2007.09 Recent Advances in Ultra Wideband Radar and Ranging Systems

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2007年考研英语真题Text4解析

保护客户数据的能力是保证市场价值的关键，
董事会有责任为了股东的利益对市场价值负责。
responsible
respond
response
responsibility
behalf
shareholder
有责任的，负责的
回答，响应，做出反应
回答，响应，反应
责任，责任心
利益，代表
股东
Indeed，just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles（GAAP）,
在美国，而不是欧洲，缺乏对数据泄漏的法律制裁虽然并不能说明目前事态是合理的，
但却可能助长了其形成。
current
currency
state
statement
statesman
affair
encourage
encouraged
just
justice
justify
legal
legend
legislation
data insecurity.
当老板和董事会终于解决了最糟糕的财务和规章问题，
并加强了企业管理力度之后，
一个新的问题正威胁着他们，——数据安全问题，
使他们出现在令人讨厌的（尤其美国的）头版头条新闻中，
企业管理层进而不可避免的受到惩罚。
boss
board
sort
sort out
account
divert
diversion
manage
manager
management
hurry
hurried
hurriedly
hurricane

2007年厦门大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2007年厦门大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Structure and V ocabulary 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. WritingReading ComprehensionFor the longest time, I couldn’t get worked up about privacy: my right to it; how it’s dying; how we’re headed for an even more wired, underregulated, overintrusive, privacy-deprived planet. I should also point out that as news director for Pathfinder, Time Inc.’s mega info mall,and a guy who makes his living on the Web, I know better than most people that we’re hurtling toward an even more intrusive world. We’re all being watched by computers whenever we visit Websites; by the mere act of “browsing” (it sounds so passive!) we’re going public in a way that was unimaginable a decade ago. I know this because I’m a watcher too. When people come to my Website, without ever knowing their names, I can peer over their shoulders, recording what they look at, timing how long they stay on a particular page, following them around Pathfinder’s sprawling offerings. None of this would bother me in the least, I suspect, if a few years ago, my phone, like Marley’s ghost, hadn’t given me a glimpse of the nightmares to come. On Thanksgiving weekend in 1995, someone (presumably a critic of a book my wife and I had just written about computer hackers) forwarded my home telephone number to an out-of-state answering machine, where unsuspecting callers trying to reach me heard a male voice identify himself as me and say some extremely rude things. Then, with typical hacker aplomb, the prankster asked people to leave their messages (which to my surprise many callers, including my mother, did). This went on for several days until my wife and I figured out that something was wrong (“Hey...why hasn’t the phone rung since Wednesday?”) and got our phone service restored. It seemed funny at first, and it gave us a swell story to tell on our book tour. But the interloper who seized our telephone line continued to hit us even after the tour ended. And hit us again and again for the next six months. The phone company seemed powerless. Its security folks moved us to one unlisted number after another, half a dozen times. They put special pin codes in place. They put traces on the line. But the troublemaker kept breaking through. If our hacker had been truly evil and omnipotent as only fictional movie hackers are, there would probably have been even worse ways he could have threatened my privacy. He could have sabotaged my credit rating. He could have eavesdropped on my telephone conversations or siphoned off my e-mail. He could have called in my mortgage, discontinued my health insurance or obliterated my Social Security number. Like Sandra Bullock in the Net, I could have been a digital untouchable, wandering the planet without a connection to the rest of humanity. (Although if I didn’t have to pay back school loans, it might be worth it. Just a thought. ) Still, I remember feeling violated at the time and as powerless as a minnow in a flash flood. Someone was invading my private space—my family’sprivate space—and there was nothing I or the authorities could do. It was as close to a technological epiphany as I have ever been. And as I watched my personal digital hell unfold, it struck me that our privacy—mine and yours—has already disappeared, not in one Big Brotherly blitzkrieg but in Little Brotherly moments, bit by bit. Losing control of your telephone, of course, is the least of it. After all, most of us voluntarily give out our phone number and address when we allow ourselves to be listed in the White Pages. Most of us go a lot further than that. We register our whereabouts whenever we put a bank card in an ATM machine or drive through an E-Z Pass lane on the highway. We submit to being photographed every day—20 times a day on average if you live or work in New York City—by surveillance cameras. We make public our interests and our purchasing habits every time we shop by mail order or visit a commercial Website.1．What information do you learn about the author that establishes him as an authority on this topic?A．He has suffered a lot in losing his privacy.B．He makes his living off of the Web.C．He knows how to monitor his account.D．He and his wife published a book concerning computer hackers.正确答案：B解析：细节题。

高三英语科学前沿动态引人关注单选题30题及答案

高三英语科学前沿动态引人关注单选题30题及答案1.The new technology, known as AI, is changing our lives rapidly. Which of the following is NOT an application of AI?A.Face recognitionB.V oice assistantC.Manual laborD.Autonomous driving答案：C。

本题考查对人工智能（AI）应用的了解。

选项A“Face recognition”（人脸识别）、选项B“V oice assistant”（语音助手）和选项D“Autonomous driving”（自动驾驶）都是人工智能的常见应用。

而选项C“Manual labor” 体力劳动）并非人工智能的应用。

2.In the field of scientific research, quantum computing is considereda revolutionary technology. What is the main advantage of quantum computing over traditional computing?A.Higher speedB.Lower costC.Smaller sizeD.Easier operation答案：A。

本题考查量子计算的优势。

量子计算相比传统计算的主要优势是更高的速度。

选项B“Lower cost” 更低成本）、选项C“Smaller size”（更小尺寸）和选项D“Easier operation”（更容易操作）都不是量子计算的主要优势。

3.The development of 5G technology has brought many changes. Which of the following is NOT a feature of 5G?A.High speedB.Low latencyC.Narrow bandwidthD.Massive connectivity答案：C。

2007年考研英语真题答案及解析

2007年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章结构分析本文主要论述了西班牙和葡萄牙的前殖民地在独立以后面临的各种问题。

第一段指出独立运动领导人对于新国家理念的共同之处。

第二段指出领导人存在分歧的方面。

第三段是总结，指出平等主义在新国家的实现比较缓慢。

二、试题具体解析1.[A]natives本地人[B]inhabitants居民[C]peoples民族[D]individuals个人【答案】B【考点】词汇辨析【难度系数】0.422【解析】空的前句指出西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地成为了独立的国家。

空所在的语境为：大约200万这些国家的看到未来。

显然这里填的词应该表示这些国家的居民。

四个选项中B项最能准确表达此项含义，故答案为B。

2.[A]confusedly困惑地[B]cheerfully快乐地[C]worriedly焦虑地[D]hopefully有希望地【答案】D【考点】逻辑搭配【难度系数】0.569【解析】显然这里填的一个词是形容民众是如何看待未来的状况的。

文章首句已经说明这些前殖民地相继独立，对于刚脱离殖民统治的民众来说，这是应该一个令人欣喜的事件，因此，后文的论述也应与此一致。

D项最能反映这一情形，故答案为D。

3.[A]shared分享[B]forgot忘记[C]attained获得[D]rejected拒绝【答案】A【考点】词汇搭配【难度系数】0.418【解析】空所在的语意为：许多独立国家的领导者典型的政府理念，……，以及把个体的信仰作为社会的基础。

显然典型政府、职业、和自由贸易等都是对这一理念的具体说明，应该是这些领导人共同持有的。

能表现一个群体拥有共同想法的动词只有A，故答案为A。

4.[A]related与……有联系[B]close接近[C]open开放的[D]devoted专心致志于做……【答案】C【考点】词汇辨析【难度系数】0.273【解析】我们已经判断出文章对这些领导人行为描述都是正面的，那么职业对有才能的人开放应该符合这种态度，故答案为C。

2007考研英语阅读翻译(正文+选项)

2007 Text 1如果你打算在2006年世界杯锦标赛上调查所有足球运动员的出生证明，那么你很有可能发现一个引人注目的巧合：优秀足球运动员更可能出生于每年的前几个月而不是后几个月。

如果你接着调查世界杯和职业比赛的欧洲国家青年队的话，那么你会发现这一奇怪的现象甚至更明显。

什么可以解释这一奇怪的现象呢？下面是一些猜测：a）某种占星术征兆使人具备更高的足球技能；b）冬季出生的婴儿往往具有更高的供氧能力，这增加了踢足球的持久力；c）热爱足球的父母更可能在春季（每年足球狂热的鼎盛时期）怀孕；d）以上各项都不是。

58岁的安德斯?埃里克森是佛罗里达州立大学的一名心理学教授，他说，他坚信“以上各项都不是”这一猜测。

在瑞典长大的埃里克森，一直研究核工程，直到他认识到，如果他转向心理学领域，他将会有更多机会从事自己的研究。

他的首次试验是在大约30年以前进行的，与记忆相关：训练一个人先听一组任意挑选的数字，然后复述这些数字。

“在经过大约20小时的训练之后，第一个试验对象（复述）的数字跨度从7个上升到20个，” 埃里克森回忆说。

“该试验对象不断进步，在接受大约200个小时的训练后，他复述的数字已经达到80多个。

”这一成功，连同后来证明的记忆本身不是遗传决定的研究，使得埃里克森得出结论，即记忆过程是一种认知练习，而不是一种本能练习。

换句话说，无论两个人在记忆力能力上可能存在怎样的天生差异，这些差异都会被每个人如何恰当地“解读”所记的信息所掩盖。

埃里克森确信，了解如何有目的地解读信息的最佳方法就是一个为人所知的有意练习过程。

有意练习需要的不仅仅是简单地重复一个任务。

相反，它包括确定明确的目标、获得即时的反馈以及技术与结果的浓缩。

因此，埃里克森和他的同事开始研究包括足球领域在内的广泛领域中专业执行者。

他们收集了能够收集的所有资料，不只是表现方面的统计数据和传记详细资料，还包括他们自己对取得很高成就的人员进行的实验室实验结果。

高三英语科学前沿动态引人关注解读单选题30题

高三英语科学前沿动态引人关注解读单选题30题1. The discovery of a new planet in our galaxy has raised many questions about the possibility of ______ life forms.A. alienB. strangeC. unknownD. mysterious答案：A。

本题考查名词的辨析。

“alien”有“外星的”之意，与“life forms”搭配，表示外星生命形式，符合语境。

“strange”意为“奇怪的”，“unknown”表示“未知的”，“mysterious”指“神秘的”，都不如“alien”在这个语境中准确。

2. The recent research in quantum physics has brought to light ______ phenomena that challenge our understanding.A. numerousB. severalC. muchD. many答案：D。

本题考查名词的修饰词。

“phenomena”是复数名词，“many”修饰可数名词复数，“numerous”和“several”也可修饰，但“many”更常用。

“much”修饰不可数名词，不符合。

3. The study of black holes has revealed ______ secrets of the universe.A. profoundB. deepC. hiddenD. mysterious答案：A。

本题考查名词修饰词。

“profound”有“深刻的，深远的”之意，能更好地修饰“secrets”，强调其重要性和深度。

“deep”主要指物理上的深度，“hidden”侧重隐藏，“mysterious”强调神秘，均不如“profound”贴切。

4. A breakthrough in artificial intelligence has led to the development of ______ applications.A. variousB. diverseC. differentD. all答案：B。

2007年考研英语真题和答案

2007年考研英语真题和答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million of these nations looked to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence the ideals of representative government, careers to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a set of laws.On the issue of of religion and the position of the church, , there was less agreement the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one by the Spanish crown. most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies . Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was self-rule and democracy.1. [A] natives[B] inhabitants[C] peoples[D] individuals2. [A] confusedly[B] cheerfully[C] worriedly[D] hopefully3. [A] shared[B] forgot[C] attained[D] rejected4. [A] related[B] close[C] open[D] devoted5. [A] access[B] succession[C] right[D] return6. [A] Presumably[B] Incidentally[C] Obviously[D] Generally7. [A] unique[B] common[C] particular[D] typical8. [A] freedom[B] origin[C] impact[D] reform9. [A] therefore[B] however[C] indeed[D] moreover10. [A] with[B] about[C] among[D] by11. [A] allowed[B] preached[C] granted[D] funded12. [A] Since[B] If[C] Unless[D] While13. [A] as[B] for[C] under[D] against14. [A] spread[B] interference[C] exclusion[D] influence15. [A] support[B] cry[C] plea[D] wish16. [A] urged[B] intended[C] expected[D] promised17. [A] controlling[B] former[C] remaining[D] original18. [A] slower[B] faster[C] easier[D] tougher19. [A] created[B] produced[C] contributed[D] preferred20. [A] puzzled by[B] hostile to[C] pessimistic about[D] unprepared forSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40 points)Text 1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills;b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania;d) none of the above.Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own researchif he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involvessetting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gatherall the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers – whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming – are nearly always made, not born.21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to[A] stress the importance of professional training.[B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22. The word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means[A] fun.[B] craze.[C] hysteria.[D] excitement.23. According to Ericsson, good memory[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message thetext tries to convey?[A] “Faith will move mountains.”[B] “One reaps what one sows.”[C] “Practice makes perfect.”[D] “Like father, like son.”Text 2For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228 – thehighest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So itis a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’snot obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-BinetIntelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional test best as sess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ wasnegatively correlated with leadership – that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?[A] Answering philosophical questions.[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts.[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’s because[A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C] vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.[D] traditional test are out of date.30. What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?[A] Supportive.[B] Skeptical.[C] Impartial.[D] Biased.Text 3During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itselffinancially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Toda y’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback – a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen – and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent – and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance – have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.31. Today’s dou ble-income families are at greater financial risk in that[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.32. As a result of President Bush’s reform, retired people may have[A] a higher sense of security.[B] less secured payments.[C] less chance to invest.[D] a guaranteed future.33. According to the author, health-savings plans will[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare.[B] popularize among the middle class.[C] compensate for the reduced pensions.[D] increase the families’ investment risk.34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges.[C] financial problems may bring about political problems.[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.35. Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A] The Middle Class on the Alert[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff[C] The Middle Class in Conflict[D] The Middle Class in RuinsText 4It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them – especially in America – the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year –from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley – have left managers hurriedlypeering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school. “The ability to guard c ustomer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.” Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investmentlevel for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,” he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss.Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore – and that few things are more likely todestroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged – though not justified – by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-securitylegislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile,the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accountsin America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act iffirms fail to provide adequate data security.36. The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used tointroduce[A] the fierce business competition.[B] the feeble boss-board relations.[C] the threat from news reports.[D] the severity of data leakage.37. According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systemsto find out[A] whether there is any weak point.[B] what sort of data has been stolen.[C] who is responsible for the leakage.[D] how the potential spies can be located.38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that[A] share holders’ interests should be properly attended to.[B] information protection should be given due attention.[C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.[D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized.39. According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to[A] see the link between trust and data protection.[B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data.[C] realize the high cost of data restoration.[D] appreciate the economic value of trust.40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe.[B] FTC’s decision is essential to data security.[C] California takes the lead in security legislation.[D] legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A—G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A. Set a Good Example for Your KidsB. Build Your Kids’ Work SkillsC. Place Time Limits on Leisure ActivitiesD. Talk about the Future on a Regular BasisE. Help Kids Develop Coping StrategiesF. Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They AreG. Build Your Kids’ Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job’s starting salary seems toosmall to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what I call “work-life unreadiness.”You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.Kids need a range of authentic role models – as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying“I have no idea.” They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to bestruggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatevercurrently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceivedas it may seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers,rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view oflegal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degreesin law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom.(47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work inthe process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation forhis or her career.(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear graspof the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within itare primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50)While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions ofsignificance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter to you university library, making suggestions for improving its service.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) support your view with an example/examples.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)1. B2. D3. A4. C5. C6. D7. B8. A9. B 10. C11. A 12. D 13. A 14. C 15. B16. D 17. C 18. A 19. B 20. DSection II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)21. C 22. B 23. A 24. D 25. C26. D 27. C 28. A 29. A 30. B31. C 32. B 33. D 34. C 35. B36. D 37. A 38. B 39. A 40. DPart B (10 points)41. F 42. D 43. B 44. C 45. EPart C (10 points)46. 长久以来，法律知识在这类学校里一起被视为律师们专有的，而不是一个受教育者的知识素养的必要组成部分。

2007年高考英语试题及参考答案陕西卷

34．（7分）一学生做了这样一个实验：将小球藻放在一只玻璃容器内，使之处于气密封状态。

实验在保持适宜温度的暗室中进行，并从第5分钟起给予光照。

实验中仪器记录了该容器内氧气量的变化，结果如右图。

请据图分析回答：（1）在0～5分钟之间氧气量减少的原因是。

（2）给予光照后氧气量马上增加的原因是。

（3）在5～20分钟之间，氧气量增加的速率逐渐减小，这是因为。

（4）加入少量的NaHCO3溶液后，氧气产生量呈直线上升，这是因为。

（5）加入NaHCO3溶液后，平均每分钟产生摩尔的氧气。

（1）该生的血液检验报告中，数据偏高的项目是。

（2）该生血糖浓度为3.6mmol / L，这时人体可能出现的即时生理调节反应是。

（3）若该生的父亲是A型血，则其母亲血型不可能为。

（4）当人体急性发炎时，嗜中性白细胞数目将，这种白细胞具有的功能。

（5）人的红细胞能运输氧气，红细胞自身所需的能量主要是利用通过呼吸所产生的。

36．（共8分）下图为脊髓反射模式图，请回答：（1）对反射弧结构的下列叙述，错误的是：（）A ①代表传出神经B ②代表神经中枢的突触C M代表效应器D S代表感受器（2）在反射弧中，决定神经冲动单向传导的原因是（）A 冲动在S中单向传导B 冲动在②中单向传导C 冲动在③中单向传导D 冲动在①中单向传导（3）在③中与兴奋传导有关的化学递质是。

（4）假设M是一块肌肉，现切断a处。

分别用阈值以上的电流刺激Ⅱ、Ⅲ两处，则发生的情况是：刺激Ⅱ处，肌肉；刺激Ⅲ处，肌肉。

（5）在离肌肉5毫米的Ⅰ处给予电刺激，肌肉在3.5毫秒后开始收缩，在离肌肉50毫米的Ⅱ处给予电刺激，肌肉在5.0毫秒后开始收缩。

神经冲动在神经纤维上的传导速度为：毫米/毫秒。

37．（共9分）右图为物质出入细胞膜的示意图，请据图回答：（1）A代表分子；B代表；D代表。

（2）细胞膜从功能上来说，它是一层膜。

（3）动物细胞吸水膨胀时B的厚度变小，这说明B具有。

（4）在a－e的五种过程中，代表被动转运的是。

2007年飞船的变化作文

2007年飞船的变化作文英文回答：In the year 2007, spacecraft technology underwent significant advancements, expanding our capabilities in space exploration and scientific research. These advancements encompassed various aspects of spacecraft design, propulsion systems, instrumentation, and communication capabilities.Craft Design and Materials:Spacecraft designs in 2007 exhibited increased emphasis on lightweight, durable materials to optimize fuel efficiency and payload capacity. The use of composite materials, such as carbon fiber reinforced plastics, provided high strength-to-weight ratios, allowing forlarger and more powerful spacecraft while maintaining structural integrity.Propulsion Systems:The year 2007 witnessed the introduction of more efficient and reliable propulsion systems. Ion thrusters, which utilize electrical energy to ionize and accelerate propellant, gained prominence for their high specific impulse and extended operational life. These thrusters enabled precise control and prolonged maneuvers,particularly in deep space missions.Instrumentation and Sensors:Advances in instrumentation and sensor technology enhanced the scientific capabilities of spacecraft. Miniaturization and increased sensitivity facilitated the integration of a wide range of scientific instruments into spacecraft payloads. These instruments, including spectrometers, cameras, magnetometers, and particle detectors, provided detailed observations and data on planetary environments, cosmic phenomena, and astrophysical objects.Communication and Navigation:The year 2007 marked improvements in communication and navigation systems for spacecraft. Enhanced radio frequencies and coding techniques increased data transmission rates, enabling real-time telemetry and high-resolution image transfer. Additionally, Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers became an indispensable navigation tool, providing precise positioning and attitude determination in Earth orbit and beyond.Mission Highlights:Dawn: Launched in 2007, Dawn was a NASA spacecraft designed to explore the asteroid belt. It successfully orbited and studied Vesta and Ceres, providing unprecedented insights into the composition and evolution of these early solar system bodies.Cassini-Huygens: This joint mission between NASA and the European Space Agency sent a spacecraft to Saturn in 2004. The Cassini orbiter conducted extensive observationsof the planet, its rings, and its moons, including the historic descent of the Huygens probe onto Titan's surface.New Horizons: Launched in 2006, New Horizons was a NASA probe destined for Pluto and the Kuiper Belt. Its 2015 flyby of Pluto revealed stunning images and data, revolutionizing our understanding of this distant world.These advancements propelled spacecraft technology to new heights in 2007, broadening our ability to explore and study our solar system and beyond. They laid the foundation for even more ambitious space missions in the years to come.中文回答：2007 年，飞船技术发生了重大变化，拓展了我们在太空探索和科学研究方面的能力。

2007考研英语阅读理解真题解析第二篇“智商测验”

2007 Text 2For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228 – the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence?①It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.在过去的几年，《星期日报》的增刊《漫步》开设了一个名为“询问玛丽琳”的专栏。

09考研英语真题

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning —a gradual 7 —instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re ther e to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an e xecutive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thi nker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system —that anyone can do anything,” expl ains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a liethat we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subjectto peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one’s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It’s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal ed ucation. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ”According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritan s’theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . “Our main end was to catch fish. ”36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology.43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of afew, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures.45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He arg ued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals tha t appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said thatthe measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. “White pollution ”is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly and2)make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。

2009考研英语作文网络的近与远

2009考研英语作文网络的近与远全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The internet, as an unprecedented technological innovation, has had a profound impact on various aspects of our lives. In the world of academia, the internet has revolutionized how information is accessed, disseminated, and shared. This is especially true for graduate students preparing for entrance exams, such as the 2009 National College Entrance Exam (GaoKao) in China.The internet has provided an abundance of resources for students preparing for the exam. With just a few clicks, students can access a wealth of study materials, practice exams, and tutor services. Online forums and study groups allow students to connect with others who are also preparing for the exam, providing a virtual community for sharing tips, strategies, and moral support. Additionally, online study tools, such as flashcards, quizzes, and interactive exercises, help students reinforce their knowledge and test-taking skills.The internet has also transformed the way students approach the exam itself. In the past, students relied on traditional paper-based study materials and textbooks. Now, with the internet, students can access a wide range of multimedia resources, including videos, audio files, and interactive simulations. This allows students to engage with the material in a more dynamic and interactive way, making the learning process more engaging and effective.However, the convenience and accessibility of the internet also come with challenges. One of the biggest issues is the reliability and credibility of online information. With so much information available online, it can be difficult for students to discern what is accurate and trustworthy. This is especially true for exam preparation, where the stakes are high and the margin for error is slim. Students must be vigilant in verifying the sources of the information they use and cross-referencing it with reputable sources to ensure accuracy.Another challenge is the potential for distraction. The internet is a vast and ever-expanding sea of information, entertainment, and social media. For students preparing for a rigorous exam like the GaoKao, staying focused and disciplined is crucial. It can be easy to get sidetracked by social medianotifications, online games, or streaming videos, leading to procrastination and decreased productivity. Students must develop strong time-management skills and self-discipline to resist these temptations and stay on track with their study schedule.In conclusion, the internet has brought both benefits and challenges to students preparing for the 2009 National College Entrance Exam. On the one hand, it has provided a wealth of resources and tools to support their study efforts. On the other hand, it has also introduced new obstacles, such as information overload and distractions. To navigate these challenges successfully, students must approach their online study with caution, discernment, and self-discipline. By leveraging the strengths of the internet while mitigating its weaknesses, students can maximize their exam preparation and achieve their academic goals.篇2The Internet has become an indispensable part of our daily lives, shaping our work, communication, entertainment, and even our thoughts. With the rapid development of technology and the proliferation of online platforms, the world has become more interconnected than ever before. In this essay, we willexplore the impact of the Internet on society, focusing on the year 2009.The year 2009 marked a turning point in the history of the Internet. Social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter gained massive popularity, revolutionizing the way we interact with each other and consume information. People from all corners of the globe could now connect instantly, breaking down barriers of distance and time. The rise of blogging platforms also gave ordinary individuals a voice, allowing them to share their thoughts and experiences with others.However, the increasing reliance on the Internet also raised concerns about privacy and security. Cyber threats such as hacking and phishing became more prevalent, posing a serious threat to individuals and organizations. The issue of online censorship also came to the forefront, with governments around the world imposing restrictions on internet access in the name of national security or social order.Despite these challenges, the Internet continued to bring about positive changes in society. E-commerce platforms like Amazon and eBay revolutionized the way we shop, making it easier for consumers to find and purchase products online. Online education platforms like Coursera and Khan Academyalso started to gain traction, offering people access to quality educational resources regardless of their geographical location.In the field of communication, video conferencing tools like Skype and Zoom made it possible for people to connectface-to-face without having to travel long distances. This not only saved time and money but also reduced our carbon footprint, contributing to environmental sustainability. The Internet also played a crucial role in disseminating information during global events such as the swine flu pandemic, enabling the swift exchange of information between health authorities and the public.Looking back at the year 2009, it is clear that the Internet has brought us closer together while also exposing us to new challenges. As we move forward into the future, it is essential that we continue to harness the power of the Internet for the greater good of society while also addressing issues such as privacy, security, and digital divide. Only by working together can we truly make the most of this remarkable technology and create a more connected and inclusive world.篇3The Internet has completely changed the way people communicate, work, and live their daily lives. In 2009, the year of the entrance examination for postgraduate studies in China, the impact of the Internet on society was becoming increasingly significant. The theme of this year's postgraduate entrance examination English writing was "The Near and Far of the Internet", reflecting the growing importance of the Internet in our lives.On the one hand, the Internet has brought people closer together, making it easier to communicate with friends and family who are far away. Social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter have made it possible to connect with people from all over the world at the click of a button. In addition, online messaging and video calling have made it possible to havereal-time conversations with people on the other side of the world.Furthermore, the Internet has revolutionized the way people work and study. Online resources like Google and Wikipedia have made it easy to access information on any topic, at any time. Online learning platforms like Coursera and Khan Academy have made it possible for people to access high-quality education from top universities for free. In addition, the rise of remote workand freelancing has allowed people to work from anywhere in the world, as long as they have an internet connection.However, the Internet has also brought with it a number of challenges. The rise of social media has led to an increase in cyberbullying and online harassment. In addition, the spread of fake news and misinformation online has made it difficult to separate fact from fiction. Furthermore, the constant connectivity that the Internet provides has led to an increase in stress and anxiety, as people feel pressured to always be online and available.In conclusion, the Internet has brought people closer together and revolutionized the way we work and study. However, it has also brought with it a number of challenges that we must address. As we move forward into an increasingly digital world, it is important that we find ways to harness the power of the Internet for good, while also mitigating its negative impacts. Only then can we truly realize the potential of the Internet to connect people and improve lives.。

2007-2010诺贝尔化学奖新闻稿中英文

2007The Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2007 is awarded for groundbreaking [开创性的，突破性的] studies in surface chemistry. This science is important for the chemical industry and can help us to understand such varied processes as why iron rusts, how fuel cells function and how the catalysts in our cars work. Chemical reactions on catalytic surfaces play a vital role in many industrial operations, such as the production of artificial fertilizers. Surface chemistry can even explain the destruction of the ozone layer, as vital steps in the reaction actually take place on the surfaces of small crystals of ice in the stratosphere.['strætə,sfɪə]. The semiconductor industry is yet another area that depends on knowledge of surface chemistry.It was thanks to processes developed in the semiconductor industry that the modern science of surface chemistry began to emerge in the 1960s. Gerhard Ertl was one of the first to see the potential of these new techniques. Step by step he has created a methodology for surface chemistry by demonstrating how different experimental procedures can be used to provide a complete picture of a surface reaction. This science requires advanced high-vacuum experimental equipment as the aim is to observe how individual layers of atoms and molecules behave on the extremely pure surface of a metal, for instance. It must therefore be possible to determine exactly which element is admitted to the system. Contamination could jeopardize['dʒepədaiz]损害all the measurements. Acquiring a complete picture of the reaction requires great precision and a combination of many different experimental techniques.Gerhard Ertl has founded an experimental school of thought by showing how reliable results can be attained in this difficult area of research. His insights have provided the scientific basis of modern surface chemistry: his methodology is used in both academic research and the industrial development of chemical processes. The approach developed by Ertl is based not least on his studies of the Haber-Bosch process, in which nitrogen is extracted from the air for inclusion in artificial fertilizers. This reaction, which functions using an iron surface as its catalyst, has enormous economic significance because the availability of nitrogen for growing plants is often restricted. Ertl has also studied the oxidation of carbon monoxide on platinum, a reaction that takes place in the catalyst of cars to clean exhaust emissions.Gerhard Ertl, German citizen. Born 1936 in Bad Cannstadt, Germany. Ph.D. in physical chemistry 1965, from Technische Universität München, Germany. Professor Emeritus at Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany.将诺贝尔化学奖授予格哈德•埃特尔是因为他在表面化学所作的开创性研究。

2007年四级考试最新预测试题（含答案）（4）

Passage TwoQuestions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.Lead deposits, which accumulated in soil and snow during the 1960’s and 70’s, were primarily the result of leaded gasoline emissions originating in the United States. In the twenty years that the Clean Air Act has mandated unleaded gas use in the United States, the lead accumulation world-wide has decreased significantly.A study published recently in the journal Nature shows that air-borne leaded gas emissions from the United States were the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland. The new study is a result of the continued research led by Dr. Charles Boutron, an expert on the impact of heavy metals on the environment at the National Center for Scientific Research in France. A study by Dr. Boutron published in 1991 showed that lead levels in arctic (北极的) snow were declining.In his new study, Dr. Boutron found the ratios of the different forms of lead in the leaded gasoline used in the United States were different from the ratios of European, Asian and Canadian gasoline and thus enabled scientists to differentiate (分区) the lead sources. The dominant lead ratio found in Greenland snow matched that found in gasoline from the United States. In a study published in the journal Ambio, scientists found that lead levels in soil in the North-eastern United States had decreased markedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline.Many scientists had believed that the lead would stay in soil and snow for a longer period.The authors of the Ambio study examined samples of the upper layers of soil taken from the same sites of 30 forest floors in New England, New York and Pennsylvania in 1980 and in 1990.The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientists had expected.Scientists say both studies demonstrate that certain parts of the ecosystem (⽣态系统 ) respond rapidly to reductions in atmospheric pollution, but that these findings should not be used as a license to pollute.62. The study published in the journal Nature indicates that ________. A) the Clean Air Act has not produced the desired results B) lead deposits in arctic snow are on the increase C) lead will stay in soil and snow longer than expectedD) the US is the major source of lead pollution in arctic snow63. Lead accumulation worldwide decreased significantly after the use of unleaded gas in the US ________.A) was discouraged C) was prohibited by lawB) was enforced by law D) was introduced64. How did scientists discover the source of lead pollution in Greenland? A) By analyzing the data published in journals like Nature and Ambio. B) By observing the lead accumulations in different parts of the arctic area. C) By studying the chemical elements of soil and snow in Northeastern America.D) By comparing the chemical compositions of leaded gasoline used in various countries.65. The authors of the Ambio study have found that ________. A) forests get rid of lead pollution faster than expected B) lead accumulations in forests are more difficult to deal with C) lead deposits are widely distributed in the forests of the USD) the upper layers of soil in forests are easily polluted by lead emissions66. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that scientists ________. A) are puzzled by the mystery of forest pollution B) feel relieved by the use of unleaded gasoline C) still consider lead pollution a problemD) lack sufficient means to combat lead pollutionPart V Cloze (15 minutes)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.For the past two years, I have been working on students’ evaluation of classroom teaching. I have kept a record of informal conversations __67__ some 300 students from at __68__ twenty-one colleges and universities. The students were generally __69__ and direct in their comments __70__ how course work could be better __71__. Most of their remarks were kindly___72___ — with tolerance rather than bitterness—and frequently were softened by the __73__ that the students were speaking __74__ some, not all, instructors. Nevertheless, __75__ the following suggestions and comments indicate, students feel __76__ with things-as-they-are in the classroom.Professors should be __77__ from reading lecture notes. “It makes their __78__ monotonous（单调的）.”If they are going to read, why not __79__ out copies of the lecture? Then we __80__ need to go to class. Professors should__81__ repeating in lectures material that is in the text-book. “__82__ we’ve read the material, we want to __83__ it or hear it elaborated on, __84__ repeated.” “A lot of students hate to buy a __85__ text that the professor has written __86__ to have his lectures repeat it.”67. A) involving B) counting C) covering D) figuring68. A) best B) least C) length D) large69. A) reserved B) hard-working C) polite D) frank70. A) over B) at C) on D) of71. A) presented B) submitted C) described D) written72. A) received B) addressed C) made D) taken73. A) occasion B) truth C) case D) fact74. A) on B) about C) at D) with75. A) though B) whether C) as D) if76. A) dissatisfied B) unsatisfactory C) satisfied D) satisfactory77. A) interfered B) interrupted C) discouraged D) disturbed78. A) voices B) sounds C) pronunciation D) gestures79. A) hold B) leave C) drop D) give80. A) couldn’t B) wouldn’t C) mustn’t D) shouldn’t81. A) refuse B) prohibit C) prevent D) avoid82. A) Once B) Until C) However D) Unless83. A) remember B) argue C) discuss D) keep84. A) yet B) not C) and D) or85. A) desired B) revised C) required D) deserved86. A) about B) how C) but D) only。

2007年十大科学突破

2007年十大科学突破一、发现人类基因组个体间差异2007年的几项前沿性研究进展，首次说明了人和人之间的DNA 存在着多大的差异，这些差异将影响着医生如何治疗疾病和人类如何看待自己以及保护个人隐私等各个方面。

负责评选的《科学》杂志物理类科学新闻副主编罗伯特·科恩兹说：“多年以来，我们一直谈人与人如何相像，甚至人与猿如何类似。

2007年的几项前沿研究第一次将人与人的DNA存在很大的不同讲透彻了。

这是一个巨大的概念性跳跃，将会对所有的事情产生影响：从医生如何治病到我们如何看待自己以及保护我们的隐私。

”自人类基因组测序完成后，生物学家一直在绘制基因碱基上的小小差异，即单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)。

这些差异是2007年十余个研究项目的关键内容。

在这些被称为广泛关联基因组研究中，研究人员比较了几千位患病或无病个体的DNA，从而确定哪些基因差异会给人类带来疾病风险。

这可以帮助研究人员发现致病基因，比如糖尿病基因和乳癌基因，并为。

特别值得一提的是，2007年，还有几位个人的基因组被测序。

随着技术的提高，人人将会有机会测出自己部分或全部的个人基因组，从而知道自己容易患上哪些疾病，以提早预防。

此外，今年的基因组范围关联研究为许多疾病提供了线索，包括心房颤动、自身免疫疾病、双相障碍、大肠癌、1型和2型糖尿病、心脏病、高血压、多发性硬化症以及风湿性关节炎。

2007年，生物学家还了解到，在DNA上亿个碱基中，成千上百万的碱基可能会丢失、增加或以某种方式进行拷贝，导致几代人内的基因活性发生改变。

这种拷贝差异所产生的影响在高淀粉饮食这主的人群中尤其突出。

二、用皮肤细胞培育出胚胎干细胞日本和美国小组分别在2007年6月宣布，他们用小鼠皮肤细胞经过"基因直接重组"后，培养出诱导性多功能干细胞，这些诱导性多功能干细胞能产生身体内包括卵子和精子在内的所有细胞，具有与胚胎干细胞相同的功效。

2007年11月，两个小组再次报告说，他们成功地用人类皮肤细胞培养出了诱导性多功能干细胞。

2024届陕西省汉中市高三下学期第二次检测理综试卷-高中全真演练物理

2024届陕西省汉中市高三下学期第二次检测理综试卷-高中全真演练物理一、单选题：本题共7小题，每小题4分，共28分 (共7题)第(1)题进入冬季后，北方的冰雪运动吸引了许多南方游客。

如图为雪地转转游戏，人乘坐雪圈（人和雪圈总质量为50kg）绕轴以2rad/s的角速度在水平雪地上匀速转动，已知水平杆长为2m，离地高为2m，绳长为4m，且绳与水平杆垂直。

则雪圈（含人）（）A．所受的合外力为零B．圆周运动的半径为2mC．线速度大小为4m/s D．所受向心力大小为800N第(2)题如图所示，“天问一号”探测飞船经变轨后进入近火星表面轨道做匀速圆周运动。

已知万有引力常量G，以下哪些物理量能估算火星的第一宇宙速度（）A．火星的质量M和火星的半径RB．“天问一号”在火星表面环绕的周期TC．“天问一号”在火星表面环绕的轨道半径rD．“天问一号”在火星表面环绕的向心加速度a第(3)题电荷耦合原件（CCD）被普遍使用在数码相机中，CCD通过光电效应使光信号转化为电信号。

CCD发明者被授予2009年的诺贝尔物理学奖。

现有一个蓝色光源以的功率均匀地向各个方向发射波长为的蓝光，某数码相机使用圆形CCD拍摄蓝色光源，该CCD直径为，该相机距离光源为，拍摄时间为，则CCD拍摄到的该光源的光子数约为多少？（）已知光速为，普朗克常量为，不计空气对光的吸收。

A．4B．400C．D．第(4)题均匀带电的球壳在球外空间产生的电场等效于电荷集中于球心处产生的电场。

如图所示，在半球面上均匀分布正电荷，总电荷量为，球面半径为，为通过半球顶点与球心的轴线，在轴线上有、两点，已知点的场强大小为，则点的场强大小为（）A．B．C．D．第(5)题2022年9月国家原子能机构展示了近年来核技术在我国国民经济领域的重大应用成果。

其中医用同位素镥177的自主可控及批量生产入选。

该成果破解了多年来我国对其大量依赖进口的局面。

镥177的半衰期约为6.7天，衰变时会辐射γ射线。

电脑的学名为电子计算机

电脑的学名为电子计算机，是由早期的电动计算器发展而来的。

1946年，世界上出现了第一台电子数字计算机“ENIAC”，用于计算弹道。

是由美国宾夕法尼亚大学莫尔电工学院制造的。

1956年，晶体管电子计算机诞生了，这是第二代电子计算机。

只要几个大一点的柜子就可将它容下，运算速度也大大地提高了。

1959年出现的是第三代集成电路计算机。

最初的计算机由约翰·冯·诺依曼发明(那时电脑的计算能力相当于现在的计算器)，有三间库房那么大，后逐步发展。

1946年面世的“ENIAC”，它主要是用于计算弹道。

是由美国宾夕法尼亚大学莫尔电气工程学院制造的，它的体积庞大，占地面积170多平方米，重量约30吨，消耗近150千瓦的电力。

显然，这样的计算机成本很高，使用不便。

这个说法被计算机基础教科书上普遍采用，事实上在1973年根据美国最高法院的裁定，最早的电子数字计算机，应该是美国爱荷华州立大学的物理系副教授约翰·阿坦那索夫和其研究生助手克利夫·贝瑞(Clifford E. Berry ，1918-1963）于1939年10月制造的"ABC"(Atanasoff- Berry-Computer）。

之所以会有这样的误会，是因为“ENIAC”的研究小组中的一个叫莫克利的人于1941年剽窃了约翰·阿坦那索夫的研究成果，并在1946年时，申请了专利。

由于种种原因直到1973年这个错误才被扭转过来。

（具体情况参阅百度百科----“约翰·阿坦那索夫”词条，希望大家记住ABC和约翰·阿坦那索夫，希望以后的教科书能够修改这个错误）。

后来为了表彰和纪念约翰·阿坦那索夫在计算机领域内作出的伟大贡献，1990年美国前总统布什授予约翰·阿坦那索夫全美最高科技奖项----“国家科技奖”。

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Recent Advances in Ultra Wideband Radar and Ranging SystemsInvited PaperRobert J. Fontana, Fellow, Lester A. Foster, Brian Fair and David WuMultispectral Solutions, Inc.Germantown, MD USA2007 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband (ICUWB), Singapore24-26 September 2007© 2007 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However,permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale orredistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE.Recent Advances in Ultra Wideband Radar and Ranging SystemsInvited PaperRobert J. Fontana, Fellow, Lester A. Foster, Brian Fair and David WuMultispectral Solutions, Inc., Germantown, MD USAAbstract – This invited paper describes recent advances in short pulse electromagnetics as applied to Ultra Wideband (UWB) radar and precision ranging. UWB sensors designed for perimeter intrusion detection, obstacle and collision avoidance and industrial safety applications will be described. The design of a Part 15 compliant, UWB radar development kit is also discussed.Index Terms – Ultra wideband, Radar, Spread spectrum radar, Electromagnetic measurementsI. I NTRODUCTION The application of short pulse electromagnetics (UWB) to radar systems has a long history of development [1-3]. This invited paper discusses several recent UWB radar and (cooperative) ranging systems developed for various Government and commercial applications. In addition to exploiting the inherent advantages of short pulse radar for precision distance measurements, these unique sensors are seen to leverage UWB’s advantages in energy efficiency (e.g., unattended, battery-operated sensors) and reliable operation in multipath and clutter.II. UWB P ERIMETER I NTRUSION D ETECTION R ADARDeveloped for the U.S. Government, this radar sensor provides an extremely low power, perimeter detection and target identification capability. The radar utilizes UWB technology for superb clutter rejection as well as for extended-life battery operation. Operationally, the intrusion detection radar is used to monitor the traffic of vehicles and personnel in remote locations by acting as a cueing device for an infrared (IR) video imaging sensor (see Figure 1below).Fig. 2. UWB Radar shown in Field Deployment.(Radar is black unit to the right of rectangular control/battery unit)The radar detects an intrusion with a single sample of the environment while consuming less than 6 milliJoules of battery energy per sampling event. The radar sensor operates off of two standard AA batteries. Utilizing this low power UWB sensor as a trigger device for the much higher power consumption video camera system provides two major advantages, namely a significant reduction in the amount of video imagery to be post-processed and extended life, unattended operation on moderate capacity batteries. The field-of-views (FOVs) for both radar and IR camera werematched and sensor data relayed wirelessly from the unitonly if the image met certain detection criteria. In this fashion, the communications network and end user are not overwhelmed with a large volume of raw sensor data.The intrusion system radar hardware is illustrated in Figure 2, where the UWB receiver/processor and transmitter circuit cards are mounted behind a dual patch antenna array. The radar electronics package is mounted in an all-weather chassis for field deployment.Fig. 2. UWB Perimeter Intrusion Detection Sensor Hardware.A system block diagram of the UWB radar sensor is shown in Figure 3.Fig. 3. Block Diagram of the Perimeter Intrusion Detection Radar.Radar operational hardware consists of three major system components:(a) Antenna module consisting of a pair of 15 dBi gain antennas (transmit and receive), each with a 16 x 45 degree field of view;(b) C-Band receiver/signal processing module; and,(c) C-band UWB transmitter module.The antenna module consists of two C-band antenna arrays, one for transmit and the second for receive. The system’s operational (-3dB) frequency range is 6.0 to 6.4 GHz, with a -10dB bandwidth in excess of 1.25 GHz. Each array consists of an 8-element (4 x 2), wideband microstrip patch configuration to achieve the desired gain and directivity (i.e., to match that of the IR sensor optics). The antennas are spatially configured so as to provide low cross-coupling between receive/transmit array elements preventing blinding of the radar’s near field range gates by the transmitter pulse.All radar signal processing functions are performed in hardware within a single generic Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). After detection, the return signal from each transmit pulse is processed simultaneously within each of 512 range gate intervals [4]. In this fashion, multiple targets at varying ranges can be detected and processed with a minimal expenditure of both transmitter and signal processor energy. Returns from each range gate are digitized and, afterN successive pulse transmissions, the highest quantization level that is exceeded at least M times (M<N) is assigned to the corresponding range gate. This 512-length vector is compared, element by element, to a clutter map which is stored in memory and initialized upon system start up to the zero vector [0,0,…,0]. If any element of the received vector exceeds, by some predetermined threshold, the corresponding range gate entry in the clutter map, a detection event is declared for that specific range gate. The clutter mapis then updated using an autoregressive moving average of the previous clutter map contents and the current receive vector.In order to minimize radar power consumption, the radar electronics are placed in a low standby current, sleep mode until wakened by a watchdog timer to perform a periodic sampling of the environment. The clutter map is stored in non-volatile memory and reloaded upon subsequent power-up. As a person, vehicle or other object moves into the radar’s field of view, target presence is readily discerned from the comparison with the most recent clutter map information. If the target stops moving, it can be seen that its return will gradually disappear as it melts into the new clutter map. However, any subsequent motion creates a significant change in one or more range bins, creating a strong detection event. In operation, the system has demonstrated a sensitivity to detect a minivan in excess of 600 feet, a standing human target in excess of 450 feet and a crawling subject in excess of 300 feet. Each detection event consumes only 6 milliJoules of receiver/processor energy – only 3.5 nanoJoules of which is attributable to the transmitted pulse energy. Table 1 summarizes the physical and performance characteristics of the UWB Perimeter Intrusion DetectionRadar.Table 1. UWB Perimeter Intrusion Radar CharacteristicsRF Characteristics Center Frequency 6.20 GHzBandwidth 400 MHz (-3dB)1250 MHz (-10 dB)Peak Power +31 dBmAntenna Gain 15.0 dBiAntenna FOV 45 x 16 degreesSystem Performance Primary Power 1.0 W (7-33VDC)Detection Range Offset + 512 feet(Offset 0/100 feet)Range Resolution 1 footPRFSelectableto330 HzInterface RS232 115.2 kb/sPhysicalCharacteristicsCircuit Card Stack 2.25 x 3.5 x 1.38inches with shieldDual Patch Antenna 5.25 x 6.30 x 0.17inchesCircuit Card Weight 90 gramsAntenna Weight 160 gramsDemonstrated DetectorSensitivityHuman, Standing (6’tall)450 feetHuman, Crawling 300 feetMinivan In excess of 600 feetIII. O BSTACLE A VOIDANCE R ADARDeveloped under contract to the U.S. Army to provide anobstacle detection capability for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), the UWB Obstacle Avoidance Radar (OAR) is animproved version of the previously described PerimeterIntrusion Detection radar. The unit is illustrated in Figure 4below.Figure 4. OAR UWB RadarAntenna Module & Digital ProcessorOAR utilizes a higher gain (17.5 dBi) C-band patch arrayand a higher peak power (+37 dBm) UWB transmitter. Theminimum detectable signal (MDS) to the receiver/processorwas also reduced by improving the system front end noisefigure (low NF pHEMPT device) and reducing widebanddetector noise pickup from the radar’s digital electronics.These improvements resulted in an overall 10 dB gain inweak signal performance over the Intrusion Detection Radardesign. With its greater sensitivity, OAR was able to detectoverhead power lines, major problems for both manned (e.g., Medivac helicopters) and UAV flight, at ranges in excess of 300 feet.An interesting experiment was performed with the radar, using it to capture the return from a Mallard duck flying low (6 feet) above the water surface. The return from the Mallard is shown in Figure 5, where detection is illustrated at a range of approximately 260 feet as the duck flew toward the radar. As seen, the detector output voltage is approximately 12 dB above the system noise floor. For reference, the radar cross section (RCS) of a duck is approximately -20 dB square meters (dBsm).12-102004006008001000Range (feet)D e t e c t o r V o l t a g e O u tFigure 5. Screen capture of a mallard duck in flight using OARIn this experiment, the duck was flying near the water surface which introduced an interesting multipath interference effect with the received signal. Figure 6 shows the four different possible signal paths from a UWB radar toa target. Note that, upon reflecting off the water surface, the signal changes polarity as a function of the incidence angle. For low grazing angles with a vertically polarized signal, thepolarity shifts nearly 180 degrees upon reflection. These returns combine at the radar antenna.4) Bounced path both waysFigure 6. Ray Tracing of Radar Multipath from TargetIn the above example, the radar antenna was approximately six feet above the lake surface, approximately the same height as that of the flying duck. The difference in path length between the multipath return and the direct path was thus approximately 8.4 cm, with the UWB pulse lengthapproximately 75 cm. Mathematically combining the UWBpulse returns with the time delays and phase shifts produced by the path geometries, one obtains the result in Figure 7. Here, multipath gain/loss is plotted as a function of range to target. For this analysis, the lake surface was assumed to have perfect conductivity so that each ray added equally.Fig. 7. Multipath Gain/Loss for 2m Antenna/Target HeightsAs observed in Figure 7, multipath can provide both destructive and constructive interference effects. At a range of 260 feet (80m), for example, there is approximately 6 dB of destructive interference. This interference was observed on the scope as the duck flew toward the radar, with the signal magnitude fluctuating wildly during the entireapproaching sequence. An additional source of fluctuations(unmodeled) resulted from the waves on the water surface that further scattered the multipath returns. Table 2 shows the approximate RCS at 6 GHz for various surface components of a small, 1 meter length, 3 meter wingspan, air vehicle. These values do not consider the contribution of theUAV engine or other electronic components. Manned aircraft, on the other hand, have radar cross sections that are significantly higher. For example, a typical (non-stealthy)aircraft that can fly at flight speeds of 250 knots will have a radar cross section approaching 10 to 20 dBsm. Table 3provides the estimated detection range for OAR as a function of RCS.Table 2. Estimated RCS of Small UAV at 6 GHzRadar Cross SectionUAV ComponentAspect ----at 6 GHzBodyNose / Tail WingsBroadside Nose / Tail Nose / Tail Nose / Tail BroadsidePropeller-12510726dBsm dBsm dBsm dBsm dBsmTable 3. OAR Detection Range vs. RCSRCS (dBsm) Detection Range (ft)-20 500 -10 890 0 1580 10 2820 20 5020IV. RADEKL – A N FCC-COMPLIANT R ADAR S YSTEM In 2002, MSSI developed a portable, battery operated, radar sensor nicknamed “SPIDER”, for “Short PulseIntrusion Detection Radar”, which was the first UWB system-level product to receive FCC approval under the new Part 15 Subpart F regulations. Originally developed under a DARPA contract for micro air vehicle collision and obstacle avoidance applications [5], the FCC-certified version of this sensor operated in the 6020-6699 MHz band under Subpart F Part 15.511 “Technical requirements for surveillance systems” [6]. Operation under 15.511, however, is limited to fixed surveillance systems operated by law enforcement, fire or emergency rescue organizations or by manufacturers licensees, petroleum licensees or power licensees as defined in FCC Section 90.7 (“Part 90” users).In March 2005, the FCC significantly expanded the application space for UWB equipment that operates in the Part 15.205 non-restricted band segment from 5925-7250 MHz by creating Part 15.250 for general UWB applications [7]. While the original SPIDER radar sensor could have been recertified for use under 15.250, significant advances had been made in UWB technology since early 2002, and a new radar design incorporating these advances was developed. The new, Part 15.250 compliant, radar sensor is called RADEKL (see Figure 8), “Radar Developers’ Kit ‘Lite’”, as it is designed specifically for radar applications engineers.Figure 8. RADEKL UWB Radar Sensor with Single Board Design(antenna radome removed)Except for its lower radiated power level, and hence morelimited range, RADEKL is an advanced version of both the Perimeter Intrusion Detection and OAR radars described above. The radar utilizes 256 range bins, each having 30 cm range resolution and 5-bit amplitude return quantization. The detection range to a person was approximately 60 feet.RADEKL uses a UWB transmitter design which was taken from MSSI’s FCC-certified, real time location system (RTLS) tags. The transmitter electronics is mounted on a 7 x 10 mm thick film ceramic substrate, illustrated in Figure 9. Interestingly, given the patch array antenna gain ofapproximately +11 dBi, the output of this tiny C-band transmitter needs to be further attenuated in order to meet theFCC peak power density of 0 dBm/50 MHz.Figure 9. C-band Thick Film Ceramic Transmitter ChipThe complete radar development environment includes UWB hardware, supporting software drivers and a user interface application (see Figure 10) which permits viewing of the radar return data and data logging for additional return signal post processing.Figure 10. RADEKL Graphical User Interface (GUI) (Return through multiple walls in office building)Table 4. RADEKL Radar CharacteristicsRF Characteristics Frequency 6.0 – 6.6 GHz (-10 dB)Bandwidth 400 MHz (-3dB) Peak EIRP (with antenna) 0 dBm/50 MHz(Variable to-25 dBm/50 MHz)Antenna Gain 11.0 dBi Antenna FOV 40 x 40 degreesSystem Performance Primary Power 1.2 W (12VDC)Receiver Sensitivity -75 dBm for 10 dBS/NDetection Range 345.6 m (max)(1152 ns)STC Control 40 dB Range Resolution 1 foot256 Range BinsInterface USB 2.0Windows XPPhysical CharacteristicsSensor 150 x 83 x 62 mm Weight 490 gramsDemonstrated Detector SensitivityHuman, Standing (6’) 60 feetV. UWB R ANGE M EASURING R ADIOS The last system design to be described also utilizes UWBtechnology for precise range measurements. However, unlike the previous examples, ranging is accomplishedcooperatively by measuring the round trip time of flight between two UWB transceivers. The system is similar in concept to a transponder-based ranging system [8] originally developed for DARPA to track soldiers in GPS-denied urban environments. The present Ranging Radio system was developed for the U.S. Army as a means for preventing soldier fratricide by providing accurate and reliable situational awareness.The ranging radios are illustrated in Figure 11, together with an inside view of the single board design.Figure 11. Ranging Radios withSingle Board UWB Transceiver DesignAs shown, the ranging radios consist of a single circuit card containing both UWB RF and digital timing/processing electronics, and a wideband omnidirectional antenna. The system operates at C-band with an instantaneous -10dB bandwidth of approximately 500 MHz.Range measurements are made within the receiver to a one nanosecond precision utilizing a high-speed tunnel diode detector. With sample averaging, however, a range resolution of approximately 1 inch has been demonstrated. The Ranging Radio architecture is event driven, with each radio only transmitting when commanded to do so either by direct user intervention (console mode via USB) or by wireless request from another radio. All commands and responses to commands are able to be routed through multiple radios to address the hidden node problem. Commands include Range, Discover, Read Memory and Write Memory.The Range command initiates a two-way communications between two radios on the network to determine the round trip time of flight, and hence distance, between the radios. Up to 256 range measurements can be performed with a single command, with each measurement taking approximately 200 microseconds to complete. The Discover command instructs the destination radio to report all other radios that it can communicate with having the same group ID. (Multiple radio groups can operate together.) Read Memory instructs a Ranging Radio to read a specific range of addresses in user memory, whereas Write Memory instructs the radio to write to a range of addresses. User memory on each unit consists of an array of 512 x 8-bits and is available to pass messages or small amounts of data between radios. In a recent implementation, user memory was used to store digitized voice data, permitting the radios to operate as conventional walkie-talkies in addition to the ranging functionality. Windows drivers are provided to interface a computer to the ranging radio for end user software development.To perform a range measurement, a Ranging Radio transmits a packet consisting of a synchronization preamble and header. The header contains the Range command with the address of the radio which is requested to respond to the packet. Upon transmission of the packet, the originating radio resets is main counter, establishing a local time-zero reference. If a Ranging Radio receives a Range request addressed to it, it records the fine time (to 1 nanosecond resolution) at which it received the originating packet (relative to its system clock which generates the packet stream), and then replies with its own packet that includes this fine time information in the header. The originating radio receives the ranging packet from the destination radio, records its fine time and latches its main counter. The range value is then calculated and recorded, utilizing the fine time information to compensate for the difference in time-of-arrival at the destination receiver and the system clock epoch timing which generates the packet data stream.The Ranging Radios were tested at the U.S. Army’s CERDEC facilities in Ft. Monmouth, NJ to assess the effects that propagation through various wall materials has on range measurement accuracy. A variety of “standard”, 1-foot thick walls of various construction (adobe, brick, cinderblock, steel-reinforced concrete, etc.) were used in the testing. As expected, range measurements were elongated as the signal passed through various wall materials, with the amount of elongation directly proportional to the amount of material traversed (e.g., propagation at oblique angles to the wall resulted in more material, and hence, increased delay and range error). Range offsets varied from one to three feet in most building materials, and as much as three to five feet in propagation through steel-reinforced concrete. The former effects were likely due simply to the dielectric properties of the wall medium, where the speed of light is slowed in the wall material. In the case of the steel-reinforced concrete, however, a notable signal loss was also observed. As leading edge pulse detection was employed in the receiver electronics, it is believed that the weaker signal strength resulted in more ambiguity as to the position of the leading edge.Operating at Part 15 levels with omni-directional antennas (as illustrated in Figure 10), the radios have a line-of-sight range in excess of 50 meters. With a directional antenna on receive, link ranges in excess of 200 meters have been obtained. For the Army, higher power transmitter options have been tested with line-of-sight ranges in excess of 1,600 meters using omni-directional antennas and with both transponders placed on the ground. With statistical averaging, range resolutions to better than 3 cm have been achieved. The latest design (see Figure 12) consists of asmall 96 x 59 x 20 mm module weighing 86 grams. The antenna and radome weigh in at 20 grams. Power requirements for the module are 0.8W at 3 to 5 Volts. Either an RS232 or USB data interface can be used.Figure 12: UWB Ranging Radio ModuleRange measurement radios are ideal for positioning applications where GPS is not available (e.g., indoors, underground or in cluttered environments) or in situations where an affordable GPS solution does not provide the required positional accuracy. For example, a Real Time Kinetic (RTK) GPS receiver system, which can provide inch-level location accuracy, can cost upwards of $25,000. Additionally, RTK GPS receivers require clear, open sky, access to the horizon. If a building, high power line or evena streetlight post is in a GPS satellite’s propagation path to the remote receiver, this can cause a multipath reflection which can create location errors. Range measurement radios, on the other hand, perform the equivalent accuracy of expensive GPS solutions at a fraction of the cost and are independent of GPS receiver radio link multipath limitations. End user applications have included industrial safety, situational awareness, localization in GPS-denied environments, tracking for robotic navigation, non line-of-sight surveying and network security (i.e., network access in controlled environments). Since the Ranging Radios can communicate their inter-node distances across a network of such devices, even through intervening walls and obstructions, they have immediate applicability to First Responder rescue.VI. C ONCLUSIONThis invited paper has summarized some recent developments in short pulse electromagnetics as applied to ultra wideband radar and ranging systems. Novel C-band UWB products for intrusion detection, obstacle and collision avoidance and ranging have been described, together with an unique Part 15 radar device for general purpose applications and experimentation.The latest FCC regulations for ultra wideband [7] now permit a wide range of radar and sensor applications in the 5925-7250 MHz, 16.2 – 17.7 GHz and 23.12 – 29.0 GHz bands, with the two upper (millimeter wave) bands expressly limited to vehicular radar applications. The 5925-7250 MHz segment (Part 15.250), where all of the systems described in this paper have been designed to operate, appears to be of particular commercial interest.R EFERENCES[1] Bennett, C.L. and Ross, G.F., “Time-domain electromagnetics and its applications”, Proceedings of the IEEE, March 1978, Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 299-318.[2] Fontana, R.J., “Recent System Applications of Short-Pulse Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Technology,” Invited Paper, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Vol. 52, No. 9, September 2004, pp. 2087-2104.[3] Gresham, I. et al., “Ultra-Wideband Radar Sensors for Short-Range Vehicular Applications,” Invited Paper, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Vol. 52, No. 9, September 2004, pp. 2105-2122.[4] Richley, E. and R.J. Fontana, “Transceiver System and Method Utilizing Nanosecond Pulses,” U.S. Patent 6,812,884 B2, 2 November 2004.[5] Fontana, R.J., E. Richley, A. Marzullo, L. Beard, R. Mulloy and E.J. Knight, "An Ultra Wideband Radar for Micro Air Vehicle Applications," Proceedings2002 IEEE Conference on Ultra Wideband Systems and Technologies, Baltimore, MD, May 2002.Analysis – Pulsed RF”, November 1971.[6] “Revision of Part 15 of the Commission's Rules Regarding Ultra-Wideband Transmission Systems,” Report and Order in ET Docket No. 98-153, adopted February 14, 2002, released July 15, 2002.[7] “Revision of Part 15 of the Commission's Rules Regarding Ultra-Wideband Transmission Systems,” Second Report and Order and Second Memorandum Opinion and Order in ET Docket No. 98-153, adopted 15 December 2004, released March 11, 2005.[8] Fontana, R.J., “Ultra Wideband Precision Geolocation System,” US Patent No. 6,054,950, 25 April 2000.。