Chapter 4 Imperfections in Solids
第二章 晶体缺陷1
如果位错b是位错 b1、b2之和 并且： b1 a u1v1w1 b2 a u 2 v2 w2 n n a a a 则： b b1 b2 u1v1w1 u2 v2 w2 u1 u2 v1 v2 w1 w2 n n n
●
同一晶体中，柏氏矢量越大，该位错的点阵畸变越严重，其能量越高。 能量较高的位错趋于分解为多个能量较低的位错： 如果 b → b1 + b2； 则 ∣b∣2> ∣b1∣2 +∣b2∣2
Chapter 2 Imperfections of crystalline solids
§2.1 点缺陷(point defects) 它是在结点上或邻近的微观区域内偏离晶体结构的正常排列的一种缺陷； 其特征是在三维空间的各个方向上尺寸都很小； 包括空位（vacancies）、间隙原子（self-interstitials）、杂质或溶质原子 （impurities---substitutional and interstitial impurity atoms）等
● 刃型位错的割阶部分仍为刃型位错，而扭折部分则为螺型位错； ● 螺型位错的割阶和扭折部分均为刃型位错；
● 位错的攀移可以理解为割阶沿位错线逐步推移。
Chapter 2 Imperfections of crystalline solids
例：两根互相垂直的刃型位错的交割
● 柏氏矢量互相垂直 ● 柏氏矢量互相平行
Chapter 2 Imperfections of crystalline solids
2.1.1 点缺陷的形成 热平衡缺陷(thermal equilibrium defects)： 晶体中点阵结点上的原子以其平衡位置 为中心作热振动，当振动能足够大时， 将克服周围原子的制约，跳离原来的位 置，形成点缺陷，造成点阵畸变 肖脱基空位（Schottky vacancies） 弗兰克尔缺陷（Frenkel defects） 间隙原子（self-interstitials） 过饱和点缺陷(supersaturated point defects)： 淬火、冷变形、高能粒子使晶体中的 点缺陷数量超过其平衡浓度
第3章晶体缺陷
• An interstitial defect is formed when an extra atom is inserted into the crystal structure at a normally unoccupied position. • Interstitial atoms, although much smaller than the atoms located at the lattice points, are still larger than the interstitial sites that they occupy, consequently, the surrounding crystal region is compressed and distorted.
பைடு நூலகம்
• • • • • • • • • •
离开平衡位置的原子有三个去处: 离开平衡位置的原子有三个去处: (1)形成Schottky空位（vacancy） (1)形成 形成Schottky空位 vacancy） 空位（ (2)形成Frankely缺陷 (2)形成 形成Frankely缺陷 (3)跑到其它空位上使空位消失或移位。 (3)跑到其它空位上使空位消失或移位 跑到其它空位上使空位消失或移位。 点缺陷的类型： 点缺陷的类型： （1）空位 间隙原子（异类）（ ）（interstital （2）间隙原子（异类）（interstital atom) 自间隙原子(同类) self（3）自间隙原子(同类) （self- interstital atom ） 外来杂质原子： （4）外来杂质原子： 置换原子( atom) （5）置换原子(substitutional atom) ：
Crystal Defects
材料科学与工程课堂PPT
(7.15)
Section 7.7
Furthermore, it is occasionally more convenient to represent strain as true strain T, defined by
(7.16)
If no volume change occurs during deformation, that is, if
前面内容 总结复习
固体中的原子有序 (Perfections in Solids) 固体中的原子无序 (Imperfections in Solids) 固体中的转变 (Transformations in Solids) 固体物质的表面结构 (Surface Structures of Solid Materials)
A standard tensile specimen
23
Sometimes it is more meaningful to use a true stress–true strain scheme. True stress T is defined as the load F divided by the instantaneous cross-sectional area Ai over which deformation is occurring (i.e., the neck, past the tensile point), or
Ai li = A0l0
(7.17)
true and engineering stress and strain are related according to
(7.18a) (7.18b)
Equations 7.18a and 7.18b are valid only to the onset of necking; beyond this point
材料科学(10)12章-Electrical-Properties
Conduction & Electron Transport
• Metals (Conductors):
-- for metals, empty energy states are adjacent to filled states.
• thermal energy excites electrons into empty higher energy states.
Resistance (电阻), Resistivity (电阻率)
Resistance, R, depends on the intrinsic resistivity r of the material [W-m] and on the geometry (length L and area A through which the current passes): R = r L/A
filled band
The outmost band largely determines the electron band structures in solids (group of atoms bonding to each other)
Cu
filled band
Mg
In a metal, n is large. In an insulator, n is very, very small.
Classification of Materials
based on their electrical conductivity
Electrical conductivity varies between different materials by over 27 orders of magnitude, the greatest variation of any physical property.
采矿专业英语
采矿工程专业英语词汇手册(Glossary of Special English in Mining Engineering )采矿工程专业内部讲义二零零七年三月ContentChapter 3 .1 Mining method (2)Chapter 3.2 Mine preplanning (3)Chapter3.3 Mine development (4)Chapter 4.1 Wall mining introduction (5)Chapter 4.2 Ground control aspects ..... (6)Chapter 4.3 Roof support system (7)Chapter 4.4 Longwall coal-getting machine (8)Chapter 4.5 Convey system (8)Chapter 4.6 Mine Vetilation (10)Chapter 5 Pillaring system (11)Chapter 6 Roadway excavation and support (12)Chapter 7 Novel methods of mining…………………………………………………..……..Chapter 3 .1 Mining method mining method 采矿方法; mining operation 采矿作业; transportation 运输; ventilation 通风; ground control 顶板管理; the cost of per ton of coal 吨煤成本; recovery 回采率; subside v. subsidence n.地表沉陷; subsidence control 地表沉陷控制cover 覆盖层; overburden 上覆地层; immediate roof 直接顶; floor 底板; dip (Pitch) 倾角; hardness 硬度; strength 强度; cleavage 解理; gas,methane 瓦斯daily operation 日常工作single operation 单一工序unit operation 单元作业auxiliary operation 辅助作业cutting n. 切割,掏槽; blasting n. 爆破loading n. 装煤haul v. 运输,搬运drainage n.排水power n. 动力power Supply 动力供应communication n. 通讯lighting n.照明. disruption in production 停产; reduction in production 减产; compromise 折衷room and pillar 房柱式by far 到目前为止in common with …和…一样underground mining 井工开采outcrop 露头,露出地面的岩层; crosscut 联络巷,石门; drift 平硐; entry 平巷; development stage 开拓阶段; production stage 生产阶段; face 工作面. continuous miner 连续采煤机; haulage capacity 运输能力; main entry 主巷. barrier pillar 隔离煤柱; butt entry 区段平巷; property line 矿井边界线. shearer 滚筒采煤机planer,Plow 刨煤机surface mining 露天开采auger mining 螺旋钻开采rapid excavation 快速掘进hydraulic mining 水力采矿underground gasification 地下气化ocean mining 海洋采矿Chapter 3 .2 Mine Preplanning Hercules【希,罗神】赫尔克里斯, 大力神--> Herculean, adj. 力气极大的; 需要大力气的.herculean effort 巨大的努力 1 inadequacy n.不足,缺乏. transportation facility 运输设备inflationary adj. 通货膨胀的,通货膨胀引起的<--inflation n.胀大, 通货膨胀, (物价) 暴涨<--inflate v 膨胀,充气. inflationary process 通货膨胀过程drive up 抬高, 提高drive into 掘进到…be faced with 面临monumental adj. [用以加强语气]非常的, 极端的<--monument n.纪念碑coal reserve 煤炭储量electromechanical adj. 机电的electro(电子的)+mechanical(机械的) electromechanical mine operation 矿井机电作业staff v.雇用,聘用season v 适用,适应coordinate n. 坐标.v. (使)互相配合, (使)协调, 调整. a multitude(n. 多数,多量) of 大量capital investment 基本建设投资. foremost 最主要的,最重要的, 1Billion = 1,000,000,000 即10 亿. Mt metric ton 公吨. 453.5Mt = 500 million tons 0.907Mt = 1 million ton put into operation 投产,投入使用raise 筹集the life of the property 矿产/井的使用年限. commercial value 市场价值,商业价值. for convenience 为了方便其见minability 可采性marketability 适销性,可销性coal reserve 煤矿nominal,名义上的,极小的. option 买卖选择权,优先购买权enter upon 开始preliminary examination 初步调查operating mine 生产矿井to the extent that 达到这种程度以致... ; 就...来说;在...方面来说; 2 adjacent to 邻近的surface topography 地面地形,表面地形coalfield 煤田measure 层组coal-bearing measure 含煤地层feature 特征;地貌. structural feature 构造特征surface improvement 地面上的改造tilled area 耕地reservoir 水库power line 电力线,输电线reservation n.保留地;自然保护区on record n.留有记录的,记录在案的preferred 优先〔选用〕的,首选的traverse 导线. traverse with compass 罗盘定位. system surveying 系统测量sampling 采样have a bearing on 对…有影响,与...有关available 有效的,可用的pricing schedule 定价方案preparation treatment 洗选加工selective adj.有选择性的,选择的a master plan of operation 总体生产计划. serve as 用作,作为,起到…作用. basis 基础,根据,依据since 引导原因状语从句justify 调整,证明,证明…是正确的, prospecting 勘探drilling pattern 钻孔布置,钻孔图式basic map 底图,基本地图log sheet 钻孔柱状图tabular adj. <==table tabular record 表格记录operating management 经营管理部门,经营管理life expectancy 预期使用年限,使用寿命delivery of supplies 材料供应estimate of the cost 成本估计sales department 销售部门Chapter 3.3 Mine development portal 井筒expected life of the mine 矿井的设计使用年限rail haulage 轨道运输as well as 即…又…be of +n. 具有…(性质) drift 平硐shaft 立井,竖井slope 斜井main shaft 主立井auxiliary shaft 副立井air shaft 风井transfer house 中转煤仓headframe 井架hoist house 提升机房,绞车房skip 箕斗cage 罐笼car dump 卸煤设备storage bin 井底煤仓deplete 耗尽,衰竭whether…or…是…还是…pressure drop 压降net effect 净效应,有效效应,实际结果capital cost 基建费用Chapter 4.1 Walling system introduction working face 工作面coalface:采煤工作面interconnection:切眼3 panel entry:区段平巷gate entry:工作面顺槽head gate:区段皮带巷,运输巷tail gate:区段轨道巷,回风巷headentry:工作面运输巷(下顺槽) tailentry:工作面回风巷(上顺槽) bleeder entry:区段回风巷cross-cut:联络巷gob, goaf:采空区end:端头Longwall mining 长壁采矿法Shortwall mining 短壁采矿法pillar system. 柱式系统longwall mining on strike 走向长壁采煤方法mining in advance / wall advancing mining 前进式采煤方法mining in retreat / wall retreating mining 后退式采煤方法inclined longwall mining 倾斜长壁开采underhand mining 俯采overhand mining 仰采Coal mining machine, coal-getting machine 采煤机; Shearer,滚筒采煤机Plow,planer 刨煤机Face conveyor 工作面运输机Pan line,"溜子" Chain conveyor 链式运输机Scraper chain conveyor 刮板输送机Armored chain conveyor 铠装运输机Roof support system:顶板支护系统Friction props:摩擦支柱Friction metal props:摩擦支柱Hydraulic prop:液压支柱Single/Individual hydraulic prop 单体液压支柱Hydraulic powered self-advanced support: 液压自移式支架roof support 顶板支架stage loader:转载机panel belt conveyor 区段皮带运输机electrical control 电力控制装置/设备hydraulic pump 液压泵站blast mining technology 爆破采煤工艺conventionally mechanized mining technology 普通机械化采煤fully mechanized mining technology 综合机械化采煤fully mechanized mining with sublevel caving technology 综采放顶煤方法Chapter 4.2 Ground control 工作面周围地层: Overlying strata 上覆地层: Main roof 老顶,基本顶 4 Immediate roof 直接顶Gob 采空区--Face—rib(煤壁) Floor 底板Underlying strata 下伏地层Ground control 顶板处理方式: (1)Caving;(2)Pack. Stable 切口,机窝dead work 准备工作,非生产性工作. Mobile belt conveyor 可移式胶带运输机No exception 无一例外regular maintenance n.日常修理,定期检修Downtime 停工期(由于损坏, 修理等原因造成的停机时间),停工时间,停机时间Clearance 空隙Immediate area of the face:工作面的直接区域Rib line 煤壁线,腰线heading 掘进头,平巷up to dip 沿倾斜上行Compression strength 压缩强度Underlying strata 下伏地层bed separation 离层On strike 沿走向Rad = radian,弧度Cleat 解理Hold true 有效,适用Half butt cutting 半垂直切割Angle of attack 冲角virgin conditions 原始条件; Harder roof strata Softer coal seam――uniformly distributed stress,the overburden weight Harder floor strata induced by mining 采动引起的Stress distribution 应力分布Deflect 偏斜,偏转,挠曲,下垂Cave in 冒顶,垮落Front abutment pressure 前方支承压力Side abutment pressure 侧向支承压力Rear abutment pressure 后方支承压力前方支承压力: 分布范围: 150m first felt/occur 出现,有反应,有感应; 45-60m pick up slightly 略有增长,略有加速; 15-21m increase rapidly 迅速增长; 1.5-5m 支承压力峰值peak abutment pressure magnitude of the peak abutment pressure 峰值大小:1.5-5 overburdern weight 后方压力:vertical pressure face area:far below the cover load gob area:gradually increase at last:the cover load 范围:0.3-0.4 the overburden thickness. No abutment pressure Side abutment First felt:At the same time as the front abutment pressure 范围:from the rib to 1/3 or 1/4 h largest at the ribside, decrease exponentially with distance from rib position of peak pressure:0.015h Magnitude depend on the thickness and length of the immediate roof hanging in the gob. Gob area 采空区稳定-- slip, sag, separate-- cave in Face area 工作面区Support the immediate roof Solid coal 实体煤5 Chapter 4 .3 Roof support system Face-to-gob distance 控顶距,工作面到采空区的距离. Yield pressure 屈服压力support resistance 支架阻力Face-to-tip distance 端面距Precut 预切割Frames 节式支架Stroke 行程Chock support 垛式支架Double-acting ram 双作用千斤顶Web cut 截深Shields 掩护式支架Double link 双键Lemniscate 双纽线,四联杆Roof canopy 顶梁Chock-Shield 支撑掩护式支架leg,prop 立柱canopy 顶梁forward canopy 前梁rear canopy 尾梁caving shield 掩护梁flipper,spauling shield 护帮板slider, jack board 插板ram ,cylinder,jack 千斤顶hose 油管emulsion 乳化液valve 阀support yielding 支架卸载Chapter 4.4 Longwall coal-getting machine miner,mining machine 采煤机continuous miner 连续采煤机shearer 滚筒采煤机motor 电动机,马达electric motor 电机haulage gearcase 牵引部gearhead 传动部cutter drum gearcase 滚筒截割部bedplate 底盘,底座control unit 控制装置chain 链条reducing gear box 减速箱pillboard 挡煤板cowl 挡煤板bit 截齿drum 滚筒ranging-arm 摇臂gear 齿轮track 轨道gear track 齿轨gearcase n.齿轮箱Rotor 转子Chapter 4.5 Conveying system 6 flexible flight conveyor / face chain conveyor 工作面可弯曲刮板输送机main components 主要部件drive head 机头部electric motor 电动机Hydraulic coupling 液力联轴器speed reducer 减速器chain wheel / sprocket 链轮drive head frame 机头架middle sections 中间部line pan 溜槽flight / scraper 刮板link chain 刮板链endless chain 无极链机尾部tail end 机尾架Drive end frame 链轮sprocket 附属装置auxiliary drives/units 挡煤板spillboard / spill plate (cowl 罩, 外壳) 铲煤板ramp plate 千斤顶jack chain drive 链式传动: classification according to chain arrangement 双边链double strand outboard chain 三链triple strand chain 单中链single middle chain 双中链double middle chain 新型刮板输送机侧卸式side-loading fight conveyor 垂直转弯式roller-curve fight conveyor 转载机Transfer conveyor A short heavy flexible flight conveyor 桥式转载机(bridge ) stage loader 区段皮带输送机Main components 皮带belt 托辊roller 支撑托辊supporting roller 机架frame 7 传动装置drive unit 电动机electric motor 联轴器coupling 减速器speed reducer 滚筒drum ①卸载滚筒unloaded drum ②机尾导向滚筒tail guide drum ③拉紧滚筒take-up drum ④机尾导向滚筒guide drum 拉紧装置take-up units 制动装置Braking devices 采区运输系统: 上山rise 下山dip Dip angle ≤15°belt conveyor 15°<Dip angle≤25°chain conveyor Dip angle>25°ceramic conveyor 水平运输系统水平运输大巷horizontal haulage entry belt conveyor 矿车trolley wagons 机车locomotive 电力机车trolley locomotive 蓄电池机车battery locomotive 矿车wagon 固定箱式矿车Fixed box wagon Tipping bucket wagon Front unloading wagon 底卸式矿车Bottom-dump wagon 立井提升系统矿井提升系统Mine hoist system 提升机Engine hoist 钢丝绳wire rope 天轮head sheave(n.滑轮) 箕斗skip 辅助运输auxiliary transportation Transportation of material, equipment, waste and personnel 材料,设备,矸石, 人员副井Auxiliary shaft Similar to main shaft 罐笼Cage――hoist container 斜井Slope In the slope, material and equipment are usually transported by direct rope hoist and endless rope hoist. While the waste is transported by skip and train according to the dip angle. The personnel are transported by a special man-car in the slope. 水平运输大巷horizontal haulage entry Electric locomotive haul the wagons to transport material, equipment, waste. Electric locomotive haul the special man-cars to transport miners. 采区上下山district rise and dip 1)有极绳提升Direct rope hoist dip angle:8-22 钢丝绳的一端与矿车相连,通过绞车(winch)放出和收回. 2)无极绳提升Endless rope hoist dip angle:≤10 区段运输Tail entry:wagons + wire rope Overhead monorail 单轨吊Overhead endless rope hoist Transfer conveyor 转载运输机Stage loader 桥式转载机Roller curve conveyor 滚轴转弯运输机Chapter 4.6 Ventilation system 风机:Ventilation fan 回风井:Return shaft 进风井:Intake shaft Working face Intake working 回风巷道:Return roadway 新鲜风:Fresh air Air flow 乏风:Dirty air 回风系统: 抽出式通风:Exhaust ventilation 负压negative pressure 压入式通风:Forced ventilation 正压Positive pressure 风机类型: 离心式风机:Centrifugal fan; 轴流式风机:Axial flow fan. 通风设施:Ventilating structures 风墙:V entilation wall 8 风门:Air door 风桥:Air bridge Air regulator 防尘,灭尘:Dust suppression water spray 洒水,mist spray 喷雾固定滚筒双向截割采煤机fixed-drum bi-directional shearer 单滚筒可调高采煤机single-drum ranging-arm shearer 双滚筒可调高采煤机double-dram ranging-arm shearer 矿井瓦斯:mine gas 瓦斯:gas,methane,firedamp All hazardous gases in underground coal mines, its major component is CH4. Colorless, odorless, nonpoisonous, Combustible. Its density is less than that of the air, so it often accumulates near the roof. Gassy mine 高瓦斯矿井Gas/methane control 瓦斯控制Chapter 5 Pillar system Two distinct phases of operation: First rooms and pillars are developed in a section. The second is mining pillars. Two basic mining methods: Conventional mining method.普通采煤方法Cutting 掏槽at the bottom of the coal seam a horizontal slot is 6-9 inch, 5-7feet deep Drilling 钻眼the optimum number and location of boreholes coal fragments after blasting neither too big nor too small for efficient loading. Blasting 爆破explosives are loaded into each borehole and detonated n.起爆Loading 装煤shuttle car section belt conveyor. Two shuttle cars are used. roof bolting 顶板锚杆支护为了充分发挥设备和人员的能力, 至少同时掘进5 个平行的巷道. 由于生产环节多,分散,逐渐被连续采煤方法取代. Continuous mining method.连续采煤方法I continuous miner + shuttle car 连续采煤机+梭车工艺+ section belt conveyor + roof bolting 间断运输工艺II continuous miner + (intermediate) conveyors 连续采煤机+输送机工艺+ section belt conveyor + roof bolting 连续的运输工艺Pillar recovery 回收煤柱There are three methods of extracting 9 pillars, open-end method, pocket and wing method and splitting method. open-end method 开端式pocket and wing method 袋翼式splitting 劈柱式pillar blocks lifts/slices 煤柱――块――切块Coal property 煤矿Area 盘区Set of entries 巷道群Engineer vt.设计Slough 脱落,剥落,碎落;崩落,坍塌, 滑坍Crush 压碎A function of 是…的函数,随…而变. Relative strength 相对强度Clearance 净空Block of coal Room work Cutting consequence 切割顺序Face mining cycle 工作面开采循环Mining practice 开采Colloquial [ kE5lEukwiEl ] adj.口语的, 通俗的Dictate 规定,制定Outline 形成…轮廓Incorporate …as …Ample 充足的,丰富的solid work chain pillar 巷道煤柱lessen 减少,减轻lift 小煤块, slice 切块physical condition n.实际条件post 柱子,支柱stump 煤柱slab 平板fender 煤柱,窄煤柱hand loading 人工装载common practice 惯例concurrently n.同时发生地,并行地in place 就地,原地;在地层内ride over 骑马来,跨在…上masonry n.砖石工程,砖石建筑砌筑. Masonry stopping 砌筑风墙Canvas stopping 帆布风帘Line Brattice 纵向风障Loading station 装车点Chapter 6 Roadway excavation and support 1 Roadway section 巷道断面掘进drive, tunnel, excavate 平巷掘进Drifting 巷道掘进roadway excavation 平巷掘进n. drifting 沉井,凿井n. sinking 上山掘进n. raising 下山掘进n. 1)The shape of roadway section 断面形状巷道断面形状主要取决于地层条件,服务年限和支护材料. The shape of roadway section depends mainly on strata conditions,the serving life and supporting materials. 井筒Shaft , circular 大巷Main entry , arched, horseshoe 上山rise, ladder-shaped, trapezoidal 顺槽Gateway , ladder-shaped, trapezoidal 2)The size of roadway section 断面尺寸巷道断面尺寸主要取决于巷道的用途. The size of roadway section depends mainly on its use. 它取决于运输或提升设备或其它设备的尺寸, 还要根据通风要求对巷道断面尺寸加以修改. It is dependent on haulage or hoisting equipment or other devices used,and it is modified according to the ventilation requirement. 净宽,net width;净高net height;净断面面积net section area. 2 Roadway excavation in rocks 岩巷掘进炮掘,爆破掘进:blasting excavation 装岩,除渣:mucking 掘进工艺包括主要作业和辅助作业,其中主要作业包括破岩,装岩,运输,支护,辅助10 作业包括通风,铺设轨道,挖掘排水沟,铺设管线等等. The excavation technique consists of main operations including breaking, loading, haulage and support, and auxiliary work including ventilation, laying the track, digging ditches and laying pipes etc. 1)Breaking 破岩打眼放炮是目前应用最广泛的破岩方法. Drilling and blasting is the most widely used method of rock breaking at present. (1)drilling Drill n. 钻机气动轻型钻机,风钻Air-jackleg 气腿式钻机Air-jack leg drill 架式钻机Drifter 钻车,凿岩台车Jumbo, drill carriage 湿式钻进Wet drilling 干式钻进Dry drilling 钻孔borehole (2)Blasting 爆破炸药:Explosive 装药:Load explosive in the borehole, charge 起爆:detonate 雷管:detonator;电雷管:electric detonator 炮眼布置方式:drilling pattern 掏槽眼:cut hole 辅助眼:auxiliary hole 周边眼:trim hole 顶眼:roof hole 帮眼:flank hole 底眼:Bottom hole 起爆顺序:firing sequence Cut auxiliary roof & flank bottom The type of explosive used, rock properties, and method of loading and sequence of firing the holes, affect hole depth, diameter, alignment and spacing. 采用的炸药的类型,岩石的特性,装岩方法,各个钻孔的起爆顺序,这些都影响着钻孔深度,直径,排列和间距的确定. A blast round consists of cut, relief, breast, and trim holes. 一个爆破炮眼组包括掏槽眼,辅助眼,压眼和边界眼. 2)Excavation face ventilation 掘进面通风Fan 风机Air pipe 风筒3)loading and haulage 装岩和运输铲斗装岩机Shovel mucker 11 耙斗装岩机Scraper mucker 机车+矿车Locomotive + wagons 4)support 支护 3 Roadway excavation in coals 煤巷掘进1)conventional excavation of coal drift 传统的煤层平巷掘进法Breaking is by means of drilling and blasting. 手持式电钻:handheld electric drill loading: hand loading 人工装煤scraper mucker:耙斗装煤机coal loader:装煤机扒抓,蟹抓 2 gathering-arms 刮板输送机:1 scraper conveyor 2)综掘fully mechanized excavation (1)gateway machine 平巷掘进机组成: 掘进头, (boom) cutterhead,cutting head 装煤装置:loading mechanism 扒抓,蟹抓gathering-arm 刮板输送机:scraper conveyor haulage: 皮带输送机:belt stage-loader mechanism 履带行走装置:crawler travel mechanism 支撑千斤顶:supporting cylinders,用来固定机器other cylinders,control cutterhead 液控箱hydraulic control box 操作: 操作时,首先驱动履带行走装置,使得切削头碰到煤壁; 然后,伸长导向千斤顶和后部千斤顶,支撑到巷道上; 这样就固定住了掘进机. 然后,切割头在掘进面底部的一侧钻入煤壁. 操作水平摆动千斤顶, 使切割头割到底部的另外一侧, 这就在掘进面底部完成了一刀作业. 操作升降千斤顶,使切割头向上割一定距离(切割头的直径) ,然后用相同的方法再割第二刀. 执行这个循环作业,直到割完整个断面. 平巷掘进机可以掘出任何形状和尺寸的断面,如圆形,马蹄形,拱形和长方形. Gateway machine can excavate any size and shape of cross section: circular, horseshoe, arched and rectangular. 12 (2)continuous miner 连续采煤机roof bolter 锚杆安装机,锚杆机. The roof bolter is a rubber-tired vehicle used to drill and insert bolts into the roof to support it. 锚杆机是一个用来打锚杆眼安装锚杆来支护顶板的机器,它是用胶轮行走的. 4 Roadway supporting 巷道支护永久性支护:permanent support 临时性支柱:temporary support 刚性支护:rigid support 柔性支护:yieldable support 主动支护:active support 被动支护:negetive support 类型: (1)木支架:timber support 梯形巷道:basic form:1 beam + 2 posts 基本形式:一梁二柱(2)钢支架:steel rib support 梯形巷道:1 beam + 2 posts, 工字钢:I-steel 拱形巷道:U-steel arch yieldable support U 形刚拱形可缩型支架(3)块石或混凝土砌碹:stone or concrete lining 直墙拱形:straight-sided arch (4)锚杆支护bolting support Enhance the self-supporting capability of surrounding rock. 提高了围岩的自承能力. 喷射混凝土:shotcreting 锚喷:bolting and shotcreting 锚网:bolting and metal mesh 锚索:anchored cable 锚注:bolting and injecting The length of time the rock safely can be left unsupported will greatly effect the overall drifting-operation cycle. 岩石开挖后无支护而且安全的时间长度, 即拱桥作用的时间, 对于整个平巷掘进工艺循环有着很大的影响. In some cases, no support is needed. In others, close support, or support ahead of the last set, is required. 在一些情况下,不需要进行巷道支护. 其它的情况,需要及时支护,或者超前最后一个支架进行支护. 13 超前支护:Advancing support 导管:Pipe spillingChapter 7 Novel mining methods Novel mining methods 新型采矿方法掘进drive, tunnel, excavate 巷道掘进roadway excavation 平巷掘进n. drifting 沉井,凿井n. sinking 上山掘进n. raising Term vt 称为;把…叫做Warrant n.许可证,保证,理由,执照; vt. 向...保证,批准, 使有正当理由Curiosity n.奇特性,好奇心,珍品Auger mining 螺旋钻开采法Leaching 溶浸法;leach vt. 过滤borehole mining 钻井采矿法oblivion n.遗忘, 湮没on the verge of 接近于, 濒临于technology transfer 技术推广,技术转让R&D 研发,研究和开发Stoping,回采,采矿法Sublevel,分段Commodity n.矿种,矿产Viability [ 7vaiE5biliti ] n.生存能力, 发育能力Tie to 依靠,依赖synthetic fuel 人造燃料,合成燃料cartel 企业联合,卡特尔intriguing adj.迷人的, 有迷惑力的unconsolidated 未固结的, 非胶结的, 疏松的extraterrestrial adj. 地球外的untried 未试过的Nonetheless adv.虽然如此, 但是Deterrent [ di`tE:rEnt ] n.阻碍,威胁力量Roadheader 巷道掘进机Mole 隧道全断面掘进机TBM 隧道掘进机SBM 井筒掘进机Coin v.创造,杜撰(新词) Overbreak,overexcavate 超挖欠挖alignment n.定线,准线,校正,定位pilot hole 导向钻孔,导洞in terms of 根据,在…方面14。
置换型固溶体Substitutionalsolidsolution
b ·ξ= - b 相互逆向平行，纯螺旋位错
柏格斯矢量 (Burgers Vector)
柏格斯回路
右手规则： 拇指----位错线方向 四指转向-----柏格斯回路转向
肖特基缺陷 (Schottky Defect)：(c)离子对空位
弗兰克尔缺陷(Frenkel Defect)：(e)等量的正离子空位和正离子间隙
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 5.1
Calculate the equilibrium number of vacancies per cubic meter for copper at1000 ℃. The energy for vacancy formation is 0.9 eV/atom; the atomic weight and density (at 1000℃) for copper are 63.5 g/mol and 8.40 g/cm3, respectively.
3）非化学计量化合物 (Nonstoichiometric)： 组分比偏差于化学式的化合物 （含变价离子） 实质是由金属的高氧化态和低氧化态形成的固溶体 其电中性(electroneutrality)由空孔或间隙离子平衡
Figure 5.4
3. 根据固溶度划分： 1) 有限固溶体： 固溶度 ＜100% 2) 无限固溶体(连续固溶体)： 固溶度 0 ~100% 4．根据各组元原子分布的规律性划分：
B． 间隙离子进入后需空位或其它高价反电荷离子 以置换方式平衡电中性。
•固溶体的判断
固溶体的理论密度： ρc = N · A ／ V ·NA N、V 分别为晶胞的原子数和体积 A 为固溶体平均相对原子质量 NA为阿佛伽德罗常数 测定固溶体实际密度 ρe 若: ρc〈 ρe : 间隙式 ρc = ρe : 置换式 ρc 〉ρe : 缺位式 （缺阵点原子）
OSHA现场作业手册说明书
DIRECTIVE NUMBER: CPL 02-00-150 EFFECTIVE DATE: April 22, 2011 SUBJECT: Field Operations Manual (FOM)ABSTRACTPurpose: This instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148,Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009, whichreplaced the September 26, 1994 Instruction that implemented the FieldInspection Reference Manual (FIRM). The FOM is a revision of OSHA’senforcement policies and procedures manual that provides the field officesa reference document for identifying the responsibilities associated withthe majority of their inspection duties. This Instruction also cancels OSHAInstruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs,May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045,Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989.Scope: OSHA-wide.References: Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.6, Advance Notice ofInspections; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.14, Policy RegardingEmployee Rescue Activities; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.19,Abatement Verification; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1904.39,Reporting Fatalities and Multiple Hospitalizations to OSHA; and Housingfor Agricultural Workers: Final Rule, Federal Register, March 4, 1980 (45FR 14180).Cancellations: OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual, November9, 2009.OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and HealthPrograms, May 17, 1996.Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised FieldOperations Manual, June 15, 1989.State Impact: Notice of Intent and Adoption required. See paragraph VI.Action Offices: National, Regional, and Area OfficesOriginating Office: Directorate of Enforcement Programs Contact: Directorate of Enforcement ProgramsOffice of General Industry Enforcement200 Constitution Avenue, NW, N3 119Washington, DC 20210202-693-1850By and Under the Authority ofDavid Michaels, PhD, MPHAssistant SecretaryExecutive SummaryThis instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009. The one remaining part of the prior Field Operations Manual, the chapter on Disclosure, will be added at a later date. This Instruction also cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989. This Instruction constitutes OSHA’s general enforcement policies and procedures manual for use by the field offices in conducting inspections, issuing citations and proposing penalties.Significant Changes∙A new Table of Contents for the entire FOM is added.∙ A new References section for the entire FOM is added∙ A new Cancellations section for the entire FOM is added.∙Adds a Maritime Industry Sector to Section III of Chapter 10, Industry Sectors.∙Revises sections referring to the Enhanced Enforcement Program (EEP) replacing the information with the Severe Violator Enforcement Program (SVEP).∙Adds Chapter 13, Federal Agency Field Activities.∙Cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996.DisclaimerThis manual is intended to provide instruction regarding some of the internal operations of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and is solely for the benefit of the Government. No duties, rights, or benefits, substantive or procedural, are created or implied by this manual. The contents of this manual are not enforceable by any person or entity against the Department of Labor or the United States. Statements which reflect current Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission or court precedents do not necessarily indicate acquiescence with those precedents.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONI.PURPOSE. ........................................................................................................... 1-1 II.SCOPE. ................................................................................................................ 1-1 III.REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 1-1 IV.CANCELLATIONS............................................................................................. 1-8 V. ACTION INFORMATION ................................................................................. 1-8A.R ESPONSIBLE O FFICE.......................................................................................................................................... 1-8B.A CTION O FFICES. .................................................................................................................... 1-8C. I NFORMATION O FFICES............................................................................................................ 1-8 VI. STATE IMPACT. ................................................................................................ 1-8 VII.SIGNIFICANT CHANGES. ............................................................................... 1-9 VIII.BACKGROUND. ................................................................................................. 1-9 IX. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY. ........................................................ 1-10A.T HE A CT................................................................................................................................................................. 1-10B. C OMPLIANCE S AFETY AND H EALTH O FFICER (CSHO). ...........................................................1-10B.H E/S HE AND H IS/H ERS ..................................................................................................................................... 1-10C.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT............................................................................................................................... 1-10E. W ORKPLACE AND W ORKSITE ......................................................................................................................... 1-10CHAPTER 2PROGRAM PLANNINGI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 2-1 II.AREA OFFICE RESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................. 2-1A.P ROVIDING A SSISTANCE TO S MALL E MPLOYERS. ...................................................................................... 2-1B.A REA O FFICE O UTREACH P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................................. 2-1C. R ESPONDING TO R EQUESTS FOR A SSISTANCE. ............................................................................................ 2-2 III. OSHA COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS OVERVIEW. ...................................... 2-2A.V OLUNTARY P ROTECTION P ROGRAM (VPP). ........................................................................... 2-2B.O NSITE C ONSULTATION P ROGRAM. ................................................................................................................ 2-2C.S TRATEGIC P ARTNERSHIPS................................................................................................................................. 2-3D.A LLIANCE P ROGRAM ........................................................................................................................................... 2-3 IV. ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM SCHEDULING. ................................................ 2-4A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-4B.I NSPECTION P RIORITY C RITERIA. ..................................................................................................................... 2-4C.E FFECT OF C ONTEST ............................................................................................................................................ 2-5D.E NFORCEMENT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATIONS. ....................................................................................... 2-6E.P REEMPTION BY A NOTHER F EDERAL A GENCY ........................................................................................... 2-6F.U NITED S TATES P OSTAL S ERVICE. .................................................................................................................. 2-7G.H OME-B ASED W ORKSITES. ................................................................................................................................ 2-8H.I NSPECTION/I NVESTIGATION T YPES. ............................................................................................................... 2-8 V.UNPROGRAMMED ACTIVITY – HAZARD EVALUATION AND INSPECTION SCHEDULING ............................................................................ 2-9 VI.PROGRAMMED INSPECTIONS. ................................................................... 2-10A.S ITE-S PECIFIC T ARGETING (SST) P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................. 2-10B.S CHEDULING FOR C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS. ..................................................................................... 2-10C.S CHEDULING FOR M ARITIME I NSPECTIONS. ............................................................................. 2-11D.S PECIAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (SEP S). ................................................................................... 2-12E.N ATIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (NEP S) ............................................................................... 2-13F.L OCAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (LEP S) AND R EGIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (REP S) ............ 2-13G.O THER S PECIAL P ROGRAMS. ............................................................................................................................ 2-13H.I NSPECTION S CHEDULING AND I NTERFACE WITH C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPANTS ....... 2-13CHAPTER 3INSPECTION PROCEDURESI.INSPECTION PREPARATION. .......................................................................... 3-1 II.INSPECTION PLANNING. .................................................................................. 3-1A.R EVIEW OF I NSPECTION H ISTORY .................................................................................................................... 3-1B.R EVIEW OF C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPATION .............................................................................. 3-1C.OSHA D ATA I NITIATIVE (ODI) D ATA R EVIEW .......................................................................................... 3-2D.S AFETY AND H EALTH I SSUES R ELATING TO CSHO S.................................................................. 3-2E.A DVANCE N OTICE. ................................................................................................................................................ 3-3F.P RE-I NSPECTION C OMPULSORY P ROCESS ...................................................................................................... 3-5G.P ERSONAL S ECURITY C LEARANCE. ................................................................................................................. 3-5H.E XPERT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................................................... 3-5 III. INSPECTION SCOPE. ......................................................................................... 3-6A.C OMPREHENSIVE ................................................................................................................................................... 3-6B.P ARTIAL. ................................................................................................................................................................... 3-6 IV. CONDUCT OF INSPECTION .............................................................................. 3-6A.T IME OF I NSPECTION............................................................................................................................................. 3-6B.P RESENTING C REDENTIALS. ............................................................................................................................... 3-6C.R EFUSAL TO P ERMIT I NSPECTION AND I NTERFERENCE ............................................................................. 3-7D.E MPLOYEE P ARTICIPATION. ............................................................................................................................... 3-9E.R ELEASE FOR E NTRY ............................................................................................................................................ 3-9F.B ANKRUPT OR O UT OF B USINESS. .................................................................................................................... 3-9G.E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES. ................................................................................................. 3-10H.S TRIKE OR L ABOR D ISPUTE ............................................................................................................................. 3-10I. V ARIANCES. .......................................................................................................................................................... 3-11 V. OPENING CONFERENCE. ................................................................................ 3-11A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 3-11B.R EVIEW OF A PPROPRIATION A CT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATION. ..................................................... 3-13C.R EVIEW S CREENING FOR P ROCESS S AFETY M ANAGEMENT (PSM) C OVERAGE............................. 3-13D.R EVIEW OF V OLUNTARY C OMPLIANCE P ROGRAMS. ................................................................................ 3-14E.D ISRUPTIVE C ONDUCT. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-15F.C LASSIFIED A REAS ............................................................................................................................................. 3-16VI. REVIEW OF RECORDS. ................................................................................... 3-16A.I NJURY AND I LLNESS R ECORDS...................................................................................................................... 3-16B.R ECORDING C RITERIA. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-18C. R ECORDKEEPING D EFICIENCIES. .................................................................................................................. 3-18 VII. WALKAROUND INSPECTION. ....................................................................... 3-19A.W ALKAROUND R EPRESENTATIVES ............................................................................................................... 3-19B.E VALUATION OF S AFETY AND H EALTH M ANAGEMENT S YSTEM. ....................................................... 3-20C.R ECORD A LL F ACTS P ERTINENT TO A V IOLATION. ................................................................................. 3-20D.T ESTIFYING IN H EARINGS ................................................................................................................................ 3-21E.T RADE S ECRETS. ................................................................................................................................................. 3-21F.C OLLECTING S AMPLES. ..................................................................................................................................... 3-22G.P HOTOGRAPHS AND V IDEOTAPES.................................................................................................................. 3-22H.V IOLATIONS OF O THER L AWS. ....................................................................................................................... 3-23I.I NTERVIEWS OF N ON-M ANAGERIAL E MPLOYEES .................................................................................... 3-23J.M ULTI-E MPLOYER W ORKSITES ..................................................................................................................... 3-27 K.A DMINISTRATIVE S UBPOENA.......................................................................................................................... 3-27 L.E MPLOYER A BATEMENT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................ 3-27 VIII. CLOSING CONFERENCE. .............................................................................. 3-28A.P ARTICIPANTS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-28B.D ISCUSSION I TEMS. ............................................................................................................................................ 3-28C.A DVICE TO A TTENDEES .................................................................................................................................... 3-29D.P ENALTIES............................................................................................................................................................. 3-30E.F EASIBLE A DMINISTRATIVE, W ORK P RACTICE AND E NGINEERING C ONTROLS. ............................ 3-30F.R EDUCING E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ................................................................................................................ 3-32G.A BATEMENT V ERIFICATION. ........................................................................................................................... 3-32H.E MPLOYEE D ISCRIMINATION .......................................................................................................................... 3-33 IX. SPECIAL INSPECTION PROCEDURES. ...................................................... 3-33A.F OLLOW-UP AND M ONITORING I NSPECTIONS............................................................................................ 3-33B.C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 3-34C. F EDERAL A GENCY I NSPECTIONS. ................................................................................................................. 3-35CHAPTER 4VIOLATIONSI. BASIS OF VIOLATIONS ..................................................................................... 4-1A.S TANDARDS AND R EGULATIONS. .................................................................................................................... 4-1B.E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ........................................................................................................................................ 4-3C.R EGULATORY R EQUIREMENTS. ........................................................................................................................ 4-6D.H AZARD C OMMUNICATION. .............................................................................................................................. 4-6E. E MPLOYER/E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................................... 4-6 II. SERIOUS VIOLATIONS. .................................................................................... 4-8A.S ECTION 17(K). ......................................................................................................................... 4-8B.E STABLISHING S ERIOUS V IOLATIONS ............................................................................................................ 4-8C. F OUR S TEPS TO BE D OCUMENTED. ................................................................................................................... 4-8 III. GENERAL DUTY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................. 4-14A.E VALUATION OF G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENTS ................................................................................. 4-14B.E LEMENTS OF A G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENT V IOLATION.............................................................. 4-14C. U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE ........................................................................................................ 4-23D.L IMITATIONS OF U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..............................................................E.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS C ITED U NDER THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..................F. P ROCEDURES FOR I MPLEMENTATION OF S ECTION 5(A)(1) E NFORCEMENT ............................ 4-25 4-27 4-27IV.OTHER-THAN-SERIOUS VIOLATIONS ............................................... 4-28 V.WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ......................................................................... 4-28A.I NTENTIONAL D ISREGARD V IOLATIONS. ..........................................................................................4-28B.P LAIN I NDIFFERENCE V IOLATIONS. ...................................................................................................4-29 VI. CRIMINAL/WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ................................................... 4-30A.A REA D IRECTOR C OORDINATION ....................................................................................................... 4-31B.C RITERIA FOR I NVESTIGATING P OSSIBLE C RIMINAL/W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS ........................ 4-31C. W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS R ELATED TO A F ATALITY .......................................................................... 4-32 VII. REPEATED VIOLATIONS. ...................................................................... 4-32A.F EDERAL AND S TATE P LAN V IOLATIONS. ........................................................................................4-32B.I DENTICAL S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-32C.D IFFERENT S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-33D.O BTAINING I NSPECTION H ISTORY. .....................................................................................................4-33E.T IME L IMITATIONS..................................................................................................................................4-34F.R EPEATED V. F AILURE TO A BATE....................................................................................................... 4-34G. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-35 VIII. DE MINIMIS CONDITIONS. ................................................................... 4-36A.C RITERIA ................................................................................................................................................... 4-36B.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT. ..................................................................................................................4-37C. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-37 IX. CITING IN THE ALTERNATIVE ............................................................ 4-37 X. COMBINING AND GROUPING VIOLATIONS. ................................... 4-37A.C OMBINING. ..............................................................................................................................................4-37B.G ROUPING. ................................................................................................................................................4-38C. W HEN N OT TO G ROUP OR C OMBINE. ................................................................................................4-38 XI. HEALTH STANDARD VIOLATIONS ....................................................... 4-39A.C ITATION OF V ENTILATION S TANDARDS ......................................................................................... 4-39B.V IOLATIONS OF THE N OISE S TANDARD. ...........................................................................................4-40 XII. VIOLATIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION STANDARD(§1910.134). ....................................................................................................... XIII. VIOLATIONS OF AIR CONTAMINANT STANDARDS (§1910.1000) ... 4-43 4-43A.R EQUIREMENTS UNDER THE STANDARD: .................................................................................................. 4-43B.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS OF A IR C ONTAMINANT S TANDARDS. ......................................... 4-43 XIV. CITING IMPROPER PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES. ................... 4-45A.I NGESTION H AZARDS. .................................................................................................................................... 4-45B.A BSORPTION H AZARDS. ................................................................................................................................ 4-46C.W IPE S AMPLING. ............................................................................................................................................. 4-46D.C ITATION P OLICY ............................................................................................................................................ 4-46 XV. BIOLOGICAL MONITORING. ...................................................................... 4-47CHAPTER 5CASE FILE PREPARATION AND DOCUMENTATIONI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 5-1 II.INSPECTION CONDUCTED, CITATIONS BEING ISSUED. .................... 5-1A.OSHA-1 ................................................................................................................................... 5-1B.OSHA-1A. ............................................................................................................................... 5-1C. OSHA-1B. ................................................................................................................................ 5-2 III.INSPECTION CONDUCTED BUT NO CITATIONS ISSUED .................... 5-5 IV.NO INSPECTION ............................................................................................... 5-5 V. HEALTH INSPECTIONS. ................................................................................. 5-6A.D OCUMENT P OTENTIAL E XPOSURE. ............................................................................................................... 5-6B.E MPLOYER’S O CCUPATIONAL S AFETY AND H EALTH S YSTEM. ............................................................. 5-6 VI. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES............................................................................. 5-8A.B URDEN OF P ROOF. .............................................................................................................................................. 5-8B.E XPLANATIONS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-8 VII. INTERVIEW STATEMENTS. ........................................................................ 5-10A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-10B.CSHO S SHALL OBTAIN WRITTEN STATEMENTS WHEN: .......................................................................... 5-10C.L ANGUAGE AND W ORDING OF S TATEMENT. ............................................................................................. 5-11D.R EFUSAL TO S IGN S TATEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 5-11E.V IDEO AND A UDIOTAPED S TATEMENTS. ..................................................................................................... 5-11F.A DMINISTRATIVE D EPOSITIONS. .............................................................................................5-11 VIII. PAPERWORK AND WRITTEN PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS. .......... 5-12 IX.GUIDELINES FOR CASE FILE DOCUMENTATION FOR USE WITH VIDEOTAPES AND AUDIOTAPES .............................................................. 5-12 X.CASE FILE ACTIVITY DIARY SHEET. ..................................................... 5-12 XI. CITATIONS. ..................................................................................................... 5-12A.S TATUTE OF L IMITATIONS. .............................................................................................................................. 5-13B.I SSUING C ITATIONS. ........................................................................................................................................... 5-13C.A MENDING/W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS AND N OTIFICATION OF P ENALTIES. .................................. 5-13D.P ROCEDURES FOR A MENDING OR W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS ............................................................ 5-14 XII. INSPECTION RECORDS. ............................................................................... 5-15A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-15B.R ELEASE OF I NSPECTION I NFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 5-15C. C LASSIFIED AND T RADE S ECRET I NFORMATION ...................................................................................... 5-16。
置换型固溶体
3、非晶态结构模型 微晶（不连续） 无规拓朴（连续）
A. 硬球无序密堆
除四面体外， 有
八、十二、十四面体： 6%， 4%， 4%
密度上限： 0.637
Figure 5.3
2. 线缺陷(位错Dislocation)： 仅一维尺寸可与晶体线度比拟的缺陷 一或数列原子发生有规则的错排
1） 棱位错(刃位错 Edge Dislocation) 位错线与滑移方向(柏格斯矢量)垂直
EF ⊥ BB’ 压力、拉力
Figure 5.7
2）螺旋位错(Screw Dislocation)： 位错线与滑移方向(柏格斯矢量)平行 AD ∥ B’B 与位错线垂直的平面在螺旋斜面
掺杂: 中温时少量杂 质能加速扩散
NaCl中加 CdCl2后钠离 子扩散系数的 变化
2）非晶体
无序结构，有空穴，通过自由体积进行（缺陷）。
在长链聚合物中（高分子）扩散有： 自扩散：包括分子链段的运动，并且与材料的粘滞流动相关。 外来分子的扩散：关系到聚合物呈现的渗透性和吸收性能。 渗透性：高分子膜的分离，耐腐蚀性，分子间隙 吸收性：引起溶胀，化学反应。
无缺陷
3. 面缺陷 (Interfacial Defects)： 仅一平面方向上尺寸可与晶体线度比拟的缺陷 如由一系列刃位错排列成一个平面形成的缺陷
4．体缺陷 (Volume Defects)： 各方向尺寸均可与晶体线度比拟的缺陷 如 空洞、嵌块等。
2-6-3 非晶体 (Noncrystalline)
Figure 6.3
扩散通道：沿位错、晶界、外表面
科技英语翻译课后题答案
科技英语翻译1.1 翻译的标准第1节翻译练习1 The power plant is the heart of a ship. The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor. 动力装置是船舶的心脏。
驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。
第1节翻译练习2 Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications. Cramped conditions means that passengers’legs cannot move around freely. All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space. 半导体装置也称为晶体管我们知道体都有重量并占据空间。
空间狭窄第1节翻译练习3 The removal of minerals from water is called softening. A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging to the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts: blade and petiole. 去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。
双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成 1.2 对译者的要求第4节翻译练习1 Einstein’s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena. All four (outer planets) probably have cores of metals, silicates, and water. 爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一理论。
研究生公共英语教材阅读B第3、4、10、11、14课文原文及翻译
Unite 3 Doctor’s Dilemma: Treat or Let Die?Abigail Trafford1. Medical advances in wonder drugs, daring surgical procedures, radiation therapies, and intensive-care units have brought new life to thousands of people. Yet to many of them, modern medicine has become a double-edged sword.2. Doctor’s power to treat with an array of space-age techniques has outstripped the body’s capacity to heal. More medical problems can be treated, but for many patients, there is little hope of recovery. Even the fundamental distinction between life and death has been blurred.3. Many Americans are caught in medical limbo, as was the South Korean boxer Duk Koo Kim, who was kept alive by artificial means after he had been knocked unconscious in a fight and his brain ceased to function. With the permission of his family, doctors in Las Vegas disconnected the life-support machines and death quickly followed.4. In the wake of technology’s advances in medicine, a heated debate is taking place in hospitals and nursing homes across the country --- over whether survival or quality of life is the paramount goal of medicine.5. “It gets down to what medicine is all about, ” says Daniel Callahan, director of the Institute of Society, Ethics, and the Life Sciences in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York. “Is it really to save a life? Or is the larger goal the welfare of the patient?”6. Doctors, patients, relatives, and often the courts are being forced to make hard choices in medicine. Most often it is at the two extremes of life that these difficultyethical questions arise --- at the beginning for the very sick newborn and at the end for the dying patient.7. The dilemma posed by modern medical technology has created the growing new discipline or bioethics. Many of the country’s 127 medical s chools now offer courses in medical ethics, a field virtually ignored only a decade ago. Many hospitals have chaplains, philosophers, psychiatrists, and social workers on the staff to help patients make crucial decisions, and one in twenty institutions has a special ethics committee to resolve difficult cases.Death and Dying8. Of all the patients in intensive-care units who are at risk of dying, some 20 percent present difficult ethical choices --- whether to keep trying to save the life or to pull back and let the patient die. In many units, decisions regarding life-sustaining care are made about three times a week.9. Even the definition of death has been changed. Now that the heart-lung machine can take over the functions of breathing and pumping blood, death no longer always comes with the patient’s “last gasp” or when the heart stops beating. Thirty-one states and the District of Columbia have passed brain-death statutes that identify death as when the whole brain ceases to function.10. More than a do zen states recognize “living wills” in which the patients leave instructions to doctors not to prolong life by feeding them intravenously or by other methods if their illness becomes hopeless. A survey of California doctors showed that 20 to 30 percent were following instructions of such wills. Meanwhile, the hospicemovement, which its emphasis on providing comfort --- not cure --- to the dying patient, has gained momentum in many areas.11. Despite progress in society’s understanding of death and dying, t heory issues remain. Example: A woman, 87, afflicted by the nervous-system disorder of Parkinson’s disease, has a massive stroke and is found unconscious by her family. Their choices are to put her in a nursing home until she dies or to send her to a medical center for diagnosis and possible treatment. The family opts for a teaching hospital in New York city. Tests show the woman’s stroke resulted from a blood clot that is curable with surgery. After the operation, she says to her family: “Why did you bring me back to this agony?” Her health continues to worsen, and two years later she dies.12. On the other hand, doctors say prognosis is often uncertain and that patients, just because they are old and disabled, should not be denied life-saving therapy. Ethicists also fear that under the guise of medical decision not to treat certain patients, death may become too easy, pushing the country toward the acceptance of euthanasia.13. For some people, the agony of watching high-technology dying is too great. Earlier this year, Woodrow Wilson Collums, a retired dairyman from Poteet, Texas, was put on probation for the mercy killing of his older brother Jim, who lay hopeless in his bed at a nursing home, a victim of severe senility resul ting from Alzheimer’s disease. After the killing, the victim’s widow said: “I think God, Jim’s out of his misery. I hate to think it had to be done the way it was done, but I understand it. ”Crisis in Newborn Care14. At the other end of the life span, technology has so revolutionized newborn carethat it is no longer clear when human life is viable outside the womb. Newborn care has got huge progress, so it is absolutely clear that human being can survive independently outside the womb. Twenty-five years ago, infants weighting less than three and one-half pounds rarely survived. The current survival rate is 70 percent, and doctors are “salvaging” some babies that weigh only one and one-half pounds. Tremendous progress has been made in treating birth deformities such as spina bifida. Just ten years ago, only 5 percent of infants with transposition of the great arteries --- the congenital heart defect most commonly found in newborns --- survived. Today, 50 percent live.15. Yet, for many infants who owe their lives to new medical advances, survival has come at a price. A significant number emerge with permanent physical and mental handicaps.16. “The question of treatment and nontreatment of seriously ill newborns is not a single one,”says Thomas Murray of the Hastings Center. “But I feel strongly that retardation or the fact that someone is going to be less than perfect is not good grounds for allowing an infant to die.”17. For many parents, however, the experience of having a sick newborn becomes a lingering nightmare. Two years ago, an Atlanta mother gave birth to a baby suffering from Down’s Syndrome, a form of mental retardation; the child also had blocked intestines. The doctors rejected the parents’ plea not to operate, and today the child, severely retarded, still suffers intestinal problems.18. “Every time Melanie has a bowel movement, she cries,” explains her mother.“She’s not able to take care of herself, and we won’t live forever. I wanted to save her from sorrow, pain, and suffering. I don’t understand the emphasis on life at all costs, and I’m very angry at the doctors and the hospital. Who will take care of Melanie after we’re gone? Where will you doctors be then?”Changing Standards19. The choices posed by modern technology have profoundly changed the practice of medicine. Until now, most doctors have been activists, trained to use all the tools in their medical arsenals to treat disease. The current trend is toward nontreatment as doctors grapple with questions not just of who should get care but when to take therapy away.20. Always in the background is the threat of legal action. In August, two California doctors were charged with murdering a comatose patient by allegedly disconnecting the respirator and cutting off food and water. In 1981, a Massachusetts nurse was charged with murdering a cancer patient with massive doses of morphine but was subsequently acquitted.21. Between lawsuits, government regulations, and patients’ rights, many doctors feel they are under siege. Modern technology actually has limited their ability to make choices. More recently, these actions are resolved by committees.Public Policy22. In recent years, the debate on medical ethics has moved to the level of national policy. “It’s just beginning to hit us that we don’t have unlimited resources,” says Washington Hospital Center’s Dr. Lynch. “You can’t talk about ethics without talkingethics without talking about money.”23. Since 1972. Americans have enjoyed unlimited access to a taxpayer-supported, kidney dialysis program that offers life-prolonging therapy to all patients with kidney failure. To a number of police analysts, the program has grown out of control --- to a $1.4billion operation supporting 61,000 patients. The majority are over 50, and about a quarter have other illness, such as cancer or heart disease, conditions that could exclude them from dialysis in other countries.24. Some hospitals are pulling back from certain lifesaving treatment. Massachusetts General Hospital, for example, has decided not perform heart transplants on the ground that the high costs of providing such surgery help too few patients. Burn units --- through extremely effective --- also provide very expensive therapy for very few patients.25. As medical scientists push back the frontiers of therapy, the moral dilemma will continue to grow for doctors and patients alike, making the choice of to treat the basic question in modern medicine.1. 在特效药、风险性手术进程、放疗法以及特护病房方面的医学进展已为数千人带来新生。
第二章第4讲材料科学与工程基础(顾宜ppt课件
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柏格斯矢量 (Burgers Vector) 柏格斯回路
.
右手规则： 拇指----位错线方向 四指转向-----柏格斯回路转向
有一定的成分范围 ---- 固溶度 1. 根据相图划分： 1) 端部固溶体(初级固溶体): 包括纯组分的固溶体 相图端部 2) 中部固溶体(二次固溶体): 0＜任一组元＜100％ 相图中部
（无任一组元的结构，以化合物为基）
.
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2. 根据溶质在点阵中的位置划分： 1) 置换型固溶体(Substitutional solid solution)：
晶体原 (离)子被其它原(离)子部分代换后形成
置换量不同可： 完全互溶； 部分互溶； 不形成固溶体
Figure 5.5
.
影响置换因素：下列诸因素相同（近）易置换；否则难成固溶体
A. 离子大小: 同晶型时 半径差 ＜15％， 完全互溶
20~40%， 部分互溶 难置换
B．键性（极化）: Zn++（共价性）
.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 5.1 Calculate the equilibrium number of vacancies per cubic meter for copper at1000 ℃. The energy for vacancy formation is 0.9 eV/atom; the atomic weight and density (at 1000℃) for copper are 63.5 g/mol and 8.40 g/cm3, respectively. SOLUTION This problem may be solved by using Equation 5.1; it is first necessary, however,to determine the value of N, the number of atomic sites per cubic meter for copper, from its atomic weight ACu , its density , and Avogadro’s number NA, according to
材料工程专业英语4晶格缺陷Imperfections in solids
Ordinarily alloying is used in metals to improve mechanical strength and corrosion resistance.
➢Point defects (点缺陷) —zero dimension ➢Linear defects (线缺陷) —one dimension ➢Interfacial defects (面缺陷) —two dimensions
4.2 Point defects in metals
Vacancy or vacant lattice site(空位): the simplest of the point defects, one normally occupied from which an atom is missing.
For a given quantity of material, the number of the vacancies increases with temperature according to
Nv=Nexp(-Qv/kT)
Self-interstitial(填隙子) is another kind of point defects, it is such that an extra atom is crowded into an interstitial site，a small void space that under ordinary circumstances is not occupied.
By “crystalline defect” is meant a lattice irregularity having one or more of its dimensions on the order of an atomic diameter. Classification of crystalline imperfections is frequently made according to geometry or dimensionality of the defect. Several different imperfections are discussed in this Chapter including point detects (those associated with one or two atomic positions)，linear (or one-dimensional) defects，as well as interfacial defects，or boundaries ，which are two dimensional．Impurities in solids are also discussed，since impurity atoms may exist as point defects. Finally, techniques for the microscopic examination of defects and the structure of materials are briefly described．
材料导论英文版教案
Chapter 1 IntroductionRead the textbook （P3）and answer the following question：What is the phenomenon? And why?You should be able to do the following:1. List six different property classifications of materials that determine theirapplicability.2. Cite the four components that are involved in the design, production, andutilization of materials, and briefly describe the interrelationships between these components.3. Cite three criteria that are important in the materials selection process.4. (a) List the three primary classifications of solid materials, and then cite thedistinctive chemical feature of each.(b) Note the other three types of materials and, for each, its distinctive feature(s).Chapter 2 Interatomic Bonding1 Make sure you understand concepts:“ Covalent bond 共价键“ Dipole (electric) 偶极“ Hydrogen bond 氢键“ Ionic bond 离子键“ Metallic bond 金属键“ Polar molecule 极性分子“ Primary bonding 主价键“ Secondary bonding 次价键“ Van der Waals bond 范德华键“ Valence electron 价电子2 you should be able to do the following:(1) Briefly describe formation and characteristics of ionic, covalent, metallic,hydrogen, and van der Waals bonds.(2) Note what materials exhibit each of these bonding types.Chapter 3 Structure of Solids1．Make sure you understand language and concepts:Allotropy 同素异形现象，同素异构现象Amorphous 无定形的，非晶态的Anisotropy 各向异性Atomic packing factor (APF) 原子密堆因素Body-centered cubic (BCC) 体心立方Coordination number 配位数Crystal structure 晶体结构Crystalline 晶体的Face-centered cubic (FCC) 面心立方Grain 晶粒Grain boundary 晶界Hexagonal close-packed (HCP) 密排六方Isotropic 各向同性的Lattice parameter 晶格参数Non-crystalline 非晶的Polycrystalline 多晶的Polymorphism 多晶型现象，同质异构现象Single crystal 单晶Unit cell 晶胞，单胞2. You should be able to do the following1. Describe the difference in atomic/molecular structure between crystalline and noncrystalline materials.2. Draw unit cells for face-centered cubic, body-centered cubic, and hexagonal close-packed crystal structures.3. Compute the densities for metals having face-centered cubic and body-centered cubic crystal structures given their unit cell dimensions.4. Distinguish between single crystals and polycrystalline materials.5. Define isotropy and anisotropy with respect to material properties.Chapter 4 Imperfections in solids1.Make sure you understand language and concepts•Alloy 合金Atom percent 原子百分数•Atomic vibration 原子振动Boltzmann‘s constant 波尔兹曼常数•Burgers vector 柏氏矢量Composition 成分Defect structure 缺陷构造•Dislocation line 位错线Edge dislocation 刃位错Electroneutrality 电中性•Frenkel defect 弗兰克缺陷Grain size 晶粒尺寸•Imperfection 缺陷，非理想性•Interstitial solid solution 间隙式固溶体Microscopy 显微镜法Microstructure 显微结构，微观结构Mixed dislocation 混合位错Photomicrograph 显微照片•Point defect 点缺陷Scanning electron microscope(SEM) 扫描电子显微镜Scanning probe microscope (SPM) 扫描探针显微镜•Schottky defect 肖脱基缺陷Screw dislocation 螺旋位错•Self-interstitial 自间隙的•Solid solution 固溶体•Solute 溶质•Solvent 溶剂•Stoichiometry 化学计量学•Substitutional solid solution 置换固溶体Transmission electron microscope (TEM) 透射电子显微镜•Vacancy 空位Weight percent 重量百分数2. You should be able to do the following1. Describe both vacancy and self-interstitial crystalline defects.2. Calculate the equilibrium number of vacancies in a material at some specified temperature, given the relevant constants.3. Name the two types of solid solutions, and provide a brief written definition and/or schematic sketch of each.4. Name and describe eight different ionic point defects that are found In ceramic compounds.5. Given the masses and atomic weights of two or more elements in a metal alloy, calculate the weight percent and atomic percent for each element.6. For each of edge, screw, and mixed dislocations:(a) describe and make a drawing of the dislocation;(b) note the location of the dislocation line; and(c) indicate the direction along which the dislocation line extends.7. Describe the atomic structure within the vicinity of (a) a grain boundary, and (b)a twin boundary.Chapter 5 mechanical properties1．Make sure you understand language and conceptsAnelasticity滞弹性Charpy test简支梁试验Ductility延展性Elastic deformation弹性变形Elastic recovery弹性恢复Engineering strain工程应变Engineering stress工程应力Hardness硬度Impact energy冲击能Izod test悬臂梁试验Modulus of elasticity弹性模量Plastic deformation塑性变形Poisson’s ratio 泊松比Shear剪切Tensile strength拉伸强度Toughness韧性Yielding屈服Yield strength屈服强度2．you should be able to do the following1. Define engineering stress and engineering strain.2. State Hooke's law, and note the conditions under which it is valid.3. Define Poisson's ratio.4. Given an engineering stress-strain diagram, determine (a) the modulus of elasticity, (b) the yield strength (0.002 strain offset), and (c) the tensile strength, and (d) estimate the percent elongation.5.For the tensile deformation of a ductile cylindricai specimen, describe changes in specimen profile to the point of fracture.6. Compute ductility in terms of both percent elongation and percent reduction of area for a material that is loaded in tension to fracture.7. State the reasons why hardness tests are performed more frequently than any other mechanical test .Name the two most common hardness-testing techniques.8. Compute the working stress for a ductile materiai.Chapter 6 Deformation and Strengthening Mechanisms1．Make sure you understand language and concepts:Cold working冷加工Critical resolved shear stress临界分切应力Dislocation density位错密度Grain growth晶粒长大Lattice strain晶格应变，晶格畸变Recovery回复Recrystallization再结晶Recrystallization temperature再结晶温度Resolved shear stress分切应力Slip滑移Slip system滑移系Strain hardening形变硬化Solid-solution strengthening固溶强化2．you should be able to do the following1. Describe edge and screw dislocation motion from an atomic perspective.2. Describe how plastic deformation occurs by the motion of edge and screwdislocations in response to applied shear stresses.3. Define slip system and cite one example.4. Describe how the grain structure of a polycrystalline metal is altered when itis plastically deformed.5. Explain how grain boundaries impede dislocation motion and why a metalhaving small grains is stronger than one having large grains.6. Describe and explain solid-solution strengthening for substitutional impurityatoms in terms of lattice strain interactions with dislocations.7. Describe and explain the phenomenon of strain hardening (or cold working)in terms of dislocations and strain field interactions.8. Describe recrystallization in terms of both the alteration of microstructureand mechanical characteristics of the material.9. Describe the phenomenon of grain growth from both macroscopic andatomic perspectives.Chapter 7 Phase diagrame1．Make sure you understand language and concepts:Ø Austenite奥氏体Ø Cementite渗碳体Ø Component组元Ø Equilibrium平衡Ø Eutectic phase共晶相Ø Eutectic reaction共晶反应Ø Eutectic structure共晶组织Ø Eutectoid reaction共析反应Ø Ferrite铁素体Ø Hypereutectoid alloy过共析合金Ø Hypoeutectoid alloy亚共析合金Ø Intermetallic compound金属间化合物Ø Invariant point恒定点、三相平衡点Ø Isomorphous匀晶的Ø Metastable 亚稳的Ø Microstructure显微组织Ø Pearlite珠光体Ø Peritectic reaction包晶反应Ø Phase相Ø Phase diagram相图Ø Phase equilibrium相平衡Ø Proeutectoid cementite先共析渗碳体Ø Proeutectoid ferrite先共析铁素体Ø Solubility limit溶解度极限2．you should be able to do the following1. (a) Schematically sketch simple isomorphous and eutectic phase diagrams.(b) On these diagrams label the various phase regions.(c) Label liquidus, solidus, and solvus lines.2. Given a binary phase diagram, the composition of an alloy, its temperature, and assuming that the alloy is at equilibrium, determine:(a) what phase(s) is (are) present;(b) the composition(s) of the phase(s).3. For some given binary phase diagram, do the following:(a) locate the temperatures and compositions of all eutectic, eutectoid, peritectic, and congruent phase transformations; and(b) write reaction for all these transformations for either heating or cooling.4. Given the composition of an iron-carbon alloy containing between 0.022 wt% C and 2.14 wt% C, be able to(a) specify whether the alloy is hypoeutectoid or hypereutectoid;(b) name the proeutectoid phase; and(c) make a schematic diagram of the microstructure at a temperature just below the eutectoid.Chapter 8 Phase transformation1．Make sure you understand language and concepts:•Annealing退火•Austenitizing奥氏体化•Bainite贝氏体•Coarse pearlite粗珠光体•Fine pearlite细珠光体•Full annealing完全退火•Isothermal transformation diagram等温转变图•Martensite马氏体•Normalizing正火•Nucleation形核率•Phase transformation 相变•Precipitation hardening沉淀强化（age hardening时效强化）•Precipitation heat treatment 沉淀热处理•Solution heat treatment固溶处理•Spheroidite球状珠光体•Spheroidizing球化•Supercooling过冷•Superheating过热•Tempered martensite回火马氏体•Thermally activated transformation热激活转变•Transformation rate转变速率2．you should be able to do the following：1. Briefly describe the microstructure for each of the following microconstituents thatare found in steel alloys: fine pearlite, coarse pearlite, spheroidite, bainite, martensite, and tempered martensite.2. Cite the general mechanical characteristics for each of the following microconstituents:fine pearlite, coarse pearlite, spheroidite, bainite, martensite, and tempered martensite. Now, in terms of microstructure (or crystal structure), briefly explain these behaviors.3. Given the isothermal transformation (or continuous cooling transformation) diagramfor some iron-carbon alloy, design a heat treatment that will produce a specified microstructure.4. Using a phase diagram, describe and explain the two heat treatments that are used toprecipitation-harden a metal alloy.Chapter 9 Types and Applications of Materials 1．Make sure you understand language and concepts：Alloy steel 合金钢Cast iron铸铁Malleable iron可锻铸铁Nonferrous alloy 非铁合金，有色金属合金Ductile (nodular) iron 球墨铸铁Ferrous alloy 铁合金Gray cast iron 灰铸铁Plain carbon steel普通碳素钢Stainless steel不锈钢White cast iron白口铸铁2．you should be able to do the following:1. Name four different types of steels and, for each, cite compositional differences, distinctive properties, and typical uses.2. Name the four cast iron types and, for each, describe its microstructure and note its general mechanical characteristics.3. Name seven different types of nonferrous alloys and, for each, cite its distinctive physical and mechanical characteristics; in addition, list at least three typical applications.。
材料导论 (10)
Module 2 Area DefectsThe third type of defects is called area defects. Area defects are two-dimension defects, and they are boundaries that normally separate regions of the materials,these regions have different crystal structures and or orientations. External surfaces, grain boundaries, phase boundaries are all examples of area defectsOne of the most obvious boundaries is the external surface. Surface atoms are different from those deep in the crystals. Internal atom is fully surrounded by neighboring atoms, however, surface atoms have missing bonds, so, they are in higher energy states than internal atoms. When a solid is used as a catalyst, the catalytic activity depends very much on the surface area per unit mass of the sample.表面是一种面缺陷，表面配位不饱和，其能量高于晶粒内部，对表面化学活性有很大影响。
例如固体催化剂的催化活性就与其表面积有关。
译文：第三种缺陷称为面缺陷。
材料科学基础 英文版
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
To sum up, by learning this course, you could
Improve your English, learning new phrases or terms and concepts of materials science. Expand your knowledge about the Principal of Materials Science and Engineering. Know how to write an abstract ,a resume properly, how to do translation between English and Chinese; how to communicate effectively.
Course Organization(课堂组织)
We meet twice a week for two successive 50minute periods. The time will be used for text study, problem discussing, in-class practicing and practical skills training for example, translation skills training. You are allowed to use both English and Chinese, but the former is encouraged.
2．The iron-carbon system
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
新概念英语第四册第九课
新概念英语第四册第九课The Beauty of Imperfection.Imperfection, a constant and inevitable presence in our lives, is often perceived as a negative attribute. Westrive to eliminate it, seeking perfection in every aspect of our existence. However, the quest for perfection can be exhausting and, ironically, often leads us further away from it. What if, instead of shunning imperfection, we embraced it? What if we saw it as a beautiful and necessary part of the human experience?Imperfection is what makes us unique. It is what区分s us from each other, giving us our individuality and character. No two people are perfectly alike, and this diversity is what makes the world such a rich and fascinating place. Our imperfections are what make us stand out, they are our signatures, our personal stamps on the world.Imperfection is also a driving force for growth and change. It encourages us to improve, to strive for better. Without imperfection, there would be no need for progress, no incentive to excel. Imperfection reminds us that we are never static, that we are always evolving, always becoming something new.Moreover, imperfection is a reminder of our humanity. It is a reminder that we are not machines, but flawed and fragile beings. This recognition can lead us to be more compassionate and understanding towards others. When we accept our own imperfections, we are more likely to accept the imperfections of others, fostering a sense of unity and understanding in place of judgment and criticism.Embracing imperfection can also lead to a deeper sense of fulfillment and happiness. The constant pursuit of perfection can leave us feeling empty and dissatisfied, as if something is always missing. By contrast, accepting and even celebrating our imperfections can give us a sense of peace and contentment. We can learn to appreciate what we have, rather than always focusing on what we lack.In conclusion, imperfection is not something to be ashamed of or hidden away. It is a part of us, a part of our humanity that should be celebrated and cherished. By embracing imperfection, we can discover a deeper sense of self, a sense of growth and progress, and a sense of connection with others. Imperfection, in its beauty and complexity, is a vital part of the human experience, and one that we should embrace with open arms.。
无机材料Introduction + Crystal Imperfections
Bioceramic
NWPU
Composite materials
Carbon-fiber pens
NWPU
Carbon-fiber badminton pad
Aerospace and aeronautical materials
NWPU
4、synthesis processing of inorganic materials
乌尔曼(D.R.Uhlmann) 清华大学新型陶瓷与精细工艺国家重点 实验室 高等教育出版社 (2010-06出版)
NWPU
NWPU
Chapter 1 structural imperfections
结构缺陷
NWPU
introduction
▪ Many properties are markedly depend on small deviations (偏离）
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6. Diffusion 扩散
16-StackingFaults
Chapter 5 Imperfections in SolidsChapter 5§5.8 Interfacial Defects -Stacking Faults(William) Yi Wangwywang@2017.06.07Learning ObjectivesQ1: What are the typical interfacial defects?Q2: What are the intrinsic and extrinsic stacking faults? Q3: Is there a connection between extrinsic stacking fault and Frank partial dislocation?§5.8 Crystal structure of the basal plane stacking faults in HCP (a)Growth fault (I1)(b)Deformation fault (I2)(c)Extrinsic fault (EF) CBCB B ABAACA C BABA BAB A C B ABAABABABAB 1§5.8 5.8 Electron redistributions in stacking fault The -Δρmax isosurface in (100)s.c. plane viewI1I2EF5.8 Different levels of bonding charge§5.8density (Δρ)The charge density isosurface of EF in different levelsB-G-R (Blue-Golden-Red) section plots are also used. The points in red are the charge distribution region with Δρ>0 , while the points in blue are the charge distribution region with Δρ<0.I2EF§5.85.8 Correlation between stacking faultenergy and fault layers I1Mgγ(I1) : γ(I2) : γ(EF) = 1:3.3:6.9d(I1) : d(I2) : d(EF) = 1:2:3Q:Is there a connection between stacking faults and partial dislocations?•Frank Partial DislocationsPartial dislocations can form not only by splitting a perfectdislocation, but also by inserting or partly removing a {111}planes.Positive 11131b 11131b Negative Frank Frank Intrinsic stacking fault Extrinsic stacking fault Two types of Frank partial dislocations may occur, either due to the condensation of excess vacancies , during crystal growth or by the condensation ofProperties of Stacking faults2cos 2122v v Gb d Wang WY lamellar faults. Mater Res Lett,/10.1080/21663831.21662017.21308973§5.85.8 Summary & Assignments-Learning ObjectivesQ1: What are the typical interfacial defects?Q2: What are the intrinsic and extrinsic stacking faults?Q3: Is there a connection between extrinsic stacking fault and Frank partial dislocation?Thanks for your attention!11。