巴西艾滋病扩散情况概览【英文】
艾滋病宣传英文版
Attitude to the people of AIDS(态度)
equality
Care for Help
The spread of AIDS（传播）
1、Sexual contact transmission 2、Mother to child transmission 3、Blood transmission
The director of the Bureau of disease preve ntion and control of the state health and F amily Planning Commission said on 30 3 m onth of 3 month that the number of HIV i nfection and patients found in 2012 was o n the rise, and 1700 new cases were found in the year, up 24.5% from 2011.
The prevention of AIDS （预防）and the prevention of AIDS
(1) no unclean sexual behavior; (2) do not take drugs in any way; (3) blood transfusion and blood products were not easily accepted. (if necessary, hospitals are required to receive HIV testing. Test qualified blood and blood products); (4) do not share needles, needles, gauze, cotton and other appliances with others. (5) do not disinfect needless medical institutions or other places for injection, tooth extraction, ear piercing, tattooing, and tattooing. Eyebrow, acupuncture, or surgery; (6) do not touch the blood of the injured person during routine ambulance. (7) do not share with others any appliances that may puncture the skin, such as toothbrushes, razors and electric razors.
福建省永安第十二中学高中英语选修六：Unit3AhealthylifeAIDS课件(共33张PPT)
World AIDS Day: December,1st
Every December 1st is a day of understanding, care, and hope about HIV and AIDS. Still, It is the mission of AIDS. ORG(非盈利组织)to educate people how to protect themselves against HIV each and every day of the year.
Reading
HIV/AIDS: Are you at risk?
Skimming
Choose a main idea for each part
Part 1
Ways to protect yourself.
Part 2
Some wrong ideas about AIDS.
Part 3
Basic knowledge about HIV / AIDS.
AIDS has killed more than 35 million people since the first case was reported in 1981, making it one of the most destructive（毁灭性的） diseases in history.
Careful reading
Part 1 1. What’s HIV? 2. What’s AIDS? 3. How does HIV affect people’s
health?
1. What is HIV?
HIV is __a__ _v_ir_u_s, a very small living thing that causes disease.
艾滋病的蔓延The Spread of AIDS_英语作文_1
艾滋病的蔓延The Spread of AIDSSince 1980, an illness was found all around the world, when people hear about it, they all feel scared and change their faces. The name of the illness is AIDS, during the last few years, it spread so fast, more and more people get infected, the bad news is, there is no way to cure such illness. In order to remind people of the spread of AIDS, the day of December 1stis made to be World AIDS Day. Though AIDS is dangerous, people can protect themselves from it, we should use our own daily use, never mix them with others’. The most important thing is never having sex with others except your partner. Though AIDS makes people scared, it is safe to communicate with patients, they won’t infect you by shaking hands or hug, so we don’t need to push them out, they are in want of care.自从1980年以后，一种疾病在世界范围内发现，当人们听到时，感到害怕和变脸。
SM：与同性发生性关系的男性：The Once and Future HIV ...
Proportion new infections by population in Thailand 泰国新艾滋病感染者各种人群比例 1.0
0.8
Asian Epidemic Model 亚洲流行病模型
MSM projected to soon be the predominant population for HIV/AIDS cases in Thailand 预计与同性发生 性关系的男性不 久之后将成为泰 国艾滋病病毒/艾 国艾滋病病毒 艾 滋病感染病例的 主要人群
San Francisco, 1981 1981 年旧金山 Los Angeles, 1981 1981 年洛杉矶
1981 Europe (France) 1981 年欧洲（法国） 年欧洲（法国）
1984 Asia (Thailand) 1984 年亚洲（泰国） 年亚洲（泰国）
1980 Middle East (retrospectively) 1980 年中东（回顾） 年中东（回顾） Africa’s first HIV cases doubted because not MSM! 非洲首例艾滋病病毒感 染病例怀疑并非男性与 同性发生性关系所致！ 同性发生性关系所致！
Prevalence (%) 盛行率 (%)
% MSM of adults 成年艾滋病感染者中与同性发生性关系的男性比例
So what? 现状如何？ 现状如何？
HIV is now predominantly heterosexually transmitted in the world … and among women 艾滋病病毒在全世界…以及女性中间通过异性恋 艾滋病病毒在全世界 以及女性中间通过异性恋 大肆传播
AIDS艾滋病的英语解释.doc
AIDS艾滋病的英语解释AIDS/eidz/n.a disease that destroys the natural system of protection that the body has against other diseases艾滋病; 获得性免疫缺陷综合征词源1980s: acronym, the abbreviation for acquired immune deficiency syndrome相关词汇AIDS cocktail 鸡尾酒疗法(即HAART)antiretroviral (drugs) 抗逆转录病毒药物/ nti retr vair l/HAART 高效抗逆转录病毒治疗highly active antiretroviral therapyHIV / eit ai vi / 艾滋病病毒; 人类免疫缺陷病毒human immunodeficiency virusHIV carrier 艾滋病病毒携带者HIV-negative 艾滋病病毒阴性的HIV-positive 艾滋病病毒阳性的双语例句1. He contracted AIDS from a blood transfusion.他因为输血而感染了艾滋病。
2. Sex education is also expected to help check the spread of AIDS.人们还希望性教育有助于控制艾滋病的蔓延。
3. On a global scale, AIDS may well become the leading cause of infant death.艾滋病很可能会成为造成全球婴儿死亡的首要原因。
4. In the effort to understand AIDS, attention is moving from the virus to the immune system.为了解艾滋病，人们的注意力从艾滋病病毒转向了免疫系统。
世界艾滋病日英文版ppt
艾滋病的3种传播途
血液传播
母婴传播
径
性接触传 播
1、血液传播
共用注射器吸毒是经血液传播艾滋病的重 要危险行为 输入或注射被艾滋病病毒污染的血液或血 液制品。 病毒携带者的器官移植及人工受精等。 其他如刮脸、纹身、口腔科、非一次性器 械，消毒不严以及医护、公安人员被HIV 污染的针头或其他物品刺伤等
艾滋病疫情按传播途径分布
传播途径
注射吸毒 异性传播 同性传播 性接触+注射吸毒 母婴传播 合计
构成比（%）
39.24 44.30 11.40 2.53 2.53 100
例数
31 35 9 2 2 79
艾滋病疫情性别分布
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10%
CONTENTS
01 02 03
艾滋病的基本情况 艾滋病的疫情特点
艾滋病的基本知识以及防治
目 录
04
举例艾滋病的呈现
01
CHAPTER
艾滋病的基本情况
预防艾滋人人参与，和谐社会个个受益
全国疫情情况
自1981年美国发现首例艾滋病病例之后，这种疾病在全 球范围内迅速蔓延。
中国于1985年发现第一例艾滋病，截至2011年10月 底，累 计报告艾滋病病毒感染者和病人370393例，其中病人132440 例；死亡68315例。估计全国现存艾滋病病毒感染者和病人 可达78万例。 据统计，在2011年全国估计现存活的艾滋病病毒感染者和病 人中，63.9%是通过性途径传播的。其中，同性间性传播比 例飙升，达到17.4%，且50岁以上群体、学生群体在报告中 所占比例上升，是其新特点。
2008 /通用格式 /通用格式 /通用格式
艾滋病职业暴露预防和应急处置
眼睛防护装备 安全眼镜和护目镜 在所有可能发生眼睛损伤（生物、物理和化学因素） 的生物安全实验室中工作时，必须采取眼睛防护措施。 此要求不仅适用于在实验室中长时间工作的人员，也
适用于进入实验室进行仪器设备维修保养的工作人员。
所有的眼睛防护装备技术质量要求应该符合有关质量 标准的规定。
眼睛防护装备
生物安全1级（BSL-1）
•防护设备
个人保护装置 ① 面罩 ② 眼罩
生物安全1级（BSL-1）
艾滋病职业暴露预防和应急处置
实验室感染简史
实验室感染
实验室相关 性感染 Laboratory associated infections
又称
实验室获得 性感染 Laboratory acquired infections
定义？
实验室感染简史
1886年 Koch报告第一例霍乱病的实验室感 染：德国柏林的一名学生在处理霍乱弧菌 培养物时被感染并发病 1893年 Reincke报告第一例实验室伤寒感 染 1899年 Birt和Lamb报告第一例布氏杆菌引 起的实验室获得性感染 1905年 Johnston报告第二例布氏菌实验室 感染并作了评价
• 每个苗头背后有1000个事故隐患；
• 几乎所有灾难是多个隐患的叠加， 只有认真落实已有的 规则、规定，很多事故完全可以避免。
预防原则
把所有未知病原都按HIV/HBV处理
把要工作的各类设施设备都按污染物对待 （除已知者外） 每天先做清洁消毒再开展实验工作 严格按操作规程工作
对所有他人都按传染源警惕（除已知者外）
实验室主任是实验室安全的第一责任人，对实验室工作和 环境的安全负责，负责制定全面的实验室安全管理制度并 监督落实。所有工作人员都应无条件遵守实验室安全管理 制度，保护自己和他人的安全。
目前艾滋病在全球的流行情况英语作文
目前艾滋病在全球的流行情况英语作文The global prevalence of HIV/AIDS is a serious concern that requires attention and action. Despite progress in prevention, testing, and treatment, the disease continues to impact millions of people worldwide.艾滋病在全球的流行是一个严重的问题，需要引起我们的关注和行动。
尽管在预防、检测和治疗方面取得了一定的进展，但这种疾病仍然影响着全球数以百万计的人们。
In Sub-Saharan Africa, HIV/AIDS remains particularly prevalent. The region accounts for more than two-thirds of global infections and deaths related to the disease. Factors such as poverty, lack of education, limited access to healthcare, and cultural norms contribute to the high prevalence rates. Additionally, gender disparities and sexual violence further exacerbate the spread of the disease.在撒哈拉以南非洲地区，艾滋病仍然非常普遍。
该地区占全球感染与死亡人数的三分之二以上。
贫困、缺乏教育、医疗资源有限以及文化观念等因素导致了高流行率。
性别不平等和性暴力进一步加剧了这种疾病的传播。
In other regions of the world, progress has been made in reducing new infections and improving access to treatment. However, challenges still exist. Stigma and discrimination against individuals living with HIV/AIDS continue to be major barriers to prevention efforts. In some countries, laws criminalizing same-sex relationships or drug use make it difficult for key populations to access essential services. These social and legal barriers hinder effective HIV/AIDS control.在世界其他地区，已经在减少新增感染者和改善治疗条件方面取得了一些进展。
英语作文艾滋病流行的原因
英语作文艾滋病流行的原因AIDS, short for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, isa global epidemic that has claimed millions of lives. The spread of this disease can be attributed to several factors.Firstly, unprotected sexual intercourse is one of the main causes of the HIV virus transmission. People who engage in risky sexual behaviors, such as having multiple partners or not using condoms, are more likely to contract the virus. This is particularly true in regions where sex education is lacking or stigmatized, making it difficultfor individuals to access accurate information about safe sex practices.Secondly, the sharing of contaminated needles amongdrug users is another significant factor contributing tothe spread of AIDS. Intravenous drug use, especially when needles are shared, creates a direct pathway for the virusto enter the bloodstream. This is a particularly pressing issue in communities where drug addiction is prevalent andharm reduction programs are insufficient.Thirdly, mother-to-child transmission is a major concern in areas with limited access to healthcare and antiretroviral treatment. Without proper medical interventions, pregnant women living with HIV can transmit the virus to their infants during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. This emphasizes the importance of prenatal care and HIV testing for pregnant women to prevent vertical transmission.Furthermore, social factors such as stigma, discrimination, and lack of awareness also contribute to the spread of AIDS. Fear and ignorance surrounding the disease often lead to marginalization of affected individuals, making it difficult for them to seek testing, treatment, and support. Additionally, the lack of public awareness campaigns and education programs can result in a lack of understanding about the disease and its prevention.In conclusion, the spread of AIDS is influenced by various factors, including unprotected sexual intercourse,sharing contaminated needles, mother-to-child transmission, and social factors such as stigma and lack of awareness. To combat this epidemic, it is crucial to prioritize comprehensive sex education, harm reduction programs, access to healthcare, and destigmatization efforts. Only through a multi-faceted approach can we effectively prevent the further spread of HIV and reduce the impact of AIDS on individuals and communities worldwide.。
目前艾滋病在全球的流行情况英语作文
目前艾滋病在全球的流行情况英语作文English:According to the World Health Organization, as of 2020, there were approximately million people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS. Sub-Saharan Africa remains the most affected region, accounting for around 67% of the global total. Despite significant progress in expanding access to treatment and prevention services, many challenges remain including stigma, discrimination, and barriers to healthcare. In recent years, there has been a focus on scaling up efforts to reach marginalized populations such as men who have sex with men, sex workers, and people who inject drugs. The global community continues to work towards achieving the UNAIDS targets, which aim to have 90% of people living with HIV aware of their status, 90% of those diagnosed on antiretroviral treatment, and 90% of those on treatment achieving viral suppression by 2020.Chinese:根据世界卫生组织的数据，截至2020年，全球约有3760万人感染了艾滋病/艾滋病病毒。
目前艾滋病在全球的流行情况英语作文
In the annals of global health crises, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) pandemic stands as one of the most persistent and complex challenges. Despite decades of scientific advancements and concerted global efforts, HIV/AIDS continues to pose a significant threat to public health worldwide. This essay provides an in-depth analysis of the current state of the epidemic from various angles.The first facet to consider is the epidemiological landscape. As of 2021, approximately 38 million people globally live with HIV/AIDS, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). While there has been a decline in new infections over the years, around 1.5 million individuals still contract HIV annually. The pandemic's epicenter remains in sub-Saharan Africa, where nearly two-thirds of all people living with HIV reside. However, it's not just confined to this region; Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and the Caribbean also witness substantial numbers. Alarmingly, key populations including sex workers, men who have sex with men, transgender people, people who inject drugs, and prisoners face a disproportionately high risk due to social stigma, discrimination, and lack of access to healthcare services.From a socio-economic perspective, HIV/AIDS exacerbates existing inequalities and poverty. It drains resources from individuals, families, and communities, often pushing them into destitution. The disease predominantly affects young adults in their most productive years, leading to economic losses and hindering national development. Moreover, children orphaned by AIDS are particularly vulnerable, facing increased risks of poverty, poor health outcomes, and lower educational attainment.The medical aspect reveals significant progress but also ongoing challenges. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed HIV from a death sentence to a manageable chronic condition for millions. Yet, only 67% of those diagnosed with HIV are on treatment, and about 10 million people remain undiagnosed. Furthermore, while ART can suppress viral load to undetectable levels, thereby preventing onward transmission, issues like adherence, drug resistance, and late diagnosiscontinue to hinder its effectiveness.Cultural and policy dimensions play a critical role too. Stigma and discrimination against people living with HIV persist, deterring many from seeking testing and treatment. Laws that criminalize HIV non-disclosure, exposure, or transmission in some countries further discourage individuals from coming forward. Conversely, comprehensive sexuality education, harm reduction strategies, and policies promoting gender equality can significantly curb the spread of HIV.On the positive front, prevention strategies have evolved and diversified. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) have expanded the toolkit for HIV prevention. Additionally, innovative approaches such as self-testing, community-led interventions, and the use of technology for HIV education and counseling have widened access to testing and care.Looking ahead, ending the HIV/AIDS pandemic requires sustained political commitment, strategic investments, and targeted interventions. Universal access to HIV testing, treatment, and care must be ensured. Eliminating stigma and discrimination is crucial, as is addressing the legal and policy environments that fuel the epidemic. Finally, research into a viable vaccine and a cure remains pivotal to ultimately eradicate HIV/AIDS.In conclusion, the HIV/AIDS pandemic, though significantly mitigated, remains a formidable challenge demanding multifaceted solutions. The global health community must work in unison to achieve the United Nations' ambitious 90-90-90 targets and strive towards the Sustainable Development Goal of ending AIDS as a public health threat by 2030. Only through continued innovation, equitable access to healthcare, and societal transformation can we hope to see the end of this enduring pandemic.(Word count: approximately 740 words)Please note that this response was crafted within a word limit and thus could be expanded upon extensively to reach 1292 words or more by incorporating detailed statistics, case studies, and more exhaustive discussions on eachaspect mentioned above.。
艾滋病在全球范围内的流行情况
艾滋病在全球范围内的流行情况艾滋病（AIDS）是一种由人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）引起的疾病，它攻击人体免疫系统，导致免疫力下降，易感染各种疾病。
自从20世纪80年代首次被发现以来，艾滋病在全球范围内流行，对人类健康和社会产生了巨大的影响。
本文将重点讨论艾滋病在全球范围内的流行情况，并探讨其对社会的影响。
1. 艾滋病的全球流行态势根据世界卫生组织（WHO）的数据，截至2020年底，全球共有3800万人感染了HIV病毒，其中约有2400万人被确诊为艾滋病患者。
尽管全球范围内的艾滋病疫情有所缓解，但仍是重大公共卫生问题之一。
2. 不同地区的艾滋病流行情况2.1 非洲地区非洲是艾滋病最严重的地区之一。
根据统计数据，约有3800万人在非洲感染了HIV病毒，占全球感染人数的60%以上。
尤其是南部非洲地区，艾滋病疫情更为严重，例如南非、赞比亚和津巴布韦等国家。
艾滋病对这些地区的社会经济发展造成了重大影响，削弱了劳动力，增加了医疗资源负担。
2.2 亚洲地区亚洲地区对艾滋病的防控工作取得了一定的成果，但仍然面临许多挑战。
一些国家和地区，如印度、中国和东南亚国家，艾滋病的感染人数逐年增加。
其中，印度的艾滋病疫情最为严重，是全球感染人数最多的国家之一。
亚洲地区的挑战主要包括预防知识普及、医疗资源不足以及社会偏见和歧视等问题。
2.3 欧美地区相比之下，欧美地区的艾滋病疫情相对较轻。
在欧洲，东欧国家的艾滋病疫情相对较为严重，例如俄罗斯。
在美洲，拉丁美洲国家的感染人数逐渐增加，尤其是巴西。
而在北美地区，艾滋病的感染率相对较低。
3. 艾滋病对社会的影响3.1 健康危害艾滋病使感染者的免疫系统受损，容易患上各种感染和恶性肿瘤。
如果没有及时就医和接受抗病毒治疗，病情会不断恶化，最终导致死亡。
艾滋病的流行不仅给个体的健康带来威胁，也给社会的整体健康和稳定带来挑战。
3.2 社会经济影响艾滋病对社会经济发展造成了严重的影响。
艾滋病患者需要长期接受药物治疗，而治疗费用十分昂贵。
2012年6月英语六级阅读备考：快速阅读练习（7）
HIV & AIDSAIDS has now surpassed the Black Death on its course to become the worst pandemic in human history. At the end of 2004.20 million people had been killed by it, and twice that number are currently infected with HIV. Barring a medical breakthrough, it could claim the lives of some 60 million people by 2015. AIDS exerts a terrible toll on societies, crippling their economies, decimating their labor forces and orphaning their children.Nine out of 10 people living with HIV are in the developing world; 60 to 70% of those are in Sub-Saharan Africa. But the disease is spreading in every region, with fierce epidemics threatening to tear through countries such as India, Russia and the islands of the Caribbean. The statistics are sobering— in some Southern African towns 44% of pregnant women are HIV positive, in Botswana 37% of people carry the virus.Immune AssassinThe human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus—a virus built of RNA instead of more typical DNA. It attacks the very cells of the immune system that should be protecting the body against it—T lymphocytes and other white blood cells with CD4 receptors on their surfaces. The virus uses the CD4 receptor to bind with and thereby enter the lymphocyte. HIV then integrates itself into the cell 'sown DNA, turning the cell into a virus-generating factory. The new viruses break free, destroying the cell, then move on to attack other lymphocytes.HIV kills by slowly destroying the immune system. Several weeks after initial infection, flu-like symptoms are experienced. Then the immune system kicks-in, and the virus mostly retreats into hiding within lymph tissues. The untreated, infected individual usually remains healthy for 5 to 15 years, but the virus continues to replicate in the background, slowly obliterating the immune system.Eventually the body is unable to defend itself and succumbs to overwhelming opportunistic infections that rarely affect healthy people. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the name given to this final stage of HIV infection, and is characterized by multiple, life-threatening illnesses such is weight loss, chronic diarrhea, rare cancers, pneumonia, fungal conditions and infections of the brain and eye. Tuberculosis has become especially prevalent in AIDS victims.Natural Born KillerGenetic analyses hint that ancestral primate HIV may have been born a million years ago when a chimpanzee virus hybridized (杂交) with a related monkey variety. However researchers believe it was not until the 1930s that this jumped to humans eating chimp meat in Central Africa. That variety became HIV-1—the most widespread type. A second type, HIV-2, restricted to West Africa, was probably contracted in the 1960s from monkey meat.Another theory was that the AIDS pandemic was accidentally started by doctors testing a polio vaccine in the 1950s—detailed in Edward Hooper's book The River—but this has been severely criticized by other researchers.AIDS must have been circulating in the US and Africa during the 1970s. But it was not recognized until 1981 when young gay men and injecting drug users, in New York and California, started to be diagnosed with both an unusual skin cancer called Kaposi’ s sarcoma, and lethal pneumonias. By the end of that year 121 people in the US had died—that number would rise to 17,000 over the next six years.Government scientists predicted that the mysterious immune-debilitating illness was due to an infectious agent. In 1984 that agent was identified as HIV by Luc Montagnier of the Pasteur Institute in is, France, and Robert Gallo of the National Cancer Institute in Washington DC, US.Soon after the appearance of AIDS in the US, the disease was detected in Europe too and epidemics affecting heterosexual men and women sprang up at an alarming rate in Sub-Saharan Africa. Today one in five people in that region are living with the virus. AIDS epidemics also threaten to devastate the world's most populous nations, if action is not taken to bring them under control.Defensive MeasuresHIV is found in body fluids such as: blood, semen, vaginal fluids and breast milk. It can be passed on through penetrative sex, oral sex and sharing contaminated needles when injecting street drugs or in hospitals. It can also be transmitted from a mother to her baby during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding—though many children escape infection. HIV cannot be passed on through kissing, coughing, mosquito bites or touching.Health authorities are focusing on prevention as a key method to limit the spread of the epidemic. Educational programs preach abstinence from sex, monogamy and safer sex using condoms, as ways to protect against infection. Many countries give away free condoms and offer needle exchange programs to try and limit transmission among injecting drug users. Microbicides in the form of creams that prevent transmission of HIV may soon offer another method of protection.A vaccine, as an alternative method to prevent HIV infection, may still be many years away. This is partly because the virus mutates so rapidly. A vaccine may not only have to prime antibodies to attack the virus (the way most vaccines work) but might also need to increase T-cell production. Vaccine trial; have been undertaken in South Africa, Kenya, the US and Thailand—though most have yet to yield promising results. Controversial vaccines made from the blood of HIV carriers, have been tested is Nigeria and Thailand.Anti-retroviral CocktailsThere is no cure for AIDS, but a range of drugs—some of which have unpleasant side-effects—are available to slow its progress. Other drugs are used to treat opportunistic infections or AIDS symptoms Even some herbal treatments have been investigated.Most anti-HIV drugs aim at stalling viral replication. Nucleoside analogues such as AZT (zidovudine) and also non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) (转录酶抑制剂), attack the action o! the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase. This prevents it from creating functional DNA which would otherwise integrate into the DNA of infected cells.A third class block protease, an enzyme essential for generating functional virus particles. Protease inhibitors are the most effective of the three types of drugs, and AIDS mortality fell dramatically in the US when they were first licensed during the late 1990s. Fusion inhibitors are a newer type of drug that work by stopping HIV from binding with CD4 receptors that it uses to enter cells. Drugs that block another enzyme, integrase (整合酶), are also under development.AIDS drugs are often administered in combination cocktails of three or more kinds simultaneously, as this helps slow the rate at which HIV develops resistance to drugs. But the virus is able to evolve rapidly and can eventually outpace the drugs if treatment regimens are not followed rigorously.Though drugs are widely available in Western countries, their expense means they are unavailable to the vast majority of AIDS sufferers. International bodies are working towards widening access to treatment in the developing world. Some companies in countries such as India and Thailand are now producing cheap generic copies of drugs.Staggering TollThe economic and social burden of AIDS exerts a great toll on developing nations in addition to that exerted by mortality itself. AIDS is hindering development and leading to negative population growth in some of the most seriously affected nations, such as Botswana.This excessive AIDS mortality is causing a great demographic shift, wiping out young adults in the prime of their lives. This leaves children orphaned, and is destroying workforces and economies. Some predict that 50 million children in Sub-Saharan Africa will have been orphaned by 2010. The labor forces of 38 AIDS ravaged countries will be up to 35% smaller by 2020, because of AIDS.The effect of AIDS on agricultural communities in Southern Africa is even leading to food shortages.Social stigma and discrimination is yet another problem for many AIDS sufferers, especially in Asian nations. Questions:1.It can be inferred from the passage that AIDS poses serious problems to human beings development both in medical and in social sense.2. If one man has been infected by H1V, he probably will go through a series of flu-like symptoms in first few weeks, and then HIV will slowly destroy his immune system.3. HIV was first brought into China by a foreign visitor.4.Today 25% of all the people in Sub-Saharan Africa are living with HIV virus.5. HIV cannot be passed on through _________ or touching.6.It is partly because _________, that there seems still a long time to go to produce a vaccine, as an alternative method to prevent HIV infection.7.There is a range of drugs—some of which ______ —are available to slow AIDS' progress.8. Most anti-HIV drugs aim at _________.9. Cocktails refers to the AIDS drugs that are often administered_________.simultaneously, as this helps slow the rate at which HIV develops resistance to drugs.10 Besides the threat of death, another problem for many AIDS sufferers, especially in Asian nations, is______________答案及解析本⽂全⾯介绍了艾滋病源HIV病毒产⽣、演进、传染、致病和扩散的⽅式以及可能的治疗和预防措施，揭⽰了它在全世界范围内对⼈类健康和社会发展所带来的严重威胁。
2016年大学英语四级考试作文范文实用金句(2)
大学英语四六级考试/备考辅导2016年大学英语四级考试作文范文实用金句（2）与残疾人一起工作Working with the disabled cannot help but leave one impressed with their indefatigable desire . 与残疾人一起工作使一个人不得不对他们坚持不懈的渴望印象深刻。
通货膨胀Inflation is yet another new and bitter truth we must learn to face . 通货膨胀又是一个我们必须学会面对的痛苦的新情况。
安乐死与人工流产Perhaps no issues are more controversial than euthanasia and abortion , both of which involve taking the life of a human being . 也许没有问题比安乐死和人工流产更有争议性，它们都涉及结束一个人的生命。
城乡收入差距One of the pressing problema facing our nation ( China ) today is overcoming disparities in urban and rural income levels . 我们国家(中国)如今面临的紧迫问题之一是克服城乡收入水平之间的差距。
居住空间有限One of the most serious problems many people talk about centers on the lack of adequate housingspace . 许多人谈论的一个最严重的问题集中在缺乏足够的居住空间。
城区发展不能以牺牲农业为代价The rapid expansion of urban areas has in manycases encroached on valuable cultivatable land ,and led to a general recognition that development must not be carried at the cost of agriculture .The government has attached greater importance to the problem and an increasing number of redundant projects are being terminated . 城区的迅速扩大在很多情况下侵占了宝贵的可耕地，使人们普遍认识到发展不能以牺牲农业为代价。
艾滋病英语作文范文
艾滋病英语作⽂范⽂ World AIDS Day, observed December 1 each year, is dedicated to raising awareness of the AIDS pandemic caused by the spread of HIV infection. It is common to hold memorials to honor persons who have died from HIV/AIDS on this day. Government and health officials also observe the event, often with speeches or forums on the AIDS topics. Since 1995, the President of the United States has made an official proclamation on World AIDS Day. Governments of other nations have followed suit and issued similar announcements。
AIDS has killed more than 25 million people between 1981 and 2007, and an estimated 33.2 million people worldwide live with HIV as of 2007, making it one of the most destructive epidemics in recorded history. Despite recent, improved access to antiretroviral treatment and care in many regions of the world, the AIDS epidemic claimed an estimated 2 million lives in 2007, of which about 270,000 were children。
艾滋病传播途径英文作文
艾滋病传播途径英文作文英文：AIDS, short for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, is a deadly disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It can be transmitted through various ways, and understanding the transmission routes is crucial for preventing the spread of the disease.The most common way of HIV transmission is through unprotected sexual contact with an infected person. This includes vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Many people are unaware of their HIV status and may unknowingly transmit the virus to their sexual partners. It's important to always use condoms during sexual activity to reduce therisk of HIV transmission.Another common transmission route is through sharing needles or syringes with an infected person. This is often seen among drug users who inject drugs intravenously.Sharing needles can lead to the direct exchange of infected blood, which significantly increases the risk of HIV transmission. It's crucial for drug users to have access to clean needles and to never share injection equipment.Mother-to-child transmission is also a significant concern. HIV can be passed from an infected mother to her baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. However, with proper medical care and treatment, the risk of mother-to-child transmission can be greatly reduced.It's important for pregnant women to undergo HIV testing and to receive appropriate medical interventions to prevent transmission to their babies.In addition to these common transmission routes, HIV can also be spread through blood transfusions with infected blood, as well as through organ or tissue transplants from infected donors. However, these modes of transmission are now rare in many countries due to strict screening and testing of blood and organ donations.It's important to note that HIV cannot be transmittedthrough casual contact such as hugging, kissing, or sharing food and drinks. It's also not spread through insect bites or through the air like the common cold or flu.Overall, understanding the various transmission routes of HIV is essential for preventing the spread of AIDS. By promoting safe sexual practices, providing access to clean needles for drug users, and offering proper medical carefor pregnant women, we can work towards reducing the transmission of HIV and ultimately preventing the spread of AIDS.中文：艾滋病，即获得性免疫缺陷综合症，是由人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）引起的一种致命疾病。
【世界艾滋病日作文】英语作文艾滋病
【关键字】世界艾滋病日作文英语作文艾滋病（一）英语作文艾滋病：预防艾滋病More media coverage is being paid to the HIV/AIDS situation in China, especially after a gathering of leading officials, scientists, medical workers and activists in the field occurred in Beijing on November 10. By official estimates, China has 840,000 people carrying HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, and about 80,000 AIDS patients. Despite the fairly large groups of HIVcarriers and AIDS patients, the epidemic is mostly confined to high-risk groups, such as drug users, prostitutes and users of blood products.And it has yet to spread widely in the rest of the nation. The Chinese Government is well aware of such perspectives, and the central and local governments have allocated 6.8 billion yuan (US$822 billion) to establish and improve disease prevention and control mechanisms in provinces. Each year a special fund of more than 200 million yuan (US$24 million) is channeled into HIV/AIDS prevention, care and treatment. Since April, free medicine to poor AIDS patients has been delivered in regions hit hardest by the virus. Just as the impacts of AIDS reaches social and economic fields of society, effective prevention also requires united efforts from virtually all sectors. Keyfactors needed include public education, affordable drugs, medical trainingfor healthcare workers in hospitals and the public health system, monitoring and evaluation, care for orphans.measures to stop mother-to-child transmission, a comprehensive care framework and research into vaccines and a cure.None of these things can be achieved with the single hand of anyinstitution — not health officials, not medical workers or the government. The fight against HIV/AIDS requires the participation of as many parties as possible. As former US President Bill Clinton said as a co-chair of the advisory board of International AIDS Trust, the AIDS problem is “manageable and preventable” though we must wage it on all fronts with tenuous determination, utmost patience and tactful skills.（二）英语作文艾滋病：艾滋病的传播aids, stands for acquired immune deficiency syndrome, is a deadly disease. it malfunctions the human body's defence system, making the infected person extremely vulnerable to diseases, and eventually cause death.aids can be spread in many ways, but the main medium is through having unprotected intercourse with an infected person. apart from that, aids can spread from mother to new born baby, or sharing of needles, shaving blades, or any means of blood contact.once infected, it may take years for the person to notice, and in these years, the infected person may not know and can infect many more, who in turn go and infect others, just like an exponential growth.文档从互联网中收集，已重新整理排版，word版本支持修改！。
chinadaily双语新闻：青少年艾滋病毒感染者十年上升33%
英语资源频道为⼤家整理的china daily 双语新闻：青少年艾滋病毒感染者⼗年上升33% ，供⼤家阅读参考。
The number of adolescents infected by the HIV virus has jumped by one third over the past decade, the UN's health agency said Monday, blaming gaps in care programmes."More than 2 million adolescents between the ages of 10 and 19 years are living with HIV," marking a 33 percent rise since 2001, the World Health Organization said."Many do not receive the care and support that they need to stay in good health and prevent transmission. In addition, millions more adolescents are at risk of infection," it warned.In the world's most AIDS-affected region, sub-Saharan Africa, the majority of adolescents with the virus are girls who have had unprotected sex, sometimes under duress.In addition, many of those born with the virus or infected at birth in sub-Saharan Africa are becoming adolescents.In Asia, meanwhile, young drug-users were the worst affected.The WHO said that the failure to provide proper adolescent-focussed programmes had also resulted in a 50-percent increase in reported AIDS-related deaths in the age group from 2005 to 2012.In 2005, 70,000 adolescents died of AIDS. Seven years later, the figure was 104,000.That contrasted starkly with the 30-percent decline in the general population, the WHO underlined.The year 2005 marked the high point of global AIDS deaths, which hit 2.3 million. Last year, the toll was 1.6 million. "Adolescent girls, young men who have sex with men, those who inject drugs or are subject to sexual coercion and abuse are at highest risk," said Craig McClure, head of HIV programmes at UN children's agency UNICEF."They face many barriers, including harsh laws, inequalities, stigma and discrimination which prevent them from accessing services that could test, prevent, and treat HIV," McClure added."About one-seventh of all new HIV infections occur during adolescence. Unless the barriers are removed, the dream of an AIDS-free generation will never be realised," he insisted.The data was issued as the WHO released its first adolescent-specific care guidelines ahead of World AIDS Day on December 1."Adolescents face difficult and often confusing emotional and social pressures as they grow from children into adults," said Gottfried Hirnschall, head of the WHO's HIV/AIDS Department."Adolescents need health services and support, tailored to their needs. They are less likely than adults to be tested for HIV and often need more support than adults to help them maintain care and to stick to treatment," he added.Among the measures needed, the WHO said, is an end to the requirement for parental permission to have an HIV test.In sub-Saharan Africa, it is estimated that in the 15-24 age bracket, only 10 percent of young men and 15 percent of young women know their HIV status.In other regions, although data are scarce, access to HIV testing and counselling by vulnerable adolescents is consistently reported as being very low, the WHO said.查看译⽂据法国媒体报道，世界卫⽣组织11⽉25⽇宣布，过去⼗年间感染艾滋病病毒的青少年⼈数增加了33%，2012年全世界10到19岁的青少艾滋病病毒感染⼈数约为210万。
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available
Available at .br/sites/default/files/anexos/publicacao/2013/53077/em_portugu_s_93155.pdf
HIV/AIDS in Brazil: prevention
• Free distribution of condoms,
HIV/AIDS in Brazil: future challenges and global response
• Universal testing of pregnant women by 2015 (84% of them
tested in 2010/2011)
• Improve surveillance strategies (early detection), ARV to vulnerable populations (MSM, sex workers, discordant partners and prisoners) • South-to-South cooperation
Barbara Silva de Souza
Saint Louis Hospital, Paris
Diego Lins Guedes
Oswaldo Cruz University Hospital, Recife
HIV/AIDS in Brazil at a glance
Today’s Outline:
1.Epidemics
2.Diagnostic
3.Clinical Care and Treatment
4.Prevention 5.Future changes and global response
• World’s fifth largest territory
• World's fifth largest population • 190 million inhabitants
Available at .br/sites/default/files/anexos/publicacao/2013/53077/em_portugu_s_93155.pdf
~ 130,000 undiagnosed
Incidence/100000 hab/ region Brazil
• Features of the HIV epidemic in Brazil:
• Prevalence rates lower in the general population (0.6%) than in more vulnerable groups (5.9% IVDUs, 10.5% MSM, 4.9% sex workers)
17.5
Available at .br/sites/default/files/anexos/publicacao/2013/53077/em_portugu_s_93155.pdf
HIV/AIDS in Brazil: diagnosis
• 37% of overall HIV testing coverage
• 313,000 people have access to
ARV therapy (free of charge)
• Treatment program covers 200,000 people (>90% of all in need of such support) • 20 available ARV, 11 locally produced • CD4 cell count HIV, viral load and resistance tests (RENAGENO)
Available at .br/sites/default/files/anexos/publicacao/2013/53077/em_portugu_s_93155.pdf
HIV/AIDS in Brazil: clinical care and treatment
sexual intercourse • Robust and sustainable PMTCT
Available at .br/sites/default/files/anexos/publicacao/2013/53077/em_portugu_s_93155.pdf
constantly rising up (146 m to
500 m/year, 2002 – 2010) • Since
Number of condoms distributed by year. Brazil, 2002-2011
2010:
post to
exposure
prophylaxis
unprotected
HIV/AIDS in Brazil: epidemics
AIDS incidence/year/region Brazil 2000-2009
• Incidence: inhabitants • 500,000 (2012)
•
20.2
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
cases/100,000
HIV-infected
patients
HIV testings performeds by SUS, 2003-2011
• Higher coverage amongst the most vulnerable:
• • • 54% MSM 65.1% Sex workers 44.3% Drug users
• 2.9 million rapid HIV tests in 2012
HIV/AIDS in Brazil at a glance
11th Advanced HIV Course 1 – 3 September 2013, Aix-en-Provence, France
Ana Flor Hexel Cornely
Clinical Hospital, Porto Alegre