考博英语-80 (1).doc

考博英语-80(总分：110.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}Part Ⅰ Vocabula(总题数：20，分数：20.00)1.Mrs Smith thought her children went to the movies; ______, they went to the zoo.（分数：1.00）A.in generalB.or ratherC.on the contraryD.so to speak2.A haphazard knowledge of several styles of a language may be worse than useless if we do not know the type of occasion on which each is appropriate or if we do not know when we are sliding from one of another.（分数：1.00）A.causalB.disorganizedC.systematicD.unplanned3.Some one has said that a man's history begins about one hundred and fifty years before his birth, or words ______.（分数：1.00）A.in any caseB.to that effectC.in a senseD.to the contrary4.Mario was awarded the medal for displaying professional ______ of the highest order in the rescue attempts two weeks ago.（分数：1.00）A.solutionB.supervisionC.intelligencepetence5.Mary and John took a long time in saying good night in order to postpone the ______ of parting.（分数：1.00）A.jealousyB.reliefC.anguishD.appreciation6.Ted got a better job and left the school before Mrs. Wolcox had him expelled.（分数：1.00）A.disgracedB.degradedC.executedD.ejected7.Before sitting for the entrance examination for post-graduate students, many candidates try to familiarize themselves with the formula of the exam by doing ______ tests.（分数：1.00）A.imitatedB.simulatedC.stimulatedD.illustrated8.One of Nike's founders, Phillip Hampson Knight had been a top athlete when he was at the University of Oregon and he moved on to become a student at Stanford Business School, but retained his interest in sport.（分数：1.00）B.preservedC.continuedD.restrained9.I contend, quite bluntly, that marking up a book is not an act of mutilation but of love.（分数：1.00）A.respectationB.possessionC.dominanceD.destruction10.James is very set in his ways, but Mark has a more ______ attitude to life.（分数：1.00）A.tolerantB.flexibleC.cautiousD.defensive11.It is reported that a conference on world communications and transportation will be ______ by the British government next month.（分数：1.00）A.subscribed toB.given outC.presided overD.put on12.He was so mean that he couldn't bear to ______ the smallest sum of money for the charity appeal.（分数：1.00）A.let outB.pay upC.give inD.part with13.Gaining acknowledgement from fellow workers and managers gives a person a sense of importance in society.（分数：1.00）A.admittanceB.permissionC.recognitionD.denial14.You may make good grades by studying only before examinations, but you will succeed eventually only by studying hard every day.（分数：1.00）A.in due courseB.in the long runC.in the mainD.in the first place15.You should be relieving me of duty at 10: 30, but don't hurry if it's inconvenient; I'll hang on till you arrive.（分数：1.00）A.turn onB.look overC.keep onD.take over16.Recent border confrontations between the two countries lead credence to tile rumors of an impending war.（分数：1.00）A.conflictsB.consequencesD.enterprises17.Coach Green allowed John to join the basketball team although, ______, he was not tall enough.（分数：1.00）A.economicallyB.technicallyC.methodicallyD.intellectually18.Realizing that many readers find long descriptive passages uninteresting, Bruce began his story with an exciting conflict.（分数：1.00）A.melancholyB.tediousC.incredibleD.offensive19.Mr. Bridges mentioned briefly several other subjects in the course of his talk but mostly kept himself to the main topic.（分数：1.00）A.touched offB.touched downC.touched onD.touched up20.The birchbark canoe is not as ______ as it appears; it is built to withstand long journeys over rough waters.（分数：1.00）A.solidB.fragileC.toughD.sturdy二、{{B}}PART Ⅱ Grammar{(总题数：10，分数：10.00)21.Now that in scientific communities the use of computers is widespread, and supposing that there is sufficient time, there exist no complicated problem ______ can be addressed with some hope of resolution.（分数：1.00）A.andB.butC.asD.which22.Their proposal is better than ours, ______.（分数：1.00）A.all things consideringB.all things consideredC.all things are consideredD.all considered things23.The traffic was very heavy, ______, and so we arrived after the start of the program.（分数：1.00）A.this was completely unexpectedB.which was completely unexpectedC.that was completely unexpectedD.it was completely unexpected24.None of the day's transactions, ______ sales or delivery, came off well.（分数：1.00）A.fromB.it beingC.be it25.A good indication of ______ he followed the teacher's advice was that he failed.（分数：1.00）A.what littleB.however littleC.how littleD.whatever little26.______, he never alters a decision.（分数：1.00）A.What may comeB.May what comee what mayD.May come whatever27.______, he finds the work interesting.（分数：1.00）A.Though he is computer expertB.A computer expert he isC.As computer expertputer expert as he is28.We had to go miles to find a restaurant, it ______a holiday.（分数：1.00）A.beingB.wasC.to beD.is29.Out of the elementary plane geometry developed by the Greeks ______ we use today.（分数：1.00）A.the theoretical geometry evolutionB.evolved the' theoretical geometryC.the evolution of theoretical geometry cameD.the theoretical geometry came30."The car ran out of gas!""That ______ the cause. I filled the tank this morning."（分数：1.00）A.mustn't beB.must have beenC.can beD.can't have been三、{{B}}Section B{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：10.00)31.As Christmas approached, with people (crowded) department stores, restaurants, theaters and movie houses, the downtown area (was), (as always), the (busiest).（分数：1.00）A.crowdedB.wasC.as alwaysD.busiest32.The Mercandiser widget is (so) named because it (is believed) (to be discovered) by Albert Mercandiser, a Dutchman (by) birth.（分数：1.00）A.soB.is believedC.to be discoveredD.by33.The (five-year) project would (expose) (educational) disadvantaged students to (experiences) both creative and enriching.（分数：1.00）A.five-yearcationalD.experiences34.So far (the story) is from being true that (I was surprised) anyone (could have believed) it (was)so.（分数：1.00）A.the storyB.I was surprisedC.could have believedD.was so35.(Mind you), under no circumstances (you are) to allow your (child) to change (broken) bulbs by himself.（分数：1.00）A.Mind youB.you areC.childD.broken36.Although the city acquired modernizations of (a more recent) kind during the twentieth century, (its) 15resent appearance (took shapes) during (the nineteenth).（分数：1.00）A.a more recentB.itsC.took shapesD.the nineteenth37.(For) the grounds that fiction is not (objectively) true, there (are) those who (object) to it.（分数：1.00）A.ForB.objectivelyC.areD.object38.Today, I firmly (believe), they (deliver) the new television, and if they (do), I (shall) help you set up the cable stations.（分数：1.00）A.believeB.deliverC.doD.shall39.At the museum, I saw various exhibits of (ape family) members, (and was) particularly (struck) by one group (they had faces) resembling humans.（分数：1.00）A.ape familyB.and wasC.struckD.they had faces40.As she (grew) older her vision (began) sporadically to fade, so that intermittent times she (seldom) knew what she (was looking) at.（分数：1.00）A.grewB.beganC.seldomD.was looking四、{{B}}Part Ⅲ Cloze{{/(总题数：1，分数：20.00){{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Choose as your answer the word that best fits the blank. On your answer sheet, circle the corresponding letter.There is no question but that Newton was a highly competent Minister of the Mint. It was mainly through his efforts{{U}} (41) {{/U}}the English currency was put on{{U}} (42) {{/U}}satisfactory basis at a difficult time. {{U}}(43) {{/U}}discovered a relationship between prices and{{U}} (44) {{/U}}amount of money in circulation, which{{U}} (45) {{/U}}later formalized in the so-called "quality{{U}} (46) {{/U}}"of money: if the amount of{{U}} (47) {{/U}}in circulation is doubled--other things{{U}} (48) {{/U}}the same--then prices also will{{U}} (49) {{/U}}double. This is a simple application{{U}} (50) {{/U}}the principle that it is impossible{{U}} (51) {{/U}}. get something for nothing, but apparently{{U}} (52) {{/U}}took someone like Newton to discover it. There{{U}} (53) {{/U}}an obvious comparison with Copernicus, who{{U}} (54) {{/U}}the Polish government on currency questions{{U}} (55) {{/U}}in doing so discovered another important{{U}} (56) {{/U}}(usually known as Gresham's Law): when{{U}} (57) {{/U}} money is accepted as legal tender,{{U}} (58) {{/U}}money will be driven out of{{U}} (59) {{/U}}. Copernicus anticipated Gresham in the formulation{{U}} (60) {{/U}}this law.（分数：20.00）A.whichB.whyC.thatD.forA.aB.veryC.theD.mostA.ItB.HeC.WasD.WeA.anB.theirC.theD.bigA.tooB.wasC.theyD.hasA.theoryB.themC.thesisD.proposalA.coinsB.currencyC.billsD.goldB.muchC.remainingD.beeB.seemC.multiplyD.approximatelyA.forB.ofC.callingD.byA.ourB.toC.forD.weA.theyB.hadC.itD.heA.isesC.beD.withA.talkedB.advisedC.formedD.createdA.fromB.butC.andD.byA.trueB.legendC.themewA.muchB.foreignC.hadwfulA.goodB.muchC.badD.someA.workB.functionC.marketingD.circulation A.forC.ofD.to五、{{B}}Part Ⅳ Reading (总题数：5，分数：30.00){{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read each passage and answer all the questions that follow the passage. On your answer sheet, circle the letter that best answers the question.{{B}}Passage One{{/B}}There is little question that substantial labor-market differences exist between men and women. Among the most researched difference is the male-female wage gap. Many different theories aroused to explain why men earn more than women. One possible reason is based on the limited geographical mobility of married women [Robert Frank, 1978]. Family mobility is a joint decision in which the needs of the husband and wife are balanced to maximize family welfare. Job-motivated relocations are generally made to benefit the primary earner in the family. This leads to a constrained job search for the secondary earner, as he or she must search for a job in a limited geographic area. Since the husband is still the primary wage earner in many families, the job search of the wife may suffer. Individuals who are tied to a certain area are labeled"tied-stayers," while secondary earners, who move for the benefit of the family are labeled "tied-movers" [Jacob ～Mincer, 1978].The wages of a tied-stayer or tied-mover may not be substantially lower if the family lives in or moves to a large city. If a large labor market has more vacancies, the wife may locate a wage offer near the maximum she would find with a nation-wide search. However, being a tied- stayer or tied-mover can lower the wife's wage if the family lives in or moves to a small community. A small labor market will reduce the likelihood of her finding a job that utilizes her skills, As a result she may accept a job for which she is overqualified and thus earn a lower wage. This hypothesized relationship between the likelihood "of being overqualified" and SMSA size is termed "differential overqualification." Frank 1978 and Haim Ofek and Yesook Merrill [1994] provide support for the theory of differential overqualification by finding that themale-female wage gap is grater in smaller SMSA's.While the results are consistent with the existence of differential overqualification, they may also result from other situations as well. Firms in small labor markets may use their monopsony power to keep wages down. Local demand shocks are found to be a major source of wage variation both across and within local labor markets [ Robert Topel, 1986]. Since large labor markets are generally more diversified, a demand shock can have a substantial impact on immobile workers in small labor markets. Another reason for examining differential overqualification involves the assumption that there are more vacancies in large labor markets. While there is little doubt that more vacancies exist in large labor markets,there are also likely to be more people searching for jobs in large labor markets, if the greater number of vacancies is offset by the larger number of searchers, it is unclear whether women will be more likely to be overqualified in small labor markets. Instead of relying on wages to determine if differential overqualifieation exists, we consider an explicit form of overqualifieation based on education.（分数：6.00）(1).In the author's opinion, the male-female wage gap ______.（分数：1.00）A.is the most important difference.B.is justified.C.has important repercussions on family life.D.represents a sexist attitude toward women.E.is simply one of a considerable number of labor-market differences.(2)."Geographic mobility", as used in the text, refers to ______.（分数：1.00）A.the way in which Americans tend to move from job to job.B.the penchant wage-earners have to maximize family welfare.C.the necessity to relocate in order to increase wages.D.all of the above.E.none of the above.(3).In the author's opinion, which of the following statements is true?（分数：1.00）A.The term "secondary earner" does not depend on gender.B.If A will earn more money than B, family welfare is maximized if A agrees to relocate.C.If B will earn more money than A, family welfare is maximized if A agrees to relocate.D.All of the above are true.E.None of the above are true.(4).The difference between a "tied-stayer" and a "tied-mover" is that ______.（分数：1.00）A.the former is the husband and the latter is the wife.B.the primary earner is forced to search for work in a specific area while the secondary earner is freer to roam about.C.the former is obliged to remain in an area while the latter is not.D.the former is the wife and the latter is the husband.E.the latter's salary is of secondary importance to the former's salary.(5).With which of the following statements would the author agree?（分数：1.00）A.The size of the labor market determines recompense.B.The size of the labor market determines acquired skills utilization.C.The size of the labor market determines the probability of matching skills with appropriate wage level.D.The author would agree with all of the above.E.The author would agree with none of the above(6).The names and dates between parentheses ______.（分数：1.00）A.refer to bibliographical entries.B.explain who discussed what and when they discussed it.C.are references to what the author has read.D.may be described by all of the above.E.may be described by none of the above.{{B}}Passage Two{{/B}}The repression in the Netherlands, instead of solving a crucial problem, elicited bitter criticism from every major European state. Alba wasunrepentant about his tough policy convinced that the population must remain in a state of fear, so that every individual has the feeling that one fine night or morning the house will fall in on him.Of the leading dissidents who escaped from Alba's hands, only William of Orange remained. Tall, dark-haired, with a small moustache and a short peaked beard, the prince of Orange-Nassau was aged thirty-five at the moment that fortune left him in the unenviable role of defender of his country. A comrade-in-arms of Philip during the latter's years abroad in mid-century, he never made a secret of his concern for the privileges of his class or of his dislike for religious dogmatism. Widowed in 1558, in 1561 he married Anne, the Lutheran daughter of the late Maurice of Saxony. The marriage, celebrated in Leipzig, gave him a useful link with the princes of the Holy Roman Empire. When news came of Alba's departure from Spain, Orange opportunely took refuge in Germany. it became clear that the only way to regain the Netherlands was by the use of arms. In the course of 1568 Orange sponsored invasions by several small forces, which entered from France and from Germany. All were defeated. Captured prisoners gave details of Orange's links with Protestants in several countries. The invasions could not fail to affect the fate of the distinguished prisoners in Alba's hands. On 5 June 1568, in the public square of Brussels, the counts of Egmont and Homes were beheaded for high treason.The executions shocked opinion throughout Europe. The two nobles, as knights of the Golden Fleece, could be tried only by their peers. But Philip, grand master of the order, had cleared the way for the trial by a special patent which he had drawn up in April 1567 and sent to Alba in December. There is no doubt that Philip considered Egmont responsible for much of the trouble in Flanders, but the pressure for an exemplary punishment came rather from the members of his council, particularly [it seems] from cardinal Espinosa. Alba had always regretted the need to arrest the two counts, whom "I have always loved and esteemed as my own brothers." According to some, he was reluctant to proceed to execution. Philip wrote formally to Alba: "I very deeply regret that the offenses of the counts were so serious that they called for the punishment that has been carried out." The remorse, which came too late, was probably sincere. The counts were victims of a political crisis. Their names, interestingly enough, continued to be held in honour at the Spanish court.A book on the events of Flanders published in Castile a few years later, when all books had to be licensed by the royal council, referred to them as "outstanding princes, well loved and of the highest and finest character."（分数：6.00）(1)."Bitter criticism" is criticism that is ______.（分数：1.00）A.sour.B.major.C.angry.D.vinegary.E.none of the above.(2).The repression in the Netherlands was wrought by ______.（分数：1.00）A.minor European states.B.Alba.C.William of OrangeD.all of the above.E.none of the above.(3).We may assume that ______.（分数：1.00）A.the prince of Orange-Nassau was married twice.B.the marriage was premised upon political consideration.C.some of the princes of the Holy Roman Empire were Protestants.D.the counts of Egmont and Homes were decapitated in retaliation for the invasions.E.all of the above are true.(4).Philip ______.（分数：1.00）A.travelled to various countries in the mid-16th century.B.was the chief officer of the knights of the Golden Fleece.C.was Alba's superior.D.may have reluctantly acceded to the beheading.E.may be described by all of the above.(5).Which of the following is true?（分数：1.00）A.In the text, Flanders and the Netherlands are two completely separate entities.B.Cardinal Espinosa was instrumental in swaying Philip's council.C.Philip was personally opposed to the punishment.D.Ali of the above are, true.E.None of the above are true.(6).The deaths of the two counts ______.（分数：1.00）A.were caused more by the political situation than by their actions.B.did not destroy their reputations in Spain.C.were brought about by their brother, Alba.D.may be described by none of the above statements.E.may be described by [A] and [B].{{B}}Passage Three{{/B}}Despite efforts to provide them with alternatives such as the shelter, women frequently and repeatedly returned to violent and abusive partners. By the late 1970s, feminists at Women Together, like those doing similar work throughout the United States, began to understand that battered women experience a range of post-traumatic psychological responses to abuse, similar to those of victims of other types of violence or trauma. Subsequently, the psychological response of battered women became reified as "battered woman syndrome," a sub-category of post-traumatic stress disorder. Interestingly, in the course of trying to create social change, the focus of feminists perceptibly shifted to trying to explain why battered women fail to leave the partners who beat them. In trying to address this question, a debate ensued among feminists and mental health workers as to potential merits and problems of categorizing as mental disorder what many feminists labeled a normal response to fear and an appropriately angry response to abuse. Although many women left abusiverelationships or successfully ended violence by other means, some responded to ongoing or accelerated abuse by killing or trying to kill their male partners. In many states, when they went to trial, such women found they were restricted from introducing testimony about the abuse they had endured or their resulting states of mind. In trying to address these women's needs, some activists and scholars advocated the use of expert testimony to explain battered woman syndrome to juries. This strategy would introduce evidence of past abuse and challenge the gender biases of self-defense law by explaining the woman's state of mind at the time of the offense. Feminist legal scholars raised potential problems in the use of battered woman syndrome. They argued that it could be used against women who did not neatly fit pre-established criteria and had the potential to become another example of the tendency to label women's normal angry responses as mental illness. While the desirability of working to admit expert testimony was debated, individual state courts and legislatures varied in their willingness to recognize battered woman syndrome, permit evidence of past abuse, or allow expert testimony. As the legal debate about battered women's responses to violence was beginning to unfold, the Ohio movement became directly involved in it when a former shelter resident, shot and killed her abusive common law husband. In 1978 Women Together, in conjunction with the woman's lawyer, decided to challenge existing law by trying to introduce battered woman syndrome expert testimony at trial.Because at the time the syndrome had little scientific merit or legal recognition, the trial court declared inadmissibility, a decision upheld by the State Supreme Court (State v. Thomas 1981 66 Ohio St. 2d 51). Women Together founders left the shelter to establish professional careers, viewing this as a means of advancing the feminist agenda. The frustrations, limitations and defeats they had experienced as outside challengers impelled them to adopt a strategy of infiltration and appropriation of the institutions they sought to change. For example, one founder, who had worked through lobbying for ERA America in addition to her other feminist activism, explained her decision to run for elected office by saying:"[When ERA was defeated] I decided to run for the legislature. I said 'I can do better than these turkeys. '"（分数：7.00）(1).Battered woman syndrome is ______.（分数：1.00）A.a psychological response.B.a sub-category of a specific stress disorder.C.similar to that experienced by a range of victims.D.all of the above.E.none of the above.(2).Generally speaking, women who are beaten ______.（分数：1.00）A.address questions to feminists.B.return to their male partners.C.require an explanation for the beating.D.leave their partners.E.do none of the above.(3).A debate arose as to whether ______.（分数：1.00）A.feminists or mental health workers were correct.B.battered wives should return to their husbands.C.anger and fear were appropriate or inappropriate.'D.focus should be shifted.E.all of the above.(4).Responses to abuse by male partners include ______.（分数：1.00）A.leaving them.B.killing them.C.other means.D.all of the above.E.none of the above.(5).The use of expert testimony ______.（分数：1.00）A.depends on the situation.B.is a way around legal restrictions.C.is required by state laws in women's trials.D.is a way of ending abuse by other means.E.may not be defined by any of the above,(6).We may assume that prior to the period discussed self-defense ______.（分数：1.00）A.applied to men only.B.posed a problem for the battered woman syndrome.C.refers to expert testimony.D.includes all of the above.E.includes none of the above.(7).The word "turkeys" ______.（分数：1.00）A.refers to the bird that Americans eat at Thanksgiving.B.is an unflattering reference to other law-makers.C.is an unflattering reference to the speaker herself.D.will be explained in the following paragraph.E.refers to none of the above.{{B}}Passage Four{{/B}}The position of Burleigh School in the English educational system would be very difficult to explain to a foreigner (who has, God knows, enough to contend with in comprehending the other parts of the system). Nor would it be possible to refer him to any works of literature (before the present one) from which he could gain enlightenment. The prep schools have had their Orwell, the public schools their Connolly and Benedictus, the convent schools their Antonia White, the private boarding schools their Waugh and Nicolas Blake. No one has thought it worth their while to eulogize or anathematize schools like Burleigh. Indeed, schools like Burleigh do not seem the sort of places from which writers emerge. And yet, any medium-sized town in the southern half of England has its Burleigh School: a private day school to which, for a not too exorbitant fee, parents can send their children and boast that they are privatelyeducated. Not well educated, but privately. Burleigh itself had been founded--no, started--between the wars, had survived the Depression (as the South of England middle classes in general had so signally managed to coast blithely through the Depression) and had offered over the years an alternative to the Grammar, Secondary Modern and Technical Schools of the town of Cullbridge. Which meant, in effect, that though some parents chose to send their children there rather than to the Grammar School, many more sent them there because they failed their eleven-plus, that Beecher's Brook of English childhood. With the coming of comprehensive education three years before, even the faint whiff of privilege attached to the Grammar School had evaporated, a fact on which Burleigh had been able to capitalize, in a mild way.Foreigners are always apt to find charming the examples they come across of quaint anachronisms, of dated anomalies, in English life. One such charming and dated anomaly is that a school like Burleigh can be bought.A man--any man--can buy such a place, set himself up as headmaster, and run it as he likes. Indeed, that is precisely what Edward Crumwallis had done. He had bought it from its previous aging owner/headmaster in 1969, and had been there ever since. This must not be taken to imply that Edward Crumwallis was unfit for his position. He was in fact a BA (3rd class, Geography), from the University of Hull (graduated 1948). Still, scholarship was not exactly his thing. He might take the odd class in Geography in a pinch, but he had never given the subject any particular prominence in the school, and most boys gave it up after two years. Nor was Crumwallis anxious to take over periods in other subjects when there was need--as in cases of sickness or (frequently) death. Since his graduation he had not cultivated Learning. He had cultivated Manner. He had bought Burleigh (which he invariably called The Burleigh School, in capitals) precisely so that his manner might be given free reign and ample pasturage. A very good manner it was too, with parents-- decidedly impressive, ft certainly impressed those of limited intelligence, among whom may be numbered-Crumwallis himself. He really believed in it: he not only thought that others should remain silent during his threadbare pontifications, but he actually believed they would benefit from them. Such a conspicuous lack of self-knowledge had its dangers.Not that the Manner--which he intended should be so admired later in the week On Parents' Evening--was particularly in evidence on the Monday, as he sat at his study desk and went over the plans for that event with his wife. The side of Edward Crumwallis that was most evident during such t·te-·-·tes was the petty-minded, niggling side that his psychological profile seldom turned in the parents' direction."The question is, shall we splurge on the coffee and scrimp on the tea, or vice versa," he said.（分数：5.00）(1).Orwell, Connolly, Benedictus, Antonio White, Waugh and Nicolas Blake ______.（分数：1.00）。