the passage?A. We are leave in the age of rationality.B. Nobody can be trusted in terms of truth.C. Humans and animals do not react to chemicals in the same way.D. The sense of rationality cannot avoid being subjectively influenced89. What the author is trying to say in the passage ____________________.A. can be further illustrated by the opinion among toxicologistsB. is acceptable to those young and female toxicologistsC. is rational enough to accept in the world of scienceD. has much to do with his own experience90. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. A Very Comforting IllusionB. A Rational Approach to LotteryC. A Survey on Education and RationalityD. A Difference between Scientists and OthersPaper TwoPart V Writing(20%)水果是否可吃可不吃水果含有人体必需而又不能自身合成的矿物质，具有强抗氧化作用、防止细胞衰老的维生素以及可以明显降低血液中胆固醇浓度的可溶性纤维——果胶等，对人体健康十分有益。
2009-2016年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题(词汇部分)
医学考博英语历年真题2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题（词汇部分）Part ⅡVocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Beneath each of them are given four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.31.The ____________ conditions and places are likely to cause diseases.A.unsanitaryB.insidiousC.insaneD.inefficacious32.The witness was ___________ by the judge for failing to answer the question.A.abstainedB.acquittedC.admonishedD.adduced33.He has ____________ two cars this year because of traffic accidents.A.pulled ofB.worn outC.passed outD.written off34.People are much better informed since the ____________ of the Internet.A.convenientB.adventC.interfaceD.aftermath35.All instruments that come into contact with the patient must be _____________ before being used by others.A.sterilizedbeledC.quarantinedD.retained36.By adopting this cunning policy, the clinic risks _____________ many of its patients.A.acquittingB.allocatingC.alleviatingD.alienating37.Humor can also be a powerful ____________ against stress and misfortune.A.braveryB.blossomC.bufferD.buffet38.Diabetes upsets the ____________ of sugar, fat and protein.A.metastasisB.metabolismC.malaiseD.maintenance39.The muscular _____________ can affect the way we feel mentally.A.potencyB.fiberC.lethargyD.synthesis40.Evidence is widespread that HIV-infected persons show to ____________ their unsafe behavior.A.respond toB.reflect onC.wipe outD.put offSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phras which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the un derlined part. Mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.Memory can be both enhanced and impaired by use of drugs.A.inhibitedB.injuredC.inducedD.intervened.42.Is it true that this is the major drawback, of the new medical plan?A.defectB.assistanceC.culpritD.triumph43.The physician was becoming exasperated with all the questions they were asking.A.frustratedB.perplexedC.irritatedD.crippled44.We were shocked at the physician's callous disregard for the human dimension of medicine.A.involuntaryB.apparentC.deliberateD.indifferent45.For years, biologists have known that chimpanzees and even some monkeys produce a panting sound akin to human laughter.A.rockingB.gaspingC.vibratingD.resonating46.Everybody at the party was in a very relaxed and jolly mood.A.rejoicingB.reconcilingC.refreshingD.resenting47.The bacterial infection is curable with judicious, use of antibiotics.A.impudentB.imprudentC.purulentD.prudent48.He tried to run, but he was hampered by his broken leg.A.endangeredB.enduredC.encounteredD.encumbered49.The whole holiday was a colossal waste of money.A.consecutiveB.conductiveC.considerateD.considerable50.The idea of correcting defective genes is not particularly controversial in the scientific community.A.inevitableB.applicableC.disputableD.incredible2010年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题Part ⅡVocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statements are incomplete, beneath each of which are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that can best complete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.31.A number of black youths have complained of being________ by the police.A.harassedB.distractedC.sentencedD.released32.He rapidly became________ with his own power in the team.A.irrigatedB.irradiatedC.inoculatedD.intoxicated33.Throughout his political career he has always been in the ________ .A.twilightB.spotlightC.streetlightD.torchlight34.We ________ that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don't have definite proof.A.suspendB.superveneC.superviseD.suspect35.A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can no longer be satisfactorily ________ .A.alleviatedB.abolishedC.demolishedD.diminished36.The television station is supported by ________ from foundations and other sources.A.donationsB.pensionsC.advertisementsD.accounts37.More legislation is needed to protect the ________ properly fights of the patent.A.integrativeB.intellectualC.intelligentD.intelligible38.Officials are supposed to ________ themselves to the welfare and health of the general public.A.adaptB.confinemitD.assess39.You should stop ________ your condition and do something about it. .A.drawing onB.touching onC.leaning onD.dwelling on40.The author of the book has shown his remarkably keen ________ into human nature.A.perspectiveB.dimensionC.insightD.reflectionSection BDirections: In this section each of the following statements has a word or phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.The chemical was found to be detrimental to human health.A.toxicB.immuneC.sensitiveD.allergic42.It will be a devastating blow for the patient, if the clinic closes.A.permanentB.desperateC.destructiveD.sudden43.He kept telling us about his operation in the most graphic detail.A.verifiableB.explicitC.preciseD.ambiguous44.The difficult case tested the ingenuity of even the most skillful physician.A.credibilitymitmentC.honestyD.talent45.He left immediately on the pretext that hah ad to catch a train.A.claimB.clueC.excuseD.circumstance46.The nurse was filled with remorse for not believing her.A.anguishB.regretC.apologyD.grief47.The doctor tried to find a tactful way of telling her the truth.A.delicatemunicativeC.skillfulD.considerate48.Whether a person likes a routine office job or not depends largely on temperament.A.dispositionB.qualificationC.temptationD.endorsement49.The doctor ruled out Friday's surgery for the patient's unexpected complications.A.confirmedB.facilitatedC.postponedD.cancelled50.It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life.A.cautiousB.motionlessC.calmD.alert参考答案：ADBDA ABCDCACBDC BDADC2011 年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题（词汇部分）31.There are many doctors who have endeavored to increase the ___of their behavior as medical professionals.A.transactionB. transformationC.transmissionD. transparency32.He seemed most ___ to my idea which was exceptionally creative.A.alienB. ambulantC.amiableD. amenable33.The first attempts at gene therapy have mostly___, but technique will surely be made to work eventually.A.stumbledB. stammeredC.striddenD. strutted34. She is admitted to the hospital with complaints of upper abdominal pain and___ for fatty foods.A.preferenceB. persistenceC.intoleranceD. appetence35.By sheer___, I met the old classmate we had been discussing yesterday.A.coincidenceB. coherenceC.collaborationD. collocation36.As the drugs began to___, the pain began to take hold again.A.wear offB. put offC.all offD. show off37.The environment surrounding health care has been greatly altered by the___ medical technologies.A.approachingB. impracticableC.sophisticatedD. transient38.At last, she___ some reasons for his strange behavior.A.abolishedB. admonishedC.abstainedD. adduced39.Doctors are concerned with health of people from___to the grave.A.conceptionB. receptionC.deceptionD. perception40.In more ___ examinations, the blood is tested in a multichannel analyzer machine for abnormities.A.conciseB. deviousC.elaborateD. feasible41.She fell awkwardly and broke her leg.A.embarrassinglyB. reluctantlyC.clumsilyD. dizzily42.Throughout most of the recorded history, medicine was anything but scientific.A.more or lessB. by and largeC.more often than notD. by no means43.The students were captivated by the way the physician presented the case.A.illuminatedB. fascinatedC.alienatedD. hallucinated44.We demand some tangible proof of our hard work in the form of statistical data, a product ora financial reward.A.intelligibleB. infinitiveC.substantialD. deficient45.But diets that restrict certain food groups or promise unrealistic results are difficult –or unhealthy –to sustain over time.A.maintainB. reserveC.conceiveD. empower46.The molecular influence pervades all the traditional disciplines underlying clinical medicine.A.specialtiesB. principlesC.rationalesD. doctrines47.One usually becomes aware of the onset of puberty through its somatic manifestations.A.juvenileB. potentC.physicalD. matured48.His surgical procedure should succeed, for it seems quite feasible.A.rationalB. reciprocalC.versatileD. viable49.These are intensely important questions about quality and the benefits of specialty care and experience.A.irresistiblyB. vitallyC.potentiallyD. intriguingly50.This guide gives you information on the best self-care strategies and the latest medical advances.A.tendsB. techniquesC.notionsD. breakthroughs医学考博英语历年真题2012年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题（词汇部分）Part ⅡVocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statements are incomplete, beneath each of which there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that can best complete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.31.Her dietician suggested that ________ diet and moderate exercise would help her recover soon.A.temperateB.temporaryC.tentativeD.tempting32.His health compels him to ________ in his early 30s.e offB.knock offC.drop offD.pull off33.Two days later he regained his consciousness, forgetful of what had happened in the ________A.transparencyB.transiencyC.tranceD.trace34.Despite financial belt-tightening this year, Christmas still represents a great time for ________A.arroganceB.surveillanceC.indulgenceD.turbulence35.A succession of ________ visits by the two countries' leaders have taken their relations out of the cooler over the past 20 months.A.reciprocalB.receptiveC.repulsiveD.Redundant36.The prime minister, beset by ________ support rate, made the decision to resign over the weekend to avoid a political vacuum.A.spontaneousB.strenuousC.soaringD.sluggish,37.Beijing Tourism Bureau has released a list of translations for 2,753 dishes and drinks to ________ public opinions.A.solicitB.perceiveC.conceiveD.investigate38.The greatest risk for rickets is in ________ breastfed infants who are not supplemented with 400 IU of Vitamin D a day.A.exceptionallyB.practicallyC.exclusivelyD.proportionately39.The government is spending hundreds of billions extending the electricity ________ to every remote village for the improvement of farmers' livelihoods.A.gridB.grantC.groveD.grandeur40.Social scientists believe that societies with a ________ of young men without hope of marriage suffer from instability, violence and surges in crime.A.swarmageB.hatchC.gangD.surplusSection BDirections: In this section you each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrases marked A,B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which are best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.She, a crazy fan, felt a tingle of excitement at the sight of Michael Jackson.A.glimpseB.gustC.panicD.pack42.She could never transcend her resentments against her mother's partiality for her brother.A.disciplineplainC.conquerD.defy43.One could neither trifle with a terror of this kind, nor compromise with it.A.belittleB.exaggerateC.ponderD.eliminate44.In light of his good record, the police accepted defense.A.In place ofB.In view ofC.In spite ofD.In search of45.City officials stated that workers who lied on their employment applications may be terminated.A.accusedB.punishedC.dismissedD.suspended46.An outbreak of swine flu outside of Mexico City was blamed for the deaths of more than a hundred people in April 2009.A.attached toB.ascribed toposed ofD.related to47.When a forest goes ablaze, it discharges hundreds of chemical compounds, including carbon monoxide.A.puts outB.passes offC.pulls outD.sends out48.Unfortunately, the bridge under construction clasped in the earthquake, so they had to do the whole thing again from scratch.A.from the beginningB.from now onC.from time to timeD.from the bottom49.Identical twin sisters have led British scientists to a breakthrough in leukemia research that promises more effective therapies with fewer harmful side-effects.A.administersB.nurturesC.inspiresD.ensures50.Radical environmentalists have blamed pollutants and synthetic chemicals in pesticides for the disruption of human hormones.A.disturbanceB.distractionC.intersectionD.interpretation2014 年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题（词汇部分）31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’s emptying, produce a smoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brain metabolism.A.regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left my mind in such a ________ that I couldn’t get to sleep.A.catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure, in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.A.sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then ___________ to adults.A.conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ at the lower end of the table of real GDP per capita last year.A.fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical _______, even though the concept has been around since 1900s.A.trialsB. applicationsC.implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weaken the immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer.A.haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest and generous, _______ people in his favor before the election.A.predisposedB. presumedC.presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong ________ toa vast multitude of people.A.flavorB.thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be _______ early than even a fraction of a minute too late.A.infinitelyB. temporarilyfortablyD. favorably41.All Nobel Prize winners’success is a process of long-term accumulation, in which lasting efforts are indispensable.A.irresistibleB. cherishedC.inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception at Buckingham Palace in London.A.bestowedB. exhibitedC.imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in the form of mental and physical retardation.A.intensifiedB. apparentC.representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances has been applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A.yieldB. amplifyC.adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure of religious persecution that exacerbated their conflicts and created the split of the union.A.eradicatedB. deterioratedC.vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the original composition by painting over it on canvases.A.duplicateB.eliminateC.substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the construction program of a nuclear power station.A.disapprovedB. despisedC.demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of marital fidelity.A.loyaltyB. moralityC.qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a full examination.A.prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A.furyB. chaosC.despairD. agony2015医学考博（词汇部分）31.Despite his doctor's note of caution，he never __ from drinking and smokingA.retainedB. dissuadedC.alleviatedD. abstained32.People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to _ their hearingA.rehabilitateB.jeopardizeC.tranquilizeD. supplement33.Impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to_ Larry in any way in his success.A.refuteB. ratifyC.facilitateD. impede34.When the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their plan___.A.accordinglyB.alternativelyC.considerablyD. relatively35.It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_ future adults with appreciation of music.A acquaint B.familiarized C.endow D. amuse36.If the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy prices___.A. level out B stand out C come off D. wear off37.Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate from qualified medical personnel.A.prescriptionB.palpationC.interventionD. interposition38.Asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A.offsetB. intakeC.outletD. onset39.Ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine，and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.A.salineB. salivaC.scabiesD. scrabs40. The newly designed system is to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.parableB.transmissibleC.translatableD. amenable41.Every year more than 1,000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A.propellingB.prolongingC.puzzlingD. promising42.Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A.disgraceB. discriminationC.harassmentD. segregation43.Survivors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude..A.depletionB.dehydrationC.exhaustionD. handicap44.Scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.A.negativeB.confusingC.eloquentD. indistinct45.Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A.anticipateB.clarifyC.examineD. verify46.His imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A.challengingB.solemnC.hostileD. demanding47.The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A.erasedB. triggeredC.shadowedD. suspended48.Faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench itA.nurtureB.eliminateC.assimilateD. puncture49.Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A.unpredictableB. unconventionalC.unparalleledD. unexpected50.A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating touchy situation.A.estimatingB. handlingC.rectifyingD. anticipating2016 年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题（词汇部分）31.Employers have a legal obligation to pay _______ to their workers for injuries.pensationpromisemodityD.consumption32.The argument between the two patients became so fierce that the doctor had to _________.A.alleviateB.aggravateC.extinguishD.intervene33.But despite all the legal hustle and bustle, they don’t actually expect to _______ death sentences to life terms without parole.A.induceB. convertC. reviveD. swerve34.To maintain physical well-being, a person should eat _______ food and get sufficient exercise.A.integralB. grossC. wholesomeD. intact35. The Central Government’s pledge to maintain the ______ and stability of Hong Kong at all costs is a great encouragement to the local finance.A.provisionB. prosperityC. privilegeD. preference36.It is pointed out that patients must be reassured that “their lives will not be ______ as a result of bed shortages.”A.facilitatedB. forfeitedC. fulfilledD. furnished37.The cause of his death has been a mystery and _______ unknown so far.A.exclusivelyB. superficiallyC. utterlyD. doubtfully38.It is known that some ways of using resources _______ can destroy the environment as well as the people living in it.A.recklesslyB. sparinglyC. sensiblyD. incredibly39.Cholera is a preventable waterborne bacterial infection that is spread through ______ water.A.filteredB. distilledC. contaminatedD. purified40.We welcome him not ____________ as a new broom but rather as a very old friend.A.by the wayB.at all eventsC.by no meansD.in any sense41.In any event, lethal injections are under federal scrutiny.A.sanctionB.restrictionC.censusD. examination42.The humble tomato could become a(n) potent weapon in the fight against prostate cancer.A.inexpensiveB. powerfulC. conventionalD. lethal43.Men’s perception of the amount of caregiving they do is completely at odds.A.in tune withB.in favor ofC.for the sake ofD.in disagreement with44.Huangshan Mountain is eminent for its natural scenery d deserves a visit.A.renownedB.notoriousC.popularD.mysterious45.Obesity is a condition perpetuated by a diversity of factors.A.severityB.reliabilityC.varietyD.specificity46.He is usually well- behaved, this rudeness only a(n) lapse.A.errorB.sinC.guiltD.offence47.Did you detect a touch of jaundice in her remark?A.grievanceB.sympathyC.jealousyD.indignation48.In 1912, German doctors attempted to treat children who had underactive thyroids with normal thyroid cells, but to little avail.A.no meansB.in vainC.of no accountD.at stake49.To many observers, he spent his wealth lavishly.A.fearlesslyB.conspicuouslyC.wastefullyD.ferociously50. At present, no medical therapy is known to affect progressions of rheumatic mitral stenosis.A.deteriorationB.accumulationC.expansionD.promotion。
考研英语真题及答案解析
2009考研英语（一）真题及答案解析Section I Use of EnglishRead the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 thefruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning —a gradual 7 —instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,”William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit”carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,”says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind”and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’”She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system —that anyone can do anything,”explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will...”and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.”This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.”ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore –and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,”says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one’s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It’s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate,non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ”According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexualconfusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.”One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . “Our main end was to catch fish. ”36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often__________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution ofsocieties.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,”in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is naturaland important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. “White pollution ”is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1) give your opinions briefly and2) make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)Section I Use of English答案解析：1. B.本题考查动词，后面的宾语是“the fruit-fly experiments described…”，suppose表示“假设”，observe表示“观察”，image表示“想象”，Consider“考虑”，代入文中表示“考虑已经被描述出来的实验”，符合语境。
2009年考研英语真题 真题解析
2009年考研英语真题真题解析IntroductionThe 2009 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination for English (also known as the Gaokao) is a highly significant examination in China. In this document, we will provide a comprehensive analysis of the 2009 exam, discussing the content, structure, and key strategies required to excel in this test. By focusing on understanding the exam format, reviewing the specific questions, and providing valuable insights, we aim to assist students in preparing effectively for the 2009 exam.Exam OverviewThe 2009 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination for English consists of three main sections: listening comprehension, reading comprehension, and translation and writing. The exam is designed to assess the applicants’ listening, reading, and writing skills in English. Each section of the exam carries a specific weightage and has its unique set of challenges.Listening ComprehensionThe listening comprehension section of the exam aims to evaluate the candidates’ ability to understand spoke n English in various situations. The questions are designed to test the applicants’ listening skills, including their comprehension of detailed information, understanding of speakers’ opinions, and ability to identify specific information from a passage.Candidates need to develop effective listening strategies to excel in this section. These strategies may include active listening, note-taking, and summarizing the main points of the passage. Furthermore, regular practice with listening exercises, audio recordings, and English language media can significantly enhance listening abilities.Reading ComprehensionThe reading comprehension section of the 2009 exam comprises a series of passages, each followed by a set of questions. This section assesses the candi dates’ ability to understand and analyze written English. The passages cover a wide range of topics, including literature, science, social issues, and more.To excel in the reading comprehension section, candidates should adopt various strategies such as skimming, scanning, and actively analyzing the passage. Skimming a passage helps candidates to quickly grasp its main idea, while scanning helps locate specific details. Additionally, candidates should pay attention to the organization and structure of the passage, as well as the relationship between different ideas.Translation and WritingThe translation and writing section of the 2009 exam requires candidates to translate a given Chinese passage into English and write an essay on a specific topic. This section evaluates the candidates’ translation skills and ability to express themselves fluently in written English.To excel in this section, candidates should practice translation exercises regularly, focusing on accuracy andcoherence. For the essay writing part, candidates should pay attention to structure, coherence, and clarity. It is crucial to plan the essay and organize ideas before writing, ensuring a logical flow of thoughts.Key Tips for Success1.Familiarize yourself with the exam format:Understanding the structure and requirements of eachsection is essential for efficient preparation.2.Develop a study plan: Create a study timetable andallocate sufficient time for each section of the exam.3.Practice regularly: Consistent practice, includingmock tests and past exam papers, can help to improveperformance and build confidence.4.Strengthen your weak areas: Identify the areaswhere you face difficulties and focus on improving thoseparticular skills.5.Utilize available resources: Make use of studymaterials, online resources, and guidance from experienced teachers or mentors.6.Time management: Understand the time constraintsof each section and practice managing time effectivelyduring preparation.ConclusionThe 2009 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination for English is a challenging test that requires careful preparation and strategic approaches. By understanding the exam format and structure, practicing regularly, and focusing on improving weak areas, candidates can enhance their performance and maximize their chances of success. With determination, consistent effort, and proper guidance, candidates can effectively tackle the exam and achieve their desired results.。