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2023年考研英语一真题及答案(Word版)

2023年考研英语一真题及答案一、完形填空考察了丝绸之路上的驿站话题，选项没有什么特别难的词或者短语，文章逻辑也很好懂，考到了并列逻辑和举例逻辑，只要考生认真读题应该拿到不错的分数Use of EnglishCaravanserais were roadside inns that were built along the Silk Road in areas includingChina, North Africa and the Middle East. They were typically __1__ outside the walls of a city or village and were usually funded by governments of __2__.This word “Caravanserais” is a __3__ of the Persian word “karvan”, which means a group of travellers or a caravan, and seray, a palace or enclosed building. The Perm caravan was used to __4__ groups of people who travelled together across the ancient network for safety reasons, __5__ merchants, travellers or pilgrims.From the 10th century onwards, as merchant and travel routes become more developed, the __6__ of the Caravanserais increased and they served as a safe place for people to rest at night. Travellers on the Silk Road __7__ possibility of being attacked by thieves or being __8__ to extreme conditions. For this reason, Caravanserais wer e strategically placed __9__ they could be reached in a day’s travel time.Caravanserais served as an informal __10__ point for the various people who travelled the Silk Road. __11__, those structures became important centers for culture __12__ and interaction, with travelers sharing their cultures, ideas and beliefs, __13__ talking knowledge with them, greatly __14__ the development of several civilizations.Caravanserais were also an important marketplace for commodities and __15__ in the trade of goods along the Silk Road. __16__, it was frequently the first stop merchants looking to sell their wares and __17__ supplies for their own journeys. It is __18__ that around 120000 to 15000 caravanserais were built along the Silk Road, __19__ only about 3000 are known to remain today, many of which are in __20__.1、答案：C. located2、答案：A. privately3、答案：D. combination4、答案：C. describe5、答案：C. such as6、答案：A. construction7、答案：B. faced8、答案：B. subjected9、答案：A. so that10、答案：D. meeting11、答案：D. As a result12、答案：C. exchange13、答案：C. as well as14、答案：B. influencing15、答案：A. aided16、答案：B. indeed17、答案：D. stock up on18、答案：A. believed19、答案：D. although20、答案：A. ruins二、阅读理解Text 1The weather in Texas may have cooled since the recent extreme heat, but the temperature will be high at the State Board of Education meeting in Austin this month as officials debate how climate change is taught in Texas schools.Pat Hardy, who sympathized with views of the energy sector, is resisting the proposed change to science standards for pre-teen pupils. These would emphasise the primacy of human activity in recent climate change and encourage discussion of mitigation measures.Most scientists and experts s harply dispute Hardy’s views. “They casually dismiss the career work of scholars and scientists as just another misguided opinion.” says Dan Quinn, senior communications strategist at the Texas Freedom Network, a non-profit group that monitors public education，“What millions of Texas kids learn in their public schools is determined too often by the political ideology of partisan board members, rather than facts and sound scholarship.”Such debate reflects fierce discussion discussions across the US and around the world, as researchers, policymakers, teachers and students step up demands for a greater focus on teaching about the facts of climate change in schools.A study last year by the National Center for Science Education, a non-profit group of scientists and teachers, looking at how state public schools across the country address climate change in science classes, gave barely half of US states a grade B+ or higher. Among the 10 worst performers were some of the most populous states, including Texas, which was given the lowest grade (F) and has a disproportionate influence because its textbooks are widely sold elsewhere.Glenn Branch, the centre’s deputy director, cautions that setting state-level science standards is only one limited benchmark in a country that decentralises decisions to local school boards. Even if a state is considered a high performer in its science standards, “that does not mean it will be taught”, he says.Another issue is that while climate change is well integrated into some subjects and at some ages — such as earth and space sciences in high schools — it is notas well represented in curricula for younger children and in subjects that are more widely taught, such as biology and chemistry. It is also less prominent in many social studies courses.Branch points out that, even if a growing number of official guidelines and textbooks reflect scientific consensus on climate change, unofficial educational materials that convey more slanted perspectives are being distributed to teachers. They include materials sponsored by libertarian think-tanks and energy industry associations.21. In paragraph 1, the weather in Texas is mentioned to答案：C. indicate the atmosphere at the board meeting22. What does Quinn think of Hardy?答案：B. She denies the value of scientific work.23. The study mentioned in Paragraph 5答案：A. Climate education is insufficient at state public school24. According to Branch, state-level science standards in the US答案：C. have limited influence25. It is implied in the last paragraph that climate change teaching in some schools答案：D. can be swayed by external forcesText 2Communities throughout the region have been attempting to regulate short-term rentals since sites like Airbnb took off in the 2010s. Now, with record-high home prices and historically low inventory, there’s an increased urgency in such regulation, particularly among those who worry that developers will come in and buy up swaths of housing to flip for a fortune on the short-term rental market.In New Hampshire, where the rental vacancy rate has dropped below 1 percent, housing advocates fear unchecked short-term rentals will put further pressure on an already strained market. The state Legislature recently voted against a bill that would’ve made it illegal for towns to create legislation restricting short-term rentals.“We are at a crisis level on the supply of rental housing, so anytime you’re taking the tool out of the toolkit for communities to address thi s, you’re potentially taking supply off the market that’s already incredibly stressed,’’ said Nick Taylor, executive director of the Workforce Housing Coalition of the Greater Seacoast. Without enough affordable housing in southern New Hampshire towns, “em ployers are having a hard time attracting employees, and workers are having a hard time finding a place to live,’’ Taylor said.However, short-term rentals also provide housing for tourists, a crucial part of the economies in places like Nantucket, Cape Cod, or the towns that make up New Hampshire’s Seacoast and Lakes Region, pointed out Ryan Castle, CEO of the Cape Cod & Islands Association of Realtors. “A lot of workers are servicing the tourist industry, and the tourism industry is serviced by those people coming in short term,’’ Castle said, “and so it’s a cyclical effect.’’Short-term rentals themselves are not the crux of the issue, said Keren Horn, an affordable housing policy expert at the University of Massachusetts Boston. “I think individual s being able to rent out their second home is a good thing. If it’s their vacation home anyway, and it’s just empty, why can’t you make money off it?’’ Horn said. Issues arise, however, when developers attempt to create large-scale short-term rental facilities —de facto hotels —to bypass taxes and regulations. “I think the question is, shouldn’t a developer who’s really building a hotel, but disguising it as not a hotel, be treated and taxed and regulated like a hotel?’’ Horn said.At the end of 2018, Governor Charlie Baker signed a bill to rein in those potential investor-buyers. “The bill requires every rental host to register with the state, mandates they carry insurance, and opens the potential for local taxes on top of a new state levy,’’ the Globe reported. Boston took things even further, limiting who is authorized to rent out their home, and requiring renters to register with the city’s Inspectional Services Department.Horn said similar registration requirements could benefit other strugglingcities and towns. The only way to solve the issue, however, is by creating more housing. “If we want to make a change in the housing market, the main one is we have to build a lot more.’’26.Which of the following is true of New England?答案：A. Its housing supply is at a very low level.27.The bill mentioned in the Paragraph 2 was intended to?答案：D. allow a free short-term rental market.28 . Compared with Castle, Tailor is more likely to support?答案：B in increase in a affordable housing29. What does Horn emphasize in paragraph 3?答案：C the necessity to stop developers from evading taxes.30. Horn holds that imposing registration requirements is答案：D an inadequate solution.Text 3If you’re heading for your nearest branch of Waterstones in search of the Duchess of Sussex’s new children’s book The Bench, you might have to be prepared to hunt around a bit; the same may be true of The President's Daughter, the new thriller by Bill Clinton and James Patterson. Both of these books are published next week by Penguin Random House, a company currently involved in a stand-off with Waterstones.The problem began late last year, when Penguin Random House confirmed that it had introduced a credit limit with Waterstones “at a very significant level”. The trade magazine The Bookseller reported that Waterstones branch managers were being told to remove PRH books from prominent areas such as tables, display spaces and windows, and were “quietly retiring them to their relevant sections”.PRH declined to comment on the issue, but a spokesperson for Waterstones told me: “Waterstones are currently operating with reduced credit terms from PRH, the only publisher in the UK to place any limitations on our ability to trade. We are not boycotting PRH titles but we are doing our utmost to ensure that availability for customers remains good despite the lower overall levels of stock. We do this generally by giving their titles less prominent positioning within our bookshops. “We are hopeful with our shops now open again that normality will return and that we will be allowed to buy appropriately. Certainly, our shops are exceptionally busy and book sales are very strong. The sales for our May Books of the Month surpassed any month since 2018.”In the meantime, PRH authors have been the losers - as have customers, who might expect the new titles from the country’s biggest publisher to be prominently displayed by its biggest book retailer. Big-name PRH authors may suffer a bit, but it’s those mid-list authors, who normally rely on Waterstones staff’s passion for promoting books by lesser-known writers, who will be praying for an end to the dispute.It comes at a time when authors are already worried about the consequences of the proposed merger between PRH and another big publisher, Simon & Schuster - the reduction in the number of unaligned UK publishers is likely to lead to fewer bidding wars, lower advances, and more conformity in terms of what is published. And one wonders if PRH would have been confident enough to deal with Waterstones in the way it has if it weren’t quite such a big company (it was formed with the merger of Penguin and Random House in 2013) and likely to get bigger.“This is all part of a wider change towards concentration of power and cartels. Literary agencies are getting bigger to have the clout to negotiate better terms with publishers, publishers consolidating to deal with Amazon,” says Lownie. “The publishing industry talks about diversity in terms of authors and staff but it also needs a plurality of ways of delivering intellectual contact, choice and different voices. After all, many of the most interesting books in recent years have come from small publishers.”We shall see whether that plurality is a casualty of the current need among publishers to be big enough to take on all-comers.31. the author mentions two books in the paragraph 1 to present ____答案：A. an ongoing conflict32. Why did Waterstones shops retire PRH books to their relevant sections?答案：C. to respond to PRH's business move33. What message did the spokesman of Waterstones seem to convey?答案：A. their customers remain royal34. What can be one consequence of the current dispute?答案：A Sales of books by mid-list PRH writers fall off considerably35. Which of the following statements best represents Lownie`s view?答案：D The merger of publishers is a worrying trendText 4Scientific papers are the recordkeepers of progress in research. Each year researchers publish millions of papers in more than 30,000 journals. The scientific community measures the quality of those papers in a number of ways, including the perceived quality of the journal (as reflected by the title’s impact factor) and the number of citations a specific paper accumulates. The careers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the number and prestige of the papers they produce, but even more so on the citations attracted by these papers.In recent years, there have been several episodes of scientific fraud, including completely made-up data, massaged or doctored figures, multiple publications of the same data, theft of complete articles, plagiarism of text, and self-plagiarism. And some scientists have come up with another way to artificially boost the number of citations to their work.Citation cartels, where journals, authors, and institutions conspire to inflate citation numbers, have existed for a long time. In 2016, researchers developed an algorithm to recognize suspicious citation patterns, including groups of authors that disproportionately cite one another and groups of journals that cite each other frequently to increase the impact factors of their publications. Recently, I cameacross yet another expression of this predatory behavior: so-called support service consultancies that provide language and other editorial support to individual authors and to journals sometimes advise contributors to add a number of citations to their articles and the articles of colleagues. Some of these consultancies are also active in organizing conferences and can advise that citations be added to conference proceedings. In this manner, a single editor can drive hundreds of citations in the direction of his own articles or those of colleagues that may be in his circle.How insidious is this type of citation manipulation? In one example, an individual—acting as author, editor, and consultant—was able to use at least 15 journals as citation providers to articles published by five scientists at three universities. The problem is rampant in Scopus, which includes a high number of the new “international” journals. In fact, a listing in Scopus seems to be a criterion to be targeted in this type of citation manipulation.36 According paragraph1, the careers of scientists can be determined by________答案：B how many times their papers are cited37 The support service consultancies tend to _________.答案：C ask authors to include extra citation38 the function of the milk cow to journals is to ________.答案：A boost citation counts for certain authors39. What can be learned about Scopus from the last two paragraph?答案：[B] It has the capability to identify suspicious citation40. What should an author do to deal with citation manipulation?答案：[D]Reveal their misconduct三、新题型考察了排序题，出题形式与往年略有差异，给出了三个既定选项位置，并给出了8个选项，首段空缺，虽然出题形式略有差异但解题思路和难度并无差异，只要能看出指代即可轻松判断出首段，整体难度中等。

考研英语2002 TEXT 3(可打印word版)

2002 TEXT 2①Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?②The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.③Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices thanin the past.④Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973.The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.⑤One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of generalcommodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.31. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is_______[A] global inflation. [B] reduction in supply.[C]fast growth in economy. [D] Iraq’s suspension of exports.32. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if______.[A] price of crude rises. [B] commodity prices rise.[C] consumption rises. [D] oil taxes rise.33. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries_______.[A]heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.[B]income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.[C]manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.[D]oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.34. We can draw a conclusion from the text that_______.[A]oil-price shocks are less shocking now.[B]inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks.[C]energy conservation can keep down the oil prices.[D]the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry.35. From the text we can see that the writer seems__________.[A]optimistic. [B]sensitive. [C]gloomy. [D]scared.。

考研英语一历年真题 word

考研英语一历年真题 wordWord processing has become an essential skill in today's digital age. With the advancement of technology, the ability to navigate and utilize word processing software has become increasingly important in various aspects of life, including education, work, and communication. In the context of preparing for the English section of the graduate entrance examination (commonly known as the "gaokao"), being proficient in using word processing software such as Microsoft Word is crucial. In this article, we will explore the significance of word processing skills in the gaokao English exam and discuss some useful tips for effectively utilizing Microsoft Word to improve your performance.1. The Importance of Word Processing Skills in the Gaokao English ExamIn recent years, the gaokao English exam has seen an increasing emphasis on writing skills. One of the key components of this exam is the writing section, which assesses students' ability to express their ideas coherently and accurately within a given time limit. Word processing skills play a pivotal role in this section, as they allow candidates to organize their thoughts, edit their writing, and present a polished and well-structured piece of work.Furthermore, many gaokao English exams now require candidates to type their answers directly into a word processing software, such as Microsoft Word. This approach not only enhances the efficiency of grading but also reflects the real-world application of word processing skills. Therefore, being familiar with word processing software and knowing howto maximize its functionalities can greatly contribute to a candidate's overall performance in the gaokao English exam.2. Tips for Utilizing Microsoft Word2.1 FormattingProper formatting is essential when using Microsoft Word for the gaokao English exam. Here are some tips to consider:- Use appropriate font styles and sizes to ensure readability. Times New Roman or Arial with a size of 12 is commonly recommended.- Maintain consistent spacing throughout the document. Use double spacing for the body text and single spacing for indented quotations.- Use headings and subheadings to structure your writing effectively. This helps the reader navigate through your content easily.2.2 Spell Check and Grammar CheckThe built-in spell check and grammar check functions in Microsoft Word can be extremely helpful in detecting and correcting errors. Make sure to:- Run a spell check before submitting your final answer to eliminate any spelling mistakes.- Utilize the grammar check tool to identify grammatical errors and improve sentence structure.However, it is important to note that these tools are not foolproof, and manual proofreading is still necessary to ensure the accuracy and coherence of your writing.2.3 Word CountSome gaokao English exams have specific word count requirements for each section. Microsoft Word provides a convenient way to count words. To check your word count:- Go to the "Review" tab and click on "Word Count."- Ensure that your written response adheres to the specified word limit. Be mindful of not exceeding or falling short of the given range.3. ConclusionIn conclusion, word processing skills, particularly proficiency in Microsoft Word, are essential for success in the gaokao English exam. The ability to effectively use word processing software can significantly enhance the organization, presentation, and overall quality of your writing. By familiarizing yourself with the formatting options, utilizing spell check and grammar check functions, and keeping track of word counts, you can optimize your performance in the gaokao English exam and improve your chances of success. Remember, practice makes perfect, so be sure to allocate time for regular practice with word processing software as part of your exam preparation.。

2024考研英语二试题及答案解析(word版)

2024考研英语二试题及答案解析(word版)2024年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Reading the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered black and mark A,B,C or D onthe ANSWER SHEET.(10 points) Your social life is defined as the activities you do with other people,for pleasure,when you are notworking.It is important to have a social life,but what is right for one person wont be right for another.Some of us feel energized by spending lots of time with others,_1_some of us may feel drained,even ifits doing something we enjoy.This is why finding a__2_in your social life is key.Spending too much time on your own,not__3_others,can make you feel lonely and_4_.lomeliness is known to impact on your mental health and_5_a low mood.Anyone can feel lonely at any time.This might be especially true if,__6__,you are workingfrom home and you are __7__on the social conversations that happen in the office.Other life changes also_8_periods of loneliness too,such as retirement,changing a job or becoming a parent.Its important to recognize feelings or loneliness.There are ways to __9___a social life.But it can feeloverwhelming __10.You can then find groups and activities related to those where you will be abletomeet__11__people.There are groups aimed at new parents,at those who want to_12_a new sport forthe first time or networking events for those in the same profession to meet up and __13_ideas.On the other hand,it is__14_possible to have too much of a social life.If you feel like youre alwaysdoing something and there is never any __15_in your calendar for downtime,you could suffer socialbunout or social _16_.We all have our own social limit and its important to recognize when yourefeeling like its all too much.Low mood,low energy,irritability and trouble sleeping could all be_17ofpoor social health.Make sure you _18__some time in your diary when youre _19_for socialising anduse this time to relax,__20__and recover.1.A.becauseB.unlessC.whereasD.until2.A.contrastB.balanceC,linkD.gap3.A.secingB.pleasingC.judgingD.teaching4.A.misguidedB.surprisedC.spoiledD.disconnected5.A.contribute toB.rely onC.interfere withD.go against6.A.in factB.of courseC.for examplsD,on average7.A.cutting backB.missing outC.breaking inD.looking down8.A.shortenB.triggerC.followD.interrupt9.A.assessB,interprelC,providsD.regain10.at firstB.in turnC.on timeD.by chance11.far-sightedB.strong-willedC.kind-heartedD.like-minded12.A.tnyB.promoteC.watchD.describe13.A.testB.shareC,acceptD.revise14.A.alreadyB.thusC.alsoD.only15.A.visitB,orderC.spaceD,boundary16.A.[atigueB.criticismC.injusticeD.dilemma17.A.sourcesB.standardsC.signsD.scores18.A.take overB.wipe offC,add upD.mark out19.A.ungratefu]B.unavailsblgC.responsiblkD.regretful20.A.reactB.repeatC,retunD.restSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark youranswers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points) Text 1Anger over AIs role in exacerbating inequality could endanger the technologys future.In her new bookCogs and Monsters:What Economics Is,and What It Should Be,Diane Coyle,an economist at CambridgeUnivcrsity,argues that the digital economy requires new ways of thinking about progress."Whatever wemean by the economy growing,by things getting better,the gains will have to be more evenly shared than inthe recentpast,"she writes."An economy of tech millionaires or billionaires and gig workers,withmiddle-income jobs undercut by automation,will not be politically sustainable."Improving living standards and increasing prosperity for more people will require greater use of digitaltechnologies to boost productivity in various sectors,including health care and construction,saysCoyle.Butpeople cant be expected to embrace the changes if theyre not seeing the benefits—if theyre just seeinggood jobs being destroyed.In a recent interview with MIT Technology Review,Coyle said she fears that techs inequality problemcould be a roadblock to deploying AI."Were talking about disruption,"she says."These are transformative technologies that change the ways we spend our time every day,that change business models that succeed.”To make such tremendous changes,"she adds,you need social buy-in.Instead,says Coyle,resentment is simmering among many as the benefits are perceived to go to elites ina handful of prosperous cities.According to the Brookings Institution,a short list of eight American cities that included San Francisco,San Jose,Boston,and Seattle had roughly 38%of all tech jobs by 2019.New AI technologies areparticularly concentrated:Brookingss Mark Muro and Sifan Liu estimate that just 15 cities account fortwo-thirds of the AI assets and capabilities in the United States(San Francisco and San Jose alone accountfor aboutone-quarter).The dominance of a few cities in the invention and commercialization of AI means that geographicaldisparities in wealth will continue tosoar.Not only will this foster political and social unrest,but it could,asCoyle suggests,hold back the sorts of AI technologies needed for regional economies to grow.Part of the solution could lie in somehow loosening the stranglehold that Big Tech has on defining theAI agenda.That will likely take increased federal funding for research independent of the tech giants.Muroand others have suggested hefty federal funding to help create US regional innovation centers,for example.A more immediate response is to broaden our digital imaginations to conceive of AI technologies thatdont simply replace jobs but expand opportunities in the sectors that different parts of the country care mostabout,like health care,education,and manufacturing.21.Coyle argues that economie growth should_A.give rise to innovationsB.diversity career choicesC.benefit people equallyD.be promoted forcedly22.In Paragraph 2,digital technologies should be used to.A.bring about instant prosperityB.reduce peoples workloadC.raisc ovcrall work cfficicncyD.enhance cross-sector cooperation23.What does Coyle fear about transformative technologics?A.They may affect work-life balance.B.They may be impractical to deploy.C.They may incur huge expenditure.D.They may unwelcome to public.24.Several cities are mentioned toA.the uneven distribution of Al technology in USB.disappointing prospect of jobs in USC.fast progress of US regional economicsD.increasing significance of US AI assets25.With regard to concern,the author suggest________.A.raising funds to start new AI projectsB.encouraging collaboration in AI researchC.guarding against side effectsD.redefine the role ofAIText 2The UK is facing a future construction crisis because of a failure to plant trees to produce wood,Conforhas warned.The forestry and wood trade body has called for urgent action to reduce the countrys relianceontimber imports and provide a stable supply of wood for future generations.Currently only 20 percent ofthe UKs wood requirement is home-grown while it remains the sccond-largest net importer of timber in theworld.Coming at a time of fresh incentives from the UK government for landowners to grow more trees,thetrade body says these dont go far enough and fail to promote the benefits of planting them to boost timbersupplies.“Not only are we facing a carbon crisis now,but we will also be facing a future construction crisisbecause of failure to plant trees to produce wood."said Stuart Goodall,chief executive of Confor."Fordecades we have not taken responsibility for investing in our domestic woodsupply,leaving us exposed tofluctuating prices and fighting for future supplies of wood as global demand rises and our own supplies fall."The UK has ideal conditions for growing wood to build low-carbon homes and is a global leader incertifying that its forests are sustainably managed,Confor says.While around three quarters of Scottishhomes are built from Scottish timber,the use of home-grown wood in England is only around 25 percent.While productive tree planting can deliver real financial benefits to rural economies and contribute to theUKs net-zero strategy,the focus of government support continues to be on food production and therewinding and planting of native woodland solely for biodiversity.Goodall add:“While food productionand biodiversity are clearly of critical importance,we need our land to also provide secure supplies of woodfor construction,manufacturing and contribute to net zero.“While the UK govemment has stated its ambition for more tree planting,there has been little action onthe ground."Confor is now calling for much greater impetus bchind those aspirations to ensure we haveenough wood to meet increasing demand."26.It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that UK need to____.A.increase domestic wood supplyB.reduce demand for timberC.lower wood production costsD.lift control on timber imports27.According to Confor,UK government fresh incentives______.A.can hardly address construction crisisB.are believed to come at wrong timeC.seem to be misleadingD.too costly to put into practice28.The UK exposure to fuctuating wood prices is the result of________.ernments inaction on timber importB.inadequate investment for woodpetition among traders at homeD.wood producersmotive to maximize profits29.Which of following causes the shortage of wood supply?A.excessive timber consumption in constructionB.unfavorable conditions in UKC.outdated technology for wood productionD.farmersunwillingness to plan trees30.What does Goodall think US government should do?A.Subsidize the buildingB.Pay attention to rural economyC.Provide support for tree plantingD.Give priority to pursue net-zero strategyText 3One big challenge in keeping unsafe aging drivers off the road is convincing them that it is time to tumover the key.It is a complete life-changer when someone stops-or is forced to stop -driving,said formerrisk manager Anne M.Menke.The American Medical Association advises physicians that in situation where clear evidence ofsubstantial driving impairment implies a strong threat to patient and public safety,and where the physiciansadvice to discontinue driving privileges is ignored,it is desirable and ethical to notify the Department ofMotor Vehicles,Menke wrote."Some states require physicians to report,others allow but do not mandatereports,while a few consider a report breach of confidentiality.There could be liability and penalties if aphysician does not act in accordance with state laws on reporting and confidentiality "she counseled.Part of the problem in keeping older drivers safe is that the difficulties are addressed piccemeal bydifferent professions with different focuses,including gerontologists,highway administration officials,automotive engineers and others,said gerontologist Elizabeth Dugan."Theres not a National Institute ofOlder Driver Studies,"she said."We need better evidence on what makes drivers unsafe"and what can help,said DuganOne thing that does seem to work is requiring drivers to report in person for license renewal.Mandatoryin-person renewal was associated with a 31 percent reduction in fatal crashes involving drivers 85 or older,according to one study.Passing vision tests also produced a similar decline in fatal crashes for those drivers,although there appeared to be no benefit from combining the two.Many old drivers dont see eye doctors or cant afford to.Primary care providers have their hands fulland may not be able to follow through with patients who have trouble driving because they cant turn theirheads or remember where they are going—or have gotten shorter and havent changed their seat settingssufficiently to reach car pedals easily, As long as there are other cars on the roads,self-driving cars wont solve the problems of crashes,saidDugan.Avoiding dangers posed by all those human drivers would require to many algorithms,she said.Butwe need to do more to improve safety,said Dugan."If were going to have 100-year lives,we need cars thata 90-year-old can drive comfortably."31.Aecording to Paragraphl,keeping unsafe aging drivers off the road_ .A.is a ncw safety measureB.has become a disputed issueC.can be a tough task to completeD.will be beneficial to their health32.The American medical associations advice_ .A.has won support from driversB.is generally considered unrealisticC.is wide dismissed as unnecessaryD.has met with different responses33.According to Dugan,efforts to keep older drivers safe.A.have brought about big changesB.necd to be well coordinatedChave gained public concermD.call for relevant legal support34.Some older drivers have trouble driving because they tend to_ .A.stick with bad driving habitsB.have a weakened memoryC.suffer from chronic painsD.neglect car maintenance35.Dugan thinks that the solution to the problems of crashes may lie in__A.npgrading self-driving vehicleB.developing senior-friendly carsC.renovating transport facilitiesD.adjusting the age limit for driversText 4The miracle of the Chesapeake Bay lies not in its depths,but in the complexity of its naturalconstruction,the interaction of fresh and saline waters,and the mix of land and water.The shallowsprovide homes for hundreds of species while storing floodwaters,filtering pollutants from water,and protecting nearby communities from potentially destructive storm surges.All this was put at great risk late last month,when the U.S.Supreme Court issued a ruling in anidaho case that provides the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)far less authority toregulate wetlands and waterways.Specifically,a 5-4 majority decided that wetlands protected bythe EPA under its Clean Water Act authority must have a "continuous surface connection"to bodiesof water.This narrowing of the regulatory scope was a victory for builders,mining operators andother commereial interests often at odds with environmental rules.And it carries "significantrepereussions for water quality and flood control throughout the United States,"as Justice BrettKavanaugh observed.In Maryland,the good news is that there are many state laws in place that provide wetlandsprotections.But thats a very shortsightedview,particularly when it comes to the Chesapeake Bay.The reality is that water,and the pollutants that so often come with it,dont respeet stateboundaries.The Chesapeake draws from a 64,000-square-mile watershed that extends into Virginia,Pennsylvania,New York,West Virginia,the District of Columbia and Delaware.Will thosejurisdictions extend the same protections now denied under Sackettv.EPA?Perhaps some,but all?That seems unlikely.It is too easy,and misleading,to see such court rulings as merely standing up for the rights ofland owners when the consequences can be so dire for their neighbors.And its a reminder that theEPAs involvement in the ChesapeakeBay Program has long been crucial as the means to transcendthe influence of deep-pocketed special interests in neighboring states.Pennsylvania farmers,to useone telling example,arent thinking about next years blue erab harvest in Maryland when theydecide whether to sprend animal waste on their fields,yet the runoff into nearby creeks can haveenormous impact downstream.And so we would eall on state lawmakers from Richmond to Albany to consider reviewing theirown wetlands protections and see for themselves the enormous stakes involved.We can offer thema visit to Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge in Dorchester County where bald engles fly overtidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across them but teaming with aquatie life.Itsworth the scenic drive.36.A.the prevalence of health apps37.A.Its coverage needs to be extended.38.Before sharing its usershealth information,Flo Health is required to___.A.seek the approval of the FTCB.find qualified third partiesC.remove irrelevant personal dataD.obtain their explicit permission39.What challenges is the FTC currently faced with?A.The complexity of health information.B.The rapid increase in new health apps.C.The subtle deceptiveness of health apps.D.The difficulty in assessing consumer harm.40.D.has gained legislative support in some statesPart BDirections;Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its correspondinginformation in the right column.There are two extra choices in the right column.Mark your answers on theANSWER SHEET.(10 points)High school students eager to stand out in the college application process often participate in a litany ofextracurricular activities hopingto bolster their chances of admission a selective undergraduate institution.However,college admissions experts say that the quality of a college hopefuls extracurricular activitiesmatter more than the number of activities.he or she participates in.Sue Rexford,the director of college guidance at the Charles.E.Smith Jewish Day School,says it is notnecessary for a student,filling out the Common Application to list lo activities in the application.“No”college will expect that a students has a huge laundry list of extracurriculars that they have beenpassionately involved in each for an tended period of time,"Rexfon d wrote in an email.Experts say it is toughen to distinguish oneself in aschool-affiliated extracurricular activity that iscommon among high school students than it is to stand out while doing an uncommon activity.The competition to stand out and make an impact is going to be much stiffer,and so if they re going todo a popular activity,Id say,be the best at it."says Sara Harherson,a college admission consultant.High school students who have an impressive personal project they are working on independently oftenimpress colleges,experts say."For example,a student with an interest in entrepreneurship could demonstrate skills and potential bystarting a profitable small business."Olivia Valdes,the founder or Zen Admissions consulting firm,wrote inan emailJosoph Adegboyega—Edun,a Maryland High school guidance counselor,says unconventional,extracurricular activities can help students,impress college admissions offices,assuming they demonstrated,serious commitment."Again,since one of the big question.high school seniors muse consider is"Whatmakes you unique?"having an uncommon,extracurricular activity,a conventional one is an advantage,"hewrote in an email.Experts say demonstrating talent in at lcast one extracurricular activity can help in the collegeadmissions process,especially at top-tier undergraduate institutions."Distinguishing yourself in one focused type of extracurricular activity can be a positive in theadmissions process,especially for highly selective institutions,where having top grades and test scores isnot enough,"Katie Kelley admissions counselor at Ivy Wise admissions consullancy,wrote in anemail.“Students need to have that quality or hook that will appeal to admissions officers and allow them tovisualize how the student might come and enrich their campus community."Extracurricular activities related to the college major declared on a college application are beneficial,experts suggest."If you already know your major,having an extracurricular that fits into that major can be abig plus,"says Mayghin Levine,the manager of educational opportunities with The Cabhage PatchSettlement House,a Louisville,Kentucky,nonprofit community center.High school students who have had a strong positive influence on their community through anextracurricular activity may impress a college and win a scholarship,says Erica Gwyn,a former math andscience magnet programassistant at a publie high school who is now executive director of the KaleidoscopeCareers Academy in Atlanta,a nonprofit organization.41.Sue Rexford42.Sara Harberson43.Katie Kelley44.Mayghin Levine45.Erica Gwyn口EABA.Students who stand out in a specific extracurricular activity will be favored by top-tier institutions.B.Students whose extracurricular activity has benefited their community are likely to win a scholarship.C.Undertaking too many extracurricular activities will hardly be seen as a plus by colleges.D.Student who exhibits activity in doing business can impress colleges.E.High school students participating in popular activity should excel in it.F.Engaging in uncommon activity can demonstrate Studentsdetermination and dedication.G.It is advisable for students to choose an extracurricular activity that is related to their future study atcollege.Section III Translation46.Directions:In this section there is a text in English.Translate the following text into Chinese.Write your translationon the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points) With the smell of coffee and fresh bread floating in the air,stalls bursting with colourful vegetables andtempting cheese,and the buzz of friendly chats,farmersmarkets are a feast for the senses.They alsoprovide an opportunity to talk to the people responsible for growing or raising your food,support your localeconomy and pick up fresh seasonal produce …-all at the same time.Farmersmarkets are usually weekly or monthly events,most often with outdoor stalls,which allowsfarmers or producers to sell their food directly to customers.The size or regularity of markets can vary fromseason to season,depending on the areas agriculture calendar,and you are likely to find different produceon sale at diferent times of the year.By cutting out the middlemen,the farmers secure more profit for theirproduce.Shoppers also benefit from seeing exactly where---and to who their money is going.参考译文·空气中弥漫着咖啡和新鲜面包的香味，摊位上摆满了五颜六色的蔬菜和诱人的奶酪，人们友好地聊天，农贸市场完全是一场感官盛宴。

考研英语一真题及答案完整版（word）

考研英语一真题及答案完整版（word）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship” of being friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected5. [A] tests [B] objects [C]samples [D] examples6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps11. [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14. [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits15. [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier16. [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express17. [A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18. [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today – embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it isbizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service – as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A] used turn enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] cased his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families[D]The nobility’s adherence to their privileges24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles[A] takes a rough line on political issues[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C] takes republicans as his potential allies[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discern able, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provideupdated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone — a vast storehouse of digital information —is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smart phone is more l ike entering his or her home. A smart phone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protect ions. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digitalinformation in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[B] search for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant.[C] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized.[D]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of[A] disapproval.[B] indifference.[C] tolerance.[D]cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable to[A] getting into one’s residence.[B] handling one’s historical records.[C] scanning one’s correspondences.[D] going throug h one’s wallet.29. The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable to[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected.[D] phones are used to store sensitive information.30. Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.[C]California’s argument violates princi ples of the Constitution.[D]principles of the Constitution should never be alteredText 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” wr ites McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal edito rs, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of?Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard Schoolof Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group. He says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowada ys, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of revie wing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that[A] Science intends to simplify their peer-review process.[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32. The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to[A] found.[B] marked.[C] revised.[D] stored.33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A] pose a threat to all its peers.[B] meet with strong opposition.[C] increase Science’s circulation.[D]set an example for other journals.34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now[A] adds to researchers’ workl oad.[B] diminishes the role of reviewers.[C] has room for further improvement.[D]is to fail in the foreseeable future35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science。

考研英语一真题及答案word版

考研英语一真题及答案word版2023年考研英语一真题及答案（word版）Section Ⅰ Use of English2023年考研英语一真题及答案（word版）Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews, 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant's score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1.[A] grant [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers2.[A] minor [B]objective [C] crucial [D] external3.[A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment4.[A] For example [B] On average [C] In principle[D] Above all5.[A] fond [B]fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless6.[A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for7.[A] if [B]until [C] though [D] unless8.[A] promote [B]emphasize [C] share [D] test9.[A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10.[A] chosen [B]stupid [C]found [D] identified11.[A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12.[A] inspired [B]expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13.[A] assigned [B]rated [C] matched [D] arranged14.[A] put [B]got [C]gave [D] took15.[A]instead [B]then [C] ever [D] rather16.[A]selected [B]passed [C] marked [D] introduced17.[A]before [B] after [C] above [D] below18.[A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19.[A]achieve [B]undo [C] maintain [D]disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2023 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so ,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that–and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution , of course ,are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing ,like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year – about 64 items per person – and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2023 has made all of her own clothes – and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her ex ample can’t be knocked off.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D]lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text2In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2023 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:[B] lower their operational costs[D]provide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[C] digital information analysis[D]internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D]goes against human nature29. which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciation[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world’s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the con gress had deliberately “occupied the field” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with thefederal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t w ant to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states’ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states’ support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2023,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000. Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development andhealth.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.Today ,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords“environmental changed” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____ scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highlyspecialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2023,about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these Keywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies. [E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior . all require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development . Stemmingclimate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.Section III Translation46. Directions: Translate the following text from English to Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2. (10 points)Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak os various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, andYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. (20 points)阅读答案：(由新东方集团郭威老师、广州新东方刘晓峰、济南新东方赵晓栋老师、研发中心众同事提供)TEXT 121. 【答案】B (insensitivity to fashion)22. 【答案】D (shop for their garments more frequently)23. 【答案】A (accusation)24. 【答案】D (pricing is vital to environmental-friendly purchasing)25. 【答案】C (criticism of the fast-fashion industry)TEXT 226. 【答案】B (lower their operational costs)27. 【答案】D (internet browser developers)28. 【答案】C (will not benefit consumers)29. 【答案】A (DNT may not serve its intended purpose)30. 【答案】D (skepticism)TEXT 331. 【答案】B (our faith in science and technology)32. 【答案】A ( a sustained species)33. 【答案】D (Our Immediate future is hard to conceive)34. 【答案】C (draw on our experience from the past)35. 【答案】C (The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind)TEXT 436. 【答案】C (overstepped the authority of federal immigration law)37. 【答案】C (States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement)38. 【答案】D (Stood in favor of the states)39. 【答案】A (outweighs that held by the states)40. 【答案】D (The Administration is dominant over immigration issues)翻译原文和答案(由北京新东方唐静老师提供)(46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.然而，当我们看到这样的照片，看到那些无家可归者所创造的花园之时，感到了深深的震撼：尽管它们风格多样，但这些花园道出了其他的根本需求，而非停留在装饰美化或是创造性表达。

2000--2009历年考研英语真题（word版）[1]

Section II: Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain __41__ consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family __42__ he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance __43__ the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to __44__ old agricultural implements and obtain che mical fertilizers to __45__ the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation __46__ and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be __47__. He must either sell some of his property or __48__ extra funds in the form of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low __49__ of interest, but loans of this kind are not __50__ obtainable.41. [A] other than[B] as well as[C] instead of[D] more than42. [A] only if[B] much as[C] long before[D] ever since43. [A] for[B] against[C] supplement[D] dispose44. [A] replace[B] purchase[C] supplement[D] dispose45. [A] enhance[B] mix[C] feed[D] raise 46. [A] vessels[B] routes[C] paths[D] channels47. [A] self-confident[B] self-sufficient[C] self-satisfied[D] self-restrained48. [A] search[B] save[C] offer[D] seek49. [A] proportion[B] percentage[C] rate[D] ratio50. [A] genuinely[B] obviously[C] presumably[D] frequently2000Text 1A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world‘s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea‘s LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America‘s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America‘s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. ―American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,‖ according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard‘s Kennedy School of Government. ―It makes me p roud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,‖ says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on thi s period as ―a golden age of business management in the United States.‖51. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because ________.[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy52. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American ________.[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market53. What can be inferred from the passage?[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pried.[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.54. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the ________.[A] turning of the business cycle[B] restructuring of industry[C] improved business management[D] success in education 2000-----01Text 2Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today -- everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring -- means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the pass 100,000 years -- even the pass 100 years -- our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they ―look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.‖ No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond compreh ension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.55. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?[A] A lack of mates.[B] A fierce competition.[C] A lower survival rate.[D] A defective gene.56. What does the example of India illustrate?[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.[B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.[C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.[D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.57. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because ________.[A] life has been improved by technological advance[B] the number of female babies has been declining[C] our species has reached the highest stage of evolution[D] the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing58. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?[A] Sex Ration Changes in Human Evolution[B] Ways of Continuing Man‘s Evolution[C] The Evolutionary Future of Nature[D] Human Evolution Going Nowhere 2000------02Text 3When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be -- even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right -- it can hardly be classed as Literature.This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river -- and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: ―Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.‖This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?59. This passage is mainly ________.[A] a survey of new approaches to art[B] a review of Futurist poetry[C] about merits of the Futurist movement[D] about laws and requirements of literature60. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to ________.[A] determine its purposes[B] ignore its flaws[C] follow the new fashions[D] accept the principles61. Futurists claim that we must ________.[A] increase the production of literature[B] use poetry to relieve modern stress[C] develop new modes of expression[D] avoid using adjectives and verbs62. The author believes that Futurist poetry is ________.[A] based on reasonable principles[B] new and acceptable to ordinary people[C] indicative of basic change in human nature[D] more of a transient phenomenon than literature 2000------03Text 4Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don‘t know where they should go next.The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan‘s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. ―Those things that do not show up in the test scores -- personality, ability, courage or humanity -- are completely ignored,‖ says Toshiki Kaifu, c hairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party‘s education committee. ―Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.‖ Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authori ties after World War II had weakened the ―Japanese morality of respect for parents.‖But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. ―In Japan,‖ says educator Y oko Muro, ―it‘s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only h ow much you can endure.‖ With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan‘s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) andcrowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that o f the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.63. In the Westerner‘s eyes, the postwar Japan was ________.[A] under aimless development[B] a positive example[C] a rival to the West[D] on the decline64. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?[A] Women‘s participation in social activities is limited.[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.[C] Excessive emphasis his been placed on the basics.[D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values.65. Which of the following is true according to the author?[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.[B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.66. The change in Japanese Life-style is revealed in the fact that ________.[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.[C] the Japanese endure more than ever before[D] the Japanese appreciate their present life 2000------04Text 5If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition -- health, distinction, control over one‘s destiny -- must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition‘s behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they ha ve perhaps most benefited from ambition -- if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped -- with the educated themselves riding on them.Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs -- the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more tha n ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, ―Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.‖The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as ahealthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.67. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if ________.[A] its returns well compensate for the sacrifices[B] it is rewarded with money, fame and power[C] its goals are spiritual rather than material[D] it is shared by the rich and the famous68. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is ________.[A] customary of the educated to discard ambition in words[B] too late to check ambition once it has been let out[C] dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal[D] impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition69. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because ________.[A] they think of it as immoral[B] their pursuits are not fame or wealth[C] ambition is not closely related to material benefits[D] they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible70. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained ________.[A] secretly and vigorously[B] openly and enthusiastically[C] easily and momentarily[D] verbally and spiritually 2000------05Section IV: English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese. Y our translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 72) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country‘s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, the may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific andtechnological manpower of all kinds.73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization -- with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed -- was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements -- themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.2000年参考答案Section I: Structure and V ocabulary (20 points)Part II: Cloze Test (10 points)41. [C] 42. [A] 43. [B] 44. [A] 45. [C]46. [D] 47. [B] 48. [D] 49. [C] 50. [D]Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points)51. [C] 52. [D] 53. [B] 54. [A] 55. [C]56. [B] 57. [A] 58. [D] 59. [B] 60. [A]61. [C] 62. [D] 63. [B] 64. [D] 65. [C]66. [A] 67. [A] 68. [C] 69. [D] 70. [B]Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)71. 在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助。

(完整word版)2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word （s） for each numbered blank and mark A， B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points）Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. I of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone。

But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize, 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass， and you 4 cant find north， a few tricks to help you navigate_5 to civilization， one of which is to follow the land。

When you find yourself well 6 a trail， but not in a completely 7 area， you have to answer two questions： Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area？ And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water。

近十年考研英语一真题word版

近十年考研英语一真题word版1、-Do you have tickets for Friday? -Sorry, we've got _____ left. [单选题] *A. eitherB. none(正确答案)C. no oneD. neither2、_________ we don't stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone. [单选题] *A.AlthoughB.WhileC.If(正确答案)D.Until3、What he said sounds _______. [单选题] *A. pleasantlyB. nicelyC. friendly(正确答案)D. wonderfully4、He is going to _______ a party this evening. [单选题] *A. hold(正确答案)B. makeC. needD. hear5、I walked too much yesterday and （）are still aching now. [单选题] *A. my leg's musclesB. my leg muscles(正确答案)C. my muscles' of legD. my legs' muscles6、4．—Let's fly a kite when you are ________ at the weekend.—Good idea. [单选题] * A．warmB．kindC．smallD．free(正确答案)7、( ) What _____ fine weather we have these days! [单选题] *A. aB. theC. /(正确答案)D. an8、You _____ smoke in the library, or you will be driven away. [单选题] *A. can'tB. mustn't(正确答案)C. will notD. may not9、Nearly everything they study at school has some practical use in their life, but is that the only reason _____ they go to school? [单选题] *A. why(正确答案)B. whichC. becauseD. what10、She serves as a secretary in a university. [单选题] *A. 为…服务B. 担任…职务(正确答案)C. 竞争…服务D. 申请…职务11、( ) Some students preferred to stay in the toilet ______ do morning exercises. [单选题] *A in order to notB in not order toC in order not to(正确答案)D not in order to12、Jeanne's necklace was _____ 500 francs at most. [单选题] *A. worthyB. costC. worth(正确答案)D. valuable13、There is a bank ______ the street. [单选题] *A. on the end ofB. in the end ofC. at the end of(正确答案)D. by the end of14、_____ whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision. [单选题] *A. What is not yet knownB. It is not yet known(正确答案)C. As is not yet knownD. This is not yet known15、I _____ of her since she left school three years ago. [单选题] *A. didn’t hearB. haven’t heard(正确答案)C. was not hearingD. shall not heard16、Mike and his friend are going to the _______ to see the new action movie tonight. [单选题] *A. book shopB. restaurantC. concertD. cinema(正确答案)17、If the manager had to choose between the two, he would say John was _____ choice. [单选题] *A. goodB. the bestC. betterD. the better(正确答案)18、It’s very hot. Please _______ your coat. [单选题] *A. look afterB. take off(正确答案)C. take onD. put on19、79．On a ________ day you can see the city from here. [单选题] * A．warmB．busyC．shortD．clear(正确答案)20、3．Shanghai is my hometown. It’s ________ China. [单选题] * A．nearB．far away fromC．to the east ofD．in the east of(正确答案)21、As I know, his salary as a doctor is much higher_____. [单选题] *A. than that of a teacher(正确答案)B. than a teacherC. to that of a teacherD. to a teacher22、Jim, we have _______ important to tell you right now . [单选题] *A. someB. something(正确答案)C. anyD. anything23、John had planned to leave, but he decided to stay in the hotel for（）two days because of the heavy rain. [单选题] *A. otherB. the otherC. another(正确答案)D. others24、Finally he had to break his promise. [单选题] *A. 计划B. 花瓶C. 习惯D. 诺言(正确答案)25、I’m sorry there are ______ apples in the fridge. You must go and buy some right now.（）[单选题] *A. a littleB. littleC. a fewD. few(正确答案)26、Why don’t you _______ the bad habit of smoking. [单选题] *A. apply forB. get rid of(正确答案)C. work asD. graduate from27、( ) --------Please take my seat here.-------- __________________________. [单选题]*A. That is nice of you(正确答案)B. I think it is my seatC. No, you sit hereD. I don’t think it’s a good seat.28、( ) She keeps on learning English all the time. So far, she______three books of New Concept English. [单选题] *A. has learned(正确答案)B. have learnedC. had learnedD. learn29、Was（）that I saw last night at the concert? [单选题] *A. it you(正确答案)B. not youC. youD. that yourself30、Whatever difficulties you have, you should not _______ your hope. [单选题] *A. give inB. give outC. give up(正确答案)D. give back。

考研题英语(一)真题完整版(word)

XX年考研题英语（一）真题完整版（word）xx年考研题英语（一）真题完整版（word）xx年全国硕士研究生入学统一考过试英语 (一) 英语知识运用Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 Points)As many people hit middle age, they often start tonotice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 ,we refer to these ourrences as “senior moments.” 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus canpotentially have a(an) 4 impact on our professional, social, and personal 5 .Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8 . Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11 , because theseconnections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental effort.Now, a new Web-based pany has taken it a step 13 and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental 14 .The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1.[A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why2.[A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses3.[A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While4.[A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure5.[A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship[D]outlook6.[A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures7.[A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts[D]associations8.[A]genre [B]functions [C]circumstances [D]criterion9.[A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process10.[A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature11.[A]Therefore [B]Moreover [C]Otherwise [D]However12.[A]aording to [B]regardless of [C]apart from[D]instead of13.[A]back [B]further [C]aside [D]around14.[A]sharpness [B]stability [C]framework[D]flexibility15.[A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows16.[A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace17.[A] to [B]with [C]for [D]on18.[A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly[D]unusually19.[A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take20.[A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiar。

(完整word版)专业学位硕士研究生英语教程05

unit 5（name名称—〉）Naming取名字的学问PreviewIT has been well established that we live in an age of obsessive, even competitive, parenting. The typical parent is led to believe that her every move will greatly influence her child’s future accomplishments. This belief expresses itself in the first official act a parent commits: giving the baby a name。

Many parents seem to think that a child will not prosper unless it is hitched to the right one; names are seen to carry great aesthetic and even predictive powers. If you have kids，you’ve probably thought hard about how to name your child。

Should you choose a "special" kind of name, or rather a very trendy or well—known one?Part I。

Text ReadingWarm-upI. What is a good name？Do you believe a person’s name is very important or even decisive in one’s life，and a so—called good name can bring one good fortune？Work in pairs to decide what elements good names should have。

(完整word版)研究生英语(上)(word文档良心出品)

mitigate alleviate prospective expected outshone surpassed initiates originates transitioned transferred mobilized organized convictions beliefs ambiguity vagueness assets advantages perception impression foster encourage collaborated cooperated ●fare food moderate mildfar-reaching widespread authentic genuine diverse variedstreaky fattycommemorate honorlingering continuinghumility modestywronged treated unjustly●establishment setupfacet aspectprevalent commonestimated judgedclaimed revealedflourish pass out quicklyoccasionally oftencommissioned orderedprestigious popularreimburse switchcomponent necessityflexibility ability to maximizeself-discipline self control●stalling delayingpending waiting forturned out becameat his disposal under his controldown on his lucksuffering from bad luckslump declinesoared increasedskimped did withoutthe dole welfareeligible for aid able to get help●unit 11.Details of the highly sensitive information have not been made _public c__.2. Working at home requires a good deal of __discipline b_.3. He never ceased to be amazed by her physical _strength a.4. The article made no reference __a_ to previous research on the subject.5. The great _ strength __d_of our plan lies in its simplicity.6. The palace and its grounds are open to the__ public _a_during the summer months.7. Supporters __ demonstrated __ b __outside the courtroom during the trial.8. I didn’t enjoy studying Philosophy—I found it too much of a theoretical discipline __c___9. Ask your teacher to act as one of your___ references___c__ .10. He said he left the company because of a_personality a_clash with the director.11. Different cultures have different ways of __ disciplining__d___their children.12. The study__ demonstrates__ a__ the link between poverty and malnutrition.13. The disclosure of the information will not be a criminal offence if it can be shown that it was in the_ public _d_ interest.14. The book will become a standard work of__ reference___b__ .15. It’s partly the architecture which gives the town its_ personality c__.●unit 21.A. A blossom develops from a bud .B. In this poem, the budding flower means youth.2.A. The only access to that ancient castle is along a muddy track.B. Users can access their voice mail remotely.3.A. The medicine had a slightly bitter aftertaste.B. There was a lot of hard work before we first taste success.4.A.Katherine was nobody’s fool when it came to money.B. It’s no good fooling yourself. He’s not coming back.5.A. The factory produces an incredible 100 cars per hour.B. We sell tinned goods and local produce.6.A. They garnish the room with modern paintings.7.A. The Queen reign but does not rule.B.The king’s reign lasted for 30 years.8.A. Environmental protection is a growing concerned in China.B. He loved his wife, and concern for her happiness.9.A. The building is name after a successful entrepreneur.B. Could I call you first name ？10.A. I’ve practiced playing the piano for five years.B. It is his practice to take a walk after dinner every evening.unit 51. master mastery masterpieceA. It’s one of the greatest __ masterpieces of Western art.B. I never quite __ mastered __ the art of walking in high heels.C. He doesn’t have __ mastery __ of the basic rules of grammar.2. commit commission commitmentA. He has clearly _ committed __his government to continuing down the path of economic reform.B. You can __ commission _ them to paint something especially for you.C. She d oesn’t want to make a big emotional __ commitment __ to Steve at the moment.3. execute executive executionA. Franklin is in charge of _ executing the company’s reorganization plan.B. The solicitors are proceeding with the _ execution __ of her mot her’s will.C. He sits on the _ executive __ committee that manages the bank.4.present presentation representA. Bear’s Cafe needs to pay more attention to __ presentation __ and taste.B. The goddess is _ represented__ as a woman with cow’s horns.C. The sword was _ presented__ by the family to the museum.D. Were you _ present __ when the news was announced?5. innovator inventor investorA. The patent lists six __ inventors__ who worked on the system.B. Foreign _ investors __ have shown considerable interest in the venture.C. Caesar planned vast projects and emerged as a great military ___ innovators _ .6. breath breathe breathless breathtakingA. We had to stop for _breath__ before we got to the top.B. She lay awake listening to her si ster’s steady __breathing__.C. The bank’s new on-line service is still growing at a __breathtaking_pace.D. I was a little _breathless_ and my heartbeat was bumpy and fast.7. physical physiological psychologicalA. The emotional and _physical_ strain of the previous day had left him exhausted.B. The drug produced no obvious __physiological_ response.C. Robyn’s loss of memory is a _psychological__ problem, rather than a physical one.8. routine disciplineA. Martial arts teach respect, _discipline_, and cooperation.B. We are trying to get the baby into a __routine_ of feeding and sleeping.C. You must _discipline__ yourself to finish your work on time.9. perform perfect practice properA. You’re getting better—you just need a little more _practice_.C. Gemma spent hours trying to __perfect___ her technique.D. In those days it was not thought entirely __proper___ for a woman to be on the stage.10.resistance reaction response reconciliationA. The decision provoked an angry _reaction___ from local residents.B. It took hours of negotiations to bring about a _reconciliation_ between the two sides.C. The demonstrators offered little or no __resistance__ to the police.D. There has been no _response__ to his remarks from the government.●Unit81. She was a woman of uninspiring appearance and a dreadful bore boot .2. Society does not exist in a vacuum, it is influenced by Government policies, the environment and culture.3. Your efforts will be rewarded and you will find that you no longer have to bother about the boring details of everyday life.4. The reward police had offered for any information leading to his arrest is twenty times the average national wage.5. We ended the year with a net profit of 9.7 million, which represents earnings of just 5%.6. Elderly people were still slowly negotiating the hotel steps when the parade started.7. The odds are that he will commit the same crime again.8. The little company battled its way to success, despite the enormous odds .9. Fatal accident have decreased in frequency in recent year.10. The government opened negotiations with the IMF for another loan.1. black and white in black and whiteA. Part of the problem is that we only see the issues as black and white_.B. Once it’s down _ in black and white__, you can’t forget it.C. I still get a thrill seeing re-runs of old _ black-and-white__ movies on Saturday afternoon television.2. on the scene behind the scenes set the sceneA. The accident victim died before the ambulance arrived _ on the scene_.B. Foster set the scene___ before the performance so that the audience knows what to expect.C. Women make their contribution in the world either in high-profile or __ behind the scene_ .3. make a difference make all the difference make any difference make no differenceA. He told me he should have been more careful; but that it would __ make no difference __.B. The lighting will _ make a difference __ to how well people can see the picture.C. Will exercise _ make any difference _ to my chances of getting fat?D. A few kind words at the right time _ make all the difference __.4. work on work out work againstA. If you _ work on _ it steadily you should win through in the end.B. Criticizing the security procedures usually __ work against __ making them effective.C. Why don’t you leave him here till you see how things _ work out ?5. spread out spread through spread toA. Buddhism _ spread to __ China from India.B. Felix watched his men _ spread out _ to cover the whole area.C. A mass movement against forced labor _ spread through __ the state.●Unit91. Thousands of spectators _crammed (b) into the stadium to see the game.2. Tell the students to blow up the _balloon _(a)_ and then tape the straw to it.3. Most river tourists travel in big noisy motor rigs, which _crash (a)__through all but the biggest rapids4. Jill _crammed (a)_ her clothes into the bag.5. He lost control of his car at the first bend and _crashed (a)_ .6. We _crammed (d)_ in as much sightseeing as possible during our stay in New York.7. The company’s debt has _ballooned (c)__ in the past year.8. You can _crash (b)__ at our place if you can’t get a ride home.9. We’ll have to get out of this situation before the _balloon (b)_ goes up.10. As house sales have __slumped (b)___, so has spending in department-store on items like furniture, carpets and electrical appliances.11. It is believed that the proceeds from the sale will go into a __trust (c) _ fund for the children.12. The hardest thing is finding a car dealer you can _trust (d)!13. I was fortunate enough to have very __liberal (c) _ parents.14. The post-war _slump (c) __ sent the unemployment figures soaring to twice the expected level.15. That decision did not win her much support from _liberals (b)__ and moderates.16. When he is 25, the trustees will give him full control of his _trust (b)__ fund.…………1)employment 2) __ paid _ 3)___ adjust 4)__ setting _ 5)__ discouraged 6)__ credit 7) ___ cite _ 8)__ demonstrate9)___ teamwork10)___ rules_.1）integration 2） choice 3） handed 4） aspiring 5) steaming 6）masterpiece 7） pleasure 8）partake9）amazing10） present……1) written 2) practiced 3) adapted 4) fundamental 5) soul 6) described 7) mental 8) state of being 9) pictured 10) exercises 11) control 12) experiences13) including14) individuals15) medical…………Classes last from 30 to 90 minutes and are offered at various skill levels. …… 1) were to 2) inefficient 3) paved with 4) obliged 5) evidence 6)substantial decrease 7) potential 8) consumed9) possible10) the same…………risk of being killed.……1)__ expensive_ 2) than_ 3) higher_ 4)_imported 5) due to_ 6) Communities 7) remote 8) _wages9) subsidized10)_allowance_……payment to help offset the higher cost of living.●Unit 11) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.译文：而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而使所有其他形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。

英语考试 Microsoft Word 文档

Look to the bright future , love peace and pursue progress ,tremendous change , historic miracle . Review the course of , look into the great journey ahead , be filled with strength and confidence.In the practice of historical activities , seek , reveal , develop the truth that guides their advance . National crisis and social crisis , under given historical conditions , be of great significance Promote social progress , alter the nature of , the miserable fate of, accomplish the mission .The historical task , cut a striking figure , advanced social force and intellectuals ,disseminate idea The great historical mission ,wars and chaos , become impoverished and weak ,lived in hunger and cold , unite and organize , overcome numerous difficulties , social status , the great historical transformation . put on an entirely new look , the fundamental and most important conclusion .The eventful days and glorious achievements , present a spectacular and colorful panorama .The productive force , the ultimate decisive force , relations of production , the economic base and the superstructure , social contradiction , social , economic , political and cultural development .Focus on economic development and formulate and implement a correct line ,principles and policies , program , take effective steps to increase the overall national strength to inflect the superiority of socialism over capitalism . with lofty ideals , moral integrity , better education and a good sense of discipline . a correct world outlook , philosophy of life and values.Building a well-to-do society , accelerating the socialist modernization drive . urban and rural residents , food clothing housing transport daily necessities, improve the social security system and medical and health facilities . initiative and great creativity , realize aspirations and interests.Press ahead with the political restructuring , improve the socialist legal system . decision-making, administration and supervision. Enhance balance and harmony between man and nature .diversified and colorful , the diversity of civilizations , different civilizations , enjoy long-term coexistence ,in the process of competition and comparison , seeking common ground and shelving differences . a world of lasting peace and universal prosperity . every struggle and all endeavors, for the sake of , for the purpose carry forward , make tremendous progress , accomplish the grand cause of socialist modernization and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation . ardent expectation , stand tall and aim far , broaden your vision ,intelligence and wisdom on the broad arena , continued progress , hardship and difficulties , build into a strong ,prosperous , democratic and culturally advanced modern socialist country so as to make new and even greater contributions to humanity.Live in a sound and beautiful ecological environment ,the strategy of sustainable development , improve the eco-system and beautify the living environment , improve public and social welfare facilities , a path featuring a thriving economy , an affluent life and a sound eco-system..Endure-undergo , intelligence-wisdom-talent , kind-category-sort-type-class-section , viable-dynamic , realize-recognize , decline-decrease , decide-determine , need-want-seek-aspire for-yearn for-long for , continue-constant , each-all-different , while-whereas-however-but , therefore-as a result-consequently , similar-likewiseKey-vital-important-major-value , on the contrary-in contrast- in comparison , for example-forinstance-furthermore , in addition to-in the same way- what‟s more-on the whole-moreover , in a word- in conclusion-in short-to sum up- draw a conclusion , train ability-cultivate interest-enrich experience and knowledge , meaningful-richful-coloful , in stead of-in spite of-as a matter of fact ,participate in-take part inDevelop in an all round way-build up one‟s interest-get all well with , obviously-briefly , admire-praise, to begin with-to start with , in general-at present , pleasure-enjoyment-satisfaction , warmth-help-trust , cherish-value , urgent-pressing-imprivious-immient , theme-topic-subject , relax-recretion-pleasant-helpful-bridgeSymbol-symbolize-signify , scarcely-consiously , diversified-coloful , feature-character-trait , universal-common , achievement-feat ,happiness-pleasure-security-comfort-entertainment , nuture-foster ,concentrate on-focus on , measure-solution-way-action , indicate-illustrate-show , meeting-conference , permanent-eternal-perpetual-immortal , harsh-bitter-severe-stern , neglect-overlook , immediate interests-long-term interests , ahead of schedule , make an overall analysis of , play crucial role , absorb-assimilate , integnity-credibility , turn out to be the opposite , hotspot issue , unprecedented , view-opinion.Bold explorations , incompatible with , bring forth new ideas in theories , take up challenge , ward off risks , change the stand , enhance the creativity , withstand endless tests , leading place , search for answers , leading place , waste of time and energy , feel quite concerned about , get indifferent to , it is high time , only in this way can we , firstly-then-in addition-lastly , wealthy-poverty , far from being perfect , take into consideration , set new goals and continue to pursue them , fierce competition , in great need , common phenomenon , social morality and Chinese tradition , improve my proficiency in , call forth strength and courage , step out of difficulties , be harmonious , positive and negative , in difficulty , in distress , in need of help , in these circumstance , of outmost importance to , what it illustrates ,healthy—energetic—beneficial to , try every means to go through all kinds of hardships , according to a survey , demonstrate respect , be immersed in , witness great increase , impose tremendous press on , progress at peace and in harmony .Get along with , it is a commonplace to encounter such problems , own special personality , look at it in a comprehensive way , To make friends with different personalities provides us with opportunities to share experiences of life .it is essential to understand the principle of seeking common ground while reserving difference . a near neighbor is better than a distant cousin . there will be more mutual help and understanding .express my views concerning , convey my opinions in regard to the , make some conductive suggestions—proposal—recommendations , beneficial—helpful—practical—useful , take into account .I‟m writing to express my sincere apology . I do hope it wouldn‟t bring you too much trouble .compensate you with money ,atone for my fault . I beg you to accept my apology . I‟m looking forward to your response . I‟m writing to apologize for my discourtesy . Much to my regret that I may not able to . I feel worried and anxious in my heart . I am sorry to have put you to do somuch trouble . Please accept my apologies .I can assure you that I won‟t make the similar mistakes.Inferior quality . I am writing to complain about the deplorable attitude of one of your stuff members towards customers . I‟m sorry to be so forthright ,but your goods fail to meet our requirements . You should consider this matter seriously and make an effort to prevent the recurrence of this kind .I want to do something for a change to embrace a totally new life-style . I‟d like to take this chance to express my sincere thanks to you for the rewarding experience I‟ve enjoyed in the company . I have learned professional skills ,managerial skills and experience . Please accept my profound apology for the inconvenience brought by my resignation . Best wishes . I am writing to inform you about my decision to resign from my current position . I would like to offer my resignation . There are several reasons for my resignation .Please let me take this chance to thank you for the rewarding experience I‟ve enjoyed during my employment .I sincerely appreciate the encouragement and support you gave me . Thank you again for your understanding . Best wishes for the company‟s growth .I shall be grateful if you could approve my request . Thank you for your consideration . I‟m looking forward to your reply. I am writing to seek your assistance . I would like to seek help from you . nobody can come into my mind to help me except you . I will appreciate your favorable consideration of this request . I shall be much obliged to you if you will be so kind as to give consideration to my resume . thanks for your attention to these request . I‟ll be most grateful if I could have your full support .You have put your idea into practice and I know it calls for great courage for a student to start his own business .you have become the admiration of your peers . collect some advice , she suggests you‟d better expand the scope of customers . It‟s effective to issue membership cards to your potential customers . last but not the least , your friends will be of great help . Wish you‟re a prosperous business . Congratulations on your promotion , graduation , success progress achievements . Please allow me to congratulate you on your marriage . Sincere congratulation upon your success in passing the TOEFL exam . I wish you all possible joy and happiness in the world . We hope you will have nothing but joy and happiness in your life together and in your career . We take this opportunity to express our best wishes to you .Congratulations and all good wishes to you .I am looking forward to your reply earnestly . I …d like to know more information about ^. Could you please tell me something about ^? I would be forever grateful if you could send me information concerning how to ^. Would it be possible for you to provide me with some information about ^ ? \to let me know ^ ?Let‟s express our concerns to them by means of greeting cards .they have to suffer from other‟s discrimination and alienation . They really need our utmost care . Our words of blessing are of great significanceto them .Only the strength of love can drive their fears and tears away .Best wishes and I‟m looking forward to your participation eagerly .i am writing the letter to call on every man with a conscience to protect endangered wild animals . We need to make positive efforts to put them intopractice . It‟s high time we promoted culture integration between nations .I was shocked to learn that you were injured in ^, I am writing at once to express my deep sympathy to you . I believe you have enough confidence to overcome ^ since you are always a guy of conviction . Your state of mind and co-operation with doctors are of much importance . With my heartfelt concern and best wishes ! I was sorry to learn ,we are shocked at the bad news that ^ we wish to express our sympathy and to let you know our thoughts are with you . May these flowers in some way help to express our heartfelt sympathy . Please accept my deepest sympathy and convey my best wishes to your wife .Looking forward to see you soon !Abstract(In view of the U.S university student abstracts, there is an urgent need to shed light on their writing styles.) This paper aims to examine the abstract writing styles written by university students majoring in physical sciences. A large sampling of abstracts, i.e. 2,460 university student abstracts, was obtained from across the United States, among which 40 university students majoring in physical sciences were selected. Different statistical methods were carried out: analysis of variance and least squares fit of percent errors as against program level approach. As a result, the findings from the table style led to the conclusion that southern universities tended to use more verbose style while northern universities tended to adopt more cryptic style. Moreover, interesting conclusions of the correlation study were drawn: Students whose parents were below the “poverty level” showed intermediate writing skills at the freshman level but improved more quickly with time ending with MS or PhD levels; on the other hand, students with parents above poverty level showed initial advanced writing skills and slowly improved to the professional level at the MS or PhD levels. Also recommendations are made, such as preparing students at the high school level in basic writing skills under state educational systems and setting up technical writing course mandatory for science or engineering university students at the junior level.感谢：I am now writing these few lines to express my sincere thanks for ……。

考研英语(二)试题真题及答案(word版)

考研英语(二)试题真题及答案（word版）Section 1 Use of EninglishDirections :Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .To the men and women who 1 )in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the 2) man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who 3) all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the 4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,5) an averageguy ,up 6 )the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries.His name is not much.GI. is just a militaryabbreviation 7) Government Issue ,and it was on all of the article 8) to soldiers .And Joe? A mon name for a guy who never 9) it to the top .Joe Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class name.The United States has 10) had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe.GI .joe had a (11)career fighting German ,Japanese ,and Korean troops . He appers as a character ,or a (12 ) of american personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle.Some of the soldiers Pyle(13)portrayde themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)side of the warl, writing about the dirt-snow –and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were(15)or what towns were captured or liberated, His reports(16)the “willie” cartoon s of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men(17)the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)of civilization that thesoldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobao, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G.I. Joe was any Americansoldier,(20)the most important person in their lives.1.[A] performed [B]served [C]rebelled [D]betrayed2.[A] actual [B]mon [C]special [D]normal3.[A]bore [B]cased [C]removed [D]loaded4.[A]necessities [B]facilitice [C]modities[D]propertoes5.[A]and [B]nor [C]but [D]hence6.[A]for [B]into [C] form [D]against7.[A]meaning [B]implying [C]symbolizing [D]claiming8.[A]handed out [B]turn over [C]brought back [D]passed down9.[A]pushed [B]got [C]made [D]managed10.[A]ever [B]never [C]either [D]neither11.[A]disguised [B]disturbed [C]disputed[D]distinguished12.[A]pany [B]collection [C]munity [D]colony13.[A]employed [B]appointed [C]interviewed[D]questioned14.[A]ethical [B]military [C]political [D]human15.[A]ruined [B]muted [C]patrolled [D]gained16.[A]paralleled [B]counteracted [C]duplicated[D]contradicted17.[A]neglected [B]avoided [C]emphasized [D]admired18.[A]stages [B]illusions [C]fragments [D]advancea19.[A]With [B]To [C]Among [D]Beyond20.[A]on the contrary [B] by this means [C]from the outset [D]at that pointSection II Resdiong ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. answer the question after each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandatesthat with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in pleting their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of plicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without pleting their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.At the same time, the policy addresses none of thetruly thorny questions about homework. If the districtfinds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.21.It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework.[A] is receiving more criticism[B]is no longer an educational ritual[C]is not required for advanced courses[D]is gaining more preferences22.L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students.[A]tend to have moderate expectations for their education[B]have asked for a different educational standard[C]may have problems finishing their homework[D]have voiced their plaints about homework23.Aording to Paragraph 3,one problem with the policyis that it may.[A]discourage students from doing homework[B]result in students' indifference to their report cards[C]undermine the authority of state tests[D]restrict teachers' power in education24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether. [A] it should be eliminated[B]it counts much in schooling[C]it places extra burdens on teachers[D]it is important for grades25.A suitable title for this text could be.[A]Wrong Interpretation of an Educational Policy[B]A Weled Policy for Poor Students[C]Thorny Questions about Homework[D]A Faulty Approach to HomeworkText2Pretty in pink: adult women do not rememer being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. Tt is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ id entity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence.Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.Girls’ a ttraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but aording to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses.When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kins, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research intochildren’s behaviour: wrong. Turns out, acdording to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing trick by clothing manufacrurers in the 1930s.Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sa les, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. Tt was only after “toddler”became a mon shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly aepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults,into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences – or invent them where they did not previously exist.26.By saying "it is...the rainbow"(Line 3, Para.1),the author means pink.[A]should not be the sole representation of girlhood[B]should not be associated with girls' innocence[C]cannot explain girls' lack of imagination[D]cannot influence girls' lives and interests27.Aording to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours?[A]Colours are encoded in girls' DNA.[B]Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.[C]Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.[D]White is prefered by babies.28.The author suggests that our perception ofchildren's psychological development was much influenced by.[A]the marketing of products for children[B]the observation of children's nature[C]researches into children's behavior[D]studies of childhood consumption29.We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to.[A]focus on infant wear and older kids' clothes[B]attach equal importance to different genders[C]classify consumers into smaller groups[D]create some mon shoppers' terms30.It can be concluded that girls' attraction to pink seems to be.[A] clearly explained by their inborn tendency[B]fully understood by clothing manufacturers[C] mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen[D]well interpreted by psychological experts。

考研英语真题及答案()WORD版

[A]unquestionable
[B]sound
[C]subtle（B）
[D]healthy
7.Thenoiseoftheplanedied________inthedistance.
[A]away
[B]out
[C]down（A）
[D]off
8.Hospitaldoctorsdon’tgooutveryoftenastheirwork________alltheirtime.
[B]inwhich
[C]inorderthat（A）
[D]intheway
13.Heis________ofanactor.
[A]anybody
[B]anyone
[C]somebody（D）
[D]something
14.Thecaptainapologized________totellusmoreabouttheaccident.
3.做题时请切换至“普通”视图，因为显示答案时页面变化小；在做完形填空或阅读理解时，可以通过拖动WORD中的拆分条按钮，将窗口分为上下两个部分，便于相互对照。这不仅给你带来效率和方便，也给你增添了很多做题的乐趣！关于本文档更多的使用技巧，请参考专帖“word使用技巧”。如仍有任何技术问题，欢迎跟帖或发新帖询问。另外，关于阅读理解题目涉及的行号(line)问题，本文档的行号与原试卷基本一致，但可能最多有一至二行的出入。
[D]ontheway
20.[A]behind
[B]round
[C]back（B）
[D]on
21.[A]doubted
[B]wondered
2.各题答案均隐藏在(C)选项后，显示的方法是鼠标左键单击“常用”工具栏“显示/隐藏编辑标记”按钮。再次单击又被隐藏。见下图：

考研英语词汇乱序版word文本

Word List 1challeng e n.挑战 (书 ); 艰巨任务 ,难题 v.向⋯挑战furnish v.供应 ,提供 ;装备 ,布置establish v.建立 ,设立 ;安置 ,使定居intellectua l n.知识分子 a.智力的，理智的，有理解力的qualification n.资格 ,合格 ;限定 ,条件 ;合格证worthy a.(of)值得⋯的 ,配得上⋯的 ;有价值的appearance n.出现，露面；外表； (在会议等 )作短暂露面aspect n.样子 , 外表 , 面貌 , (问题等的 )方面liquid n.液体 a.液体的 ,液态的sword n.剑，刀lad n.男孩；少年；男青年；小伙子apply vi.( 以书面形式 )申请；请求 vt.应用；实施exterior a.外部的 ,外面的 n.外部preference n.(for,to) 偏爱 ,喜爱 ;优惠 ; 优先选择elbow n.肘， ( 衣服的 )肘部 vt.用肘推，用肘挤discipline n.纪律 ,学科terrific a.极好的 ,非常的 ,极度的thrill n.一阵激动 (恐惧 ) v.激动； (使 )毛骨悚然flu n.(influenza) 流行性感冒replacement n.取代 ,替换 ,替换物 ,代替物edition n.版次 , 版本 ,（出版形式）triumph n.胜利 ,成功 v.得胜 ,战胜hostage n.人质loaf n.一个面包applicab le a.可应用 (实施 )的；适当的 ,合适的motion n. 运动，提议diploma n.毕业文凭 ,学位证书dragon n.龙contrast n.对比，对照 vi. 形成对比 vt.把⋯与⋯对比trend n.倾向 ,趋势 vi. 伸向 ,倾向honorabl e a.(honourable)可敬的 ;荣誉的 ,光荣的transition n.转变，变迁，过渡 (时期 ) appendix n.附录，附属物；阑尾，盲肠objectio n n.(to)反对 ,异议 ,不喜欢 ,反对的理由inflation n.通货膨胀substantial a.实质的 ; 相当的 ;显著的 ;坚固的 ;富裕的hasty a.匆忙的 ,仓促的 ;草率的interpret vt.解释 ,说明 ;口译fraction n.碎片 ,小部分 ,一点儿 ;分数romance n.传奇 ,爱情故事rectangle n.长方形，矩形owl n.猫头鹰denote vt.表示 ,意味着editor n.编辑，编者fruitful a.多产的 ;果实累累的 ,富有成效的startle v.惊吓 ,使吃惊inlet n.水湾 ,小湾 ;进口 ,入口system n.系统，体系；制度；方法，方式，步聚concede vt. 承认；容许；(比赛结束前 )认输；退让jewelry n.珠宝dictate v.口授 ;( 使)听写 ;指令 ,指示 ,命令 ; lame a.跛的 ,( 辩解、论据等 )无说服力的exhaust v.使筋疲力尽 ,耗尽 ;抽完n.排气装置 ;废气stiff a.硬的 ,僵直的 ;拘谨的 ;呆板的 ;艰难的pinch v.捏 ,掐 ,拧 ;收缩 ;紧急关头 ;匮乏 ;压力pants n.长裤，宽松的便裤，内裤remnant n.剩余 (物 ),零料 ,遗迹projector n.放映机 ,幻灯机 ,投影仪torrent n.激流，洪流；爆发， (话语等的 )连发crisp a.脆的，易碎的tag n.标签，货签，v 贴标签于duration n.持久 ; 期间 ;持续时间dealer n.商人incident n.事件 ,事变zeal n.热心，热忱，热情rhythm n.节奏 ,韵律educate v.教育，培养，训练overlook v.看漏 ,忽略 ;俯瞰 ,眺望 ;宽容 ,放任shear v.剪 ,修剪kidnap vt.诱拐；绑架，劫持propaganda n.宣传 (机构 )；prescribe v.指示，规定，开处方cape n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风Word List 2solo n.独奏 a.&ad. 单独的 ( 地)；独唱的(地 )neglectv./n. 忽视 ;疏忽 ,漏做 ,忽略quantify v.确定数量faulty a.有错误的，有缺点的，不完善的eliminate vt.除去 ;淘汰 ;排 (删 ,消 )除 ;削减(人员 )upright a.垂直的 ,直立的 ;正直的 ,诚实的 ad.竖立着invitation n.邀请，招待，请柬commemorate vt.纪念，庆祝reproach v./n.责备 ,指责dilute vt.稀释，冲淡 a.稀释的，冲淡的sane a.心智健全的 ,神志清醒的 ,明智的 ,稳健的lease vt.出租 ,租用n.租借 ,租期 ,租赁物browse vi. 随意翻阅，浏览；( 牛、羊等 )吃草tentative a.试探性的，暂时的；犹豫不决的seam n.缝 ,接缝highway n.公路，大路alter vt.改变，更改；改做 (衣服 ) vi. 改变，变化manipulate vt.(熟练地 )使用，操作； ( 巧妙地 )处理accuracy n.准确（性）；精确；准确度 descendant n.子孙 ,后代sting v./n. 刺 ,刺痛 ,剧痛 ;刺,叮linguistic a.语言的，语言学的outbreak n.(战争 ,愤怒 ,火灾等的 )爆发 ,(疾病的 )发作phrase n.短语 ,词语 ,习语brochure n.小册子enormous a.巨大的 ,庞大的exclude v.拒绝 ,把⋯排除在外 ,排斥spin v.旋转 ;纺纱 ;织网 ,吐丝 n.旋转 ;自转brutala.残忍的 ;严峻的 ;严酷的howl n.怒吼，嗥叫 vi.( 风等 )怒吼，咆哮network n.网状物，广播网，电视网，网络evidenta.明显的 ,明白的dynamica.动力的 ,电动的 ;有生气的swan n.天鹅 vi.闲荡，游荡rigorous a.严格的 ,严厉的 ,严酷的 ,严密的 ,严谨的technology n.工艺，技术wax n.蜡 ,蜂蜡v.打蜡pillow n.枕头solidarity n.团结；休戚相关slaughter n.屠杀，屠宰vt.屠杀，宰杀pit n.坑 ,陷阱 ;煤矿 ,矿井decay v./n. 腐朽 ,腐烂 ;衰减 ,衰退pray v.请求 ,恳求 ;祈祷 ,祈求grand a.盛大的 ,豪华的 ;重大的 ,主要的booth n.电话亭 ,货摊beware v.当心 ,谨防occasion n.场合 ,时节 ,时刻 ; 时机 ,机会 numerous a.众多的 ,许多的 ,大批的element n.元素 ; 要素 ;成分 ;元件 ;自然环境 nursery n.托儿所worship n.礼拜 ,礼拜仪式 ;崇拜v.崇拜 ,敬仰 ;做礼拜dental a.牙齿的；牙科 (用 )的dense a.浓厚的 ,密集的 ,稠密的productivity n. 生产率valve n.阀 ;(英 )电子管 ,真空管 ;( 心脏的）瓣膜abuse vt.滥用；辱骂；诋毁 n.滥用；恶习；弊端circular a.圆 (形 )的 ,环形的 ; 循环的 n.传单 ,通报classic n.(pl.)杰作 ,名著 a.第一流的 ,不朽的revive v.恢复 ;(使 )复苏disguise n./v. 假装 ,伪装deny v.否认 ,否定 ; 拒绝huddle n./v. 拥挤 ;聚集 v.(因寒冷、害怕而 )缩成一团cheat v.欺骗，作弊n.骗子，欺骗行为cellar n.地窑 ,地下室court n.法院 ,法庭 ;宫廷 ,朝廷 ;院子 ;球场namely ad.即 ,也就是paw n.爪undertake v.承担 ,担任 ;许诺 ,保证 ;着手 ,从事instrumental a. 仪器的 ;器械的 ;乐器的 ;起作用的 ;有帮助generate vt.产生 ,发生 ;生殖threat n.恐吓 ,威胁 ;坏兆头 ,危险迹象manual a.手的 ,手工做的 ,体力的 n.手册 ,指南 hamburger n.汉堡包，牛肉饼Word List 3fabulous a.极好的；极为巨大的；寓言中的，传说中graduate n.大学毕业生 ,研究生 v.大学毕业 a.毕了业的inhabit vt.居住于 ,存在于 ;栖息于constant a.固定的，持续的 ,忠实的 n.常数 ,恒量prosperity n.繁荣 ,兴旺siege n.包围，围攻，围困handwriting n. 笔迹 ,手迹 ,书法conduct n.行为 ,品行v.引导 ;管理 ;指挥 (乐队 );传导lever n.杆 ,杠杆 ,手段 ,途径 ,工具blend n.混合 (物 ) v.混和 ,混杂crab n.螃蟹 ,蟹肉ample a.充分的，富裕的；宽敞的，宽大的urban a.城市的 , 市内的 presidev.(at,over) 主持 psychology n.心理 ,心理学 ,心理状态rash a.轻率的 ,鲁莽的n.皮疹radical a.基本的 ,重要的 ;激进的 ,极端的 ;根本的 document n.公文，文件，文献inventory n.详细目录 ,存货 ,财产清册 ,总量pillar n.柱 ,台柱 ,栋梁harm n./v. 伤害 ,损害 ,危害grip v./n. 紧握 ,抓紧 ;掌握antenna n.(无线电或电视的 )天线sip v.小口地喝，抿，呷 n.一小口的量devise vt.设计 ;发明 ;图谋 ;作出 (计划 ); 想出(办法 )bold a.大胆的 ,勇敢的 ;冒失的 ;黑体的 ,粗体的highly adv.高度地，非常，很，赞许地stadium n.体育场diffuse v.扩散 ;传播 a.(文章等 )冗长的 ,漫无边际的globe n.球体 ,地球仪 ;地球 ,世界negligible a.可忽略不计的，微不足道的mostly adv.主要地，大部分，通常dine v.吃饭，进餐graph n.图表 ,曲线图tile n.瓦片 ,瓷砖vt.铺瓦于，贴砖于jail n.监狱，拘留所 v.监禁某人segregate vt.使分开，隔离（病患等）spider n.蜘蛛invasion n.入侵 ,侵略 ,侵犯precedent n.先例critical a.批评的 ,评论的 ;危急 ,紧要的 ;临界的excursion n.短途旅行 ,游览 ;离题 ;commit v.把⋯交托给 ,提交 ;犯 (错误 ), 干(坏事 ) integrate v.(into,with)( 使 )成为一体 ,(使 )结合在一起 message n.消息 ,信息 ,通讯 ,启示 ,教训 ,广告词 ,预言crash v./n.碰撞 ,坠落 ,摔坏 n.失败 ,瓦解 ;爆裂声 environment n. 环境，外界cosy a.暖和舒服的；舒适的 boundary n.分界线 ,边界peep v.偷看 ,窥视toast n.烤面包 ,吐司 ;祝酒 (词 )v.烘 ,烤 ;(向⋯)祝酒conductor n.管理者； (汽车 )售票员；领队，指挥；导体neighborhood n. 邻居，四邻，街道，住宅区halt n.止步 ,停步 ,停止前进v.止步 ,(使 )停止isle n.小岛 (用于诗歌中 )intrigue n.阴谋 v.密谋 ,私通 ;激起⋯的兴趣 ;诡计取得character n.性格 ,品质 ,特性 ;人物 ,角色 ;字符 ,(汉 )字stoop v.弯腰 ,俯身n.弯腰 ,曲背cater vi.(for/to) 满足 ,迎合 ;(for) 提供饮食及服务inertia n.不活动 ,惰性 ;惯性deviate v.(from) 背离 ,偏离drawer n.抽屉closet n.(壁 )橱 a.私下的 vt.把⋯引进密室会谈deadly a.致命的，致死的luggage n.行李 ,皮箱plausible a.似是而非的 ,似乎合理的 ,似乎可信的vice n.邪恶 ;恶习 ;(pl.) 台钳 ,老虎钳repay v.偿还 ,报答underneath prep.在⋯下面 ad.在下面 ,在底下blur n.模糊不清的事物；污点vt.使模糊；玷污percentage n.百分数 ,百分率 ,百分比nucleus n.(pl.nuclei) 核 ,核心 ,原子核ambiguous a.引起歧义的，模棱两可的，含糊不清的Word List 4crust n.外皮 ,壳 ;地壳interference n. 干涉，干预，妨碍，打扰regardless a./ad.不管⋯的,不顾⋯的,不注意的terror n.恐怖，可怕的人（事）shelter n.掩蔽处 ;掩蔽 ,保护v.掩蔽 ,躲避 ,庇护lick vt.舔； (火焰或浪 )掠过；打败n.舔；少量lest conj.惟恐 ,免得confine vt.限制；使不外出，禁闭n.textile n.纺织品 a.纺织的grieve v.使悲伤 ,使伤心provision n.供应 ,(一批 )供应品 ;预备 ;条款 ;(pl.)给养contradict v.反驳 ;同⋯矛盾 ,同⋯抵触 infectious a. 传染的，有传染性的，有感染力的mat n.席子 ,垫子union n.联合 ,团结 ;联盟 ,联邦 ;协会 ,社团 ;和谐 intelligible a. 可理解的，明白易懂的，清楚的supplement n.补遗 ;增刊 ;附录 v.增刊 ,补充propel vt.推进，推动；激励，驱使torch n.手电筒，火炬，火把appal v.使惊骇，使恐怖snowstorm n.暴风雪dorm n.(dormitory) ［美］［口］宿舍drain n.排水沟 ,阴沟 ;消耗 ,负担 v.排去 ,放干portraitn.肖像 ,画像stationery n.文具expandv.(使 )膨胀 ,(使 )扩张 ;张开 ,展开spaden.铁锹 ,铲子visuala.看的 ,看得见的 ;视觉的vocal a.声音的 ;有声的 ; 歌唱的 n.元音 ;声乐作品attribut e v.(to) 归因于 ,归属于 n.属性 ,品质 ,特征occurrence n.发生，出现，事件，事故，发生的事情laptop n.膝上型电脑attach v.系，贴，装，连接；使成为一部分；使依恋arch n.拱门，桥拱洞 v.拱起， (使 )变成弓形availabl e a.(用于物 )可利用的；可见到的，接受采访的compound n.混合物 ,化合物 a.混合的 ,化合的；vt.混合data n.(datum 的复数 )资料，数据gown n.长袍，特殊场合穿的长服underestimate vt.低估，看轻vaguea.不明确的 ,含糊的 ,暧昧的locomotiv e n.机车 ,火车头 a.运动的 ,移动的 ,运载的tremendous a.巨大的 ,极大的deprivevt.剥夺 ,夺去 ,使丧失rapen./vt.掠夺 ,蹂躏 ,强奸preparation n.准备 ,预备 ;制剂 ,制备品affirm vt.断言，坚持声称；肯定；证实,确认；petrol n.汽油seal n.封铅 ,封条 ;印 ,图章 ;海豹 v.封 ,密封confidencen.(in) 信任 ;信心 ,自信 ; 秘密 ,机密simultaneous a.同时的 ,同时存在的specimen n.标本 ,样本audiencen.听众，观众，读者，谒见，会见collision n.碰撞； (利益，意见等的 )冲突，抵触constitute vt.组成，构成，形成；设立，建立，任命 rehearsal n.排练 ,排演 ,演习 ,预演 ,试演headquarters n.司令部 ,指挥部 ;总部 ,总局alert a.机警的，警觉的；机灵的vt.使⋯警觉plentiful a.富裕的 ,丰富的congress n.(代表 )大会 ;(美国等国的 )国会 ,议会foremost a.最先的 ;最初的 ; 主要的ad.首要地arouse vt.唤醒，叫醒；唤起，激起interact v.互相作用 ,互相影响utter v.说 ,发出 (声音 ) a.彻底的 ,完全的chill n.寒冷 ,寒气 ,寒战v.使寒冷salad n.色拉，凉拌菜yell vi. 大叫 ; 呼喊vt.叫着说n.叫声 ;喊声tomb n.坟 ,冢keen a.锋利的 ;敏锐的 ;敏捷的 ;(on)热心的 ,渴望的topic n.话题 ,主题 ,题目growth n.生长，发展，增长aboard ad.&prep. 在船 (飞机、车 )上； ad.上船(飞机 )describe v.描述 ,形容aware a.知道的，意识到的；Word List 5straightforward a.正直的 ;简单的 ,易懂的ad.坦率地advisable a.可取的，适当的，明智的fiber n.(fibre) 纤维 ;构造 ;纤维制品dedicate vt.奉献 ;献身于stall n.货摊 ;畜栏 ,厩 v.(使 )停转 ,(使 )停止rectify v.纠正 ,整顿 ,resign v.辞去 ,辞职 ,使听从 ( 于),使顺从oar n.桨,橹 v.划 ,划动 ,划行merchant n.商人 ,零售商royalty n.皇家 ,皇族innumerable a.无数的 ,数不清的verge n.边 ,边缘v.濒临community n.同一地区的全体居民,社会 ,社区 ;共同体prosperous a.繁荣的 ,兴旺的 ,茂盛的 ,顺利的foam v./n. 泡沫 ,起泡沫veteran n.老手 ,老兵feature n.特征 ;容貌 ;特色 ;特写v.以 ...为特色monarch n.帝王，君主，最高统治者novelty n.新奇 ,新颖 ,新奇的事物junction n.连接 ,接合 ,交叉点 ,枢纽站 ,接头 ,中继线principle n.原理 ,原则 ;主义 ,信念thrive v.兴旺 ,繁荣combination n.结合，联合；化合；团体；组合数码splash v.溅 ,泼 n.溅 ,飞溅声synthesisn.(pl.syntheses)综合 ,合成deterioratev.(使 )恶化 ,(使 )变坏confer v.商讨；授予，颁给 (勋衔，学位等 ) miracle n.奇迹 ,令人惊奇的人 (或事 )limp a.柔软的 ,易曲的 v./n.蹒跚 ,跛行consent v./n.(to) 同意 ,赞成 ,答应abnormal a.反常的，不正常的，不规则的mischiefn.损害 ,伤害 ,危害 ;恶作剧 ,胡闹 ;灾祸introductionn.(to) 介绍 ;传入 ,引进 ; 导言 ,导论 ,绪论colonial a.殖民地的，关于殖民的n.殖民地居民efficienta.有效的 ,效率高的 ;有能力的 ,能胜任的benefit n.利益 ,好处 ,恩惠 v.有益于 ;(from,by) 受益bosom n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心； a.亲密的solar a.太阳的 ,日光的dissolvev.(使 )溶解 ,(使 )融化 ;解散 ,取消fisherman n.渔民，渔夫semiconductor n.半导体arrange v.安排，筹划；整理，使有条理，排列，布置orderly a.整齐的 ,有秩序的 ,有条理的 n.勤务兵meantime n.(meanwhile) 其间 ,其时 ad.同时 ,当时reptile n.爬行动物rag n.抹布 ,破布 ,碎布tuition n.学费；(某一学科的)教学，讲授，指导heave v.(用力 )举，提，拉；扔；拖；呕吐n.举起enthusiasm n.热情 ,热心 ;狂热 ;积极性(for)pope n.罗马教皇 ,主教 ,大腿上要害部位edible a.可食用的supervisev.管理 ,监督likewise ad.同样地 ,照样地 ; 又 ,也 ,而且plea n.(法律 )抗辩；请求，恳求，托词，口实reclaim v.要求归还 ,收回 ;开垦thorough a.彻底的 ,完全的 ;精心的trunk n.大衣箱 ,皮箱 ;(汽车后部 )行李箱 ; 树干 ,躯干historic a.有历史意义的，历史的fitting a.适当的 ,恰当的 n.(常 pl.) 配件 ,附件 ;装配cashier n.收银员 ,出纳员sober a.清醒的 ;认真的 ,冷静的 ,适度的obsoletea.已废弃的 ,过时的navy n.海军rural a.乡下的 ,田园的 ,乡村风味的indulge v.放任，纵容，沉溺；使 (自己 )纵情享受funeral n.丧葬 ,葬礼mobilize v.(mobilise) 动员 ,赋予可动性feminine a.女性的 ;娇柔的combat v./n. 战斗 ,搏斗 ,格斗style n.风格 ,文体 ;式样 ,时式 ,类型cottage n.村舍 ,小屋 ,别墅Word List 6scorn v./n.轻蔑 ,藐视princess n.公主，王妃tragedy n.悲剧 ;惨事 ,灾难 posture n.姿势 ,姿态 ,心态 ,态度 v.作出某种姿势relate v.叙述 ,讲述 ;使互相关联mode n.方式，式样institute n.学会 ,研究所 ;学院v.设立 ,设置 ,制定augment vt.(使 )增大，增加，增长，扩张sequence n.先后 ,次序 ;连续 ,数列obligation n.义务，责任reckless a.不注意的 ,大意的 ,卤莽的 ,不顾后果的detector n.发现者 ,侦察器 ,探测器 ,检波器 ,检电器manoeuvre/maneuver v. 演习运动巧妙地引导某人decline v.下降 ,衰落 ;拒绝n.下降 ;斜面 ,倾斜 ,衰落mock v.嘲笑 a.假的 ,模拟的n.( 常 pl.)模拟考试laughter n.笑，笑声extract v./n.拔出 ,抽出 ; 摘录 n.抽取物 ;精华 ;选集linen n.亚麻布 ,亚麻布制品ounce n.盎司，英两volcano n.火山relationship n. 关系，联系flourish n./v. 繁荣 ,茂盛 ,兴旺previous a.先前的 ,以前的positive a.肯定的 ,积极的 ,绝对的 ,无疑的 ,正的string n.弦 ,线 ,细绳 ;(一串 ),(一行 ) v. 缚 ,捆frostn.霜,霜冻 ,严寒plateaun.高原 ,平稳状态abide vi.(abode， abided)(by) 遵守；坚持personnel n.全体人员 ,全体职员 ;人事(部门 )fee n.费 (会费 ,学费等 );酬金telegraph n.电报机，电报v.打电报传达消息，电告dome n.圆屋顶encounter n./v. 遇到 ,遭遇patron n.赞助人；资助人；老顾客，老主顾scheme n.计划 ,方案 ;阴谋 ;配置v.计划 ,策划 ;阴谋thermal a.热的 ,热力的； (小规模的 )上升气流pursue v.追赶 ,追踪 ;继续 ,从事acquaint vt.(with) 使认识，使了解，使熟悉worthwhile a.值得 (做 )的lumber n.木材 ,木料majesty n.雄伟 ,壮丽 ,庄严 ,威严 ;最高权威 ,王权global a.球形的 ;全球的 ,全世界的 ;全面的repertoire n.节目 ,全部剧目 ,保留剧目 ,全部技能aggressive a.侵略的，好斗的，有进取心的，敢作敢为的compensate v.(for) 补偿 ,赔偿oppose v.反对 ,使对立 ,使对抗 ,使相对crew n.全体船员 ,全体乘务员sake n.缘故 ,理由X-way n.X 射线， X 光interrupt v.中断 ,遮断 ,阻碍 ;打断(话 ),打扰obstruction n.妨碍 ,障碍物fragile a.易碎的，脆的，易损坏的；虚弱的，脆弱的cautious a.(of) 小心的 ,谨慎的echo v./n. 回声 ,反响 ,共鸣agony n.(精神或肉体的)极大痛苦，创伤negotiate v.商订；谈判，洽谈，交涉propose v.提议 ,建议 ;提名 ,推荐 ;求婚immigrant a.(从国外 )移来的 ,移民的n.移民 ,侨民invade vt.入侵 ,侵略 ,侵袭 ,侵扰confident adj.(of,in) 确信的 ,自信的nominate v.提名 ,任命wisdom n.智慧 ,明智 ;名言 ,格言phase n.阶段 ,状态 ,时期 ;相 ,相位 specialist n.专家definite a.明确的 ;一定的 ;意志坚强的 ,立场坚定的somehow ad.不知怎么的，设法，以某种方式subscribe vi.(to) 订阅，订购；同意 vt. 捐助，赞助carbohydrate n.碳水化合物 ; 糖类； (plural) 淀粉质或糖类discourse n.论文 ;演说 ;谈话 ;话语 vi.讲述 ,著述complicate v.使 ..复杂；使 ..难懂；使（疾病等）恶化；contrary a.相反的，矛盾的，对抗的n.矛盾，反对，相反，反面，对立物（面）numerical a.数字的，用数字表示的，数值的junior a./n.年少的 /者 ,三年级的 /学生 ,下级(的 )Word List 7sturdy a.坚定的，不屈不挠的；强健的，结实的fuss n./v.忙乱 ,大惊小怪undo v.松开 ,解开ax n.斧子majority n.多数 ,大多数 ,成年 ,法定年龄physical a.物质的 ;肉体的 ,身体的 ;自然科学的 ,物理的possess v.占有 ,拥有elevator n.电梯 ,升降机buffet n.自助餐mirror n.镜子 , n./v.反应，反射purchase v.买 ,购买 n.购买的物品permeate v.弥漫，遍布，散布；渗入，渗透steep a.陡峭的；险峻的；急剧升降的 vt.浸泡 ,沉浸calendar n. 日历，月历dam n.水坝 ,水闸narrative a.叙述性的 n.叙述worldwide a.全世界的，世界范围的，遍及全世界altitude n.高度，海拔；vulgar a.粗俗的，庸俗的，本土的，通俗的，普通的cripple n.跛子 ,残疾人 v.使跛 ,使残疾liable adj. 有责任的，有义务的，有倾向的，易于的farewell n.再会，别了，告别equality n.同等 ;平等 ; 相等 ;等式 ;等同性panel n.面 ,板 ;控制板 ,仪表盘 ;专门小组immune a.免疫的 ,有免疫力的 ;有受影响的 ;豁免的pamphlet n.小册子federal a.联邦的 ;联邦制的 ; 联合的 ; 同盟的snap v.啪地移动； (使）突然断开，断开（成两截)indifferent a. 冷漠的 ,不关心的 ,不积极的fairy n.小仙子，小精灵transistor n.晶体管；晶体管收音机whatsoever ad.(用于否定句中以加强语气)任何fancy n.爱好 ,迷恋v.想象 ,幻想 a.花式的 ,奇特的recur v.(尤指不好的事 )一再发生；重现surroundings n.周围的事物 ,环境slender a.修长的 ,细长的 ,苗条的 ;微小的 ,微薄的linger v.逗留 ,徘徊 ,拖延 ,留恋 ,浪费光阴 ,苟延残喘classical a.经典的 ,古典 ( 文学 )的rein n.缰绳 ,统治 ,支配v.驾驭 ,控制 ,统治scale n.刻度 ;天平 ,磅秤 ;比例尺 ;规模 ;音阶 ;鱼鳞suspend v.悬 (浮 )，挂；暂停，取消；推迟exert v.尽 (力 ),施加 (压力等 ), 努力lamb n.羔羊 ,小羊 ;羔羊肉target n.目标 ,对象 ,靶子butterfly n.蝴蝶librarian n.图书管理员supreme a.极度的 ,最重要的 ;至高的 ,最高的 conservative a.保守的 ,守旧的 n.保守主义者liberal a.慷慨的 ,大方的 ;富足的 ;自由的 ,思想开放的peanut n.花生biology n.生物学satisfactory a.令人满意的 ,圆满的 ,良好的 ,符合要求的wink v.( 使)眨眼；眨眼示意n.眨眼；小睡，打盹pastime n.消遣 ,娱乐multiple a.多样的 ,多重的 n.倍数 v.成倍增加trumpet n.喇叭 ,小号hijack v.劫持，劫机，拦路抢劫sensible a.明智的 ,达理的 ;可觉察的 ,明显的nurture n./v.养育 ,教育 ,教养n.营养品 v.给与营养物selection n.选择 ,挑选 ;选集 ,精选物heir n.继承人intervene v.(in) 干涉 ,干预 ;插入 ,介入vacuum n.真空 ,真空吸尘器ancient a.古代的，古老的，古式的literacy n.有文化 ,有教养 ,有读写能力module n.组件，模块，模件；(航天器的 )舱swear v.(at) 诅咒 ,骂人 ;宣誓 ,发誓sensitive a.(to)敏感的 ,易受伤害的 ;灵敏的 domestic a.家里的 ;本国的 ;驯养的brand n.商标 ,标记 ,牌子v.使铭记 ;打火印 ,打烙印speculate vi.思索；推测 vt.投机；思索，推测 persecute v.迫害numb a.麻木的 ,失去感觉的v.使麻木Word List 8slice n.薄片 ,切片 ;一份 ;部分切 (片 )undergo vt.遭受 ,经历 ,承受thunder n.雷 (声); 轰隆声v.打雷 ;大声说 ,吼叫atmosphere n.大气 (层 )；空气；气氛，环境；大气压tiresome a.使人厌倦的，讨厌的extinguish v.熄灭 ;消灭 ;结束 ;压制 ;使黯然失色 ;偿清canal n.运河，沟渠intact a.完整无缺的 ,未经触动的 ,未受损伤的revenge n.报复 ,复仇v.替⋯报仇gas n.气体，煤气，汽油lean v.倾斜 ,屈身 ;倚 ,靠 ,依赖 a.瘦的 ,无脂肪的engine n.发动机 ,引擎 ;火车头conjunction n.接合，连接，联合；连 (接 )词clutch v.抓住 ,攫住 ,掌握n.离合器hostess n.女主人 ,女主持人wrist n.腕 ,腕关节temperament n.气质，性格，性情；资质economic a.经济 ( 上 )的,经济学的mate n.配偶，伙伴，同事curl v.(使 )卷曲 ,蜷缩n.卷发 ; 卷曲状 ;卷曲物disappear v.不见 ,消失prototype n.原型；典型，范例pact n.合同 ,条约 ,公约 ,协定wander v.漫步 ,徘徊 ;迷路 ,迷失方向 ;离题campus n.(大学 )校园compartment n.卧车包房 ,(客车车厢内的 )隔间 ;分隔的空间comic a.喜剧的，滑稽的 n.连环漫画杂志；喜剧演员imaginative a.富有想象力的 ,爱想象的spectrum n.谱，光谱，频谱；范围，幅度，系列inlanda./ad.国内 ,内地 ,内陆dash v./n. 冲 ,猛冲 ,突进 n.破折号symmetry n.对称 (性 );匀称 ,整齐housing n.房屋，住宅，住房建筑instability n.不稳定 (性 )hay n.干草embassyn.大使馆 ;大使及其随员besides ad.除⋯⋯之外，而且，还有tar n.柏油，焦油 vt.涂或浇柏油 /焦油于quotev.引用 ,援引distill vt.蒸馏，用蒸馏法提取；吸取，提炼await vt. 等候，期待； (事情等 ) 降临于harsha.粗糙的； (声音 )刺耳的；苛刻的，严酷的ambitious a.有抱负的，雄心勃勃的；有野心的betray v.背叛 ,出卖 ; 暴露 ,流露 ,泄露drawback n.欠缺 ,缺点 ;退还的关税revise v.修订 ,校订 ;修正 ,修改norm n.准则 ,规范 ,准则 ,平均数psychiatry n.精神病学，精神病疗法compulsory a.必须做的，强制性的，(课程 )必修的thirst n.渴 ,口渴 ;(for) 渴望 ,热望migrate v.迁移 ,移居 (国外 )absence n.缺乏，不存在；缺席，不在；缺席的时间error n.错误，过失，误差bound v./n.跳 (跃 ) a.被束缚的，一定的；n.界限withdraw v.收回 ,撤消 ;缩回 ,退出 ;提取 (钱 ) selfish a.自私的，利己的casualty n.伤亡人员；受害人；损失的东西；急诊室blunder v.( 因无知等而 )犯大错 ;踉踉跄跄地走 n.大错 incentive n.刺激 ;动力 ;鼓励 ;诱因 ;动机mo(u)ld n.模子铸造vt 浇铸造型塑造形成drift v./n. 漂 ,漂流 (物)spacious adj. 广阔的，宽敞的precious a.珍贵的 ,贵重的grind v.磨 (碎 ),碾 (碎 )recycle v./n. 再循环 ,重复利用vessel n.容器 ,器皿 ; 船 ,舰 ;管 ,血管representative n.代表 ,代理人 a.(of)典型的 ,有代表性detain v.耽搁 ;扣押 ,拘留literary a.文学上的 ,文学的 ;精通文学的 ,从事写作的 setback n.挫折；失效；复发；倒退moreovercon j./ad.再者 ,加之 ,而且cannon n.大炮 ,火炮Word List 9establishment n.建立 ,设立 ,建立的机构 (或组织 ) petroleum n.石油revoltv./n.反抗 ,起义disclose v.揭示 ,泄露hawk n.鹰，隼amid prep.在⋯中间，在⋯之中，被⋯围绕membership n.会员资格，成员资格perfume n.香味 ,芳香 ;香料 v.使发香 ,洒香水于expedition n.远征 (队 ),探险(队 )sparklev.发火花 ,闪耀celebrity n.名人，名流；著名，名声，名望yawn v.打呵欠 n.呵欠overhead a.在头顶上的 ;架空的ad.在头顶上sketch n.素描 ;略图 ,草图 ;梗概 v.绘略图 ,速写 ,写生drag v.拖 ,拖曳relativityn.相关 (性 ); 相对论parade n./v. 游行 ,夸耀 n.检阅 ,阅兵式 v.使列队行进performance n.履行 ,执行 ;表演 ,演出 ;性能 ,特性 ;成绩cherryn.樱桃 (树 )timbern.木材 ,木料blaze n.火焰 ;火光 ;闪光 ,光辉 v.燃烧 ,冒火焰disablevt.使残废 ;使失去能力 ;丧失能力guitar n.吉他，六弦琴conservation n.保存 ,保护 ,保守 ;守恒 ,不灭invalid n.病人 ,伤残人 a.有病的 ,伤残的 ;无效的intimate a.亲密的 ,密切的 n.熟友 ,熟人vulnerable a.易受攻击的collective n.集体 a.集体的 ,共同的predictv.预言 ,预测 ,预告scholar n.学者cliffn.悬崖 ;峭壁academy n.(高等 )专科院校；学术社团，协会，研究院illusion n.幻想中的事物，错误的观念，错觉，幻觉，假象sore a.疼痛的 ;痛心的 n.痛处 ,疮口quarterlya.每季的 ad.每季一次n.季刊dose n.剂量 ,一服 ,一剂 v.(给⋯)服药chart n.图表；航海图；航行图vt.绘图表，制图表depositv.存放 ;使沉淀 ;付 (保证金 ) n.存款 ;沉积物grape n.葡萄displacement n 移置转移取代obscurea.暗的 ,朦胧的 ;模糊的 ,晦涩的mill n.磨粉机 ,磨坊 ;作坊 ,工厂hurl vt. 猛投，力掷；大声叫骂shatter n.碎片；粉碎v.粉碎；使疲惫；使震骇clarityn.清晰 ,明晰dispose v.(of) 处理 ,处置 ;(for) 布置 ,安排hemisphere n.半球profounda.深刻的 ,意义深远的 ;渊博的 ,造诣深的sourcen.源 ,源泉 ;来源 ,出处restrictv.限制 ,约束formala.正式的 ;形式的deem vt.认为相信twist v.捻 ;拧 ;扭曲 ;蜿蜒曲折而行 n.拧 ;歪曲 ;曲折constitution n.构成 ,构造 ,组成 (方式 ),成分 ;体格 ;宪法 qualitative a.性质上的 ,定性的reservoir n.水库 ,蓄水池absorb vt.吸收 (水、光、蒸汽等）；使全神贯注shutter n.百叶窗； (照相机 ) 快门；关闭装置staff n.全体职工 ;杠 ,棒 ;参谋部 v.配备工作人员retention n.保留 ,保持 ,保持力 ,记忆力radiant a.发光的 ,辐射的 ,容光焕发的briefcase n.手提箱，公事皮包lavatory n.厕所 ,盥洗室resemble v.像 ,类似necklace n.项链，项圈moist a.潮湿的 ,湿润的 ,多雨的climax n.顶点 ,高潮mud n.泥，泥浆enrich v.使富足 ;使肥沃 ;装饰 ;加料于 ;浓缩velocity n.速度 ,速率loyalty n.忠诚 ,忠心authority n. 权力，权威；权威人士；(pl.)官方，当局gramme n.(gram)克Word List 10hunt v/n.打猎，猎取，搜索，寻找balcony n.阳台； (电影院等的 )楼厅，楼座complex a.复杂的 ;合成的 ,综合的n.联合体restless a.得不到休息的 ;不平静的 ;坐立不安的 publication n.出版物 ;出版 ,发行 ;公布 ,发表herb n.药草， (调味用的 )香草，草本植物glamor n.(glamour) 魅力 ;魔法 vt.迷惑laser n.激光skilled a.(in)熟练的 ,有技能的 ;需要技能的maintenance n.维修 ,保养 ,维持 ,保持 ,生活费用cab n.出租车，出租马车；驾驶室vi. 乘出租马车allocate v.分配，分派；拨给；划归ashamed a.惭愧的，羞耻的，害臊的series n.一系列 ,连续 ;丛书rib n.肋骨，肋状物stern a.严厉的 ;坚决的 ,坚定的 n.船尾 ,舟尾demonstrate v.论证 ,证实 ;演示 ,说明mechanical a.机械的 ,由机构制成的 ;机械似的 ,呆板的slam v.( 门、窗等 )砰地关上 n.猛然关闭的声音flap n.垂下物 ,帽沿 ,袋盖 n./v. 拍打 ,拍动deservev.应受 ,值得levy n.征收 ,征税 ,征兵 v.征收 ,征集 ,征用plurala/n.复数的 ,复数former a.以前的 ,在前的 pron.前者quantitative a.数量的 ,定量的erroneous a.错误的 ,不正确的privileg e n.特权 ,优惠 ,特许 v.给予优惠 ,给予特权astronomy n．天文学cassetten.盒子 ;盒式磁带gene n.基因deficitn.赤字 ,逆差 ;亏损 ,亏空 ;不足 ,缺乏obstaclen.障碍 (物 ),妨碍 ,阻碍 ,干扰coarsea.粗糙的 ,粗劣的 ;粗鲁的 ,粗俗的digest vt. 消化；领会，融会贯通n.文摘，摘要leak v.漏，泄露， n.漏洞，漏细，漏出backward a.向后的 ,倒行的 ;迟钝的 ad.向后 ,朝反方向pedal n.踏板 v.踩踏板 ,骑自行车stream n.小河 ,溪流 ; 流,一股 ,一串 v.流出 ,涌communication n.通讯 ,传达 ;(pl.) 通讯系统 ;交通(工具 )galaxy n.星系 ;(the Galaxy) 银河 (系 );一群显赫的人warehouse n.仓库 ,货栈scissors n.剪子skim vt.撇去 (液体表面 )之漂浮物vi. 轻轻掠过misfortune n.不幸 ,灾祸 ,灾难landlord n.房东 ,地主means n.方法，手段pilgrim n.(在国外 ) 旅游者 ;朝圣者 ,最初的移民esteem n.尊敬，尊重vt.尊重，敬重；把⋯看作humid a.湿的 ,湿气重的kindergarten n.幼儿园ally n.同盟者，同盟国，vt.使结盟；与⋯有关联rouse vt./vi. 唤醒，唤起；激励；激起theory n.理论 ,原理 ;学说 ,见解 ,看法manufacture v.制造 ,加工 n.制造 ,制造业 ;产品detach vt.分开 , 分离 , 分遣 , 派遣 (军队 ) administration n.经营，管理；行政，行政机关，管理部门inherit vt. 继承 (金钱等 )，经遗传而得 (性格、特征 )justify v.证明 ...正当 (或有理、正确 )，为 ...dim a.暗淡的，模糊的辩护phenomenon n.现象 ,稀有现象 ,珍品 ,奇迹 ,杰出人才shortage n.不足，缺少insult vt./n.侮辱 ,凌辱orientation n.方向 ,方位 ,定位 ,倾向性 ,向东方guidance n.引导 ,指导schedule n.时间表 ,进度表v.安排 ,预定vein n.血管 ;静脉 ; 叶脉 ;纹理 ;情绪v t.使成脉络jury n.陪审团 ;全体评审员void a.空虚的 ;没有的 ;无效的offspring n.子孙 ,后代 ;结果 ,产物explode v.( 使 )爆炸 ,(使 )爆发friction n.磨擦 ,摩擦力loosen v.解开 ,放松accurate a.正确无误的；准确的，精确的surplus n.过剩 ,剩余；余款 ,余额 a.过剩的 ,剩余的Word List 11doze vi. 瞌睡；假寐n. 瞌睡；假寐moisture n.潮湿，湿气，湿度initial a.最初的，开头的n.词首的poverty n.贫穷，贫困width n.宽度；宽阔，广阔siren n.警报声，警报器contaminate vt.弄脏，污染emit vt.散发，发射clasp n. ①握手；拥抱②扣子，钩子v.①扣住，钩住②紧握，紧抱Thanksgiving n.感恩节bias n.偏见，偏心，偏袒curious a.好奇的；稀奇的emphasize vt.强调，着重bibliography n.（有关某一专题的）书目；参考书目inward ad.（=inwards ）向内，在内a.在内的，里面的；内心的stocking n.长（筒）袜folk n.人们 a.民间的tribute n.①贡品，（表示敬意的）礼物②颂词，称赞exquisite a.①优美的，优雅的，精致的②（指情感）强烈的，剧烈的③（指感觉、感受）敏锐的敏感的 senator n.参议员pant n.喘气vi. 气喘appreciate vt.①感谢，感激②正确评价；欣赏，赏识wit n.智力，才智contract n.契约，合同；包工vi.①缩小，收缩②订hardship n.艰难，困苦residence n.住处，住宅inspect vt. 检查，调查，视察heel n.脚后跟；鞋跟 package n.包装，包裹，箱 undergraduate n.大学生，大学肄业生rim n.①（圆物的）边，轮缘②边界accord n.①一致，符合②协议，条约 vi.(with) 相符合，相一致 vt.授予，赠与signature n.签名，署名，签字trace n.①痕迹，踪迹②极少量，微量 vt.①描绘②跟踪，追踪transparent a.①透明的②显然的，明显的meditation n.沉思，冥想，默念statement n.声明，陈述beneath prep.在⋯⋯下边，在⋯⋯之下ad.在下方substitute n.代用品，代替品vt.代替，替换typist n.打字员bureau n.署，局，司，处compute n./vt.计算whistle n.①口哨；汽笛②口哨声，汽笛声vi. 吹口哨；鸣笛irony n.①反话，讽刺，嘲弄②出人意料的事情或情况；具有讽刺意味的事indication n.①指出，指示②迹象，暗示extensive a.广大的，广泛的procedure n.程序，手续，步骤dazzle vt. ①使惊奇，使倾倒②使炫目，耀（眼） n.①耀眼的光②令人眼花缭乱的东西（或特性）curriculum n.课程，（学校等的）全部课程fantasy n.①想象，幻想②幻想的产物expertise n.专门知识（或技能等），专长mild a.①温暖的，温和的②温和的，轻微的③（烟酒等）味淡的fade v.褪色；衰减，消失intuition n.直觉evil a.邪恶的，罪恶的 n.邪恶，罪恶fraud n.①诈骗，欺骗②骗子，冒名顶替者illustration n. ①说明，例证②插图，图解advent n.到来，来临，出现aural a.听觉的fame n.名声harden v.（使）变硬shuttle n.①航天飞机②（织机的）梭子③短程穿梭运行的飞机（或火车、汽v.（使某物）穿梭般来回，短程穿梭运送intermittent a. 间歇的，断断续续的tunneln.隧道，山洞medal n.奖章，勋章，纪念章。

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考研英语熟词生义归纳（一）1. abide (by ) v. ①遵守，服从We must abide by the promise made by us. 我们必须遵守我们作出的诺言。

②忍受，忍耐You will have to abide by the consequences. 你将必须忍受其后果。

2. abroad adj. ①在国外，到国外；②everywhere遍布，到处There is a rumor abroad that he is a liar. 谣言到处说他是个骗子。

3. above / beyond:介词，后面接抽象而不是具体名词时表示“无法做到”，例如：“abovecomprehension”的意思是“无法理解”，beyond dispute毋庸置疑。

4. in the absence of something:“缺少，没有”，用于替代“in short of”或者“be lacking in”。

5. be absorbed in something:“专注于某事”。

6. abuse:用在物品词后面表示“过量使用”，比如drug abuse(药物或毒品滥用)，用在有生命的事物后面则表示“虐待” 。

systematic patient abuse (蓄意对病人的虐待)7. have access to something:通道，通路；机会。

比如“have access to town”表示“有道路通往市区”，“have access to the teacher”则是“有条件向老师请教”。

8. account“帐户，解释，解说，叙述”。

An agreed account 共识；on account of 因为9. account for“解释，说明”，但常理解翻译成“是…的原因”。

10. acknowledge答谢；承认。

11. acquire获得，学会，兼并，占有。

比如，acquire bad habits”“养成坏习惯”，acquire a language(习得一门语言)；acquire a firm(兼并一家公司)。

12. in action起作用13. adapt:适应，（将某个领域的研究成果）应用于（另一领域）”。

14. address somebody:“对某人说话，发言”。

15. afford:“承担得起”，后面可以接表示金钱，时间或者情感的词汇。

16. agent:代理人，代理机构，在生物化学领域，这个词翻译成“介质，载体”，而在计算机英语中则是“服务器”的意思。

17. agree with:“使人或者身体的某个部分觉得舒适”。

18. agreeable:“惬意，令人愉快，恰到好处”。

19. agreement:一致的意见，合同，条约。

20. air气氛，氛围21. in the air:表示“悬而未决，仍在酝酿中”。

22. allowance津贴，补贴。

23. alone:阅读中有时和“only”是同一个意思，即“仅仅”，但是要用在单词或者句子后面。

24. ambitious:中性词，“野心”或者“志向”的含义。

25. amount to:在翻译或者阅读考试中的含义经常会是“竟然达到…的地步，程度”。

26. anchor:动词有“固定，安定”的含义，而名词的用法中如果是用于新闻界，则表示“新闻播音员”。

27. appeal to somebody:吸引某个人的注意力；向…呼吁。

28. appeal to court法律用语，“上诉”。

29. appearance:“状况，现象，外表”。

30. apply:日常生活中是“涂抹，敷药”的含义。

31. apply to something:“适用于”。

32. approach:名词表示“方法，手段”，动词则是“处理，处置”。

33. appropriate to:“适用于，与之相应”。

34. argue:在写作中可以表示“认为”，如果与介词同时使用，如“argue for”表示“支持”，“argue against”表示“反对”。

35. argument:“观点，主张”。

36. arrest one’s attention:“引起某个人的注意”。

37. art:“技术，技能”。

38. article:日常生活购物场景下表示“一件商品（东西）”，文章，条款。

39. assert oneself:“表现自己”或“维护自己的权利”。

40. association:联想；协会41. assume:动词，“承担任务或角色，任职”42. attachment:依赖，眷恋；喜欢；43. authorities:“政府当局”44. back up:“支持”45. balance:在经济英语中指的是“帐面余额”46. bargain:表示“物超所值的商品，廉价品”。

47. based in:这个词缀用在任何一个地点名词的后面，表示“总部位于某个地方”。

48. bear:表示“承载，承受, 具有，拥有”。

49. bearing:用在人的身上指人的“品格，气质”，日常是“方向”的含义。

50. better:动词的意思是“优于，胜过”。

51. the better part of:“大多数，大半个”。

52. bid:动词是“吩咐，命令”，名词有的时候有“试图，企图”的含义。

53. board:名词最常用的含义是“委员会”，动词，后接交通工具则是“上火车，上船，上飞机”。

54. bold:在印刷术语中是“粗体字”的含义。

55. be born to do something:“天生有能力做某件事情”。

56. be bound to do something:“一定会做某件事情”。

57. branch:“分支机构”，看上下文可以翻译成为“分校，分公司，银行分行”等等。

58. brand–new:“崭新的”。

59. bridge the gap:“缩短差距”。

60. brief:动词可以表示“做简短介绍”，名词则是“短会”。

61. budget:日常生活中可以翻译成“购物计划”。

62. build:名词，之“人的身材”，而且应当是比较健壮的身材，多用于男士。

63. burst:与其他一些单词连接使用，如“burst into tears”或者“burst into laughter”，翻译成“大哭”或者“大笑”。

64. business:“事务”，事情。

65. but:后面接名词时是“除…以外”，因此“anything but”中文为“就不是…”，而“nothing but”则为“就是…”。

66. calculate:“盘算，估算”。

67. camp:动词的含义是“驻扎”。

68. campaign:“（有益的大型）活动”。

69. cap:本身的含义是“帽子”，但使用的时候则可以表示“最高部分，上限”。

70. at capacity:词组，“全速地，完全地”。

71. capture one’s attention:“吸引某个人的注意力”。

72. plague:动词，“折磨，烦扰，肆虐”。

73. plain:“十足，彻底”，有的时候也表示“浅显易懂”，或者“太过普通”。

74. case:通常的含义是“情况，病例“，如果在法律环境下则是“案例”。

75. cast:日常生活中的含义是“铸造，塑造”，但是有一些固定的词组搭配，比如“cast a glance at something / somebody”是“将眼光投向某个事物或某个人”，“cast light on something”是“提供新信息，帮助理解”，而“cast a shadow on something”则是“在某件事情上留下阴影”。

76. cause:“事业，目标”。

77. cease to:“不再出现某种情况”。

78. ceiling:在经济和数学用语中通常表示“上限”。

79. cell:电池，“cell phone”是“移动电话”的美式用法，在生物学领域则是“细胞”的意思。

80. cement:作为动词，含义为“巩固，加强”。

81. center on:“以…为中心，围绕”。

82. certain:在心理学环境下的英语解释为“feeling confident about yourself and your abilities”，因此中文可以翻译为“自信”。

83. chair:动词的意思是“主持”，相当于“preside over”。

84. challenge:怀疑，质疑85. chance:科技英语中是“偶然性”的含义，因此“by chance”的意思是“偶然地”。

86. channel:动词的含义是“引导”，名词是“渠道，路径；海峡；频道”的意思。

87. charge:动词含义有两个，在科技英语的环境下是“充电”，而在日常生活中是“索取（费用）”。

名词通常是“电流”的含义。

88. be in charge of:“对…负责”。

89. check:“遏止，控制”。

90. chew:“琢磨，考虑”。

91. chip:“芯片”。

92. choice:形容词的意思是“精选的”。

93. claim:如果这个词后面接的是人，表示的含义是“让人丢了性命”。

94. class:动词的含义同“classify”基本相同，表示“分类”。

名词意思为：种类95. clause:法律用语中是“条款”。

96. click:计算机用语中是“点击”的含义97. climate:“风气，风俗”。

98. climb up:表示数字“缓慢上升”。

99. cloudy:“浑浊，模糊不清”，如果指心情，则表示“低沉，阴郁”。

100.coach:动词，“给一个运动队或个人做教练或进行指导”。

101.coat:生物、化学及医药用语中是“表面，外皮”的含义，因此例如“sugar coating”一类的词就是“糖衣”的含义了。

102. code:法律用语中是“规则，法典”的含义。

103. collect:含义为“领取，接走”。

104. colony:生物学含义为“微生物的种群”。

105. command:“掌握，拥有”；106. commercial:名词是“电视商业广告”的含义，而“advertisement”一般指报纸中的广告。

107. commission:通常的含义是“任务”，但是在商业用语中是“佣金，回扣”的含义。

108. be committed to something:“决心做某件事情”。

109. commitment:“决心”。

110. communicate one’s idea:“表达某个人的观点”。

111. community:与其他名词连用表示“界”，比如“scientific community”就是“科技界”，此外复数“communities”也有“社会”的含义。