The history of 18th century in UK

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18世纪的英国历史背景(课堂PPT)

3
Some inventions
• The safety pin • Electric iron • Dry cleaning • The zip fastener
in 1849. in 1882 common 1930s. in1855. in 1893.
4
the political system
middle class opinions on political and moral problems
8
• 5. Coffeehouse: informal meeting house
• time: later half of 17and18 century • People: all classes • clubs
17
Cannels
travel
dangerous highwaymen
Smuggling was also very common
15
• Tim Lambert • A computer scientist in the university of
South Wales
16
Thank you heartily
6
Society and Life
1. Population: mid of 18th
2 million
late
over 9 million
2. Main form of wealth :
owning land
Political power and influence : landowners
3. Class: top
5
War
The reign of kings or queen: Queen Anne [1702—1714]

英美文学选读真题和答案 (7)

202X年7月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英美文学选读卷子课程代码0604PART one(40 Points)I．Multiple Choice (40 points in all, 1 for each)Select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement.Mark your choice by blackening the corresponding letter A，B，C Or D On theAnswer Sheet.1．_______, a typical example of old English poetry，is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo—Saxons．A．The Canterbury TalesB．ExodusC．BeowulfD．The Legend of Good Women2．It was ______ who first introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.A．CaxtonB．WyattC．SurreyD．Marlowe3．It is generally believed that the most important play among Shakespeare’s comedies is ______ A．A Midsummer Night’s DreamB．As You Like ItC．The Merchant of VeniceD．Twelfth Night4．All the following poets except ______ belong to the metaphysical school.A．DonneB．HerbertC．MarvellD．Milton5．Of all the eighteenth —century novelists, ______ was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose〞and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.A．Daniel DefoeB．Samuel RichardsonC．Henry FieldingD．Oliver Goldsmith6．Although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, writers in the Victorican Period shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about ______ .A．the love story between the rich and the poorB．the techniques in writingC．the fate of the common peopleD．the future of their own country7．In the theatrical world of the neoclassical period ______ was the leading figure among the host of playwrights.A．William BlakeB．Richard SheridanC．Ben JonsonD．Bernard Shaw8．The eighteenth —century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of ______.A．IntellectB．ReasonC．RationalityD．Science9．______ by Swift is generally regarded as the best model of satire, not only of the 18th century but also in the whole English literary history.A．A Tale of a TubB．The Battle of the BooksC．〞A Modest Proposal 〞D．Gulliver’s Travels10．The novels of______ are the first literary work devoted to the study of problems of the lower —class people.A．BunyanB．DefoeC．FieldingD．Swift11．Thomas Gray established his fame as the leader of the ______ of the day.A．romantic poetryB．sentimental poetryC．neoclassical poetryD．realistic novel12．Which of the following is taken from John Keats’s “Ode on a Grecian Urn〞______ A．〞If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind〞B．〞For Godsake hold your tongue, and let me love.〞C．〞Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard/Are sweeter〞D．〞The Child is father of the Man.〞13．Robert Browning’s style is ______.A．identical with that of the other VictoriansB．similar to that of TennysonC．perfectly artisticD．rough and disproportionate in appearance14．Thomas Hardy wrote novels of ______.A．character and environmentB．pure romanceC．stream of consciousnessD．psychoanalysis15．The three trilogies of ______ novels are masterpieces of critical realism in the early 20th century.A．Galsworthy’s ForsyteB．Lewis Grassic Gibbon’s Sunset Song’s Women in Love’s A Passage to India16．______ is considered to be the best—known English dramatist since Shakespeare.A．Oscar WildeB．Christopher MarloweC．John DrydenD．Bernard Shaw17．______ was awarded Nobel Prize for literature in 1923.A．Bernard ShawB．John Galsworthy18．Of the following poets, which is not regarded as “Lake Poets〞A．Samuel Taylor ColeridgeB．Robert SoutheyC．William WordsworthD．George Gordon Byron19．The four great odes of John Keats include the following EXCEPT ______.A．〞Ode on Melancholy〞B．〞Ode on a Grecian Urn〞C．〞Ode to a Nightingale〞D．〞Ode to the West wind〞’s masterpieces.A．Women in LoveB．Sons and LoversC．Lady Chatterley’s LoverD．The Plumed Serpent21．In Oscar Wilde’s masterpiece ______, he expressed a satirical and bitter attitude towards the upper —class people by revealing their corruption, snobbery and hypocrisy.A．SalomeB．The Importance of Being EarnestC．The Happy PrinceD．A Woman of No Importance22．〞The V anity Fair 〞is a well—known part in The Pilgrim’s Progress, which of the following writers later adopted it as the title of a novel？A．DickensB．ThackerayC．FieldingD．Hardy23．To the transcendentalists such as ______ and Thoreau, man is divine in nature; but to Hawthorne and Melville, everybody is potentially a sinner.A．Washington IrvingB．EmersonC．Henry JamesD．Emily Dickinson24．Washington Irving’s ______ was written in England, filled with English scenes and quotations from English authors and faithful to British orthography.A．Bracebridge HallB．Tales of a TravelerC．The Sketch BookD．The Alhambra25．The American Romantic writers celebrated America’s landscape with its virgin forests, meadows, groves, endless prairies, streams, and vast oceans.______ came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral law.A．The Atlantic OceanB．The Rocky MountainsC．The Pacific OceanD．The wilderness26．Which one of the following statements is NOT true of Washington IrvingA．He was regarded as Father of the American Short Story.B．He was one of the first American writers to earn an international reputation.C．He enjoyed the honor of being “the American Goldsmith〞for his literary craftsmanship.D．He was one of the advocates of the New England Transcendentalism.27．Which one of the following statements is NOT true of Ralph Waldo Emerson and his works A．Emerson’s essays often have a formal style, for most of them were derived from his journals or lectures.B．In his essays, Emerson put forward his philosophy of Transcendentalism, focusing on the importance of the individual and the nature.C．Emerson based his philosophy on an intuitive belief in an ultimate unity, which he called the 〞over—soul〞.D．Emerson is affirmative about man’s intuitive knowledge, with which a man can trust himself to decide what is right and to act accordingly.28．〞The lover of nature is he whose inward and outward senses are still truly adjusted to each other, who has retained the spirit of infancy even into the era of manhood〞. This is the voice of the book _____ written by Emerson, which pushed American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of New England _________.A．Nature…SymbolismB．The American Scholar…NaturalismC．Nature…TranscendentalismD．the American Scholar…Realism29．Which one of the following statements about Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter is trueA．Hawthorne intended to tell a love story in this novel.B．Hawthorne intended to tell a story of sin in this novel.C．Hawthorne intended to reveal the human psyche after they sinned, so as to show people the tension between society and individuals.D．Hawthorne focused his attention on consequences of the sin on the people in general, so as to call the readers back to the conventional Puritan way of living.30．Walt Whitman is a poet with a strong sense of mission, having decoted all his life to the creation of the “single〞poem, ________.A．ChicagoB．My Lost YouthC．Leaves of GrassD．A Pact31．Redburn is a semi —autobiographical novel written by ________, concerning the sufferings of a genteel youth among brutal sailors.A．Walt WhitmanB．Nathaniel HawthorneC．Herman MelvilleD．Ralph Waldo Emerson32．The period ranging from ________ to ________ has been referred to as the Age of Realism in the literary history of the United States.A．1865 (1945)B．1865 (1914)C．1783 (1945)D．1783 (1914)33．________thought that the writer should use language to probe the deepest reaches of the psychological and moral nature of human beings rather than simply hold a mirror to the surface of social life in particular times and places. He is a realist of the inner life.A．Mark TwainB．William Dean HowellsC．Henry JamesD．Theodore Dreiser34．〞I felt good and all washed clean of sin for the first time I had ever felt so in my life, and I knowed I could pray now. But I didn’t do it straight off, but laid the paper down and set there thinking —thinking how good it was all this happened so, and how near I come to being lost and going to hell. 〞The above passage is taken from ________.A．The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnB．The Adventures of Tom SawyerC．Uncle Tom’s CabinD．Life on the Mississippi35．The following statements are all true of Daisy Miller EXCEPT________.A．Frederick Winterbourne, the narrator of the story, es an American expatriate.B．With the publication of Daisy Miller, William James reputation was firmly established on both sides of the Atlantic.C．With the publication of Daisy Miller, Daisy Miller has ever since become the American Girl in Europe, a celebrated cultural type who embodies the spirit of the New World.D．Daisy Miller’s defiance of social taboos in the Old World finally brings her to a disaster in the clash between the two different cultures.36．Which one of the following statements is true of Dickinson’s “I like to see it lap the Miles〞A．This poem describes a mare dancing at midnight.B．This poem describes a horse galloping through valleys.C．This poem describes a train running through the mountainous area.D．This poem describes a traveler’s joyous journey through the scenic mountainous area.37．________ is considered to be a spokesman for the alienated youth in the post —war era and his The Catcher in the Rye is regarded as a students’ classicA．Allen GinXergD．Henry James38．Towards the end of After Apple —Picking，Frost writes “ Were he not gone, /The woodchuck could say whether it’s like his /Long sleep, as I describe its coming on, /Or just some human sleep.〞The “human sleep 〞here refers to ________.A．a trip to the countrysideB．deathC．rest after a day’s work in the orchardD．exaltation of mind39．In the third chapter of The Great GatXy by Fitzgerald, there is a wonderful description of GatXy’s party which evokes both ___________ of that strange and fascinating era that we call________.A．the pride and the prejudice…Victorian AgeB．the romance and the sadness…Jazz AgeC．the love and the hatred…Age of ReasonD．the Vanity and the disillusionment…Age of Reason40．Faulkner once said that ___________ is a story of 〞lost innocence〞, which proves itself to be an intensification of the theme of imprisonment in the past.A．The Sound and the FuryB．Go Down, MosesC．Light in AugustD．Absalom, Absalom!PART TWO (60 POINTS)II．Reading Comprehension (16 points in all, 4 for each)Read the quoted parts carefully and answer the questions in English. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.41．〞To be, or not to be —that is the question;Whether’ tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them〞Questions:A．Identify the author and the title of the passage from which this part is taken.B．Explain the meaning of “To be, or not to be〞.C．How do you understand the last two lines42．〞The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power,And all that beauty, all that wealth e’er gave,Awaits alike the inevitable hour.The paths of glory lead but to the grave.〞Questions:A．Identify the author and the title of the passage from which this part is taken.B．What does the phrase 〞inevitable hour〞meanC．Write out the main idea of the passage in plain English.43．〞I glanced back once. A wafer of a moon was shinning over GatXy’s house, making the night fine as before, and surviving the laughter and the sound of his still glowing garden. A sudden emptiness seemed to flow now from the windows and the great doors, endowing with complete isolation the figure of the host, who stood on the porch, his hand up in a formal gesture of farewell. 〞Questions:A．Identify the author and the title of the passage from which this part is taken.B．The passage describes the end of an event, What is itC．What implied meaning can you get from reading this passage44．We passed the School, where Children strove AT Recess—in the Ring—We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain—We passed the Setting Sun—Questions:A．Who is the author of this stanza taken from the poem “Because I could not stop for Death—〞？B．What do the underlined parts symbolizeC．Where were “we〞heading towardIII．Questions and Answers (24 points in all,6 for each)Give brief answers to each of the following questions in English. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.45．Edmund Spenser is one of the poets of English Renaissance. What are the qualities of his poetry46．The Man of Property is the first novel of the Forsyte trilogies by Galsworthy. What is the theme and the tone of The Man of Property47．Hawthorne’s “Young Goodman Brown〞is often read as a conventional allegory. What does the work symbolically concern48．William Faulkner is one of the greatest American novelists. What do you know about his narrative techniques IV．Topic Discussion (20 points in all, 10 for each)Write no less than 150 word on each of the following topics in English in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.49．Discuss Charles Dickens’ art of fiction: the setting, the character —portrayal, the language, etc., based on his novel Oliver Twist.50．Discuss the symbolism employed in Moby Dick.。

英国文学简史 4新古典主义(18世纪)

The Neoclassical Period （18th century）Definitions of literary terms英语081班汪志超51011080951) The Enlightenment MovementThe 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality & science. They called for a reference to order, reason & rules & advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander pope & so on.2) NeoclassicismIn England, neoclassicism is initiated by John Dryden, culminated in Alexander Pope and continued by Samuel Johnson. It was a reaction against the fire of passions that blazed in the later Renaissance. It found its literary artistic model in the classical literature of ancient Greek and Latin authors, such as Homer, Virgil, Horace. The neoclassicists have their artistic ideas: order, logic, symmetry, restraint, accuracy, good taste, good sense, decorum and so on. In drama, they follow the Three Unities closely.1Richard Steele(1672-1729) and Joseph Addison(1672-1719)The Tatler ; The Spectator (the earliest periodicals)2Samuel Johnson（1709-1784）Samuel Johnson, commonly called Dr. Johnson, was one of the greatest figures of 18th-century English literature. He was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the late 18th century. He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities. He was a poet, dramatist, prose romancer, biographer, essayist, critic, lexicographer & publicist.His major works :poems: "London", & "The vanity of Human Wishes"a romance: The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia ;a tragedy: Irenehundreds of essays in the two periodicals :The Rambler & The Idler;English dictionary :A Dictionary of the English Language传记文学双星：Life of Johnson by James Boswell,The Life of Charlotte Bronte by Elizabeth Cleghon Gaskell3Alexander pope（1688-1744）poetPope is one of the fore-most satirists in world literature as well as a great poet. Pope's mock-heroic poem The Rape of the Lock is one of the finest examples of English comic verse. As a representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England. He was the greatest poet of his time.His major works1). The Rape of the LockA delightful burlesque of epic poetry, it ridicules the manners of the English nobility. The poem isbased on an actual incident in which a young nobleman stole a lock of a lady's hair.2) An Essay on CriticismHis first important work, An Essay on Criticism was a long didactic poem in heroic couplets. In this work, he reflected the neo-classical spirit of the times by advocating good taste, common sense & the adherence to classical rules in writing & criticism. The whole poem is written in a plain style, hardly containing any imagery or eloquence &therefore makes easy reading.3）The DunciadGenerally considered Pope's best satiric work, The Dunciad goes deep in meaning & works at many levels. Its satire is directed at Dullness in general, & in the course of it all the literary men of the age. Poets mainly who had made Pope's enemies, are held up to ridicule. But the poem is not confined to personal attack. Dullness as reflected in the corruptness of government, social morals, education & even religion, is expertly exposed & satirized.The Realistic Novel:The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form, the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This-the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century - is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution & a symbol of the growing importance & strength of the English of the growing importance & strength of the English middle class, Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe ,Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias George Smollett, & Oliver Goldsmith.1Daniel Defoe(1660-1731)He acquired a pure naked English—smooth, easy, almost colloquial. Yet never coarse. He loved short, crisp, plain sentences. There is nothing artificial in his language; it is really common English.作品：1）Pamphlet: The Trueborn Englishman—A Satire.(It contained a caustic exposure of the aristocracy and the tyranny of the church.)2)Novels:Robinson Crusoe(The character of Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoisie atthe earlier stage of its development.); Captain Singleton; Moll Flanders; Colonel Jacque2Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)He is an Irish. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous. He said, “Proper words in proper places, makes the true definition of a style.” Swift is a master of satirist, and his irony is deadly. But his satire is masked by an outward gravity, and an apparent calmness conceals his bitter irony. This makes his satire all the more powerful, as shown in his Modest Proposal.作品：1）Two stories: A Tale of a Tub; The Battle of the Books(The two stories made him well-known as a satirist.)2) Novel:Gulliver’s Travels3) Pamphlets :The Drapier’s Letters; A Modest Proposal(Swift’s pamphlets in Ireland form avery important part of his works.)3Samuel Richardson(1689-1761)His main achievement as a novelist lies in his technique to show characters as personalities. Psychological analysis.作品：Pamela (The story is a told in a series of letters from the heroine, Pamela Andrews.书信体小说);Clarissa; Sir Charles Grandison.Pamela was a new thing in three ways:Firstly, it discarded the “improbable and marvellous”accomplishment of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people.Secondly, its intension was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction. Thirdly, it described not only the sayings and doings of the characters but also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.4Henry Fielding(1707-1754)1)简介：As a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary.“Nature herself,” i.e., the exact observation and study of real life, was the basis of Fielding’s work. Byron, in a famous phrase, called Fielding “the prose Homer of Human Nature”. Fielding established once for all the form of the modern novel. His importance in the history of the novel is unique. He has been rightly call the “father of the English novel”.2）作品：Novels:①Joseph Andrews ②Jonathan Wild ③Tom Jones(流浪汉小说) ④AmeliaPicaresque Novel(流浪汉小说)is a popular sub-genre of prose fiction, which is usually satirical and depict in realistic and humorous details the adventures of a roguish hero of low social class, who lives by his or her wits in a corrupt society. The characteristic of it is loosely linked episodes, intrigue fights and adventures. The style of this novel originated in Spain and flourished in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, and continued to influence modern literature. In England, Tobias Smollett’s works, Daniel Defoe’s “Moll Flanders”, Fielding’s “Tom Jones”, and Charles Dickens’“Pickwick Papers” are considered to be picaresque novels. In modern America, Sawl Bellow’s “Adventure of Augie March”, Jack Kerouac’s “Dharma Bums” can be called picaresque novels. The Chinese “Journey to the Wrest” is considered to has considerable elements of picaresque.3）Some Features of Fielding’s Novels①Fielding’s method of Relating a Story: told directly by the author.②Satire in Fielding’s Novels. Satire sounds everywhere in Fielding’s works.③Fielding believed in the educational function of the novel.④Style. Fielding is a master of style. His style is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.5Tobias Smollett(1721-1771)He is a Scottish. He belonged to the realistic school.作品：Roderick Random, Peregrine Pickle, Humphry Clinker, History of England.6Laurence Sterne(1713-1768)He is a novelist of the sentimentalist school. He was born in Ireland.A Sentimental Journey.The drama of the 18th century was extensive, but very little of it has permanent or acting value. Only two men, Goldsmith and Sheridan, produced works which are of high literary quality and which are still remain their interest upon the stage.1Oliver Goldsmith(1730-1774)Goldsmith was a poet, novelist, dramatist and essayist, all combined in one person. He was born in Ireland.Comedies: The Good-Natured Man, She Stoops to Conquer2、Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751-1816)was, like Goldsmith, an Irishman. His literary fame rests almost exclusively uponhis dramas. His dramas are sufficient to maintain his reputation as one of the most brilliant of English writers of Comedy.戏剧作品：①The Rivals, ②The School for Scandal（It gives a brilliant portrayal and a biting satire ofIn the first half of the 18 century, Pope was the leader of English poetry and the heroic couplet the fashion of poetry. But the middle of the century, however, sentimentalism gradually made its appearance.The appearance and development of sentimentalist poetry marks the midway in the transition from classicism to its opposite, Romanticism, in English poetry.Sentimentalism : It is a literary current started in the middle of 18th century. It is a part of the Pre-Romantic trend as reaction against the cold, logic rationalism that dominated people’s life and writing since the last decade of the 17th century. It appeared to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice. They believed that the effective emotions were the evidence of kindness and goodness. A ready sympathy and an inward pain for the misery of others became part of accepted social morality and ethics. Their words reveal a purely emotional approach to life on the part of the narrator. They formed the contrast of rationally composed novel. The most outstanding figure of this school was Laurence Stern who composed “Tristram Shandy”and “Sentimental Journey through France to Italy”. Samuel Richardson’s work also belong to this school because he used a lot of psychological analysis. Oliver Goldsmith’s work, especially “The Vicar of Wakefield”is of this time. Thomas Gray, a member of Graveyard school is a member of sentimental school, because Graveyard School is part of Sentimental School.1Laurence Sterne(1713-1768)He is a novelist of the sentimentalist school. He was born in Ireland.作品：Tristram Shandy, A Sentimental Journey.2Thomas Gray(1716-1771):作品：Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. （This is a poem full of the gentle melancholy which marks all early romantic poetry.）Graveyard School: is a term applied to the 18th century poets who wrote melancholy, reflective works, often set in graveyard, on the theme of human morality. The dominant imageries are graveyard, death and darkness. They are part of Sentimental School in the 18th century literature. Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” was the best known example for the time.Elegy: It is an ancient form of writing. Its tradition can be traced back to Greek. It is a kind of war song, the song that eulogizes the warring spirit, especially to celebrate the victory of the war and to lament upon the dead. Later, thiswriting is used for lamentation over one’s loss, one’s complaint, one’s unhappiness or things like that. In France, people sometimes use elegy for love lyric.3Oliver Goldsmith(1730-1774)Goldsmith was a poet, novelist, dramatist and essayist, all combined in one person. He was born in Ireland.作品：⑴Poems:①The Traveller is based on Goldsmith’s personal observation during his European wanderings. He came to the conclusion that human happiness depends less on political institution than onour own minds.②The Deserted Village is Goldsmith’s best poem. It contains some charmingdescriptions of village life. He marks the depopulation in the countryside owing to the inroads ofmonopolizing riches.⑵Novel: The Vicar of Wakefield. His novel appeals to human sentiment as a means of achieving happinessand social justice. That is why he is acknowledged to be one of the representatives of English sentimentalism.⑶Comedies: The Good-Natured Man, She Stoops to Conquer⑷Essays: The Citizen of the World.Goldsmith’s place as one of the greatest English essayists is mainlyIn the latter half of the 18century, a new literary monument arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival. In England, this movement showed itself in the trend of Pre-Romanticism in poetry, which was ushered by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns,the two greatest romantic poets of the 18th century.Pre-Romanticism:It rose as a reaction against enlightenment and neoclassicism, especially against reasons advocated by them. It originated by conservative groups men of letters and rose in the latter half of 18th century. The representatives are Thomas Gray, William Blake and Robert Burns.1William Blake(1757-1827)①The earliest of the major English Romantic poets.②Like Shelley, Blake strongly criticized the capitalists' cruel exploitation, saying that the "dark satanic mills left menunemployed, killed children & forced prostitution."③From childhood, Blake had a strongly visual mind; whatever he imagined, he also saw. As an imaginative poet, hepresents his view in visual images instead of abstract terms. " I know that This world is a world of IMAGINATION & Vision," & that "The Nature of my work is visionary or imaginative."④Blake writes his poems in plain & direct language.works：①The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy & innocent world,though not without its evils & sufferings.②The Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war &repression with a melancholy tone.③Marriage of Heaven & Hell marks his entry into maturity.④The Book of Urizen, The Book of Los，The Four Zoas，Milton2、Robert Burns(1759-1796)He is the greatest of Scottish poets. He devoted all his free time to collecting, editing, restoring and imitating traditional Scottish songs, or writing verses of his own to traditional tunes.works：①Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.②Numerous are Burns’ songs of love and friendship. A Red, Red Rose③Bruce at Bannockburn is a typical song of patriotism.⑤The Tree of Liberty and A Revolutionary Lyric are the poems on the theme of revolution.⑥The Toadeater is a piece of bitter satire.⑦The Jolly Beggars is characterized by humour and lightheartedness.。

The_UK_Economy

London is the most visited city in the world with 15.6 million visitors in 2006, ahead of 2nd placed Bangkok (10.4 million visitors) and 3rd placed Paris (9.7 million).
Labor Force by Sector in 2005
1st Industry U. S. A. U.K. China Somalia 2.5% 1% 46.9% 71% 2nd Industry 23.7% 25% 22.5% 29% 3rd Industry 73.8% 74% 30.6%

In 2003, manufacturing industry accounted for 16% of national output in the UK and for 13% of employment, according to the Office for National Statistics.

City of London
It is the political and cultural center. It is also an industrial and commercial center. It has a history of nearly 2000 years.

British Economy at Present

The Reasons for the Relative Decline of UK Economy

From 1945 until the present, the UK’s economy is usually thought of relatively decline.

Unit4 History and Traditions-高中英语人教版(2019)必修第二册

Part 2
Para.3
More history and culture of the United Kingdom
The similarities and differences of the four countries
Part 3
Para.4
Origins of the names
advantages of learning the history of UK
the 5th century Anglo-Saxons
the 8th century Vikings
the 11th century Normans
Exploring history can help to understand much more about the country and its traditions.
Four groups of people in UK
the Romans
the Anglo-Saxons
the Vikings
the Normans
1st century
5th century
8th century
11th century
Read and sort out
When?
1st century 5th century 8th century 11th century 16th century 18th century 19th century 20th century
高中英语人教版（2019）必修二
Unit 4 History and Traditions Reading and Thinking
WHAT’S IN A NAME?

18th-Century Britain

The monopolist of British counties
Three families Nottingham(诺丁汉) Halford(哈尔福德) Sherard
Administration of British counties
The wealth of these families were based on their landed estates. Typically they owned a country house.
Administration of British counties
Scotland has thirty-three counties. After 1707: 27 at every election, 6 at alternate elections.
Administration of British counties
Administration of British counties
One of the crucial differences was the county. In the 18th century the British counties were administrative units. Each had a sheriff, a commission of the peace, and a militia presided over by a lord lieutenant.
Administration of British counties
Whenever it was during the formation of the earth’s surface that the English Channel and North Sea were formed, separating the British Isles from the continent of Europe.

中国与英国的不同介绍英文版

claimed by India), and (b) how the total size of the United States is calculated: The CIA's The World Fatebook gives 9,826,630 km2,[1] the United Nations Statistics Division gives 9,629,091 km2,[2] and the Encyclopedia Britannica gives 9,522,055
History of China
Chinese civilization originated in various regional centers along both the Yellow River and the Yangtze River valleys in the Neolithic era, but the Yellow River is said to be the Cradle of Chinese Civilization. The written history of China can be found as early as the Shang Dynasty (ca. 1700 BC – ca. 1046 BC). Oracle bones with ancient Chinese writing from the Shang Dynasty have been radiocarbon dated to as early as 1500 BC. The origins of Chinese culture, literature and philosophy developed during the Zhou Dynasty (1045 BC-256 BC).

uk history英国历史(英语国家概况)

• Victory over France
– The Battle of Waterloo – The Battle of Trafalgar
中弹阵亡。
1815 1805，英军在这场海战中击败了拿破仑的
法国西班牙联合舰队,法国海军司令被俘虏,英国海军司令纳尔逊海军上将
• The Industrial Revolution
Bloody Mary
Elizabeth Ⅰ
Tudor Dynasty • Henry Ⅶ 1485--1509 • Henry Ⅷ 1509--1547 • Edward Ⅵ 1547--1553 • Mary 1553-1558 • Elizabeth Ⅰ 1558—1603
Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ
Back
The Black Death
• 3 plagues
• 在1348年，一场瘟疫或者黑死病通过从亚洲来的商人来到欧洲，并被在那些商人的商船里的老鼠传播开来。黑死病在1348年到 1353年这短短的五年时间里夺去了欧洲大陆近三分之一的人口。
The 16th Century
• The Wars of the Roses • A New Monarchy • The Reformation Movement / Protestant Movement Bloody Mary The Reign of Queen Elizabeth I)
Return
The Crusades 十字军东征
• A series of wars (from 11th to 14th centuries) in which armies from all over Europe tried to snatch the “Holy Land” (i.e. Palestine, where Jesus Christ once lived) from the “Infidels”异教徒；不信正统宗教者 (i.e. the Back Muslims).

英美文学选读第二章笔记Neoclassical-period

I.Multle choice1.The 18th century England is known as the Enlightenment in thehistory英國的十八世紀也同時是啟蒙主義時代，或曰理性時代, 啟蒙運動是進步的知識分子運動，興盛於法國，後來席卷整個歐洲2.The Pilgrim’s progress is the most successful religious allegoryin the English language天路歷程是英文作品中最成功的宗教寓言，它的主旨是讓人們遵循基督教教義3.The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan is often said to beconcerned with the search for spiritual Salvation4.Among the representative of the Enlightenment, who was the firstto introduce rationlism to England?Alexander Pope 亞歷山大.蒲柏作為啟蒙主義時期的代表人物，蒲柏第一個將理性主義引入英國,他將現行的社會制度奉為理想的制度，但依然能看透那嚴重的道德，政治及文化上的腐朽沒落5.An essay on criticism , written in heroic couplet by Pope, isconsidered manifesto of English neoclassism論批評是用英雄雙韻體寫的說教詩, 倡導了古典主義標準，在英國普及了新古典主義6.Alexander Pope stongly advocated neoclassicism,emphasizing thatliterary works should be judged by classical rules of order,reason , logic , restrained emotion, good taste and decorum蒲柏是當時最偉大的詩人，他大力倡導新古典主義，強調文學作品的優劣應由古典的秩序尺度，理性，邏輯，情感的克制，高雅的品位及是否體面，正派來衡量7.The Dunciad is generally considered to be Pope’s best satiricwork群愚史詩是蒲柏最優秀的諷刺作品，他花了十年心血才將其完成8.Daniel Defore describes as a typical Englishmiddle-class man of the eighteen century, the very prototype of the empire builder or the pioneer colonistMoll Flanders 莫爾。

The 18th Century

The 18th CenturyHistorical Background:1) The idea of democracy and liberty was rooted and taken into shape at home. The constitutional monarchy set up by parliament in 1688 was a compromise between the middle class and the aristocrats. After the Glorious Revolution, the monarch was deprived of ruling power and in his place Parliament became the actual leader of the country. The conservative Tory and the liberal Whig, though representing the interests of different classes, both supported commerce and the policy of tolerance.2) England began to become a supreme power abroad. England grew from a second rate country to a powerful country in the 18th century by defeating other European powers, esp. France. In these wars the navy of England grew in strength and by the end of the 18th century England had become the leading naval power in Europe.With the ascent of the middle class cultural life had undergone remarkable changes. Some special features are worthy of our notice:1. Political writings: The rise of the political parties and their rivalry called forth writers and literary men willing to work for either party in order to help either of them win more votes. In the previous ages authors had to depend on the patron, i.e., feudal lords, for their support either financially or politically. From now on writing became an independent job, and many writers became hack writers, or “Grub Street writers” (for many of them lived on Grub Street) who took writing as a profession. Both parties were looking for writers who could best give voice to their policies. Hardly a writer of the time was free from political bias. And so long as they were well paid, they could serve any master and would shift their political ground easily. Thus, Swift at first was a Whig, and later became a Tory, and Defoe served whatever party that was in power.2. Newspapers and journals: With the coming of the 18th century a new mass medium came into being. Both parties printed newspaper as a means to express their views. Besides, the rise of the middle class also helped the growth of the newspapers. For the middle class demanded entertainment and education. They also demanded a means by which they could express their opinions on political and moral problems. So in the 18th century newspapers and journals flourished and with them prose became for a time the predominant genre of the writing. Many great writers of the 18th century were great essayists, as essays were also a means to enlighten or educate the youth.3. Coffeehouses: In the later half of the 17th century and throughout the 18th century, the coffeehouses in London served as informal meeting houses for men of all classes, where they could exchange their opinions and do business. At the coffeehouses men would smoke, drink chocolate or coffee, read the newspapers, write and receive letters, exchange news, gossip, and opinions, and observe the oddities of personal character that the English have always been delighted in cultivating. Men of the same profession tended to gather at certain coffeehouse, for instance, literary men liked staying at Will’s in Covent Garden where John Dryden ruled most of his life in London, scholars and the learned professions at the Grecian’s, Whigs at St. James, and so on. Addison’s SpectatorAddison’s Spectator Club and Johnson’s club were well known in the history of English literature. This tradition was passed down into the 19the century when we have Dickens’s Pickwick Club. The men who frequented coffeehouse formed an influential element among the reading public and helped to determine the tone of literature, the critical reputation of writers, and the success orfailure of plays.4. The new morality: The men of the 18th century, while enjoying peace and prosperity at home, were against the fanaticism(狂热) of the Puritans who in the 17th century had taken a hostile attitude towards both entertainment and the immorality of court life.5. An age of reason. The 18th century, in spite of the fact that the Whigs held sway for forty years, was so uneventful that it was an age of moderation, tolerance, and common sense. This was to a great extent due to the development of science and philosophy of the time. It was an age in which reason, rather than emotion, played an important role. Hence, it was also called an age of reason.Reason is the analytical and critical faculty of the human mind. The philosophers and writers in France used reason as a weapon to denounce the feudal class and to enlighten the people by stating that the Church and the feudal rule were against reason. But in England, as the bourgeoisie was already in power, reason was used by thinkers to justify the existing system by stating that the status quo (the present situation) was the most reasonable and just system of mankind. So reason in England was a tool for the bourgeoisie to consolidate its rule.6. Science and technology: in order to understand why reason came to be predominant in the 18th century, it is important to know something about Newton’s scientific discovery and the philosophy of John Locke.Although Issac Newton (1642-1727) was a scientist, his works are of profound significance in the history of thought. In 1678 he made known to the world his famous law of gravitation, by which all objects in the universe are attracted to each other by a certain force which is in direct proportion to their mass and in inverse proportion to the square of the distance between the objects. Thus it is the function of the scientist to discover laws. Henceforth, gone was the medieval conception that the universe was guided by divine will. Men were living in a mechanistic world which ran as precisely as a clock. Newton’s philosophy did not rule out the idea of God, but it deprived God of his power to guide the stars in their course or to command the sun to stand still. John Locke (1632-1704) was the father of a new theory of knowledge. Following Francis Bacon, he held that all of men’s knowledge originates from sense perception. He insisted that the human mind at birth is a blank slate, upon which nothing is inscribed. It does not contain the idea of a god or any notion of right or wrong. Not until the new born baby begins to have experiences and to perceive the external world, is anything registered in the mind. But the simple ideas which result directly from sense perception are merely the foundation of knowledge, no human being could live intelligently on the basis of them alone.These simple ideas must be integrated and fused into compound ideas. This is the function of reason, or understanding, which is the power to combine, coordinate, and organize the impressions received from senses and thus to build a body of general truth. Sensation and reason are both inseparable; the one for furnishing raw materials of knowledge and the other for shaping them into meaningful forms. This emphasis on reason and its importance in the process of cognition ushered in the “Age of Reason.”7. The French influence: classicism as a trend first originated in France during the reign of Louis XIV (1638-1715) when France was th e leading power of the western world. Boileau’s (1636-1711) L’Art Poetique (1674) was a declaration of classicism, which propounded that dramatists should follow the rules set down by Roman writers. For example, in drama, a dramatist should observe the three unities of action, place, and time. In literature most writers of the time had a great respect for the classic writers, and especially for Romans such as Horace (65 B.C.-8 B.C.) and Ovid (43B.C.-8 A.D.) who lived and wrote during the reign of Emperor Augustus (27 B.C.-14 A.D.) when Rome was enjoying peace and prosperity and its culture was characterized by harmony, decorum, and proportion. They believed that those Roman writers had established the perfect art and rules of art for future generations to follow. Those rules could best be learned from close study of their works and by careful imitation of them.The features of Neo-classicism can be summed up as follows:1) People emphasized reason rather than emotion, form rather than content. Writers strove to repress emotions and enthusiasm as found in the works of Elizabethan writers and to use precise and elegant methods of expression.2) As reason was stressed, most of the writings of the age were didactic and satirical.3) As elegance, correctness, appropriateness and restraint were preferred, the poet found heroic couplet the only possible verse form for serious work.4) It is almost exclusively a “town” poetry, catering to the interests of the “society” in great cities. The humbler aspects of life are neglected and poetry shows no love of nature, landscape, or country things and people.5) It is entirely wanting in all those elements that are related with the “romantic.” It is unsympathetic towards the “rude” masters of old literature—towards Chaucer, Spenser, and even Shakespeare, and it is especially hostile towards everything that belonged to the Middle Ages with its chivalrous extravagance, visionary idealism, and strong religious faith.Alexander Pope (1688-1744). 1) He evoked the use of human rationality to satire false learning and pedantry in literature, philosophy, science and other branches of knowledge. 2) As a representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England.3) Pope was the greatest poet of his time. He strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum. Pope developed a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful and well-balanced style and finally brought to its last perfection the heroic couplet Dryden had successfully used in his plays.Alexander Pope: his major works include: An Essay on Criticism (1711), The Rape of the Lock (1712) (Pope’s best satiric work), The Dunciad(愚人记，1728), An Essay on Man(1733-34), “Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot” (1735). He also translated Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, and edited some of Shakespeare’s plays.。

18世纪的英国历史背景

Some inventions
• The safety pin • Electric iron • Dry cleaning • The zip fastener
in 1849. in 1882 common 1930s. in1855. in 1893.
the political system
• 5. Coffeehouse: informal meeting house
• time: later half of 17and18 century • People: all classes • clubs
The new morality
• Against the fanaticism of the Puritans • Enjoy peace and prosperity
Industrial Revolution
• Time: late 18th century • steam engines • Higher living standard , more people in towns and cities • The first mechanized industry: textile industry • • The UK was the first industrial country in the world
the War of Austrian Succession
1740—1748
the Seven Years’ War with France
1756—1763
By the end of 18th century England had become the leading
Naval power in Europe.

英国文学史上-The 18th Century：Enlightenment

The 18th Century：Enlightenment（启蒙运动同时为美国独立战争与法国大革命提供了框架，并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的兴起，与音乐史上的巴洛克时期以及艺术史上的新古典主义时期是同一时期。

）1) A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracy.2) The Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance (促进、成长) of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)3) The 18th century in English literature is an age of prose.4) 小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised. Realistic novel现实主义小说；Gothic novel哥特式小说—mystery, horror, castles (from middle part to the end of century)Daniel Defoe丹尼尔•笛福1660~1731 P148（小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。

）He is the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial (白话通俗的) and mostly vernacular（方言的）, and he is the founder of realistic novel.Works: √<Robinson Crusoe>鲁宾逊•克鲁索P149(Full name: The Life and Strange Surprising Adventure of Robinson Crusoe)It praise the fortitude (不屈不挠、勇气) of the human labor and the Puritan. Robinson grew from a naive and artless (天真朴实的) youth into a shrewd and hardened (坚定的) man, tempered（磨练）by numerous trials（考验）in his eventful life. It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. The story may come straight from a sailor’s logbook.Figures and things mentioned:Alexander Selkirk 塞尔扣克（the story based upon his experience）Cannibals 食人者Friday (Robinson names the man Friday to commemorate the day of his rescue)Savage 野人Captive 俘虏Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~1745 P161Reference: Jonathan Swift is a master satirist in the 18th century who criticized the new bourgeois-aristocratic (资本家-贵族)society of his age.Works：1）√<Gulliver‟s Travels>格列佛游记(fictional work) Doctor Lemuel Gulliver P163①Lilliput小人国厘厘普特(船出事而冒险，后跟商船回英国)②Brobdingnag大人国勃罗白丁拉格（He is a pygmy侏儒there.）（船出事而冒险，后跟船回英国）③Flying Island (Laputa)拉普特飞岛(虚无缥缈的发明→It’s a bitter parody拙劣的模仿on scholastics and projectors.) （遇到海盗而冒险）④Houyhnhnm马岛(Good→Houyhnhnm 骏马胡已姆bad→Yahoo, they possess every conceivable evil.)2) <A Modest Proposal>一个小小的建议P181(This is made to English government to relive the poverty of Irish people )Joseph Addison约瑟夫·艾迪生1672-1719 P192(英国散文家、诗人、剧作家以及政治家。

英国发展历程小作文英文

英国发展历程小作文英文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。

文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!The history of development in the United Kingdom can be traced back to ancient times. It has gone through various stages and faced numerous challenges, shaping the country into what it is today. From the early civilizations to the Roman invasion, the UK has a rich and diverse past.Fast forward to the Middle Ages, and we see the rise of feudalism and the establishment of the monarchy. The Norman Conquest in 1066 brought significant changes, including the introduction of the feudal system and the construction of magnificent castles. The monarchy played a crucial role in governing the country, with kings and queens leaving their mark on the nation's development.The Renaissance period marked a turning point in the UK's history. It was a time of great intellectual and artistic achievements, with the emergence of renowned figures like William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe. The Renaissance brought about a cultural awakening,influencing literature, art, and science.The Industrial Revolution in the 18th century was a game-changer for the UK. It led to the rapid growth of industries, transforming the country into a global economic power. New inventions and technological advancements revolutionized manufacturing processes, leading to increased production and urbanization. This period also saw the rise of the working class and the formation of labor movements.The UK's colonial expansion during the 19th and early 20th centuries had a profound impact on its development. The British Empire spanned across the globe, with colonies in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. This expansion brought wealth and resources to the UK but also led to conflicts and tensions with other nations.The two World Wars in the 20th century brought immense challenges to the UK. The country faced significant losses and destruction, but it also showcased its resilience and determination. These wars marked the decline of the BritishEmpire and the emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers.In recent decades, the UK has faced various social, economic, and political changes. The country joined the European Union in 1973 but later voted to leave in 2016, leading to the ongoing Brexit process. The UK has also seen advancements in technology, science, and the arts, contributing to its global influence.In conclusion, the development of the United Kingdom has been a complex and fascinating journey. From ancient civilizations to the modern era, the UK has experienced significant transformations and challenges. Its richhistory and diverse culture continue to shape its present and future.。

关于英国的历史的英语作文

关于英国的历史的英语作文Throughout its long and illustrious history, the United Kingdom has been a central player on the world stage, shaping the course of global events and leaving an indelible mark on countless nations. From its early days as a small island nation to its emergence as a global superpower, the UK has undergone a series of transformations that have defined its identity and shaped its future.The roots of the United Kingdom can be traced back to the Roman Empire, which established a presence in what is now England and Wales in the 1st century AD. Over the centuries, various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms emerged on the island, eventually coalescing into a single entity under the rule of King Alfred the Great in the 9th century. The Norman Conquest of 1066 further shaped the country, bringing with it a new ruling class and a blend of French and Anglo-Saxon culture.The centuries that followed saw the United Kingdom assert itself as a major player in European politics, with the Hundred Years' War against France and the Wars of the Roses leaving their mark on the nation. The Tudor and Stuart dynasties brought a period of relative stability and prosperity, with Elizabeth I and James I overseeing a golden age of literature and exploration.The 18th and 19th centuries saw the United Kingdom rise to the height of its power, with the Industrial Revolution propelling the country to the forefront of global trade and industry. The British Empire expanded to become the largest empire in history, with colonies and territories spanning the globe. The Victorian era, under the rule of Queen Victoria, saw the UK become a cultural and economic powerhouse, with advances in technology, transportation, and communication transforming society.The 20th century brought major upheavals to the United Kingdom, with two world wars and the decline of the British Empire reshaping the country's place in the world. The devastation of World War I and the economic hardships of the interwar years led to social and political upheaval, culminating in the outbreak of World War II. The UK's role in the war, alongside its allies, helped secure victory against Nazi Germany and laid the groundwork for the postwar order.In the decades that followed, the United Kingdom underwent a period of decolonization, as former colonies gained independence and the country sought to redefine its place in the world. The rise of new challenges, such as the Cold War and the European Union, prompted the UK to reassess its foreign policy and domestic priorities. The end of the20th century saw the UK embrace multiculturalism, economic liberalization, and social reform, as the country adapted to a rapidly changing global landscape.Today, the United Kingdom remains a complex and dynamic nation, with a rich cultural heritage and a global outlook. Its history is a tapestry of triumphs and setbacks, of innovation and tradition, that continues to shape the country and its people. As the UK navigates the challenges of the21st century, it carries with it a legacy of resilience, creativity, and adaptability that will undoubtedly shape its future for generations to come.。

the history of the UK英国历史汇总

throne(王位)，it broke out the Wars of the Roses
Hundred Years’ War
(1337——1453)
During the war
1. British nobles were in power
2.Nobles tried to control the government
invaders in the early 6th century.
The most popular edition
• Artorius (Roman) • an illegitimate child • Arthur is the
bastard(私生子) of King Britain Uther and heir(继承人) to the throne. • raised in a secret place
Merlin
• Merlin is a legendary figure best known as the wizard featured in the Arthurian legend.
• born of a mortal woman, sired (fathered) by an incubus (梦魇).
• “Whose pullet out this sword from this stone and anvil is duly born King of all England!!”
• ——凡能从石台上拔出此剑者，即为英格兰的天命之王。
• Each nobleman tried to pull the sword out of the stone but in vain.
Leaving in around 410 A.D.

为什么称18世纪的英国是理性时代

British political parties Yingguo zhengdangBritish political partiespolitical parties in BritainBritain is the world's first appeared on the bourgeois parties, and the first country to establish and implement two-party system.History of the United Kingdom Stuart Restoration, formed within the Parliament representing different class interests and political factions. 1679, the Council on James Duke (later James II) succession rights issue heated debate, against James, Duke has succession rights of members who are political opponents denounced Whig (Whig, Scotland bandits), in favor of James Duke has succession rights other lawmakers were scolded for Tory (Tory, the Irish Catholic bandits). After the two factions gradually as claimed, the formation of two political factions. Whig Party and the new aristocracy of the emerging interests of the bourgeoisie, in favor of limiting sovereignty, increased parliamentary power; Tory party landed nobility interests, safeguard the sovereign prerogative. In 1688, the same two parties as opposed James II and to cooperate in a coup launched by the "Glorious Revolution." Whig Party played a major role in the coup, the coup became the ruling party. With the development of British capitalism, the gradual change in composition Tories, some of the Whig party of the landed aristocracy, bankers, arms dealers and bureaucrats and politicians to join the Tory party, the party's strength, but because of the Whig Party split gradually lost its political life in the country's dominant position. 1783 - 1830 Tory party. Whig Party and the Tory party turns cabinet period, the internal party activities are restricted to Parliament. 1830s, the basic completion of the British Industrial Revolution, the British social class structure changed significantly, the formation of two antagonistic classes of bourgeois and industrial ─ ─ industrial proletariat. Meanwhile, the British ruling class has also changed, forming a representative of the landed aristocracy, nobility and merchants, the financia l interests of conservative forces representing the industrial interests of the bourgeoisie with the reform forces. The former landed aristocracy as the core, in the original composition on the basis of Tory Tory; the latter eager to free trade as its core factory owners, in the original Whig Party formed on the basis of the Liberal Party. After the 1832 electoral reform, expansion of universal suffrage. The competition for voters to obtain a parliamentary majority, the two parties competing to develop their own extra-parliamentary organization, the establishment of constituency associations, as a campaign organization. With Parliament and the establishment and development of two-party system, parties in the 19th century, Y e Ducheng to have strict central and local organizations, national political parties, the late 19th, early 20th century, liberal capitalism has been replaced by monopoly capitalism, the Conservative Party gradually by the landed aristocracy of the party into the monopoly bourgeoisie party. At the same time, the gradual decline of the Liberal Party, the party of free trade policies advocated by the British lost the "world factory" monopoly, a large number of industrial capitalists turned to the Conservative Party. Early 20th century, with the development of the industrial revolution and the growing ranks of workers, the rise of the Labour Party. From 1924, the Labor Party replaced the Liberal Party, and Conservative Party turns in power. By the late 1980s, the British Conservative Party and the Labour Party in addition to the two major political parties, there are social Liberal Democratic Party, Social Democratic Party, Communist Party of Britain, co-party, Welsh National Party, Scottish National Party, National Front and the British Revolutionary Communist League and so on.Two-party system formation, development and characteristics of the British two-party systemformation and development in general through three stages: the first is the Whig party and the Tory party has came to power. 1714 George I's reign, the king did not attend the British gradually formed a cabinet meeting, chaired by the parliamentary majority leader of the constitutional conventions cabinet, so that was the parliamentary majority party control of the Cabinet. Whig Party and the Tory party based on changes in the number of parliamentary seats in turn form a cabinet, the formation of two-party basis. The second stage is the Conservative Party and Liberal Party came to power in turn. At this stage, the two parties from the parliamentary political parties within the development of national, mass political party, which is the basic condition for the formation of two-party system and an important symbol. After several parliamentary reform, completely changed the lower house and upper house, the balance of power between the royal family, the king became a virtual monarch, weakened the power of the House of Lords, to improve the status of the lower house. On this basis, established a two-party system. The third stage, from the late 19th century early 20th century, two-party system gradually complete. Conservative shadow cabinet in 1907, first, who later received in the general election the majority of seats in the House of times the legal opposition political party has become. Opposition parties in Parliament vote of no confidence may be replaced by the ruling party.British two-party system, combined with the cabinet, has the following characteristics: ①The Cabinet consists of the lower house election the party won the majority seats in a separate component. ②by the lower house majority leader as prime minister. ③only one-party cabinet and the cabinet members responsible for the lower house, such as loss of confidence in the House, Cabinet resigns; or the Prime Minister drew the king to dissolve parliament, re-election and form a new one-party cabinet. ④House of the largest opposition party can create a shadow cabinet. Have appeared in British history by the two parties or three-party coalition cabinet, mainly in the special circumstances of war took place.Britain's main political parties in the main political parties are:British Conservative Party, formerly known as the Tory party in 1833 to its present name in 1912, merged with National Unity Party, said the Conservative Unity Party, referred to as the Conservative Party. 1868 with the ruling Liberal Party, in turn, gradually become the big bourgeoisie, representing the interests of large landowners and nobles. During World War I and the Liberal Party coalition partners. After 1924, with the Labor Party turns in power. July 1945 general election, except 1923 ~ 1929 ~ 1924 and 1931, twice in the short term by the ruling Labour Party, the Conservative Party has been in the ruling coalition government position or as the largest political party. However, in 1945 to 1979, except from 1951 to 1964 and from 1970 to 1974, the ruling, but are in the opposition position. February 1975, MH Margaret Thatcher w as elected party leader, the proposed self-reliance, free enterprise and less government intervention policy. May 1979 general election, the party obtained an absolute majority of seats, Margaret Thatcher became the United Kingdom and Western Europe's first woman prime minister in 1983 and twice reelected prime minister in 1987. Re-election victory in 1990. Party came to power in 1979, further emphasized that "against the socialist system and the centralized state, to defend individual freedom," this traditional doctrine has changed 30 years successive governments to implement the post-war Keynesian, monetarist-oriented implementation of economic policy, re- are conservative, traditional features. [MH Conservative Party leader Margaret Thatcher, prime minister of 11 years (May 1979 - November 1990)]Organization of the Conservative Party leader, parliamentary groups, the National Union andformed the central office. Leaders great power, not the party bound by any organization, came to power as prime minister, the opposition when the opposition leader. By the lower house parliamentary group composed of all the conservative party, by which a cabinet or shadow cabinet. Setting Business Committee (also known as 1922 Committee), the Steering Committee and the backbenchers will. Conservative National Union is the extra-parliamentary organization, which includes the Conservative Party Conference 2007, the Central Council, Executive Committee, district organizations and constituency associations. National Union only play the role of discussion and proposals, no right to decide the party's policy, whose main task is outside the legislature and organizations engaged in advocacy work to expand the party's power and influence. The party's central office administration. In addition, the Conservatives have the Carlton Club, Primrose Club, and other peripheral tissue. Conservative party members never published the number, it is estimated that one million in 1945, 2.8 million in 1954, 1970, 225 million and 200 million people since the 1980s. 1990 J. Major office leaders.British Labour Party in February 1900 by the Trades Union Congress (ie Union) initiated the creation, the beginning of labor representatives said the Commission, by the TUC affiliated trade unions and Fabian Society, Independent Labour Party and Social Democratic coalition. 1906 renamed the Labour Party. 1906 - 1914, attached to the Liberal Party in Parliament. After the outbreak of World War I, support the Government's war policy, and joined the Liberal Party's coalition cabinet. After the war, joined the Berne International. Early 20th century, the growing strength, and gradually replaced the Liberal Party. February 1918 by the founder of the Fabian Society by SJ Webb helped draft the new constitution, the provisions of the collective members in addition to keeping the existing system, each constituency has also set up organizations to absorb the individual members. In June 2002, by Weber drafted by a programmatic statement, "Labor and the new social order", the first time to bury private ownership. January 1924, in support of the Liberal Party the first time under cabinet, and take turns with the Conservative Party began ruling. Before 1945, only in 1923 ~ 1929 ~ 1924 and 1931, two short-term power. 1945 election to 1951, organized two Cabinet. During this period, initiate re-establishment of the Socialist International. 1964 - 1970, 1974 to 1979, has organized a 4 th Cabinet, which is the longest ruling Labour Party's history twice. 1979, 1983, 1987 and April 1990 presidential election suffered a failure. Labor Party platform is based on the traditional theory of Fabian socialism. Advocates of production, distribution methods and means of exchange of public ownership, the implementation of project management to achieve equitable distribution. After World War II, this Attlee Labour government implemented in 1948, announced the completion of the welfare state. But 50 years, with the British economy, ideological differences emerged within the party workers. Right that capitalism has changed, socialism should be "to increase social welfare, social equality", rather than the purpose of production into public ownership; opposition to the new social system to replace the existing social system, and holds that the existing system based on the pursuit of a higher degree of maturity. 50 to 60 years, these ideas prevail in the Labour Party. However, the nationalization of the Left insisted that there would be no socialism without nationalization. The early 1960s, "New Left" from the cultural criticism of capitalism, that the rule of the bourgeois cultural alienation of people in the state overall, so must the culture of the bourgeoisie launched a full attack on the capitalist society in general practice transformation. This is active again after 70 years of left-wing Labour Party produced a certain effect, which should be added and then proposed the nationalization of industry and lifestyle of democratization democratization of thetraditional socialist Labor Party was supplemented.Organized by the Labor Party leader, parliamentary groups, composed of extra-parliamentary organizations and headquarters. When the annual election of opposition leader and a deputy leader; in office from time to re-election, not based deputy. All the lower house of parliament by the Labor caucus members. Start of each parliamentary elections that leaders, supervisors, deputy leader and total. Opposition, by the leader, deputy leader, the lower house parliamentary group chairman, the House of Lords Labour Party leaders, supervisors and both houses of the total Labour MPs parliamentary committee composed of representatives of leading parliamentary group activities. To power, instead of by the Labour cabinet, a separate Liaison Committee to keep in touch with backbenchers. In parliament, the National Congress (the annual Labour Party) is the highest authority of the Labor Party. Under the National Executive Committee, regional meetings, constituency organizations and the National Labour Council. Labour Party headquarters administration. Number of members: 1947 is 500 million people in 1957 was 660 million, 650 million in 1975, 1984, 622 million people. Leader N. Kinnock (1983).Liberal Democratic Party of British society in March 1988 by the Liberal Party and Social Democratic Party supported the merger with the Liberal Party formed a majority. Domestic and foreign policies primarily in the former Liberal Party policy on the basis of adjustment, more emphasis on domestic economic development and social justice, the balance between the importance assigned areas of "fairness" issues and the environmental and ecological protection; of foreign opposition to racial discrimination, and advocating to improve Third World relations, emphasizing the maintenance of peace and common development. There are about more than 100,000 members. P. Ashdown, leader (since 1988).British Social Democratic Party March 26, 1981 was established. Founder of a splinter from the Labor Party in the four right-wing. On behalf of the interests of small and medium bourgeoisie. Most of the participants is the manager, staff, business executives, professionals and private practitioners. Advocates reform parliamentary electoral system, the implementation of public and private sectors co-exist "mixed economy" system, to encourage SMEs to expand employment opportunities. In September 1983, with the Liberal Party reached an agreement to form electoral coalitions. 1987 general election after the failure, disintegration of the Union. In March 1988 the party split, the majority and the Liberal Party merged to form the Social Liberal Democratic Party, leaving about 3 million members continue to use the name of the Social Democratic Party. The new Social Democratic Party of nuclear deterrence, defense, social market economy and parliamentary elections, proportional representation in policy making for the subject. Leaders D.A. Owen (1983).Communist Party of Britain July 31, 1920 by the British Socialist Party, Socialist Labour Party and the Communist Committee merged to form South Wales. After the establishment of the Third International, a British branch of the Third International. In 1936, the organization went to Spain to participate in the British Detachment F. Franco against the war. Later, it launched a solidarity against the Chinese Anti-Japanese War and AN Chamberlain's "appeasement" policy, requiring alliance with the Soviet Union formed a peace movement. During World War II, fully support the anti-fascist war and promote the early open a second front, the party's strength has great development in 1942, the number was increased to 5.6 million members. After the war the party's strength continues to drop. In 1947 the British proposed to go a different from the Soviet October Revolution of the British-style socialism. 1951 published the first peaceful transition program,"the British road to socialism", announced by the British Parliament can be transformed into truly represent the will of the people's democratic institutions and the establishment of People's Government of the road, the transition to socialism. In 1977, some party members because they did not agree to resign from the party line and, a separate new British Communist Party. In September 1988, the British were published in "the future" document, proposed to give up the old form of "class struggle" in order to adapt to consumer and technological revolution arising from the "new order." The British were held every two years the party congress. Organization into the national executive committee, district committees and branch three. In 1988 members of about 9700 people. Party General Secretary N. Temple (1990). Central organ for the "Morning Star newspaper," (Journal); theoretical journal "Marxism Today" (monthly).。

Unit4 History and Traditions教学设计高中英语人教版(2019)必修第二册

【主题大小观念】【语言大小观念】单元教学目标While-reading(57mins)First reading(49mins):·First paragraph(3mins):T will ask students to read the first paragraph and find out how can we solve the puzzle(“What is the relationship between these names?”) in this paragraph.T asks Ss what would the next paragraph talk about and Ss can share their thoughts.·Second paragraph(10mins):T asks Ss to scan paragraph 2 and asks do they notice their are many time tags there.Then T asks Ss paragraph 2 and draw a timeline based on it. After the reading, T will invite Ss share their answers. ·Group work1(6mins)T will ask Ss to form in a group of 4 and have a group work. The 4 should ask the next one a question about the timeline they have made in sequence.Then T will them ask Ss some questions to know whether they’ve known the development of the names. (Exp: What is the relationship between England and Britain; What parts does Great Britain contain...)·Third paragraph(4mins):T will use 56 ethics in China as an example and ask Ss are the 4parts(Scotland, England, North Ireland, Wales) of UK same in any aspects.T then asks Ss to read paragraph 3 and underline the differences and similarities of the 4 parts.·Forth paragraph(8mins):T will say “History can help us know the relationship of those names. And what else can history bring to us? What happened before the time of the united England?” and ask Ss to read paragraph 4. During the reading, Ss should finish the whole timeline on their paper. Then T will explain and check the timeline with Ss.·Group work 2(6mins):T will ask Ss to form in a group of 4 and have a group work. The 4 should ask the next one a question about the information in paragraph 4 in sequence.Then T will them ask Ss some questions to know whether they’ve known the development of the names. ·Pair work(7mins):T will ask Ss to have a pair work with their partner. The A will introduce the history from 1 th century to 11th century to B with the help of the timeline. After that, the B will introduce the history from 16th centuryplaces they think are interesting to the foreign friends mentioned above.。

英国的英文缩写是什么

英国的英文缩写是什么对于英国，我们对于它的英文全称不一定清楚，但是其缩写UK，基本上是知道的。

下面是店铺给大家整理的英国的英文缩写是什么，供大家参阅!英国的英文缩写是什么全称The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland简称UK关于英国的英语作文The Englishman love to behave gentlemanly and the Englishwoman love to behave ladily.They also show their respect to ladies.They always say" Lady first".In their daily life.the English pay attention to their appearance.They dress neatly.They shake hands when they meet other.When they are with others,they usually say "please""thank you""sorry" and so on.The breakfast in Britain is very ually there are all kinds of egg products,oatmeal,bacon,ham,sausages,butter,jam,bread,milk,juic e,coffee and so on.They are popular with the western countries.What's more,the English like drinking tea.They have the habit of drink afternoon tea at about 3 in the afternoon.They enjoy drinking tea and treat it as a kind of seeing friends.关于英国的英语介绍England's full title is "Great Britain and the Northern Ireland united kingdom", by approaches northeast the Europe continent the seacoast British archipelago majority of islands to be composed. She separates North Sea, Straits of Dover and the English Channel faces one another with the Europe continent, is an island country. The English total area approximately 240,000 square kilometers, the population nearly 59 million, according tothe history, the geography and the national character divides into England, Scotland, Wales, the Northern Ireland four parts, English people account for the total population 80%. The English inhabitants mostly believe in the Christianity protestantism, the Northern Ireland area partial inhabitants believe Catholicism. The English winter warm summer is cool, is the oceanity temperate climate.National survey(国家概况)England is the modern times Industrial Revolution place of origin, the official name "the united kingdom", the full title "Great Britain and the Northern Ireland united kingdom (the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)", the national area altogether 244,000 square kilometers, the inhabitant multi- letters Christianity protestantism, the Northern Ireland area partial inhabitants believe Catholicism, some Englishes also believe in the Islamism, Buddhism, Hinduism, the race, the Judaism and so on.Geographical position(地理位置)The entire boundary by approaches northeast the Europe continent the seacoast British archipelago majority of islands to be composed, separates North Sea, Straits of Dover and the English Channel faces one another with the Europe continent, is an island country. Coastline total length 11,000 kilometers. The east side British island is in the archipelago the biggest islands, also is the English most main national territory. It by the north Scotland, south and the middle England and the north-west Welsh three areas is composed.Climate(气候)England is the oceanity temperate climate, the general winter warm summer is cool.History(历史)Discovered according to the archaeology that, on the British island has the humanity in 3500 ago to live. 5 centuries intermediate stages, large quantities of Date graceful person invade Great Britain by Northern Europe, becomes the nowadays England people the ancestor. But a then Kerr special person part ran away west and north the mountainous area, another part ran away toward Ireland, they are today Wales person, the Scotland person and the Irish person's ancestor. A.D. 6 centuries Christianity starts to spread to Great Britain. In 15 centuries the leaf, the English aristocrats for capture the throne to hit for 30 years "the rose" the civil war. Finally, the economical more developed south earth advocates peace the new aristocrat to win. "All Ze dynasty" from this establishment. In the First World War time, the yingde has become the belligerent country. As a result of the English people's counter- German mood, English king George five th issued an order in 1919, will have the German color "the Hannover dynasty" to change name as "Warm sand dynasty". In 18th century leaf, because politics, the economy and the technical aspect gradually are mature, England has started a industrial revolution. Along with the steam engine invention, each kind of machine use, to 19th century in leaf's Victoria time, England has become in the world the most advanced industrialized country, leaps to the world first place in the production and the trade yeast, everywhere carries out the gunboat policy, captures the marine hegemony, invades the colony, massively plunders other country wealth. Great Britain dominates the world, spreads Europe, Asia, America, Africa, Australia in the overseas control region, is known as "the date not to fall the empire". To 19th century last stages, because country'sand so on America, Germany rises and all that all sorts of reasons, England gradually loses the superiority. Afterwards received the serious wound in Second World War, Great Britain national strength declines day after day. Originally is the native place the Irish island, its south 26 county were separated from the united kingdom in 1921, the overseas colony also in abundance announce the independence after World War II. Great Britain gradually evolves a organization loose British Commonwealth of Nations.英国的全称是“大不列颠和北爱尔兰联合王国”的坐落在欧洲大陆的东北海岸的群岛英属群岛大部分组成.她分开北海,多佛海峡和英吉利海峡相望的欧洲大陆另一个是一个岛国.英语总面积约240,000平方公里,人口近59万美元,根据历史,地理和民族品格进入英格兰,苏格兰,威尔士,北爱尔兰四个部分划分,英国人占了总人口的80%.英语的居民大部分是在基督教新教相信,北爱尔兰地区部分居民信天主教.英语冬暖夏凉,是海洋性温带气候.全国调查(国家概况)英国是近代工业革命的起源,正式名称为“联合王国”,全称“大不列颠和北爱尔兰联合王国(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)”,全国发生面积共244,000平方公里,居民多信基督教新教,北爱尔兰地区部分居民信天主教,一些英语的也相信,在伊斯兰教,佛教,印度教,种族,犹太教等.地理位置(地理位置)方法全境由欧洲大陆的东北部海岸的群岛英属群岛大部分组成,隔北海,多佛海峡和英吉利海峡相望的欧洲大陆,另一个是一个岛国.海岸线总长度1.1万公里.东面的大不列颠岛是群岛中最大的岛屿,也是英国最主要的国土.它是由苏格兰北部,南部和英格兰中部和西北部的威尔士三个地区组成.气候(气候)英国是海洋性温带气候,冬季温暖的夏季一般是凉爽.历史(历史)据考古发现是,在英国岛屿有3500年前的人类生活. 5世纪中期,优美的日期大量侵入人的大北欧英国,成为现今英格兰人的祖先.但当时克尔特别的人跑了部分西部和北部山区,另一部分爱尔兰跑向了,他们是今天的威尔士人,苏格兰和爱尔兰人的人的祖先.公元6世纪基督教开始蔓延到英国.在15世纪叶,英国贵族为捕捉王位打了30年“玫瑰”内战.最后,经济较发达的南方大地主张和平的新贵族取胜. “所有泽王朝”从此确立.在第一次世界大战期间,英德已成为好战的国家.作为的英国人民的反德情绪的结果,英国国王乔治五日发出的命令在1919年,将有德国色彩的“汉诺威王朝”改变为“温暖的沙子王朝”的名字.在18世纪的一页,因为政治,经济和技术方面逐步成熟,英国已开始了工业革命.随着蒸汽机的发明,各种机械用一种,在叶的维多利亚时间19世纪,英国已成为世界上最先进的工业化国家,跃居世界生产和贸易的酵母首位,到处进行炮舰政策,抓住了海上霸权,侵占殖民地,大量掠夺其他国家财富.英国主宰世界,在海外传播控制地区的欧洲,亚洲,美洲,非洲,澳洲,为“日不落帝国”之称.到了19世纪的最后阶段,由于国家和等美国,德国上升和所有种种原因,英国逐渐失去优势.后来收到了在第二次世界大战后伤口严重的一天,英国国力下降的一天.原来是本土的爱尔兰岛,其南部的26个县进行分离,从英国在1921年,海外殖民地也纷纷宣布第二次世界大战后独立.英国一个组织松散的逐渐演变英联邦.。

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poetry
prose
novel (the rising of realism)
poetry
prose
novel
Alexander Pope (1688-1744) The first half of the 18th century is called “The Age of Pope”
Joseph Addis
内阁
上院下院
2 million over 9 million owning land landownห้องสมุดไป่ตู้rs
4. Class:
top below nobility rich landowner—gentry
middle
below
merchants and
professional men craftsmen and laborers
The first mechanized industry: textile industry

The UK was the first industrial country in the world
Spinning Jenny
• In 1764
Flush toilet
• In 1778
Spinning Jenny
(1672-1719) 约瑟夫.爱狄生
Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) 丹尼尔.笛福 the rising of realism
literature
Henry Fielding (1707-1754) Major works
The Coffeehouse Politician 咖啡屋政客; Don Quixote in England 堂· 吉诃德在英国; The Life of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great 大伟人江奈生· 魏尔德传; The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling 汤姆· 琼斯; Amelia 阿美利亚
By the end of 18th century England had become the leading
Battle of Waterloo
1815.6.18

Time: late 18th century
steam engines

Higher living standard , more people in towns and cities
George 2
George 3 the War of Austrian Succession the Seven Years’ War with France Naval power in Europe.
[1727—1760]
[1760—1820] 1740—1748 1756—1763
the War of Spanish Succession with France 1702—1714
2015-6-4
literature
Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816) Major works
The Rivals 情敌 The School for Scandal 造谣学校 St. Patrick’s Day (The Scheming Lieutenant) 圣· 派特立克节 The Duenna 伴娘 The Critic 批评家
5. Coffeehouse: informal meeting house Time: later half of 17and18 century People: all classes clubs
6. Agriculture: Transformed by the industrial revolution Invention: seed drill most lands into 3 fields. Each year 2 fields sown with crops the third was left fallow (unused). 7. Food: Little change: ordinary people remained plain and monotonous Poor people: bread and potatoes Tea: very common
1. the political system:
the constitutional monarchy[君主立宪制度]
Parties: the Tory [托利党] Parliament: the Prime Minister the Whig [辉格党] 首相
His/Her Cabinet
the House of Lords the House of Commons 2. Population: mid of 18th late 3. Main form of wealth: Political power and influence :
Group X
War in 18th century
Industrial Revolution Society and life Literatures

The reign of kings or queen: Queen Anne George 1
[1702—1714] [1714—1727]
2015-6-4
literature
Jonathan Swift(1667—1745)
Gulliver's Travels
2015-6-4
literature
Music:
Auld Lang Syne
2015-6-4
Thank You!
Steam engines
• In 1785
Lithography
• In 1796
Watt's steam engine
Steam engines
Development history：1733 mechanic Kay invented the flying shuttle, improving the weaving efficiency greatly； In 1764-1767 weavers James Hargreaves invented the spinning Jenny, improve the efficiency of the yarn；In 1782, James Watt successfully invented the one-way steam engine based on predecessors‘ achievements.