Robust Rate-Based Flow Controllers for High-speed Networks The Case of Uncertain Time-varyi
gasMassFlowControllers：气体质量流量控制器
U D igital and Analog Modes Operate Simultaneously U P rogrammable Flow Configurations U R S485 Standard,Multi-Drop Capability of Up to 256 units U S tores Calibration Data for Up to 10 Gases U T otalizer Indicates Total Gas Quantity U A larm Limits for High and Low Gas Flow U C onversion Factors for Up to 256 Gases U A utotune Function for OptimumControl Response U Self Diagnostic TestsMicroprocessor driven digital flow controllers allow one to program, record, and analyze flow rates of various gases with a computer via an RS485 interface (optional RS232 is available).Controllers can be programmed for various control functions including, flow setpoint, totalizer, stop totalizer, read totalizer, totalizer from preset flow, stop at preset total, auto zero, and more.Principles of OperationMetered gases are divided into two laminar flow paths, one through the primary flow conduit, and the other through a capillary sensor tube. Both flow conduits are designed to ensure laminar flow, therefore, the ratio of their flow rates remains constant. T wo precision temperature sensing windings on the sensortube are heated, and when flow takes place, gas carries heat from the upstream to the downstream windings. The resultant temperature differential is proportional to the change in resistance of the sensor windings.A Wheatstone bridgedesign is used to monitor thetemperature dependent resistance gradient on the sensor windings which is linearly proportional to the instantaneous rate of flow. The output of the Wheatstone bridge is converted to digital format with a 12-Bit Adc (analog to digital converter).An on-board microprocessor and nonvolatile memory store all calibration factors and directly control a proportionalelectromagnetic valve. The digitalclosed loop control systemcontinuously compares the mass flow output with the selected flow rate. Deviations from the setpoint are corrected by compensating valve adjustments, with PID algorithm, thus maintaining the desired flow parameters with a high degree of accuracy. Output signals of 0 to 5 Vdc or 4 to 20 mA aregenerated indicating mass molecular based flow rates of the metered gas.InterfaceThe digital interface operates via RS485 (optional RS232) and provides access to applicable internal data including: flow set-point, actual flow, zero adjustments, and linearization table adjustments. The analog interface provides 0 to 5 Vdc, 0 to 10 Vdc and 4 to 20 mA inputs and outputs.FMA6502ST shownsmaller than actual size.FMA6500ST Seriesgas Mass Flow Controllerswith rs485 standard and alarm FunctionsFor Clean gasesDContact ClosureT wo sets of dry contact relay outputs are provided to actuateuser supplied equipment. These are programmable via the digital interface such that the relays can be made to switch when a specified event occurs (e.g. when a low or high flow alarm limit is exceeded or when the totalizer reaches a specified value).Valve OverrideMeans are provided to force the control valve fully open (purge) or fully closed via either the analog or digital interfaces.Self DiagnosticsWhenever power is first applied, the FMA6500ST runs a series of self diagnostic tests to ensure that it is in optimum working condition.Engineering UnitsThe flow setpoint, measured gasflow and associated totalizer data is scaled directly in engineering units via digital interface com-mands. The following units of measure are supported: % of FS, mL/min, mL/hr, scfm, scfh, sL/min, sL/hr, lbs/hr, lbs/min, and one user defined unit of measure.Leak Integrity1 x 10-9 smL/sec of helium maximum to the outside environment.Balanced Power SupplyThe FMA6500ST operates on±15 Vdc. The current requirements for the positive and negative power supplies are balanced such that the current in the power supply common connection is minimized. Maximum power consumption is 13.5 watts at ±15 Vdc.Auto ZeroThe FMA6500ST automatically nulls the sensor zero offsetwhenever the flow setpoint is below 2% FS. T o accommodate this feature the control valve must fully close under that condition. Provisions are made to either disable, force, or store thecurrent auto zero via digital commands.TotalizerThe firmware for the FMA6500ST provides functions to register total gas quantity. The total mass of gas is calculated by integrating the actual gas flow rate with respect to time. Digital interface commands areprovided to: set the totalizer to zero, start/stop totalizing the flow, read the totalizer, start the totalizer at a preset flow, and stop the flow at a preset total.Multi-Gas Calibration Option The FMA6500ST is capable of storing primary calibration data for up to 10 gases. This feature allows the same FMA6500ST to be calibrated for multiple gases while maintaining the rated accuracy on each.Standard 10-Point NIST CalibrationOptional up to 9 additional 10-point calibration may be ordered at an additional cost per gas.Conversion FactorsConversion factors for up to 256 gases are stored in the FMA6500ST .Conversion factors may be applied to any of the ten gas calibrations via digital interface commands.Flow AlarmsHigh and Low gas flow ALARM limits are programmed using the digital interface. Alarm conditions are reported via the digital interface or can activate the contact closure outputs.Programmable FlowOMEGA ® software supportsprogrammable flow modes, allowing execution of custom programmingof up to ten steps. Various flowconfigurations include ramping,linearized increasing, anddecreasing modes.AutotuneThe autotune function allows theFMA6500ST to automaticallyoptimize control response for the gas under actual process conditions.During the autotune process, theinstrument adjusts PID gains foroptimum step response and deter-mine key control valve characteristics (only available on units with less than80 L/min maximum flow).FMA6502ST, shown smaller than actual size.SPECIFICATIONSAccuracy (including linearity):15 to 25°C (59 to 77°F) and 0.7 to 4 bar (10 to 60 psia): ±1% of FS, 0 to 50°C(32 to 122°F) and 0.3 to 10 bar (5 to 150 psia): ±2% of FS, ±1% of FS at a specific temperature and pressure with special calibration Repeatability: ±0.15% FS Turndown Ratio: 50:1Response Time: 0.6 to 1.0 s to within ±2% of setpoint over 20% to 100% FS Temperature Coefficient: 0.05% of full scale/°C or betterPressure Coefficient: 0.01% FS/psi (0.07 bar) or better Leak Integrity: 1 x 10-9 smL/sec Helium maximum to the outside environmentOptimum Gas Pressure:1.73 bar (25 psig)Maximum Gas Pressure: 34.5 bar(500 psig)Maximum Diff. Pressure: 3.4 bar (50 psig) for up to 10 LPM, 2.8 bar (40 psig) for 15 LPM and greaterGas and Ambient Temperature: 5 to 50°C (41 to 122°F)Output Signals: Linear 0 to 5 Vdc (2000 Ω min load impedance);0 to 10 Vdc (4000 Ω min impedance); 4 to 20 mA optional (0 to 500 Ω loop resistance)Communication Interface:RS485, standard; RS232, optional Transducer Input Power: ±15 Vdc, 450 mA maximumWetted Parts: 316 stainless steel, 416 stainless steel, FKM O-rings Neoprene or Perfluoroelastomer O-rings optionalConnections: Standard ¹⁄₄"compression fittings up to 30 LPMmodels; for 60 LPM models and greater: ³⁄₈" compression fittings Circuit Protection:Circuit boards have built-in polarity reversal protection; resettable fuses provide power input protection Calibration Options:Standard 10-point NIST calibration optional up to 9 additional 10-point calibrations may be ordered for a additional cost per gasFMA6500ST Controller Dimensions 15 LPM and GreaterFMA6500ST Controller Dimensions Up to 10 LPMDComes complete with operator’s manual, software, cable (FMA65-C), and NIST certificate. Power supply sold separately.* Specify gas or gases and inlet/outlet pressure. Calibrations done at ambient [20ºC (70ºF)] temperature only.** Flow ranges specified are for nitrogen or air at 20 psig inlet (up to 50 SLM) or 25 psig inlet (60 to 100 SLM units) and 0 psig outlet, see above ordering chart.For RS232 communications (replaces RS485), add suffix “-RS232” to model number, no additional cost.For 4 to 20 mA output (replaces 0 to 5V), add suffix “-I ” to model number, no additional cost.For Perfluoroelastomer O-rings (replaces FKM O-rings), add suffix “-K ” to model number, for additional cost.Ordering Examples: FMA6512ST , mass flow controller, and FMA65PWC power supply. FMA6542ST , mass flow controller, and FMA65PWC power supply.FMA65EPWC FMA65UKPWC FMA65-C15 FMA65-CAL-(*) FMA6502ST shown smallerthan actual size.。
阿鲁巴6000无线网络控制器说明书
The Aruba 6000 is a modular, full-featured wireless LAN mobility controller that aggregates up to 512 controlled Access Points (APs) and delivers mobility, centralized control, convergence services and security for wireless deployments. The Aruba 6000 is designed to support large deployments in a scaleable manner, and can be easily deployed as an overlay without any disruption to the existing wired network. The device is managed using the ArubaOS or Aruba Mobility Management System.The Aruba 6000 can be deployed as an identity-based security gateway to authenticate wired and wireless users, enforce role-based access control policies and quarantine unsafe endpoints from accessing the corporate network. Guest users can be easily and safely supported with the built-in captive portal server and advanced network services. Features that allow the Aruba 6000 to create a secure networking environment without requiring additional VPN/firewall devices include integrated site-to-site VPN, split-tunneling, ICSA-compliant stateful firewall and NAT. Site-to-site VPN can be integrated with all leading VPN concentrators to provide seamless integration into existing corporate VPNs. In addition, advanced convergence features such as Call Admission Control (CAC), voice-aware RF management and strict over-the-air QoS allow the Aruba 6000 to deliver mobile VoIP capabilities.Controller Performance and CapacityControlled APs Up to 512 Users Up to 8192 MAC addresses Up to 128,000 VLAN IP interfaces 128 Fast Ethernet ports (10/100) Up to 72 Gigabit Ethernet ports (GBIC) Up to 6 Active firewall sessions Up to 512,000 Concurrent IPSEC tunnels Up to 8,192 Firewall throughput Up to 8 Gbps Encrypted throughput (3DES & AES-CCM) Up to 7.2Gbps Wireless LAN Security and Control Features• 802.11i security (WFA certified WPA2 and WPA)• 802.1X user and machine authentication• EAP-PEAP, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS support• Centralized AES-CCM, TKIP and WEP encryption• 802.11i PMK caching for fast roaming applications• EAP offload for AAA server scalability and survivability• Stateful 802.1X authentication for standalone APs• MAC address, SSID and location based authentication• Per-SSID bandwidth contracts• SSID-based RADIUS server selection• Secure AP control and management over IPSEC or GRE• CAPWAP compatible and upgradeable• Distributed WLAN mode for remote AP deployments• Simultaneous centralized and distributed WLAN supportIdentity-based Security Features• Wired and wireless user authentication• Captive portal, 802.1X and MAC address authentication• Username, IP address, MAC address and encryption keybinding for strong network identity creation• Per-packet identity verification to prevent impersonation• Endpoint posture assessment, quarantine and remediation• Microsoft NAP, Cisco NAC, Symantec SSE support• RADIUS and LDAP based AAA server support• Internal user database for AAA server failover protection• Role-based authorization for eliminating excess privilege• Robust policy enforcement with stateful packet inspection• Role-based MAC/Ethertype ACLs• Per-user session accounting for usage auditing• Web-based guest enrollment with Aruba GuestConnect™• Configurable acceptable use policies for guest access • XML-based API for external captive portal integration • xSec option for wired LAN authentication and encryption (802.1X authentication, 256-bit AES-CBC encryption)Convergence Features• Voice and data on a single SSID for converged devices • Flow-based QoS using Voice Flow Classification™• SIP, Spectralink SVP, Cisco SCCP and Vocera ALGs • Strict priority queuing for over-the-air QoS• 802.11e support – WMM, U-APSD and T-SPEC• QoS policing for preventing network abuse via 802.11e • SIP authentication tracking• Diffserv marking and 802.1p support for network QoS • On-hook and off-hook VoIP client detection• Voice-aware 802.1x authentication• VoIP call admission control (CAC) using VFC• Call reservation thresholds for mobile VoIP calls• Voice-aware RF management for ensuring voice quality • Fast roaming support for ensuring mobile voice quality • SIP early media and ringing tone generation (RFC 3960)• Per-user and per-role rate limits (bandwidth contracts)Adaptive Radio Management™ (ARM) Features • Automatic channel and power settings for controlled APs • Simultaneous air monitoring and end user services• Self-healing coverage based on dynamic RF conditions • Dense deployment options for capacity optimization• AP load balancing based on number of users• AP load balancing based on bandwidth utilization• Coverage hole and RF interference detection• 802.11h support for radar detection and avoidance• Automated location detection for Active RFID tags• Built-in XML based Location API for RFID applicationsThe Aruba 6000 Mobility ControllerWireless Intrusion Protection Features• Integration with WLAN infrastructure• Simultaneous or dedicated air monitoring capabilities • Rogue AP detection and built-in location visualization • Automatic rogue, interfering and valid AP classification • Over-the-air and over-the-wire rogue AP containment • Adhoc WLAN network detection and containment • Windows client bridging and wireless bridge detection • Denial of service attack protection for APs and stations • Misconfigured standalone AP detection and containment • 3rd party AP performance monitoring and troubleshooting • Flexible attack signature creation for new WLAN attacks • EAP handshake and sequence number analysis • Valid AP impersonation detection• Frame floods, Fake AP and Airjack attack detection• ASLEAP , death broadcast, null probe response detection • Netstumbler-based network probe detectionStateful Firewall Features• Stateful packet inspection tied to user identity or ports • Location and time-of-day aware policy definition • 802.11 station awareness for WLAN firewalling• Over-the-air policy enforcement and station blacklisting • Session mirroring and per-packet logs for forensic analysis • Detailed firewall traffic logs for usage auditing • ICSA corporate firewall 4.1 compliance• Application Layer Gateway (ALG) support for SIP , SCCP , RTSP , Vocera, FTP , TFTP , PPTP• Source and destination Network Address Translation (NAT)• Dedicated flow processing hardware for high performance • TCP , ICMP denial of service attack detection and protection • Policy-based forwarding into GRE tunnels for guest traffic • External service interface for 3rd party security integration for inline anti-virus, anti-spam and content filtering apps • Heath checking and load balancing for external servicesVPN Server Features• Site-to-site VPN support for branch office deployments• Site-to-site interoperability with 3rd party VPN servers • VPN server emulation for easy integration into WLAN • L2TP/IPSEC VPN termination for Windows VPN clients • Mobile edge client shim for roaming with RSA Tokens • XAUTH/IPSEC VPN termination for 3rd Party clients • PPTP VPN termination for legacy VPN integration• RADIUS and LDAP server support for VPN authentication • PAP , CHAP , MS-CHAP and MS-CHAPv2 authentication • Hardware encryption for DES, 3DES, AES, MPPE • Secure point-to-point xSec tunnels for L2 VPNs • RFC 3706 IKE Dead Peer DetectionNetworking Features and Advanced Services• L2 and L3 switching over-the-air and over-the-wire • VLAN pooling for easy, scalable network designs • VLAN mobility for seamless L2 roaming• Proxy mobile IP and proxy DHCP for L3 roaming • Built-in DHCP server and DHCP relay• VRRP based N+1 controller redundancy (L2)• AP provisioning based N+1 controller redundancy (L3)• Wired access concentrator mode for centralized security • Etherchannel support for link redundancy • 802.1d Spanning Tree ProtocolController-based Management Features• RF Planning and AP Deployment Toolkit• Centralized AP provisioning and image management • Live coverage visualization with RF heat maps • Detailed statistics visualization for monitoring • Remote packet capture for RF troubleshooting• Interoperable with Ethereal, Airopeek and AirMagnet analyzers • Multi-controller configuration management • Location visualization and device tracking • System-wide event collection and reportingController Administration Features• Web-based user interface access over HTTP and HTTPS • Quickstart screens for easy controller configuration • CLI access using SSH, Telnet and console port• Role-based access control for restricted admin access • Authenticated access via RADIUS, LDAP or Internal DB • SNMPv3 and SNMPv2 support for controller monitoring • Standard MIBs and private enterprise MIBs• Detailed message logs with syslog event notificationController Power Supply Options • Power Consumption Max. 466 Watts per PSU • HW-PSU-200 AC power supplies deliver 200W of power• AC Input Voltage 90-132VAC, 170-264VAC • AC Input Frequency 47-63 Hz • AC input current 5A @ 110VAC • HW-PSU-400 AC power supplies deliver 400W of power • AC Input Voltage 85-264 VAC, Auto-sensing • AC Input Frequency 47-63 Hz • AC input current: 5A @ 110VACOperating Specifications and Dimensions • Operating temperature range0° to 40° C• Storage temperature range10° to 70° C • Humidity, non-condensing 5 to 95% • Height 5.75˝ (146 mm) • Width 17.4˝ (444 mm) • Depth 12.5˝ (317.5 mm) • Weight30 lbs. (unboxed)Warranty• Hardware 1 year parts/labor• Software90 daysRegulatory and Safety Compliance• FCC part 15 Class A CE • Industry Canada Class A • VCCI Class A (Japan)• EN 55022 Class A (CISPR 22 Class A), EN 61000-3,• EN 61000-4-2, EN 61000-4-3, EN 61000-4-4, • EN 61000-4-5, EN 61000-4- 6, EN 61000-4-8, • EN 61000-4-11, EN 55024, AS/NZS 3548• UL 60950• CAN/CSA 22.2 #609501322 Crossman AvenueSunnyvale, California 94089Tel: 408.227.4500 • Fax: 408.227.4550 © 2007 Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved. Specifications are subject to change without notice.Ordering InformationPart number Description6000-BASE-2PSU-200 Aruba 6000 Base System (Standard Power) 6000-BASE-2PSU-400 Aruba 6000 Base System (SPOE Power)SC-48-C1 Aruba Supervisor Card I (48 AP Support)SC-128-C1 Aruba Supervisor Card I (128 AP Support)SC-256-C2 Aruba Supervisor Card II (256 AP Support)LC-2G Aruba 2xGE Line CardLC-2G24F Aruba 2xGE/24FE Line CardLC-2G24FP Aruba 2xGE/24 FE Line Card SPOELC-GBIC-T Aruba GBIC Interface Adapter - TLC-GBIC-SX Aruba GBIC Interface Adapter - SXLC-GBIC-LX Aruba GBIC Interface Adapter – LXHW-CHAS Aruba 5000 & 6000 Series Base 4-SlotChassis Excludes Fan Tray)HW-PSU-200 Aruba 5000 & 6000 Series Power Supply200 WattHW-PSU-400 Aruba 5000 & 6000 Series Power Supply400 WattHW-FT Aruba 5000 & 6000 Series ReplacementFan TrayHW-SC-LC-BLANK Aruba 5000 & 6000 Series Supervisor /Line Card Slot Blank PanelHW-PSU-BLANK Aruba 5000 & 6000 Series Power SupplyUnit Slot Blank PanelAK-5000-NA Aruba 5000 & 6000 Accessory Kit(HW Installation Guide & 19” Rack Mount Kit) HW-MNT-19 Aruba 5000 & 6000 Series Replacement19” Equipment Rack Mounting KitSC-48-C1-UG-128 Aruba Supervisor Card I System Upgrade(48 AP to 128 AP Support)LIC-SC1-SEC-48* Security Software Bundle for Supervisor Card I (48 AP License)LIC-SC1-ADV-48** Advanced Security Software Bundle forSupervisor card I (48 AP License)LIC-SC1-PEF-48 Policy Enforcement Firewall Module for Aruba Supervisor Card I (48 AP)LIC-SC1-VPN-48 VPN Server Module for Aruba Supervisor Card I (48 AP)LIC-SC1-WIP-48 Wireless Intrusion Protection Module for Aruba Supervisor Card I (48 AP)LIC-SC1-VOC-48 Voice Services Module for ArubaSupervisor Card I (48 AP)LIC-SC1-ESI-48 External Services Interface Module for Aruba Supervisor Card I (48 AP)LIC-SC1-CIM-48 Client Integrity Module for ArubaSupervisor Card I (48 AP)LIC-SC1-XSC-48 xSec Module for Aruba SupervisorCard I (48 AP)LIC-SC1-SEC* Security Software Bundle for Supervisor Card I (128 AP License)LIC-SC1-ADV** Advanced Security Software Bundle forSupervisor Card I (128 AP License)LIC-SC1-PEF Policy Enforcement Firewall Module for Aruba Supervisor Card I (128 AP)LIC-SC1-VP VPN Server Module for Aruba SupervisorCard I (128 AP)LIC-SC1-WIP Wireless Intrusion Protection Module forAruba Supervisor Card I (128 AP)LIC-SC1-VOC Voice Services Module for Aruba Supervisor Card I (128 AP)LIC-SC1-ESI External Services Interface Module for Aruba Supervisor Card I (128 AP)LIC-SC1-CIM Client Integrity Module for Aruba Supervisor Card I (128 AP)LIC-SC2-SEC* Security Software Bundle for Supervisor Card II(256 AP License)LIC-SC2-ADV** Advanced Security Software Bundle for Supervisor Card II (256 AP License)LIC-SC2-PEF Policy Enforcement Firewall Module for ArubaSupervisor Card II (256 AP)LIC-SC2-VPN VPN Server Module for Aruba Supervisor Card II (256 AP)LIC-SC2-WIP Wireless Intrusion Protection Module for ArubaSupervisor Card II (256 AP)LIC-SC2-VOC Voice Services Module for Aruba SupervisorCard II (256 AP)LIC-SC2-ESI External Services Interface Module for ArubaSupervisor Card II (256 AP)LIC-SC2-CIM Client Integrity Module for Aruba Supervisor Card II (256 AP)LIC-SC1-SEC-UG-1* Security Software for Supervisor Card I(Upgrade 48 AP to 128 AP)LIC-SC1-ADV-UG-1** Advanced Security Software for Supervisor Card I (Upgrade 48 AP to 128 AP)LIC-SC1-PEF-UG-1 Policy Enforcement Firewall for Supervisor Card I (Upgrade 48 AP to 128 AP)LIC-SC1-VPN-UG-1 VPN Server Module for Supervisor Card I(Upgrade 48 AP to 128 AP)LIC-SC1-WIP-UG-1 Wireless Intrusion Protection for Sup. Card I(Upgrade 48 AP to 128 AP)LIC-SC1-VOC-UG-1 Advanced AAA Module for Supervisor Card I(Upgrade 48 AP to 128 AP)LIC-SC1-ESI-UG-1 External Services Interface for Supervisor Card I (Upgrade 48 AP to 128 AP)LIC-SC1-CIM-UG-1 Client Integrity Module for Supervisor Card I(Upgrade 48 AP to 128 AP)LIC-1-RAP Remote Access Point License (Single AP License) LIC-4-RAP Remote Access Point License (4 AP License)LIC-6-RAP Remote Access Point License (6 AP License)LIC-8-RAP Remote Access Point License (8 AP License)LIC-16-RAP Remote Access Point License (16 AP License)LIC-24-RAP Remote Access Point License (24 AP License)LIC-48-RAP Remote Access Point License (48 AP License)LIC-64-RAP Remote Access Point License (64 AP License)LIC-128-RAP Remote Access Point License (128 AP License) LIC-256-RAP Remote Access Point License (256 AP License)*Includes Policy Enforcement Firewall (PEF) and Wireless IntrusionProtection (WIP)**Includes Policy Enforcement Firewall (PEF), Wireless Intrusion Protection (WIP) and VPN Server (VPN)Please contact your Aruba Networks Sales representative for more information on configuring and ordering this productSS_6000_US_070611。
伍德沃德 GS16 配备 On-board 驱动的气体阀 产品规格 03284 (Rev. F)说明
the gas valve in response to the 4–20 mA or DeviceNet input command signal • Actual valve position feedback via 4–20 mA or DeviceNet • Independent remote shutdown input • Valve/Driver fault output
All faults indications are available through the DeviceNet connection or through an RS-232 connection when using an analog control interface.
FUEL FLOW
The GS16 is an electrically actuated fuel valve with an on-board electronic position controller. Highly accurate flow control is achieved by the use of a spherical fuel metering element with a precision machined fuel metering port. A seal shoe
• Highly accurate fuel flow metering
• Single moving part for reliable performance
Robust Control and Estimation
Robust Control and Estimation Robust control and estimation are critical components in the field of engineering, particularly in ensuring the stability and performance of complex systems. These techniques are essential in dealing with uncertainties and disturbances that can affect the behavior of a system. Robust control involves designing controllers that can handle variations in system parameters and external disturbances, while robust estimation focuses on accurately estimating the state of a system despite uncertainties in measurements and disturbances. One of the key challenges in robust control and estimation is dealing with uncertainties in system dynamics. These uncertainties can arise from various sources such as modeling errors, external disturbances, and sensor noise. Designing controllers and estimation algorithms that can effectively handle these uncertainties is crucial in ensuring the stability and performance of a system. Robust control techniques, such as H-infinity control and mu-synthesis, provide tools for designing controllers that can guarantee stability and performance in the presence of uncertainties. In addition to uncertainties in system dynamics, robust control and estimation also need to consider robustness to variations in operating conditions. Systems can operate in different environments or under varying conditions, and controllers and estimators need to be able to adapt to these changes while maintaining stability and performance. Robust control techniques, such as adaptive control and robust Kalman filtering, provide methods for adjusting controller parameters or estimation algorithms in real-time to account for changes in operating conditions. Another important aspect of robust control and estimation is the trade-off between performance and robustness. Designing controllers and estimators that are robust to uncertainties and disturbances often involves sacrificing some level of performance. Finding the right balance between performance and robustness is a key challenge in the design of robust control and estimation algorithms. Engineers need to carefully consider the requirements of the system and the level of robustness needed to ensure its stability and performance. Robust control and estimation techniques are also essential in safety-critical systems where failures can have severe consequences. Systems such as aircraft, autonomous vehicles, and medical devices require robust controllersand estimators that can guarantee safe and reliable operation even in the presence of uncertainties and disturbances. Robust control and estimation play a crucial role in ensuring the safety and reliability of these systems, providing engineers with tools to design controllers and estimators that can handle unexpected events and disturbances. In conclusion, robust control and estimation are essential techniques in the field of engineering for ensuring the stability, performance, and safety of complex systems. Dealing with uncertainties, variations in operating conditions, and the trade-off between performance and robustness are key challenges in the design of robust control and estimation algorithms. Engineers need to carefully consider these factors and utilize robust control techniques to design controllers and estimators that can handle uncertainties and disturbances while maintaining stability and performance. By incorporating robust control and estimation techniques into the design process, engineers can ensure thereliability and safety of critical systems in a wide range of applications.。
堡克特流程控制器Type8693说明书
The compact process controller Type 8693is optimized for integrated mounting on thepneumatic actuators in the process valveseries Type 23xx/2103 and is specially de-signed for the requirements of a hygienicprocess environment. The actual value ofthe process factor is directly supplied to thedevice as 4-20 mA, PT100 or a frequencysignal. The process controller calculatesthe setpoint for the subordinated positionerthrough the variance comparison. Due tothe analogue feedback all analogue valueson the controlling level can be transferred.With integrated diagnostic functions opera-tion conditions of the control valve can bemonitored. Through status signals, valvediagnostic messages are transmitted ac-cording to NAMUR NE107 and recorded ashistory entries. The parameterization of pro-cess controller and positioner can be carriedout automatically.The easy handling and theselection of additional software functionsare done either on a big graphic display withbacklight and keypad or over COMMUNICA-TOR. The positioner registers the valve posi-tion without deterioration through a contact-free, analog position sensor. The control ofsingle or double-acting actuators is donewithout internal air consumption. Com-munication interfaces such as PROFIBUSDP-V1, DeviceNet, EtherNet/IP, PROFINET,Modbus TCP, büS (based on CANopen) andanalogue as well as binary feedback canalso be chosen.Digital electropneumatic processcontroller for the integrated mount-ing on process control valvesGlobe control valveType 2301Angle-seat controlvalveType 2300Diaphragm controlvalveType 2103ORP meterType 8202FlowmeterType 8045Technical dataMaterial BodyCoverSealingPPS, stainless steelPCEPDMPower supply 24 V DC ±process valveControl valve systemELEMENTcontrol valve system Type 8802-GD-J 2301 + 8693ELEMENTcontrol valve system Type 8802-DF-J 2103 + 8693ELEMENTcontrol valve system Type 8802-YG-J2300 + 8693Globe control valveType 2301Diaphragm control valve Type 2103control valve Third party hygienic process valvesOrdering information for ELEMENT TopControl control valve systemsA TopControl control valve system consists of a process controller Type 8693 and an ELEMENT control valve Type 23xx/2103.The following information is necessary for the selection of a complete control valve:• Article no. of the desired TopControl process controller Type 8693 ( see ordering chart on p. 3)• Article no. of the selected control valve Type 23xx/2103 (see separate datasheets, e.g. 2300, 2301 or 2103)You order two components and receive a complete assembled and certified valve.When you click on the orange box "More info." below, you will come to our website for the resp. product where you can download the Technical data, continuedOrdering chart Type 8693 (other versions on request)AdditionalEtherNet/IP, PROFINET, Modbus TCP and büS (Bürkert System Bus): double-acting versions with low air capacity1)see additional software functions parametrisable diagnostic functions / binary outputs on page 13Note: Standard versions are UL approved.Ordering chart accessoriesOrdering chart adapter kit(has to be ordered separately)For installation kits to 3rd party process valves please see datasheet datasheet Type KK01 adapter kits for hygienic process valves or contact your sales office for related drawings or individual engineering support.Dimensions [mm]Version connection cable glandsMaterials1Cover PC2Body casing Stainless steel 3BASIC body PPS4Plug M12 Stainless steel 5ScrewsStainless steel 6Push-in connector Threaded ports G ⅛POM/stainless steel Stainless steel 7SealingEPDMDimensions [mm]Mounting on control valves of actuator series Type 27xx , actuator size 175/225 mmMounting on third party hygienic process valvesConnection options Connection MultipoleConnection options, continued Connection cable glandswith ID no. 918 038.** The indicated colors refer to the connection cable available as an accessory (92903474).4 ... 20 mAGND 4 ... 20 mA +24 VClock +Clock – / GND (identical with GND operating voltage)Clock +Clock –Pt 100Fieldbus connection M12 D-codiedConnector diagram32Circular connector M12, 4 pin - operating voltageConfigurationOperating voltage + 24 V DCOperating voltage GNDCircular connector M8, 4 pin - Input signal for process value** The indicated wire colours refer to the optional connector cable with ID no. 92903474büS - Bürkert System Bus connectionM12 Circular connector,Circular connector M12 × 1, 5 pin - büS connectionCAN-Label /ShieldingCircular connector M12, 4 pin - Operating voltageSignal flow diagramProcess control circuitAdditional software functions of the TopControl Type 8693• Automatic start of the control valve systems• Automatic parameterization of the process control circuit• Automatic or manual characteristic curves selection• Setting of the seal and the maximum stroke threshold respectively • Parameterization of the positioner• Manual parameterization of the process controller• Liwithation of the stroke range• Liwithation of the manipulating speed• Setting of the moving direction• Configuration of the binary input• Signal range splitting on several controllers• Configuration of an analogue or double binary outputs• Signal fault detection• Safety position• Code protection• Contrast inversion of the display• Language selection • Parametisable diagnostic functions* / Binary outputs (option)– Operating-hours counter– Path accumulator– Position monitoring– Process actual value monitoring– Monitoring of the mechanical end positions in the armature– G raphical display of the dwell time density and movementrange– Direction reversal counter– Temperature monitoring* F or installation kits to 3rd party process valves please see data-sheet installation kits for hygienic process valves or contact your sales office for related drawings or individual engineering support You will find a more detailed description for every diagnostic func-tion in the operating manual.Position control loopSchematic diagram of the Type 86931) The operating voltage is supplied with a 3-wire unit independent from the setpoint signal.2) Alternative optionsWith PROFIBUS DP, DeviceNet, EtherNet/IP, PROFINET, Modbus TCP and büS - Bürkert System BusIn case of special application conditions, please consult for advice.Subject to alteration.© Christian Bürkert GmbH & Co. KG1810/18_EU-en_00895093 To find your nearest Bürkert facility, click on the orange box。
Mellanox SN2100交换机数据表说明书
©2019 Mellanox Technologies. All rights reserved.†For illustration only. Actual products may vary.The SN2100 switch provides a high density, side-by-side 100GbE switching solution which scales up to 128 ports in 1RU for the growing demands of today’s database, storage, data centers environments.The SN2100 switch is an ideal spine and top of rack (ToR) solution, allowing maximum flexibility, with port speeds spanning from 10Gb/s to 100Gb/s per port and port density that enables full rack connectivity to any server at any speed. The uplink ports allow a variety of blocking ratios that suit any application requirement.Powered by the Mellanox Spectrum ®ASIC and packed with 16 ports running at 100GbE, the SN2100 carries a whopping throughput of 3.2Tb/s with a landmark 2.38Bpps processing capacity in a compact 1RU form factor.Following the footsteps of the SwitchX ®-2 based-systems, the SN2100 enjoys the legacy of the field-proven Mellanox Onyx™ operating system (successor to MLNX-OS Ethernet) with a wide installed base and a robust implementation of data, control and management planes that drives the world’s most powerful data centers.Keeping with the Mellanox tradition of setting performance record switch systems, the SN2100introduces the world’s lowest latency for a 100GbE switching and routing element, and does so while having the lowest power consumption in the market. With the SN2100, the use of 25, 40, 50 and 100GbE in large scale is enabled without changing power infrastructure facilities.The SN2100 is part of Mellanox’s complete end-to-end solution which provides 10GbE through 100GbE interconnectivity within the data center. Other devices in this solution include ConnectX ®-4 based network interface cards, and LinkX ® copper or fiber cabling. This end-to-end solution is topped with Mellanox NEO ®, a management application that relieves some of the major obstacles when deploying a network. NEO enables a fully certified and interoperable design, speeds up time to service and eventually speeds up ROI.The SN2100 carries a unique design to accommodate the highest rack performance. Its design allows side-by-side placement of two switches in a single, 1RU slot of a 19” rack, delivering high availability to the hosts.Database solutions require high availability and the ability to scale out in active-active configuration. For example, DB2 pureScale or Oracle RAC require high bandwidth and low latency to the caching facility, the disk storage system, etc., with connectivity to the application servers. The SN2100 is the best fit, providing the highest network throughput, resilience and a mix of 25GbE and 100GbE ports.Half-width 16-port Non-blocking 100GbE Open Ethernet Switch SystemSN2100 Open Ethernet SwitchPRODUCT BRIEFSWITCH SYSTEM †©2019 Mellanox Technologies. All rights reserved.Mellanox SN2100 Open Ethernet Switchpage 2The SN2100 introduces hardware capabilities for multiple tunneling protocols that enable increased reachability and scalability for today’s data centers. Implementing MPLS, NVGRE and VXLAN tunneling encapsulations in the network layer of the data center allows more flexibility for terminating a tunnel by the network, in addition to termination on the server endpoint.While Mellanox Spectrum provides the thrust and acceleration that powers the SN2100, an integrated powerful x86-based processor allows this system to not only be the highest performing switch fabric element, but also gives the ability to incorporate a Linux running server into the same device. This opens up multiple application aspects of utilizing the high CPU processing power and the best switching fabric, to create a powerful machine with unique appliance capabilities that can improve numerous network implementation paradigms.FEATURESPower Specifications–Typical power with passive cables (ATIS): 94.3W–Input voltage range: 100-240VACPhysical Characteristics–Dimensions:1.72” (43.8mm) H x 7.87” (200mm) W x 20” (508mm) D–Weight: 4.540kg (10lb)Supported Modules and Cables–QSFP28, SFP28 short and long rangeoptics–QSFP28 to QSFP28 DAC cable–QSFP breakout cables 100GbE to4x25GbE and 40GbE to 4x10GbE DAC, optical–QSFP breakout cables 100GbE to 2x50GbE DAC, optical –QSFP AOC –1000BASE-T and 1000BASE-SX/LX/ZX modules SPECIFICATIONS* This section describes hardware features and capabilities. Please refer to the driver and firmware release notes for feature availability.Layer 2 Feature Set–Multi Chassis LAG (MLAG) –IGMP V2/V3, Snooping, Querier –VLAN 802.1Q (4K) –Q-In-Q–802.1W Rapid Spanning Tree –BPDU Filter, Root Guard –Loop Guard, BPDU Guard –802.1Q Multiple STP–PVRST+ (Rapid Per VLAN STP+)–802.3ad Link Aggregation (LAG) & LACP –32 Ports/Channel - 64 Groups Per System –Port Isolation –LLDP–Store & Forward / Cut-through mode of work –HLL–10/25/40/50/56/100GbE –Jumbo Frames (9216 BYTES)Layer 3 Feature Set–64 VRFs–IPv4 & IPv6 Routing inc Route maps: –BGP4, OSPFv2–PIM-SM & PIM-SSM (inc PIM-SM over MLAG) –BFD (BGP , OSPF, static routes) –VRRP–DHCPv4/v6 Relay–Router Port, int Vlan, NULL Interface for Routing –ECMP , 64-way–IGMPv2/v3 Snooping QuerierSynchronization–PTP IEEE-1588 (SMPTE profile) –NTPQuality of Service–802.3X Flow Control –WRED, Fast ECN & PFC–802.1Qbb Priority Flow Control –802.1Qaz ETS–DCBX – App TLV support–Advanced QoS- qualification, Rewrite, Policers – 802.1AB–Shared buffer managementManagement & Automation–ZTP–Ansible, SALT Stack, Puppet –FTP \ TFTP \ SCP–AAA , RADIUS \ TACACS+ \ LDAP –JSON & CLI , Enhanced Web UI –SNMP v1,2,3–In-band Management –DHCP , SSHv2, Telnet –SYSLOG–10/100/1000 ETH RJ45 MNG ports –USB Console port for Management –Dual SW image –Events history –ONIENetwork Virtualization–VXLAN EVPN – L2 stretch use case –VXLAN Hardware VTEP – L2 GW–Integration with VMware NSX & OpenStack, etcSoftware Defined Network (SDN)–OpenFlow 1.3:• Hybrid•Supported controllers: ODL, ONOS, FloodLight, RYU Docker Container–Full SDK access through the container –Persistent container & shared storageMonitoring & Telemetry–What Just Happened (WJH) –sFlow–Real time queue depth histograms & thresholds –Port mirroring (SPAN & RSPAN) –Enhanced Link & Phy Monitoring –BER degradation monitor –Enhanced health mechanism –3rd party integration (Splunk, etc.)Security–USA Department of Defense certification – UC APL –System secure mode – FIPS 140-2 compliance –Storm Control–Access Control Lists (ACLs L2-L4 & user defined) –802.1X - Port Based Network Access Control –SSH server strict mode – NIST 800-181A –CoPP (IP filter) –Port isolation© Copyright 2019. Mellanox Technologies. All rights reserved.Mellanox, Mellanox logo, Mellanox Open Ethernet, MLNX-OS, LinkX, Mellanox NEO, Mellanox Spectrum and ConnectX are registered trademarks of Mellanox Technologies, Ltd. Mellanox Onyx is a trademark of Mellanox Technologies, Ltd. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners.53197PBRev 2.8T able 2 - SN2100B Series Part Numbers and DescriptionsT able 3 - Rail Kit Part Number and Description。
Integrated Home Comfort 专业级电热水器说明书
Performance Features• O n demand, consistent and continuous hot water • C ompact and stylish with digitaltemperature control in increments of 1° ranging from 80°F to 140°F*• R obust copper immersion heating elements with brass top increases durability and are threaded for easy replacement • S imple Installation • D igital temperature display • E xternal controls to adjust temperature in increments of 1°*Average GPM Usage by A pplicationAverage Gallons Per Minute (GPM) based on 2010 Plumbing StandardsINTEGRATED HOME COMFORTIN Professional Classic ® tankless electric water heaters offer continuous hot waterRTEX-08, RTEX-11, RTEX-13RTEX-04, RTEX-06Unique Features: • E xternal Adjustable Digital Thermostatic Control with LED display (+/- 1 degree accuracy)• D urable Copper Immersion two heating elements, field serviceable • S imple Installation – 1/2 NPT adapters included; Side 1/2" compression water connectionsUnique Features:•E xternal Digital Display – showsoutlet temperature • D urable Copper Immersion single heating element, field serviceable • S imple Installation – Bottom 1/2" NPT water connectionsRTEX-18Unique Features: • E xternal Digital Thermostatic Control with LED display (+/- 1 degree accuracy)• Most advanced self-modulation, adjust power to meet hot water demand • D urable Copper Immersion two heating elements, field serviceable • S imple Installation – Bottom 3/4" NPT water connections RTEX-24, RTEX-27Unique Features: • E xternal Digital Thermostatic Control with LED display (+/- 1 degree accuracy)• M ost advanced self-modulation, adjust power to meet hot water demand • D urable Copper Immersion three heating elements, field serviceable • S imple Installation – Bottom 3/4" NPT water connections Unique Features: • E xternal Digital Thermostatic Control with LED display (+/- 1 degree accuracy)• M ost advanced self-modulation, adjust power to meet hot water demand • D urable Copper Immersion four heating elements, field serviceable • S imple Installation – Bottom 3/4" NPT water connectionsRTEX-36*RTEX-04 and RTEX-06 only show output temperature and are non-thermostatically controlledTested and certified by the Water Quality Association against NSF/ANSI 372 for lead free compliance.Standard Hand Sink 0.5 GPM Washing Machine 1 to 1.5 GPMW ater-Saver Shower Head 1.5 GPM Dishwasher 1 to 2 GPM Kitchen Sink1 to2 GPM Standard Shower Head 2.0 GPM Bath Tub ≥ 4 GPM Whole-HomeUp to 6 GPMWarranty• 5-Year heating chamber and 1-year parts limited warrantySee Residential Warranty Certificate for complete informationRTEX-08, RTEX-11,RTEX-13RTEX-18RTEX-24, RTEX-27RTEX-36RTEX-04, RTEX-06POINT -OF-USEFor 0.5 GPM to 2.0 GPM ApplicationsMULTIPLE APPLICATIONSFor 0.5 GPM to 6.0 GPM Applications2 | 800.374.8806Manufacturers National Service Department 400 Captain Neville Drive, Waterbury, CT 06705INTEGRATED HOME COMFORTIN In keeping with its policy of continuous progress and product improvement, Rheem reserves the right to make changes without notice.Specifications* 240V units can be used on 208V single phase with 25% reduced temperature output. Please note per UL standards the rating plate and installation instructions will all be according to a240V applied voltage. Check with local officials prior to derating the electrical infrastructure.Rated Pressure 25 PSI min., 150 PSI max. Certifications ETL Listed to UL 499 and CSA Std. Temp. Settings 120°F (Adjustable 80°F-140°F) Temp. Accuracy +/–1° at steady flowTurn-On0.3 GPMProductSpecifications (all models)Suggested SpecificationsUnit shall have copper clad immersion heating element(s) with brassterminations for increased durability. External temperature control and display adjustable in 1° increments with a range of 80°-140°F . Display shall be capable of displaying setpoint temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit temperature scales. Unit shall utilize a flow meter with a 0.3 gpm activation point and manage power based on actual flow rate and inlet temperature. Values should be processed 60 times per second. Unit shall be WQA certified lead free, certified to UL499 and CSA C22.2 No.64.。
Robust Control
Robust ControlRobust control is a branch of control theory that deals with the design of controllers that are insensitive to uncertainties in the system being controlled. These uncertainties can arise from various sources, including unmodeled dynamics, parameter variations, disturbances, and noise. The goal of robust control is to ensure that the closed-loop system achieves the desired performance specifications despite these uncertainties. One of the key concepts in robust control is the notion of stability robustness. A robustly stable system remains stable even inthe presence of uncertainties. Various methods exist for analyzing and designing robustly stable systems, such as the small gain theorem, the structured singular value (SSV) analysis, and H-infinity control. These methods provide guarantees on the stability of the closed-loop system under certain assumptions about the uncertainties. Another important aspect of robust control is performance robustness. This refers to the ability of the controller to maintain satisfactory performance despite uncertainties. Performance metrics can include tracking error, settling time, overshoot, and disturbance rejection. Robust performance analysis techniques aim to quantify the impact of uncertainties on these metrics and guide the design of controllers that minimize performance degradation. Robust control finds applications in a wide range of engineering fields, including aerospace, automotive, robotics, and process control. For instance, in aerospace applications, robust controllers are crucial for ensuring the stability and performance ofaircraft in the face of atmospheric disturbances, aerodynamic uncertainties, and sensor noise. In robotics, robust control is essential for enabling robots to operate reliably in unstructured environments, where the exact parameters of the robot and its surroundings may be unknown or subject to variations. The design of robust controllers typically involves a combination of theoretical analysis and numerical optimization techniques. Control engineers employ sophisticated software tools to model the system, analyze its robustness properties, and synthesize controllers that meet the desired specifications. The choice of specific methods and techniques depends on the nature of the uncertainties, the performance requirements, and the complexity of the system. In conclusion, robust control is an indispensable tool for dealing with uncertainties in control systems. Itprovides a systematic framework for analyzing and designing controllers that ensure both stability and performance robustness. As technology advances and systems become increasingly complex, robust control will continue to play a critical role in ensuring the reliable and efficient operation of various engineering systems.。
三星SITRANS FM MAG 6000 I MAG 6000 I Ex流量计传感器说明书
3/433■Overview The SITRANS FM MAG 6000I/MAG 6000I Ex de transmitter is designed for the demands in the process industry. The robust die cast aluminum housing provides superb protection, even in the most harsh industrial environments. Full input and output functionality is given even in the Ex version.■Benefits•Full range of Ex-rated flowmeters with intrinsically safe rated input and outputs•For compact or remote installation•HART, FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1, DeviceNet, PROFIBUS PA and DP , Modbus RTU/RS485 add-on communication modules available•Superior signal resolution for optimum turn down ratio •Digital signal processing with many possibilities•Automatic reading of SENSORPROM data for easy commis-sioning•User configurable operation menu with password protection -3 lines, 20 characters display in 11 languages -Flow rate in various units-Totalizer for forward, reverse and net flow as well as much more information available•Multiple functional outputs for process control, minimum con-figuration with analogue, pulse/frequency and relay output (status, flow direction, limits)•Comprehensive self-diagnostic for error indication and error logging•Batch control•MAG 6000 I NAMUR: compliant with NAMUR NE 21, NE 32, NE 43, NE 53 and NE 70■DesignThe transmitter is designed for either compact or remote instal-lation in non-hazardous or hazardous areas (compact mounted transmitter to be ordered together with the sensor).■FunctionThe following functions are available:•Flow rate•2 measuring ranges •2 totalizers•Low flow cut-off •Flow direction •Error system •Operating time•Uni-/bidirectional flow•Limit switches and pulse output •Batch controlThe MAG 6000I/6000I Ex de is a microprocessor-based trans-mitter with a built-in alphanumeric display in several languages. The transmitters evaluate the signals from the associated elec-tromagnetic sensors and also fulfil the task of a power supply unit which provides the magnet coils with a constant current.Further information on connection, mode of operation and instal-lation can be found in the data sheets for the sensors.Displays and keypadsOperation of the transmitter can be carried out using:•Keypad and display unit •HART communicator•PC/laptop and SIMATIC PDM software via HART communica-tion•PC/laptop and SIMATIC PDM software using PROFIBUS orModbus communication3■Technical specifications1)Applicable for: Compact mounted MAG 6000I Ex on MAG 3100 (sizes DN 15...DN 300 (½"...12")).Mode of operation and design Measuring principle Electromagnetic with pulsed constant fieldEmpty pipeDetection of empty pipe (special cable required in remote mounted installation)Excitation frequency Depend on sensor size Electrode input impedance >1x 1014ΩInputDigital input11…30V DC, Ri =4.4k Ω•Activation time 50ms•Current I 11V DC =2.5mA, I 30V DC =7mAOutput Current output •Signal range 4…20mA (active/passive)•Load<560Ω•Time constant 0.1…30s, adjustableDigital output •Frequency 0…10kHz, 50% duty cycle (uni-/bidirectional)•Time constant 0.1…30s, adjustable•Pulse (passive)3…30V DC, max. 110mA (30mA Ex version), 200Ω≤Ri ≤10k Ω (powered from connected equip-ment)•Time constant 0.1…30s, adjustableRelay output •Time constant Changeover relay, same as current output•Load42V AC/2A, 24V DC/1A Low flow cut off 0…9.9% of maximum flow Galvanic isolation All inputs and outputs are galvanic isolated.Max. measuring error MAG 6000I/MAG 6000I Ex (incl. sensor)±0.2% ±1mm/sRated operation conditions Ambient temperature •Operation -MAG 6000I -25…+60°C (-13…+140°F)-MAG 6000I Ex -25…+60°C (-13…140°F)•Storage -40…+70°C (-40…+158°F)Mechanical load18…1000Hz random in x, y, z, directions for 2 hours according to EN 60068-2-36Transmitter: 1.14g RMS Degree of protection IP67/NEMA 4X to IEC 529 and DIN 40050 (1mH 2O 30min.)EMC performanceIEC/EN 61326-1 (all environments)IEC/EN 61326-2-5NAMUR NE 21Display and keypad Totalizer Two eight-digit counters for forward, net or reverse flowDisplayBackground illumination with alpha-numeric text, 3x 20 characters to indicate flow rate, totalized values, settings and faults; Reverse flow indi-cated by negative signKeypad Capacitive touch keypad with LED light for feedback indicationTime constantTime constant as current output time constantDesignEnclosure material Die cast aluminum, with corrosion resistant Basic Polyester powder coating (min.60µm)•Wall mounting Wall mounting bracket enclosed for remote versionDimensions See dimensional drawings Weight See dimensional drawings Power supply•Standard transmitter:18…90V DC; 115…230V AC; 50…60Hz•Ex transmitter: 18…30V DC •Ex transmitter: 115…230V AC; 50…60Hz•Ex transmitter NAMUR:18…30V DC; 115…230V AC; 50…60HzPower consumption•230V AC: 20VA•24V DC:9.6W,I N =0.4A, I ST =1A (3ms)Certificates and approvals General purpose •CE (LVD, EMC, PED, RoHS)Hazardous areas•ATEX, IECEx, FM, CSA, EAC Ex, NEPSI-Zone 1 Ex d e [ia] ia IIC T6 Gb •ATEX, IECEx, CSA-Zone 21 Ex tD A21 IP67 T85 °C •FM-XP IS Class I Div. 1 Groups A, B, C, D-DIP Class II+III Div. 1 Groups E, F , G Others•CPA (China)•EAC (Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan)•KCs (South Korea)Cable entries MAG 6000I•Power supply and outputs 2x M20 (HART)/M25 (PROFIBUS) or 2x ½"NPT (HART)•Sensor connection2x M16 or 2x ½"NPTMAG 6000 I Ex ATEX 2GD •Power supply and outputs 2x M20•Sensor connection 2x M16Communication Standard versionsHART, Modbus RTU/RS 485, FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1, DeviceNet, PROFIBUS PA, PROFIBUS DP add-on modules Ex versionsHART, PROFIBUS PA (not for Ex version)3/453■Selection and ordering dataArticle No.Operating instructions for SITRANS FM MAG 6000IAll literature is available to download for free, in a range of lan-guages, at/processinstrumentation/documentation Communication modules for MAG 6000I (All standard outputs can still be used)1)Not for Ex versionsOperating instructions for SITRANS F add-on modulesAll literature is available to download for free, in a range of lan-guages, at/processinstrumentation/documentationFurther designOrder codePlease add “-Z “ to Article No. and specify Order code(s) and plain textTag name plate, stainless steel (specify in plain text)Y17Tag name plate, plastic (self adhesive)Y18Special version (specify in plain text)Y99Description Article No.•English A5E02083319•GermanA5E02210835DescriptionArticle No.HART (only for MAG 6000I/Ex)FDK:085U0321Modbus RTU/RS 4851)FDK:085U0234PROFIBUS PA Profile 3FDK:085U0236PROFIBUS DP Profile 31)FDK:085U0237DeviceNet1)FDK:085U0229FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1A5E02054250Description Article No.HART •English A5E03089708PROFIBUS PA/DP •English A5E00726137•German A5E01026429Modbus •English A5E00753974•GermanA5E03089262FOUNDATION Fieldbus •English A5E02318728•GermanA5E02488856DeviceNet, EnglischA5E03089720■Selection and ordering data (continued)3Accessories for MAG6000I/6000I Ex Spare partsDescription Article No.Standard coil or electrodecable, 3×1.5 mm²/ 18 gage,single shielded with PVC jackeTemperature range:-30...+70 °C (-22...+158 °F)•5m (16.5ft)A5E02296523•10m (33ft)FDK:083F0121•20m (65ft)FDK:083F0210•30m (98ft)A5E02297309•40m (131ft)FDK:083F0211•50m (164ft)A5E02297317•60m (197ft)FDK:083F0212•100m (328ft)FDK:083F0213•150m (492ft)FDK:083F3052•200m (656ft)FDK:083F3053•500m (1640ft)FDK:083F3054Special electrode cable (emptypipe detection or low conduc-tivity), 3×0.25 mm², doubleshielded with PVC jacketTemperature range:-30...+70 °C (-22...+158 °F)•10m (33ft)FDK:083F3020•20m (65ft)FDK:083F3095•40m (131ft)FDK:083F3094•60m (197ft)FDK:083F3093•100m (328ft)FDK:083F3092•150m (492ft)FDK:083F3056•200m (656ft)FDK:083F3057•500m (1640ft)FDK:083F3058Cable kit including standardcoil cable (3×1.5 mm²/ 18gage, single shielded with PVCjacket) and special electrodecable (3×0.25 mm², doubleshielded with PVC jacket)Temperature range:-30...+70 °C (-22...+158 °F)•5m (16.5ft)A5E02296329•10m (33ft)A5E01181647•15m (49ft)A5E02296464•20m (65ft)A5E01181656•25m (82ft)A5E02296490•30m (98ft)A5E02296494•40m (131ft)A5E01181686•50m (164ft)A5E02296498•60m (197ft)A5E01181689•100m (328ft)A5E01181691•150m (492ft)A5E01181699•200m (656ft)A5E01181703•500m (1640ft)A5E01181705Low noise electrode coaxcable for low conductivity andhigh vibration levels,3×0.13mm²Temperature range-25 °C…+85 °C(-13 °F…+185 °F)•2m (6.6ft)A5E02272692•5m (16.5ft)A5E02272723•10m (33ft)A5E02272730Description Article No.Display unit FDK:085U3122Accessory bag including cablegland inserts and connectorsfor sensor cablesFDK:085U3144Display lid (Ex) in die-cast alu-minum, with corrosions resitantcoating (min. 60 μm)7ME5933-0AC01Blind lid for sensor cables con-nection compartment (onlyremote version) in die-cast alu-minum, with corrosion resistantcoating (min. 60 μm) incl. O-ring seal7ME5933-0AC02Blind lid (mains supply,input/outputs) in die-cast alu-minum, with corrosion resistantcoating (min. 60 μm)7ME5933-0AC03Safety clamp7ME5933-0AC06Standard wall-mountingbracket, stainless steelAISI316L/1.44047ME5933-0AC04Special wall-mounting bracket,BI 2.5 DIN59382 X6Cr177ME5933-0AC053/47■Selection and ordering data (continued)3Complete spare part PCB unit1)Spare pcba for MAG 6000 I Ex produced after 12/2012.Please use online Product selector to get latest updates.Product selector link:DescriptionArticle No.MAG6000I std. (not for Ex), 18...30 V DC; 115...230V AC Spare PCBAFDK:085U3123MAG 6000 I std. (NAMUR), 18...30 V DC; 115...230V AC Spare PCBAA5E31426892MAG 6000 I Ex (NAMUR),18...30 V DC; 115...230V AC Spare PCBA for use with Ex sensors with increased safety e (for Ex sensors: 7ME6110, 7ME6120, 7ME6140, 7ME6310, 7ME6320, 7ME6340)(for 7ME6330 > DN300)1)A5E31426877MAG 6000I Ex d 115...230V ACSpare PCBA for use with ATEX sensors with increased safety e A5E01013127 1)MAG 6000I Ex d 18...30V DCSpare PCBA for use with ATEX sensors with increased safety eA5E01013340 1)■Dimensional drawingsSITRANS FM transmitter MAG 6000 I with wall-mounting bracket,dimensions in mm (inch)。
毕业设计英文翻译-智能热能表控制器外文翻译-中英文文献对照翻译
外文资料与中文翻译外文资料：Intelligent thermal energy meter controllerAbstractA microcontroller based, thermal energy meter cum controller (TEMC) suitable for solar thermal systems has been developed. It monitors solar radiation, ambient temperature,fluid flow rate, and temperature of fluid at various locations of the system and computes the energy transfer rate. It also controls the operation of the fluid-circulating pumpdepending on the temperature difference across the solar collector field. The accuracyof energy measurement is ±1.5%. The instrument has been tested in a solar water heatingsystem. Its operation became automatic with savings in electrical energy consumption ofpump by 30% on cloudy days.1 IntroductionSolar water heating systems find wide applications in industry to conserve fossil fuel like oil, coal etc. They employ motor driven pumps for circulating water with on-offcontrollers and calls for automatic operation. Reliability and performance of the system depend on the instrumentation and controls employed. Multi-channel temperature recorders, flow meters, thermal energy meters are the essential instruments for monitoring andevaluating the performance of these systems. A differential temperature controller (DTC) is required in a solar water heating system for an automatic and efficient operation ofthe system. To meet all these requirements, a microcontroller based instrument wasdeveloped. Shoji Kusui and Tetsuo Nagai [1] developed an electronic heat meter formeasuring thermal energy using thermistors as temperature sensors and turbine flow meter as flow sensor.2 Instrument detailsThe block diagram of the microcontroller (Intel 80C31) based thermal energy meter cum controller is shown in Fig. 1. RTD (PT100, 4-wire) sensors are used for the temperaturemeasurement of water at the collector field inlet, outlet and in the tank with appropriate signal conditioners designed with low-drift operational amplifiers. A precision semiconductor temperature sensor (LM335) is used for ambient temperature measurement. A pyranometer, having an output voltage of 8.33 mV/kW/m2, is used for measuring the incident solar radiation. To monitor the circulating fluid pressure, a sensor with 4–20 mA output is used. This output is converted into voltage using an I-V converter. All these outputsignals are fed to an 8-channel analog multiplexer (CD4051). Its output is fed to adual-slope 12-bit A/D converter (ICL7109). It is controlled by the microcontroller through the Programmable Peripheral Interface (PPI-82C55).Fig. 1. Block diagram of thermal energy meter cum controller.A flow sensor (turbine type) is used with a signal conditioner to measure the flowrate. Its output is fed to the counter input of the microcontroller. It is programmed tomonitor all the multiplexed signals every minute, compute the temperature difference,energy transfer rate and integrated energy. A real-time clock with MM58167 is interfacedto the microcontroller to time-stamp the logged data. An analog output (0–2 V) is provided using D/A converter (DAC-08) to plot both the measured and computed parameters. A 4×4 matrix keyboard is interfaced to the microcontroller to enter the parameters like specificheat of liquid, data log rate etc. An alphanumeric LCD display (24-character) is alsointerfaced with the microcontroller to display the measured variables. The serialcommunication port of the microcontroller is fed to the serial line driver and receiver(MAX232). It enables the instrument to interface with the computer for down-loading thelogged data. A battery-backed static memory of 56K bytes is provided to store the measured parameters. Besides data logging, the instrument serves as a DTC. This has been achievedby interfacing a relay to the PPI. The system software is developed to accept thedifferential temperature set points (ΔT on and ΔT off) from the keyboard. An algorithmsuitable for on-off control having two set-points is implemented to control the relays.3 Instrument calibrationThe amount of energy transferred (Q) is :Where = mass flows rate of liquid kg/s ; V = volumetric flow rate (l/h) ; ρ= density of water (kg/l) ; Cp = specific heat (kJ/kg°C); and ΔT = temperature difference between hot and cold (°C).The accuracy in energy measurement depends on the measurement accuracy of individual parameters. Temperature measurement accuracy depends on the initial error in the sensorand the error introduced due to temperature drifts in the signal conditioners and the A/D converter. The temperature sensor is immersed in a constant temperature bath (HAAKE B ath-K, German), whose temperature can be var ied in steps of 0.1°C. A mercury glass thermometer (ARNO A MARELL, Germany) with a resolution of 0.05°C is also placed along with PT100 sensor in the bath. This is compared with the instrument readings. The accuracy of the instrument in temperature measurem ent is ±0.1°C. Hence, the accuracy in differential temperature measurement is ±0.2°C.The flow sensor having a maximum flow rate of 1250 l/h is used for flow measurement.It is calibrated by fixing it in the upstream of a pipeline of length 8 m. The sensor output is connected to a digital frequency counter to monitor the number of pulses generated withdifferent flow rates. Water collected at the sensor outlet over a period is used forestimating the flow rate. The K-factor of the sensor is 3975 pulses/l. The uncertaintyin flow measurement is ±0.25% at 675 l/h. Uncertainties in density and specific heat ofwater are ±0.006 kg/l and ±0.011 kJ/kg°C respectively.Maximum amount of energy collection (Q) = 675×0.98×4.184×15/3600 = 11.53kW. Uncertainty in energy measurementωq/Q = [(ωv/V)2 + (ωρ/ρ)2 + (ωcp/Cp)2+(ωt/T )2]1/2.Inaccuracy in electronic circuitry is ±0.03 kW.The net inaccuracy in energy measurement is ±1.5%4 Field testThe instrument is incorporated in a solar water heating system as shown in Fig. 2.It consists of five solar flat plate collectors having an absorber area of 1.6 m2 each. The absorber is a fin and tube extruded from aluminium and painted with matt black paint. The collectors are mounted on a rigid frame facing south at an angle equal to the latitude of Bangalore (13°N). They are arranged in parallel configuration and connected to athermally insulated 500 l capacity storage tank. A 0.25 hp pump is used for circulatingthe water through the collector field. All the pipelines are thermally insulated. Thetemperature sensors and the flow sensor are incorporated in the system as shown in Fig.2. The data on solar radiation, ambient temperature, water flow rate, solar collector inlet and outlet temperatures and the system heat output are monitored at regular intervals.Fig. 2. Solar water heating system with thermal energy meter cum controller.The performance of the solar water heating system with TEMC on a partial cloudy dayis shown in Fig. 3. It is observed that DTC switched OFF the pump around 14:40 h as thereis no further energy gain by the collector field. This in turn reduced the heat lossesfrom the collector to ambient. Experiments are conducted with and without DTC o n both sunny and cloudy days. The DTC operated system shows the savings in electrical energy by 30%on a partial cloudy day and 8% on a sunny day. The variation in system output with andwithout DTC i s around 3%. Thus the controller has not only served as an energy conservation device, but also switches ON/OFF the system automatically depending on the availabilityof solar radiation. The collector field output (shown in Fig. 3) is calculated by measuring the fluid flow rate using volumetric method and the temperature difference with anotherpair of standard thermometers. It is 16.86 kWh. It is compared with the instrument reading 17.18 kWh. Thus, the deviation is 1.9%. Fig. 3 shows that the solar collector fieldefficiency is 54% when the incident solar irradiation is 31.75 kWh.Fig. 3. Performance of SWH system with TEMC on a partial cloudy day.5 Concluding remarksTEMC is used as on-line instrument in solar water heating systems for the measurement of thermal energy, temperature, flow rate with simultaneous control on the operation ofthe pump t o save electrical energy and enhance the thermal energy collection. Since several options are provided in the instrument, it can be used for monitoring the energy transfer rate in other thermal systems.AcknowledgementsThe authors are thankful to Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India forproviding the financial assistance to carry out the above work.References1. Shoji Kusui, Tetsuo Nagai. An electronic integrating heat meter. IEEE Trans. onInstrumentation and Measurement, 1990;39(5):785-789.中文翻译：智能热能表控制器摘要适用于太阳能热系统的单片机热能表控制器（TEMC）已经研制成功。
Robust Control
Robust ControlRobust control is a critical concept in the field of engineering and automation, playing a crucial role in ensuring the stability and performance of complex systems. It encompasses a range of techniques and methodologies aimed at designing control systems that can effectively handle uncertainties and variations in the system and external disturbances. In this discussion, we will explore the significance of robust control, its applications, challenges, and future prospects from various perspectives. From an engineering standpoint, robust control is indispensable in addressing the inherent uncertainties and variations that existin real-world systems. Traditional control techniques often assume precise knowledge of the system dynamics, which may not hold true in practical scenarios. Robust control techniques, such as H-infinity control and mu-synthesis, offer a systematic framework to design controllers that can accommodate uncertainties and variations, thereby enhancing the stability and performance of the controlled system. This is particularly crucial in high-stakes applications such as aerospace, automotive, and process control, where system failures can have severe consequences. Moreover, robust control plays a vital role in addressing the challenges posed by external disturbances and environmental variations. In many practical systems, disturbances such as wind gusts, temperature fluctuations, or sensor noise can significantly impact the system's performance. Robust control techniques provide a means to analyze the impact of such disturbances and design controllers that can effectively attenuate their effects, ensuring the system's stability and performance under varying operating conditions. From a broader perspective, the significance of robust control extends beyond engineering applications. It has implications in fields such as economics, finance, and ecology, where complex, interconnected systems exhibit uncertainties and variations. The principles of robust control can be adapted to develop strategies for managing economic uncertainties, mitigating financial risks, and preserving ecological stability. This interdisciplinary relevance underscores the far-reaching impact of robust control in addressing complex, real-world challenges. However, the application of robust control is not without its challenges. Designing robust controllers often involves trade-offs between performance,robustness, and complexity. The quest for robustness may lead to overly conservative designs that sacrifice optimal performance, or conversely, overly aggressive designs that fail to guarantee stability in the presence of uncertainties. Balancing these trade-offs requires a deep understanding of system dynamics, robust control techniques, and practical constraints, demanding a high level of expertise from control engineers. Furthermore, the implementation of robust control techniques in practical systems poses challenges related to validation, verification, and real-time performance. Validating the robustness ofa control design across the entire range of possible uncertainties anddisturbances is a daunting task, often requiring advanced simulation and testing capabilities. Moreover, deploying robust control algorithms in real-time systems demands efficient computational techniques and hardware, especially inapplications with stringent timing requirements such as autonomous vehicles and robotics. Looking ahead, the future of robust control holds promising prospects driven by advances in data-driven modeling, machine learning, and cyber-physical systems. Integrating data-driven approaches with traditional robust control techniques can potentially enhance the adaptability and performance of control systems in the face of uncertainties. Moreover, the emergence of cyber-physical systems, enabled by the Internet of Things and advanced sensing technologies, opens new frontiers for robust control applications in interconnected, distributed systems. In conclusion, robust control stands as a cornerstone in the realm of engineering and beyond, offering a systematic approach to address uncertainties, variations, and disturbances in complex systems. While posing challenges in design, validation, and implementation, its significance and potential for future advancements are undeniable. As we continue to push the boundaries oftechnological innovation and tackle increasingly complex systems, the role of robust control will remain paramount in ensuring stability, reliability, and performance.。
带有只读存储器的单片机集成电路中英文翻译
英文原文：Microcontroller Integrated Circuit with Read Only Memory Microcontroller integrated circuit comprises a processor core which exchanges data with at least one data processing and storage device. The integrated circuit comprises a mash-programmed read only memory containing a generic program such as a test program which can be executed by the microcontroller. The genetic program includes a basic function for writing data into the data progressing or storage device or devices .The write function is used to load a downloading program. Because a downloading program is not permanently stored in the read only memory. the microcontroller can be tested independently of the application program .and remains standard with regard to the type of memory component with which it can be used in a system.In a microprocessor based system the processing will be performed in the microprocessor itself. The storage will be by means of memory circuits and the communication of information into and out of the system will be by means of special input/output(I/O) circuits. It would be impossible to identify a particular piece of hardware which performed the counting in a microprocessor based clock because the time would be stored in the memory and incremented at regular intervals but the microprocessor. However, the software which defined the system‟s behavior would contain sections that performed as counters. The apparently rather abstract approach to the architecture of the microprocessor and its associated circuits allows it to be very flexible in use, since the system is defined almost entirely software. The design process is largely one of software engineering, and the similar problems of construction and maintenance which occur in conventional engineering are encountered when producing software.Microcomputers use RAM (Random Access Memory) into which data can be written and from which data can be read again when needed. This data can be read back from the memory in any sequence desired, and not necessarily the same order in whi ch it was written, hence the expression …random‟ access memory. Another type of ROM (Read Only Memory) is used to hold fixed patterns of information which cannot be affected by the microprocessor; these patterns are not lost when power is removed and are normally used to hold the program which defines the behavior of a microprocessor based system. ROMs can be read like RAMs, but unlike RAMs they cannot be used to store variable information. Some ROMs have their data patterns put in during manufacture, while others are programmable by the user by means of special equipment and are called programmable ROMs. The widely used programmable ROMs are erasable by means of special ultraviolet lamps and are referred to as EPROMs, short for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memories. Other new types of device can be erased electrically without the need for ultraviolet light, which are called Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memories, EEPROMs.The microprocessor processes data under the control of the program, controlling the flow of information to and from memory and input/output devices. Some input/output devices are general-purpose types while others are designed forcontrolling special hardware such as disc drives or controlling information transmission to other computers. Most types of I/O devices are programmable to some extent, allowing different modes of operation, while some actually contain special-purpose microprocessors to permit quite complex operations to be carried out without directly involving the main microprocessor.Another major engineering application of microcomputers is in process control. Here the presence of the microcomputer is usually more apparent to the user because provision is normally made for programming the microcomputer for the particular application. In process control applications the benefits lf fitting the entire system on to single chip are usually outweighed by the high design cost involved, because this sort lf equipment is produced in smaller quantities. Moreover, process controllers are usually more complicated so that it is more difficult to make them as single integrated circuits. Two approaches are possible; the controller can be implemented as a general-purpose microcomputer rather like a more robust version lf a hobby computer, or as a …packaged‟ system, signed for replacing controllers based on older technologies such as electromagnetic relays. In the former case the system would probably be programmed in conventional programming languages such as the ones to9 be introduced later, while in the other case a special-purpose language might be used, for example one which allowed the function of the controller to be described in terms of relay interconnections, In either case programs can be stored in RAM, which allows them to be altered to suit changes in application, but this makes the overall system vulnerable to loss lf power unless batteries are used to ensure continuity of supply. Alternatively programs can be stored in ROM, in which case they virtually become part of t he electronic …hardware‟ and are often referred to as firmware.To be more precise ,the invention concerns a microcontroller integrated circuit .A microcontroller is usually a VLSI(Very Large Scale Integration) integrated circuit containing all or most of the components of a “computer”. Its function is not predefined but depends on the program that it executes.A microcontroller necessarily comprises a processor core including a command sequence (which is a device distributing various control signals to the instructions of a program),an arithmetic and logic unit (for processing the data) and registers(which are specialized memory units).The other components of the “computer” can be either internal or external to the microcontroller, however, In other words ,the other component are integrated into either the microcontroller or auxiliary circuits.These other components of the “computer”are data processing and storage devices, for example read only or random access memory containing the program to be executed, clocks and interfaces(serial or parallel).As a general rule ,a system based on a microcontroller therefore comprises a microchip containing the microcontroller, and a plurality of microchips containing the external data processing and storage devices which are not integrated into the microcontroller. A microcontroller-based system of this kind comprises, for example, one or more printed circuit boards on which the microcontroller and the other components are mounted.It is the application program, I, e, the program which is executed by the microcontroller, which determines the overall operation of the microcontroller system. Each application program is therefore specific to a separate application.In most current application the application program is too large to be held in the microcontroller and is therefore stored in a memory external to the microcontroller, This program memory, which has only to be read , not written, is generally a reprogrammable read only memory(REPROM).After the application program has been programmed in memory and then started in order to be executed by the microcontroller, the microcontroller system may not function a expected.In the last unfavorable situation this is a minor dysfunction of the system and the microcontroller is still able to dialog with a test station via a serial or parallel interface, This test station is then able to determin the nature of the problem and indicates precisely the type of correction(software and physical) to be applied to the system foe it to operate correctly.Unfortunately, most dysfunctions of microcontroller-based system result in a total system lock-up, preventing any dialog with a test station. It is then impossible to determine the type of fault,i,e.whether it is a physical fault(in the microcontroller itself,in an external read only memory, in a peripheral device,on a bus,etc ) or a software fault( I,e. an error in the application program). The troubleshooting technique usually employed in these cases of total lock-up is based on the use of sophisticated test devices requiring the application of probes to the pins of the various integrated circuits of the microcontroller-based system under test.There are various problem associated with the use of such test devices for troubleshooting a microcontroller-based system. The probes used in these test devices are very fragile, difficult to apply because of the small size of the circuit and their close packing,and may not make good contact with the circuit.Also, because of their high cost, these test devices are not mass produced. Consequently, faulty microcontroller-based systems can not be repaired immediately, wherever they happen to be located at the time, but must first be returned to a place where a test device is available. Troubleshooting a microcontroller-based system in this way is time-consuming, irksome and costly.To avoid the need for direct action on the microcontroller-based system each time the application program executed by the microcontroller of the system is changed, it is standard practice to use a downloadable read only memory to store the application program, a loading program being written into a mask-programmed read only memory of the microcontroller, The mask-programmed read only memory of the microcontroller is integrated into the microcontroller and programmed once and for all during manufacture of the microcontroller.To change the application program the microcontroller is reset by running the downloading program. This downloading program can then communicate with a workstation connected to the microcontroller by an appropriate transmission line, this workstation the new application program to be written into the microcontroller, The downloading program receives the new application program and loads it into a readonly memory external to the microcontroller.Although this solution avoids the need for direct action on the microcontroller=based system (which would entail removing from the system the reprogrammable read only memories containing the application program, writing into these memories the new application program using an appropriate programming device and then replacing them in the system), it nevertheless has a major drawback, namely specialization of the microcontroller during manufacture.Each type of reprogrammable memory is associated with a different downloading program because the programming parameters (voltage to be applied, duration for which the voltage is to be applied) vary with the technology employed, The downloading program is written once and for all into the mask-programmed internal memory of the microcontroller and the latter is therefore restricted to using memory components of the type for which this downloading program was written. In other words,the microcontroller is not a standard component and this increases its cost of manufacture.One object of the invention is to overcome these various drawbacks of the prior art, To be more precise, an object of the invention is to provide a microcontroller circuit which can verify quickly, simply, reliably and at low cost the operation of a system based on the microcontroller.Another object of the invention is to provide a microcontroller integrated circuit which can accurately locate the defective component or components of a system using the microcontroller in the event of dysfunction of the system.A further object of the invention is to provide a microcontroller integrated circuit which avoids the need for direct action on the microcontroller-based system to change the application program, whilst remaining standard as regards the type of memory component with which it can be used in a system.译文：带有只读存储器的单片机集成电路单片机集成电路包含一个处理器内核，它至少通过一种数据处理或存储设备来交换数据，集成电路包含一个只读掩模存储器，其中像测试程序一样的通用程序能被单片机执行。
Robust Control
Robust ControlRobust control is a critical aspect of engineering and technology,particularly in the field of control systems. It refers to the ability of a system to maintain stable performance despite uncertainties and variations in its parameters. This is essential in ensuring that systems operate effectively and reliably in real-world conditions, where factors such as noise, disturbances, and changes in operating conditions can affect their performance. One of the key challenges in robust control is designing controllers that can effectively handle these uncertainties and variations. This often involves using techniques such as robust control theory, which focuses on designing controllers that can guarantee stability and performance even in the presence of uncertainties. By taking into account the worst-case scenarios and variations that a system may encounter,robust control techniques can help ensure that systems operate reliably and safely. Another important aspect of robust control is the ability to adapt to changing conditions and uncertainties in real-time. This is particularly crucial in dynamic systems where operating conditions can vary rapidly, such as in aerospace or automotive applications. Adaptive control techniques, which allow controllers to adjust their parameters based on feedback from the system, can help ensure that systems remain stable and perform optimally even in the face of uncertainties. In addition to designing robust controllers, it is also important to consider the overall system architecture and design to ensure robustness. This includes factors such as redundancy, fault tolerance, and robustness to disturbances. By designing systems with these considerations in mind, engineers can help ensure that systems can continue to operate effectively even in the face of unexpected events or failures. From a practical perspective, robust control is essential in a widerange of applications, from aerospace and automotive systems to industrial processes and robotics. In these applications, the ability to maintain stable performance despite uncertainties and variations is crucial for ensuring safety, reliability, and efficiency. For example, in aerospace applications, robustcontrol techniques are used to design flight control systems that can maintain stability and performance even in the presence of turbulence or other disturbances. Overall, robust control plays a crucial role in ensuring the reliable andeffective operation of complex systems in the face of uncertainties and variations. By designing controllers, systems, and architectures with robustness in mind, engineers can help ensure that systems operate safely, reliably, and efficientlyin real-world conditions. This requires a combination of theoretical understanding, practical experience, and innovative thinking to address the challenges of robust control effectively.。
金属管转子流量计用户手册（版本21）说明书
Metal Tube Rotameter User Manual(Version21)1.Safety Instructions (1)2.Introduction (3)2.1General Description (3)2.3Features (4)2.4Drawing (5)2.5Technical Parameters (9)3.Intended Use (10)4.Wiring (12)5.Limit Switch (15)6.Flow Table (17)7.Operation (19)7.1Main Parameters (19)7.2Clear Total Flow (20)7.34mA correction (21)7.420mA Correction (22)7.5Flow Unit (23)7.6Damp (24)7.7Small Signal Cutoff (25)7.8Measuring Range (26)8.Trouble Shooting (27)1.Safety Instructions Thank you for purchasing ourproduct.Wehavewritten this guide to provide the persons responsible for the installation,operation and maintenance of your flow meter with the product specific information they will need.In order to prevent damage to instrument and make the instrument in the best performance and stable operation,please read this manual thoroughly before installation.Please have a safekeeping of this manual and together with the instrument after reading.Please pass this manual to technical department of end user to keep.This manual classifies important grade of safety attentions by Caution and Warning.Caution Error operation in case of ignoring the tips might cause the personal injury or damage to the instrument and property.WarningError operation in case of ignoring the tips might cause the personal injury or major accident.Select explosion-proof instrument for explosive environment applicationConfirm whether the nameplate of instrument has the identifiers of explosion-proof certification and temperature class,the instrument can ’t be used in explosive environment without those identifiers.The explosion-proof temperature class of instrument must meet the explosion-proof and temperature of environmental requirements on siteWhen the instrument is in used explosion-proof environment,make sure that the explosion-proof certification and temperature class of instrument meet to theThis manual contents the following icons:Indicates safety attentions which are dangerous.Indicates safety attentions which are needed to pay attention to.Indicates safety attentions which are forbidden.requirements on site.No opening while working in explosive environmentBefore wiring,please power instrument off.The protection class of instrument must meet the working conditionrequirements on siteThe requirement of protection class on site should be under or the same as the protection class of instrument to ensure that the instrument is working fine.Confirm the working environment of instrument and medium temperatureThe environment on site and the maximum medium temperature should be under the nominal value of instrument.Confirm the ambient pressure of instrument and medium pressureThe ambient pressure on site and the maximum medium pressure should be under the nominal value of instrument.If doubting that the instrument in the event of failure,please do not operate itIf there are something wrong with the instrument or it had been damaged,please contact us.ImportantBefore use,read this manual thoroughly and familiarize yourself fully with the features,operations and handling of rotameter to have the instrument deliver its full capabilities and to ensure its efficient and correct use.WarningWhen using a metal tube rotameter,the total system design must be considered to ensure safe and troublefree performance.Function,material compatibility,adequate ratings,proper installation,operation,and maintenance are the responsibilities of the system designer and user.Improper selection or misuse of the product may result in serious personal injury or property damage.InformationMetal Tube Rotameter may be used only for flow measurements of fluid and gaseous media.The manufacturer shall not be liable for damages that may result from unintended or inappropriate use.When dealing with an aggressive medium,clarify the material resistance of all wetted parts.When using the device in hazardous areas,follow the applicable national installation rules.CautionInstallation,start-up and operating personnelOnly trained specialists authorized by the system operator may carry out the installation,electrical installations,startup,maintenance and operation.They must read and understand the operating manual and follow its instructions.The required mounting,electrical installation,start-up and maintenance work may only be carried out by expert and authorized persons designated by the plant operator. Basically,follow the conditions and provisions applicable in your country.2.Introduction2.1General DescriptionLZ Series intelligent Metal tube rotameter is a variable area flow meter which is based on the float position measurement.With full-metal structure,it has the features of small size,low pressure loss,large range ratio(10~20:1),optional transmitter with HART communication function,and convenient installation&maintenance etc.It is widely used in flow measurement and process control of small flow,low flow rate, and various industries under complex and harsh environments.2.3Features 1.Robust all-metalstructure design.2.Suitable for gas and liquid measurement in various industries.3.Cone-shape measuring tube design,which has wide measuring range and good linearity.4.Wetted parts material are optional:Stainless steel,Titanium,Hastelloy,PTFE,FEP,etc.5.Adopt advanced magnetic coupling system design,improve the accuracy and stability6.The upper row displays the instantaneous flow,the lower row displays the total flowInstantaneous flow 0.000-99999Total flow 0.00-99999999Current range 3.80-21.00mA Instantaneous flow percentage 0-100%Pointer angle 0.00-90.00°Ambient temperature-40--+150℃Total flow small signal cutoff 0-10%Damping time setting range 0-10secondsVarious flow units are optional,the range is automatically converted when unit is changed.2.2Working PrincipleThe flow meter consists of a measuring tube and a float inside it.The flow pushes the float to an equilibrium point.The area obtained between the float and the tube is proportional to the flow rate.The point of equilibrium depends on:•E =Force of the fluid flow •Ff =Weight of the float •Al =Free area of flowwhere:Al=A0(calibrated orifice area)-Af (float area)7.For the digital LCD display type,the flow range of the instantaneous flow can be corrected on-site based on the different measuring medium.8.It adopts advanced six level data backup technology,data of total flow can be saved automatically when power-off,(the total flow sending period is0.3S).9.Besides AC/DC power supply,it supports battery power supply function.10.No need to open the cover,it can be operated by a magnetic pen;the key operation function is also available.11.Through the HART protocol,you can use the handheld operator or host computer software to perform partial or full configuration operations on the flowmeter.2.4Drawing·Standard Dimensions and WeightCaliber DN15DN25DN50DN80DN100DN150L (mm)250250250250250250Weight (kg) 5.0 6.51015.51735Square Convertor Round Convertor·Jacket Type Dimensions and Weight Caliber DN15DN25DN50DN80DN100DN150L (mm)250250250250250250Weight (kg)7.51013192138·FEP Liner type Dimensions and weight Caliber DN15DN25DN50DN80DN100DN150L (mm)250250250250250250Weight (kg) 5.0 6.51015.516.532Insulation Jacket typeSquare Convertor Round Convertor·FEP Liner type Dimensions and weight Caliber DN15DN25DN50DN80DN100DN150L (mm)250250250250250250Weight (kg) 5.0 6.51015.51732·Side outlet type:Dimensions,weight and pressure loss(DN15～DN25)·Bottom inlet and side outlet type:Dimensions,weight and pressure lossCaliberDN15DN25F(mm)120120L(mm)250250Weight(kg)67.2Pressure loss(kpa)2130CaliberDN15DN25F(mm)120120L(mm)250250H(mm)67.2Weight(kg)67.2Pressure loss(kpa)2130Square Convertor Round(DN15～DN25)·Horizontal mounting type:Dimensions ,weight and pressure loss Caliber 15202540506580100125150L (mm)250250250300300400400400500500(DN15～DN150Gas)Caliber 15202540506580100125150L (mm)250250250250250250250250250250(DN15～DN150Liquid)·Additional structure and installation instructionsStraight pipe type With Filter Liner FEP with Filter Liner FEP straight pipe typeDiameter DN15DN25DN50DN80DN100DN150 Front straight pipe H1≥(mm)75125250400500750 After straight pipe H2≥(mm)250250250250250250φd(mm)951151652002202852.5Technical Parameters3.Intended UseInstallation drawingEx-proof mark Flame-proof :ExdIICT4～6GbIntrinsically Safe Explosion Proof:ExialICT3-6Sensor body SS304FloatSS304,SS316,Hastelloy,FEPh1:Outlet straight pipe h2:Inlet straight pipe,5D h3:Magnetic filter1.Remote type flow meter need to be earth grounded to get good electromagnetic compatibility.2.Upstream section≥5DN and downstream≥250mm to eliminate the whirlpool effect.3.The welding slag in the pipeline must be cleaned,and there mustn't be any magnetic particles in the magnetic coupling part.4.When install anti-corrosion type flow meter,the strength should be moderately when fasten bolts of flanges to avoid damage to the sealing surface.5.Please properly handle the waterproof problem of the cable connector to prevent rainwater from entering the case.6.If there's magnetic particles in the medium,magnetic filter should be installed in the inlet.If there's non-magnetic particles,filter should be installed.If there is bubbles,exhaust should be installed.7.Control valve should be installed in the downstream of flow meter.Working pressure should be more than pressure loss to make sure flow meter can work stably.8.If medium is pulsating flow,a buffer device should be installed.9.Open the control valve slowly to avoid damaging to the flow meter.10.If pressure is unstable,especially for gas,a damping structure should be adopted.4.WiringNote1:When wiring in accordance with intrinsically safe explosion-proof requirements,please combine the wiring method of the relevant safety barrier. Note2:24VDC power supply and pulse output are not in common ground!Note3:Battery powered model,use a specific power socket,no output.Two-wires4-20mA output connection(with HART)Intrinsic safety connectionRelay output and pulse output connectionAC power supply connectionBattery powered connectionHartThe HART375handheld tool can be connected to the HART instrument in the remote control room or on-site for communication operations.The handheld tool can be connected in parallel to the HART protocol device or to its load resistance(250Ω).Don’t need to consider the polarity of the lead when connecting.In order to ensure the normal communication of the handheld tool,there must be a minimum load resistance of250Ωin the loop.The handheld tool does not directly measure the loop current.After checking that the power supply of the meter loop is normal,press the key of the handheld tool for more than one second to turn on it.After the handheld starting,it will automatically search for the HART device with the polling address zero on the 4-20mA loop.Note:The zero-trim function can correct instrument output zero deviation caused by the installation location and it generally can be conducted at the beginning of the HART devices and instruments periodic verification.The use of this feature requires the authorization of the HART instrument owner,or it may cause the error of the output of HART instrument.5.Limit SwitchOne or two limit switches can be installed in the pointer,when it reaches to the set value,the switch will send a alarm signal,the values have been set according to client’s requests before delivery,values also can be set by client.SC3.5-No limit switch is intrinsic safety explosion proof,it should be used together with transistor amplifier WE77/EX1or WE77/EX2.SC3.5-NO limit switch is direct connection type,power supply is24VDC,three wire output is23.5V electric signal to the PLCFlow Range TableSpecial specifications can be customized according to customer’s inquiry.7.1Main Parameters7.2Clear Total Flow7.5Flow Unit7.6Damp7.7Small Signal Cutoff7.8Measuring Range8.Trouble ShootingNote:Above is some normal trouble shooting.If you have any more question,please contact with manufacturer.SMERI s.r.l.Via Mario Idiomi 3/13。
PID控制器中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文:Memory-Based On-Line Tuning of PID Controllers for Nonlinear Systems Abstract—Since most processes have nonlinearities, controller design schemes to deal with such systems are required.On the other hand, PID controllers have been widely used for process systems. Therefore, in this paper, a new design scheme of PID controllers based on a memory-based(MB) modeling is proposed for nonlinear systems. According to the MB modeling method, some local models are automatically generated based on input/output data pairs of the controlled object stored in the data-base. The proposed scheme generates PID parameters using stored input/output data in the data-base. This scheme can adjust the PID parameters in an on-line manner even if the system has nonlinear properties. Finally, the effectiveness of the newly proposed control scheme is numerically evaluated on a simulation example.I. INTRODUCTIONIn recent years, many complicated control algorithms such as adaptive control theory or robust control theory have been proposed and implemented. However, in industrial processes, PID controllers[1], [2], [3] have been widely employed for about 80% or more of control loops. The reasons are summarized as follows. (1) the control structure is quitsimple; (2) the physical meaning of control parameters is clear; and (3) the operators’ know-how can be easily utilized in designing controllers. Therefore, itis still attractive todesign PID controllers. However, since most process systems have nonlinearities, it is difficult to obtain good control performances for such systems simply using the fixed PIDparameters. Therefore, PID parameters tuning methods using neural networks(NN)[4] and genetic algorithms(GA)[5] have been proposed until now. According to these methods, the learning cost is considerably large, and these PID parameters cannot be adequately adjusted due to the nonlinear properties. Therefore, it is quite difficult to obtain good control performances using these conventional schemes.By the way, development of computers enables us to memorize, fast retrieve and read out a large number of data. By these advantages, the following method has been proposed: Whenever new data is obtained, the data is stored.Next, similar neighbors to the informat ion requests, called’queries’, are selected from the stored data. Furthermore,the local model is constructed using these neighbors. Thismemory-based(MB) modeling method, is called Just-In-Time(JIT) method[6], [7] , Lazy Learning method[8] or Model-on-Demand(MoD)[9], and these scheme have lots of attention in last decade.In this paper, a design scheme of PID controllers based onthe MB modeling method is discussed. A few PID controllers have been already proposed based on the JIT method[10] and the MoD method[11] which belong to the MB modeling methods. According to the former method, the JIT method is used as the purpose of supplementing the feedback controller with a PID structure. However, the tracking property is not guaranteed enough due to the nonlinearities in the case where reference signals are changed, because the controller does not includes any integral action in the whole control system. On the other hand, the latter method has a PID control structure.PID parameters are tuned by operators’ skills, and they are stored in the data-base in advance. And also, a suitable set of PID parameters is generated using the stored data. However,the good control performance cannot be necessarily obtained in the case where nonlinearities are included in the controlled object and/or system parameters are changed, because PID parameters are not tuned in an on-line manner corresponding to characteristics of the controlled object. Therefore, in this paper, a design scheme of PID controllers based on the MB modeling method is newly proposed.According to the proposed method, PID parameterswhich are obtained using the MB modeling method areadequately tuned in proportion to control errors, and modifiedPID parameters are stored in the data-base. Therefore, moresuitable PID parameters corresponding to characteristics ofthe controlled object are newly stored. Moreover, an algorithmto avoid the excessive increase of the stored data,is further discussed. This algorithm yields the reduction of memories and computational costs. Finally, the effectiveness of the newly proposed control scheme is examined on asimulation example.II. PID CONTROLLER DESIGN BASED ON MEMORY-BASED MODELING METHODA. MB modeling methodFirst, the following discrete-time nonlinear system is considered:, （1）where y(t) denotes the system output and f(·) denotes the nonlinear function. Moreover, _(t−1) is called ’information vector’, which is defied by the following equation:)](),1(),(,),1([:)(u y n t u t u n t y t y t ----= φ, （2） where u(t) denotes the system input. Also, ny and nure spectively denote the orders of the system output and the system input, respectively. According to the MB modeling method, the data is stored in the form of the information vector _ expressed in Eq.(2). Moreover, _(t) is required in calculating the estimate of the output y(t+1) called ’query’.That is, after some similar neighbors to the query are selected from the data-base, the predictive value of the system can beobtained using these neighbors.B. Controller design based on MB modeling methodIn this paper, the following control law with a PID structure is considered: )()()()(2t y T T k t e T T k t u SD c I s c ∆+∆-=∆ （3）)()()(2t y K t y K t e K D P I ∆-∆-= （4）where e(t) denotes the control error signal defined bye(t) := r(t) − y(t). （5） r(t) denotes the reference signal. Also, kc, TI and TD respectively denote the proportional gain, the reset time and the derivative time, and Ts denotes the sampling interval. Here, KP , KI and KD included in Eq.(4) are derived by therelations P K =c k ，I K =c k s T /I T 和D K =c k D T /s T 。
PID控制器中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文:Memory-Based On-Line Tuning of PID Controllers for Nonlinear Systems Abstract—Since most processes have nonlinearities, controller design schemes to deal with such systems are required.On the other hand, PID controllers have been widely used for process systems. Therefore, in this paper, a new design scheme of PID controllers based on a memory-based(MB) modeling is proposed for nonlinear systems. According to the MB modeling method, some local models are automatically generated based on input/output data pairs of the controlled object stored in the data-base. The proposed scheme generates PID parameters using stored input/output data in the data-base. This scheme can adjust the PID parameters in an on-line manner even if the system has nonlinear properties. Finally, the effectiveness of the newly proposed control scheme is numerically evaluated on a simulation example.I. INTRODUCTIONIn recent years, many complicated control algorithms such as adaptive control theory or robust control theory have been proposed and implemented. However, in industrial processes, PID controllers[1], [2], [3] have been widely employed for about 80% or more of control loops. The reasons are summarized as follows. (1) the control structure is quitsimple; (2) the physical meaning of control parameters is clear; and (3) the operators’ know-how can be easily utilized in designing controllers. Therefore, itis still attractive todesign PID controllers. However, since most process systems have nonlinearities, it is difficult to obtain good control performances for such systems simply using the fixed PIDparameters. Therefore, PID parameters tuning methods using neural networks(NN)[4] and genetic algorithms(GA)[5] have been proposed until now. According to these methods, the learning cost is considerably large, and these PID parameters cannot be adequately adjusted due to the nonlinear properties. Therefore, it is quite difficult to obtain good control performances using these conventional schemes.By the way, development of computers enables us to memorize, fast retrieve and read out a large number of data. By these advantages, the following method has been proposed: Whenever new data is obtained, the data is stored.Next, similar neighbors to the informat ion requests, called’queries’, are selected from the stored data. Furthermore,the local model is constructed using these neighbors. Thismemory-based(MB) modeling method, is called Just-In-Time(JIT) method[6], [7] , Lazy Learning method[8] or Model-on-Demand(MoD)[9], and these scheme have lots of attention in last decade.In this paper, a design scheme of PID controllers based onthe MB modeling method is discussed. A few PID controllers have been already proposed based on the JIT method[10] and the MoD method[11] which belong to the MB modeling methods. According to the former method, the JIT method is used as the purpose of supplementing the feedback controller with a PID structure. However, the tracking property is not guaranteed enough due to the nonlinearities in the case where reference signals are changed, because the controller does not includes any integral action in the whole control system. On the other hand, the latter method has a PID control structure.PID parameters are tuned by operators’ skills, and they are stored in the data-base in advance. And also, a suitable set of PID parameters is generated using the stored data. However,the good control performance cannot be necessarily obtained in the case where nonlinearities are included in the controlled object and/or system parameters are changed, because PID parameters are not tuned in an on-line manner corresponding to characteristics of the controlled object. Therefore, in this paper, a design scheme of PID controllers based on the MB modeling method is newly proposed.According to the proposed method, PID parameterswhich are obtained using the MB modeling method areadequately tuned in proportion to control errors, and modifiedPID parameters are stored in the data-base. Therefore, moresuitable PID parameters corresponding to characteristics ofthe controlled object are newly stored. Moreover, an algorithmto avoid the excessive increase of the stored data,is further discussed. This algorithm yields the reduction of memories and computational costs. Finally, the effectiveness of the newly proposed control scheme is examined on asimulation example.II. PID CONTROLLER DESIGN BASED ON MEMORY-BASED MODELING METHODA. MB modeling methodFirst, the following discrete-time nonlinear system is considered:, （1）where y(t) denotes the system output and f(·) denotes the nonlinear function. Moreover, _(t−1) is called ’information vector’, which is defied by the following equation:)](),1(),(,),1([:)(u y n t u t u n t y t y t ----= φ, （2） where u(t) denotes the system input. Also, ny and nure spectively denote the orders of the system output and the system input, respectively. According to the MB modeling method, the data is stored in the form of the information vector _ expressed in Eq.(2). Moreover, _(t) is required in calculating the estimate of the output y(t+1) called ’query’.That is, after some similar neighbors to the query are selected from the data-base, the predictive value of the system can beobtained using these neighbors.B. Controller design based on MB modeling methodIn this paper, the following control law with a PID structure is considered: )()()()(2t y T T k t e T T k t u SD c I s c ∆+∆-=∆ （3）)()()(2t y K t y K t e K D P I ∆-∆-= （4）where e(t) denotes the control error signal defined bye(t) := r(t) − y(t). （5） r(t) denotes the reference signal. Also, kc, TI and TD respectively denote the proportional gain, the reset time and the derivative time, and Ts denotes the sampling interval. Here, KP , KI and KD included in Eq.(4) are derived by therelations P K =c k ，I K =c k s T /I T 和D K =c k D T /s T 。
infiniband credit流控机制
infiniband credit流控机制InfiniBand is a high-speed interconnect technology used in data centers and high-performance computing environments. It offers low-latency and high-bandwidth communication between servers, storage devices, and networking equipment. One crucial feature of InfiniBand is its credit-based flow control mechanism, which ensures efficient data transfer without overwhelming the receiving end. In this article, we will dive into the intricacies of the InfiniBand credit flow control mechanism, step by step.Step 1: Understanding Flow ControlFlow control is the process of regulating the transmission of data between sender and receiver to prevent congestion and data loss. In traditional Ethernet networks, flow control is achieved using the pause frames method, where a receiving device sends a pause frame to the sender, indicating that it needs time to process the incoming data. While effective in Ethernet, this approach introduces significant latency and limits overall network performance.Step 2: Introducing Credit-based Flow ControlTo overcome these limitations, the InfiniBand architecture employsa credit-based flow control mechanism. In this approach, the receiving end issues credits to the sending end, indicating the amount of data it can receive and buffer. These credits are consumed as the data is received, and more credits are sent periodically from the receiving end to the sender.Step 3: Credit Generation and BufferingIn InfiniBand, credits are generated and maintained at the link level, meaning they are specific to each link between a sender and receiver. The sender starts with a predetermined number of credits, usually set based on the receiver's buffer capacity. These credits determine the sender's ability to transmit data without overwhelming the receiver.The receiver, upon receiving data, consumes the credits based on the amount of data received. As the receiver consumes credits, it periodically sends credit updates back to the sender, replenishing the sender's credit pool. This mechanism allows the receiver to dictate the rate of data transmission and prevents potential congestion and data loss.Step 4: Buffer ManagementTo ensure smooth data flow, both the sender and receiver need to have adequate buffer capacity to handle fluctuations in the data transmission rate. Buffers are used to temporarily store incoming and outgoing data packets, assuring that data can be processed efficiently without overwhelming the receiving end.The receiver needs to have a sufficient buffer capacity to store incoming data packets if the sender generates data at a higher rate than the receiver can process. Similarly, the sender needs enough buffer capacity to handle potential delays in credit updates from the receiver.Step 5: Congestion HandlingInfiniBand's credit flow control mechanism also handles congestion. If the receiver's buffer reaches a critical level, indicating potential congestion, it can start reducing the number of credits it sends to the sender. This reduction in credits signals the sender to decrease its transmission rate, effectively alleviating congestion and preventing data loss.Step 6: Advantages of Credit-based Flow ControlThe credit-based flow control mechanism employed in InfiniBandoffers several advantages over other flow control methods. Firstly, it ensures efficient data transfer by avoiding unnecessary pauses and latency that can occur in pause-based flow control. Secondly, it provides dynamic adjustment of the data transmission rate, allowing for optimal utilization of network resources. Finally, it offers a robust mechanism for congestion handling, ensuring uninterrupted data transfer without overloading the receiving end.ConclusionInfiniBand's credit-based flow control mechanism is a critical component of its high-speed interconnect technology. By using credits to regulate data transfer between sender and receiver, it ensures optimal network performance, low-latency communication, and congestion handling. Understanding the intricacies of this mechanism allows for the optimal deployment and utilization of InfiniBand technology in data centers and high-performance computing environments.。
MKSInstrumentsFlowMeasurementControl…
Flow EnablingProductivity Through InnovationG Series Digital Mass Flow Controllers — The G Series Mass FlowControllers are well suited for a wide variety of applications requiring flowcontrol capability from 10 sccm to 50 slm, FS N 2 equivalent. They incorporate the latest in digital flow control electronics along with a well proven, patentedthermal sensor and mechanical design. The G Series models are availablewith RS485, DeviceNet ™ or Profibus ® I/O and utilize the latest in MKS controlalgorithms, providing fast and repeatable response to setpoint throughoutthe device control range. G Series models include the metal sealed GM50A,elastometer sealed GE50A, and the GV50A incorporating a normally closed,diaphragm type positive shut-off valve.Mass Flow Verifiers — MKS in-situ flow verifiers are the standard forgas diagnostics providing fast, accurate verification of mass flow controllerand mass flow meter performance. They are fully integrated diagnosticinstruments that measure a pressure rate-of-rise into a known volume ata known temperature to determine mass flow to within ±1% of Reading.The Tru-Flo ® MFV consists of a small gas volume, an MKS Baratron ®pressure sensor, shut off valves, and control electronics combined into asingle compact package. The HA-MFV, High Accuracy Mass Flow Verifier, isdesigned for use on process tools to verify mass flow control rates in-situ.Gas flows are verified significantly better than older rate-of-rise devices orprocess chamber rate-of-rise methods.P Series Multi-Gas/Multi-Range Mass Flow Controllers — TheP Series Mass Flow Controllers are the next generation of MKS multi-gas/multi-range MFCs. Using the latest in electronics and valve components, theP Series will meet the most critical of process gas flow control requirementsfrom 5 sccm to 250 slm and is available with either analog or a variety of digitalI/O. Utilization of the multi-gas/multi-range capability is made simple throughthe device’s embedded software and standard Ethernet interface, requiringno special software, only a standard web browser and PC. Equipped withpre-programmed gas parameters for today’s most challenging semiconductorapplications, the P Series models include P250A, P4B and the pressureinsensitive P9B.I Series Thermal Mass Flow Controllers & Mass Flow Meters —The I Series Mass Flow Controllers are designed specifically for industrial massflow control applications in harsh environments where water and dust may bepresent and must be protected against. The IP66-rated enclosure for I Seriesmass flow controllers protect it against direct water spray as well as dust.(for example, hose-down in bioreactor applications)DELTA™ Series Flow Ratio Controllers — Optimizing processperformance is easier with the DELTA™ Flow Ratio Controller (FRC),a critical process control instrument providing the latest in gas flowratio measurement and control technology necessary to meet thedemands of multi-channel flow distribution. It divides and controlsmixed process gas flows to multiple chambers or zones at ratiosspecified by the user. Widely used in a variety of flow splittingapplications such as etching, stripping and PECVD, the DELTA FRC isavailable in models DELTA II, DELTA III and DELTA IV, providing usersthe ability to distribute gas or gas mixtures to two, three and fourdifferent zones respectively.Dual-Zone Pressure Controller — The Dual-Zone Pressure Controller (DPC)is a highly integrated closed-loop pressure control subsystem. It consists of aninlet pneumatic shut-off valve, two independent channels of pressure control withmass flow metering, and a vacuum outlet. Each pressure control channel of theDPC consists of a pressure sensor, a control valve, and a mass flow meter. Thiscontroller has been designed to reduce the overall cost of ownership of pressurecontrol subsystems for backside wafer cooling, specifically for the latest two-zone electrostatic chucks.p PC Pressure Controller — The p PC Pressure Controller is a pressurecontrol system designed for a wide range of pressure and flow conditions. Itcontains a capacitance manometer, normally closed or normally open controlvalve, and closed-loop control electronics. The p PC is available in eitherupstream or downstream pressure control configurations, making it well suitedfor controlling process chamber backpressure or process gas delivery pressure.The p PC99, with integral Mass Flow Meter, provides pressure measurementand control while monitoring mass flow rates for critical process applications.1150 Series Pressure-Based Mass Flow Controllers — The 1150Series products provide controlled amounts of vapor from a low vaporpressure liquid source precursor to the process chamber at rates consistentwith high throughput requirements. Suitable for advanced CVD precursors,the 1150 Series does not require carrier gas to deliver the precursor vapors,lowering costs of ownership and reducing system complexity. The 1150Cconsists of a fixed flow element and one capacitance manometer usingviscous flow through a choked orifice. The 1152C contains two capacitancemanometers using viscous flow through a laminar flow tube.MKS Instruments, Inc. Flow SolutionsMKS Instruments, Inc. Global Headquarters。
Robust Control
Robust Control## Robust Control: A Paradigm for Dealing with Uncertainty Robust control, a cornerstone of modern control theory, focuses on designing controllers that maintain stability and performance despite uncertainties in the system model. This approach is crucial in real-world applications where perfect knowledge of the system is often elusive. Uncertainties can stem from various sources, including unmodeled dynamics, parameter variations, external disturbances, and noise. The pursuit of robustness in control systems is driven by the need for reliability and predictability. Traditional control methods, while effective for idealized models, can falter when confronted with real-world complexities. A robust controller, on the other hand, is designed to tolerate a certain level of uncertainty without compromising stability or significantly degrading performance. This inherent resilience makes robust control particularly relevant in critical applicationslike aerospace, robotics, and process control. One of the key challenges in robust control is quantifying uncertainty. This involves characterizing the range of possible deviations from the nominal system model. Various mathematical frameworks, such as H-infinity and mu-synthesis, offer tools to represent and manipulate these uncertainties. The choice of framework often depends on the nature of the uncertainties and the desired performance specifications. Once the uncertainties are adequately represented, robust control design techniques come into play. These techniques aim to synthesize controllers that satisfy performance requirements for all possible system realizations within the uncertainty bounds. H-infinity control, for instance, focuses on minimizing the worst-case gain of the closed-loop system, ensuring robust stability and disturbance rejection. Mu-synthesis, on the other hand, directly addresses structured uncertainties, allowing for less conservative designs. The efficacy of robust control methodologies extends beyond theoretical guarantees. Practical implementation often involves robust tuning methods, adaptive control strategies, and online system identification techniques. These tools contribute to the overall robustness and adaptability of the control system in dynamic environments. The success of robust control is evident in its widespread adoption across various engineering domains. In conclusion, robust control stands as a powerful paradigm foraddressing the pervasive challenge of uncertainty in control systems. Its ability to guarantee stability and performance despite model imperfections makes it indispensable in a world characterized by complexity and unpredictability. As technology advances and the demand for reliable control systems intensifies, the principles and techniques of robust control will undoubtedly continue to play a pivotal role in shaping the future of engineering.。