语言学复习提纲

复习提纲
1.考试内容包括：Chapter 1，2，4，5，6，8，共6个Chapters。

对六章里在课堂讲解的部分充分理解。

2.Define the following terms.
Chapter 1
(1)synchronic (2) diachronic (3) prescriptive (4) descriptive (5) arbitrariness
(6) duality (7) displacement (8) competence & performance (9) langue & parole
Chapter 2
(1)phonetics （2）phonology (3) allophone (4) syllable (5) assimilation
Chapter 4
(1)syntax (2) endocentric (3) exocentric (4) recursiveness (5) cohesion
Chapter 5
(1)conceptual meaning (2) connotation (3) synonymy (4) gradable antonymy
(5) complementaryantonymy (6) converse antonymy (7) hyponymy
Chapter 6
(1)connectionism (2) cohort model (3) parallel model (4) construal (5) image schema
(6) metaphor (7) metonymy
Chapter 8
(1)utterance (2) performative (3) constative (4) Theory of Illocutionary Act
(5) cooperative principle (6) conversational implicature
3. 用相关理论对文本（话语）进行分析
(1) cohesion (reference, ellipsis, lexical repetition, substitution, lexical collocation, conjunction)
We normally say that a company “went bankrupt,” implying that it had no choice. But when, recently, American Airlines filed for bankruptcy, it did so deliberately. The airline had four billion dollars in the bank and could have kept paying its bills. But it has been losing money for a while, and its board decided that it was foolish to keep throwing good money after bad.
Declaring bankruptcy will trim American’s debt load and allow it to break its union contracts, so that it can slim down and cut costs.
American wasn’t stigmatized for the move. Instead, analysts hailed it as “very smart.” It is now generally accepted that when it’s economically irrational for a company to keep paying its debts it will try to renegotiate them or, failing that, default. For creditors, that’s just the price of business. But when it comes to another set of borrowers the norms are very different.
The bursting of the housing bubble has left millions of homeowners across the country owing more than their homes are worth. In some areas, well over half of mortgages are underwater, many so deeply that people owe forty or fifty per cent more than the value of their homes. In other words, a good percentage of Americans are in much the same position as American
Airlines: they can still pay their debts, but doing so is like setting a pile of money on fire every month.
(2)sense relation (synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy)
Colored
When I born, I black
When I grow up, I black
When I go in Sun, I black
When I scared, I black
When I sick, I black
And when I die, I still black
And you white fellow
When you born, you pink
When you grow up, you white
When you go in sun, you red
When you cold, you blue
When you scared, you yellow
When you sick, you green
And when you die, you gray
And you calling me colored??
(3)recursiveness (conjoining &embedding)
“Buy now, pay later” has long been the unofficial mantra of American retailing. But this holiday season plenty of American shoppers have gone the other way—paying first and buying later. ’Tis the season of layaway. Not long ago, layaway looked like a relic, thanks to the widespread availability of credit cards. The dismal economy has changed all that.
As early as the fall of 2008, with the recession in full swing, Kmart started a campaign pushing layaway, and, as shoppers embraced the idea, retailers across the country have made it a big part of their holiday sales drive.Walmart had killed its layaway program for everything but jewelry in 2006. But this year it acceded to reality and brought layaway back.
(4)Theory of Illocutionary Act (illocutionary force, or intention)
Example:
[The daughter walks into the kitchen and takes some popcorn]
Father: I thought you were practicing your violin.
Daughter: I need to get the violin stand.
Father: Is it under the popcorn?。