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Jan Bebbington-Corporate social reporting and reputation risk

Accounting, Auditing & Accountability JournalCorporate social reporting and reputation risk management Jan Bebbington Carlos Larrinaga Jose M. MonevaArticle information:To cite this document:Jan Bebbington Carlos Larrinaga Jose M. Moneva, (2008),"Corporate social reporting and reputation risk D o w n l o a d e d b y U n i v e r s i t y o f S t r a t h c l y d e A t 07:57 17 O c t o b e r 2014 (P T )*Related content and download information correct at time of download.D o w n l o a d e d b y U n i v e r s i t y o f S t r a t h c l y d e A t 07:57 17 O c t o b e r 2014 (P T )Corporate social reporting and reputation risk managementJan BebbingtonCentre for Social and Environmental Accounting Research,School of Management,University of St Andrews,Fife,UKCarlos LarrinagaUniversity of Burgos,Burgos,Spain,andJose M.MonevaUniversity of Zaragoza,Zaragoza,SpainAbstractPurpose –The purpose of this paper is to explore the proposition that corporate social responsibility reporting could be viewed as both an outcome of,and part of reputation risk management processes.Design/methodology/approach –The paper draws heavily on management research.In addition,an image restoration framework is introduced.Findings –The concept of reputation risk management could assist in the understanding of corporate social responsibility reporting practice.Originality/value –This paper explores the link between reputation risk management and existing theorising in social accounting.Keywords Corporate social responsibility,Risk management,Corporate image,Employees Paper type Research paper1.IntroductionThe last 15years have seen an increase in the production of corporate social responsibility (hereafter CSR)reports in many “developed”world economies.CSR reporting takes many forms but most commonly is either the production of information in annual report and accounts package (including both voluntary and mandatory information)or the production of stand-alone reports (that are most usually,but not always,voluntary).Both sorts of reporting have been subject to academic investigation (to varying degrees)with a number of reasons being suggested for reporting.While a common normative theme within the academic literature is that CSR reportingThe current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at /0951-3574.htmSupport from the University of Zaragoza for a visiting professor post for Jan Bebbington is gratefully acknowledged.Jose M.Moneva acknowledges ﬁnancial support of the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia (project n.BEC2002-03049).Comments from participants at the 4th Social and Environmental Accounting Congress in Grazalema,Spain,the 2004European Accounting Association Conference in Prague and the 4th Asian Paciﬁc Interdisciplinary Research in Accounting Conference in Singapore,are gratefully ments from colleagues at the Universities of Aberdeen,Dundee,Northumbria,Shefﬁeld,York and Victoria University,Wellington have assisted the development of this paper.Special thanks go to Chris Crighton,James Guthrie,Markus Milne,Lee Parker,Steve Toms,Jeffrey Unerman,three reviewers for AAAJ ,and an anonymous reviewer for the APIRA Conference,for their close reading of this paper.A travel grant from the British Academy to enable this paper to be presented at APIRA Conference is also gratefully acknowledged.Corporate socialreporting337Received 14October 2004Revised 19July 2005,26July 2006,20December 2006Accepted 22March 2007Accounting,Auditing &Accountability JournalVol.21No.3,2008pp.337-361q Emerald Group Publishing Limited0951-3574DOI 10.1108/09513570810863932D o w n l o a d e d b y U n i v e r s i t y o f S t r a t h c l y d e A t 07:57 17 O c t o b e r 2014 (P T )enhances accountability (Gray et al.,1996)there is concern that this is not the case.Indeed,many authors having proposed that legitimacy theory provides an explanatory frame for (especially positive)social and environmental disclosure (Patten,1992;Brown and Deegan,1998;Deegan et al.,2002;O’Donovan,2002;Milne and Patten,2002;and for a review of this literature Deegan,2002).Recent literature has questioned the explanatory power of legitimacy theory (O’Dwyer,2002)and has suggested that there is a need to take into account the complexity of external and internal factors that might lead organisations to report on their CSR (Adams,2002).Furthermore,there is a recent debate concerning the possibility that CSR reporting is captured and institutionalised,limiting its empowering potential (Bebbington,1997;Larrinaga and Bebbington,2001;Gray,2002;O’Dwyer,2003;Parker,2005).This literature also points towards the possibilities of more diverse and varying explanations of CSR reporting and the need to put “ﬂesh”on the “bones”of legitimacy theory explanations.One emerging explanation for CSR reporting,suggested by reporting proponents (Herbst,1998;GRI,2002;Rayner,2001;Starovic,2002;KPMG,2005),practitioners (Co-operative Financial Services,2003)and researchers (Friedman and Miles,2001;Toms,2002;Hasseldine et al.,2005)of CSR reporting,is that it could be conceived as both an outcome of and part of reputation risk management (hereafter RRM)processes.While such an explanation has intuitive appeal,the proposition has yet to have considerable impact on the social accounting literature.This paper focuses on exploring this proposition by way of a three-stage investigation.First,the RRM thesis is examined on its own terms,drawing from literature that speciﬁcally focuses on reputation.Second,an exploratory study is undertaken,using a single report,to provide a glimpse into the plausibility of the RRM thesis as it pertains to CSR reporting.Third,drawing from the previous two investigations,the paper seeks develop an understanding of the linkages between existing theoretical explanations for reporting (focusing on legitimacy and stakeholder theory)and the RRM thesis.As such the paper is exploratory in nature.Section 2of the paper outlines conceptions of reputation from both the academic and the practitioner viewpoints.In addition,notions of reputation risk and RRM are discussed in order to understand various aspects,and the dynamics of,reputation.Section 3links the notion of RRM to an image restoration typology developed by Benoit (1995).This section also brieﬂy explores the linkages between a legitimacy based and reputation based explanation for CSR reporting (in preparation for a more extended discussion latter in the paper).In addition,how a RRM framework could be interpreted through an accountability lens is discussed.This element of the paper seeks to start the process of linking existing frames of analysis to the RRM thesis.In section 4,and in order to investigate the RRM thesis directly,Shell’s (2002)CSR report is analysed using a RRM lens and,in particular,seeks to make an initial assessment as to whether or not the notion of RRM has the potential to contribute to our understanding of this report.Shell was chosen for analysis as it is an organisation,which has in the past-suffered damage to its (social and environmental)reputation and as a result,may be among the more sensitive of reporters with regard to their reputation (Zyglidopoulos,2002).Finally,some concluding comments are made.We will suggest that RRM concepts may be useful to enliven existing frames of reference for CSR reporting (paying particular attention to legitimacy theory).While the RRMAAAJ 21,3338D o w n l o a d e d b y U n i v e r s i t y o f S t r a t h c l y d e A t 07:57 17 O c t o b e r 2014 (P T )thesis does not invalidate these existing concepts,it may allow for a more ﬁne-grained analysis in empirical settings,especially if a focus on discourse is adopted (as opposed to quantitative based content analysis).2.Reputation,reputation risk and reputation risk managementConceptualisations of reputation range from an economic/strategic management informed perspective that views reputation as a resource,to a sociologically informed perspective that sees reputation as the outcome of shared socially constructed impressions of a ﬁrm (Fombrun and Van Riel,1997;see also Scott and Walsham,2005).Fombrun (1996,p.57),for example,describes reputations as strategic assets that “produce tangible beneﬁts:premium prices for products,lower costs for capital and labour,improved loyalty from employees,greater latitude in decision making,and a cushion of goodwill when crises hit”(see also Beatty and Ritter,1986;Milgrom and Roberts,1986;Fombrun and Shanley,1990;in Little and Little,2000).As such,reputation is viewed as an intangible asset with the potential for value creation (Little and Little,2000;Roberts and Dowling,2002).This literature focuses on outcomes of RRM processes rather than the process of reputation management itself.The sociologically informed literature,however,focuses on how reputation develops and how it can be deﬁned and measured with Fombrun and Van Riel (1997,p.10)asserting that “reputations constitute subjective collective assessments of the trustworthiness and reliability of ﬁrms”and,speciﬁcally,suggests that reputations are:derivative,second-order characteristics which emerge from particular “organisational ﬁelds”[1];and are external reﬂections of internal “sense making”activities conducted within ﬁrms which develop from prior activities and prior assessments of performance by diverse evaluators and as such comprise multiple images/assessments[2]of ﬁrms.Hence,reputations are viewed as having some basis in organisations’actions (providing a quality good/service,for example)as well as being constructed by others via their perceptions of those activities (Schweizer and Wijnberg,1999,p.251).Being based on a composite of perceptions of a variety of heterogeneous “collections”of people (Bromley,2002),an organisation’s reputation is essentially inter-subjective.Reputations may also be inertial (Fombrun and Van Riel,1997)which implies that maintaining a good reputation may be a sound business decision because it could help you withstand future reputation shocks.At the same time,Scott and Walsham (2005,p.312)note that reputation takes “time to create,cannot be brought and is easily damaged”.In addition,reputations are contextual:that is,different organisations will have different reputation characteristics depending on the details of their situation (Deephouse and Carter,2005).Reputation,therefore,while being an intuitively appealing concept is a complex organisational characteristic and this affects how it can be formally studied.The most “popular”way to describe corporate reputation is via reputation ranking studies and various reputation indexes form the basis of much of the academic study.How these studies conceptualise reputation,will also inﬂuence how reputations are researched.An examination of six reputation ranking studies (Fortune ,Management Today ,Financial Times ,Rayner (2001),Reputation Quotient and Reputex Social Responsibility Ratings –see the Appendix for a brief review)reveals that they focus on ﬁve elements of reputation:Corporate socialreporting339D o w n l o a d e d b y U n i v e r s i t y o f S t r a t h c l y d e A t 07:57 17 O c t o b e r 2014 (P T )(1)ﬁnancial performance;(2)quality of management;(3)social and environmental responsibility performance;(4)employee quality;and(5)the quality of the goods/services provided.It could be argued that these aspects are those used by individuals when they evaluate reputation and also those that managers perceive individuals may use when they form a view of the organisation’s reputation.While the aspects of reputation focused on in ranking studies may be relatively self-evident,it is less clear whether academic research can “identify and provide well-reasoned and defensible answers to questions about corporate reputation and reputation dynamics”(Fombrun and Van Riel,1997,p.5).In order to achieve this task,writers usually focus on how any one aspect of reputation may be lost by the organisation in question with this often being framed as reputation risk.Fombrun et al.(2000)contend that reputational “capital”is “at risk in everyday interactions between organisations and their stakeholders with risks having many sources (such as strategic,operational,compliance and ﬁnancial).Rayner (2001)also provides examples of how corporations have sought to tackle reputation risk:BAA plc.(British Airports Authority)indicate that managers in each aspect of their business score risks on the basis of how likely a risk is and the consequences of a risk crystallising.BAA’s risk categories include safety,environment,ﬁnancial and reputation/legal risks.The reputation risk consequences are described as ranging from minor consequence to catastrophic consequence (differentiated by the extent of adverse media coverage).The rationale used by BAA is similar to Fombrun et al.’s (2000)exploration of how reputation risk affects reputation capital with similar arguments also being expressed in the business ethics literature (Miles and Covin,2000)and the accounting literature (Chalmers and Godfrey,2004)[3].This literature suggests that there may be some hierarchical relationship between various elements whose perception could inﬂuence organisational reputation.Arguably,this hierarchical notion of reputation deﬁnes the “risk”element of “reputation risk”.In particular,risks arising from the perception of social/environmental performance could be second order risk in some assessments,deriving from (for example)strategic,operational or compliance issues (see Rayner,2001),which may also explain why reputation rankings appear to have a ﬁnancial “halo”effect (Fryxell and Wang,1994).The identiﬁcation of reputation risk is closely linked to attempts to manage such risks.The notion of RRM,however,causes academic controversy because of the conceptual difﬁculty in separating RRM from the management of other organisational processes (Fombrun and Van Riel,1997;Hutton et al.,2001).Nevertheless,particular organisations can be seen to attempt to control and manage their reputation risks (Rayner,2001).Evidence for the proposition that corporations seek to enhance their reputation and manage risks to reputation can also be found in CSR reports.Diageo (2005),for example,states that “[s]ince its inception Diageo has been committed to building and sustaining its reputation as a good corporate citizen”(Diageo,2005,p.29)and that they aim “to manage risk and control our activities cost-effectively and in aAAAJ 21,3340D o w n l o a d e d b y U n i v e r s i t y o f S t r a t h c l y d e A t 07:57 17 O c t o b e r 2014 (P T )way that enables us to exploit business opportunities,avoid or reduce risks that can cause loss,reputational damage or business failure”(Diageo Corporate Citizenship Report,2005,p.28).There is also evidence that organisations attempt to manage their reputation risks by means of their CSR reports.For example,on page seven of their 2003sustainability report the Co-operative Financial Services asserts that its reporting approach seeks to “build upon its reputation as being amongst the most socially responsible businesses in the world”.Later,in the same report (p.21),the UNEP (2002)Survey of Corporate Sustainability Reporting is quoted as commending the sustainability report of the company,as achieving the “alignment of brand,reputation and reporting”.The Global Reporting Initiative (hereafter GRI)guidelines (GRI,2002,p.4)also conﬁrms the perception of a link between RRM and CSR reporting when it is asserted that “the process of developing a sustainability report provides a warning of trouble spots ....in reputation and brand management”.As a ﬁnal piece of evidence,KPMG’s (2005,p.2)survey of CSR reporting also claims that one of the business drivers for CSR is “to have a good brand and reputation”.To recap,within the paper to date,we have two competing narratives.The ﬁrst is that RRM is a complex notion that may be impossible to model and study in a systematic manner.At the same time,RRM is a popular explanation for CSR reporting.Hutton et al.(2001,p.259)note that a similar tension exists in the public relations ﬁeld between “a number of prominent scholars and practitioners in the ﬁeld [who suggest]that reputation is not something than can be managed directly,and therefore is not the most appropriate objective of public relations”and surveys of practice which identify that the most common role for public relations in big corporations was “reputation management”.While it is conceptually debatable that reputation risks could be managed directly,if corporate managers believe they are doing so and if CSR reporting is seen as part of that process then further investigation is warranted.3.CSR reporting and RRMLiterature systematically drawing linkages between reputation and CSR reporting is scarce (indeed,Scott and Walsham,2005,p.309,note that,in general,the “[a]cademic literature on reputation is rather thin”).Whilst it was not the main purpose of their research,Friedman and Miles (2001,p.528)suggest that RRM is one of the main drivers of CSR reporting,speciﬁcally that a company’s reputation lens “would make companies more aware of the need to manage a wide range of environmental,social and ethical risks and to show externally that they are doing so.This would increase the quantity and quality of [CSR reporting]”(emphasis in the original).The existence of these connections is an empirical question and one that has been partially investigated.Toms (2002,p,273)using a resource based view of the ﬁrm supplemented by quality signalling theory (thus focusing on an economic based view of reputation),found that “[q]uality of disclosure,[4]institutional shareholder power and low risk are consistently associated with high [corporate environmental reputation]”,the latter element being determined using the corporate reputation rankings for the community and environmental responsibility aspect of Management Today’s survey of Britain’s most admired companies in 1996and 1997.These results led Toms (2002,p.276)to conclude that there is “strong support for the relationship between disclosure strategy and environmental reputation”(see also Hasseldine et al.,2005).On different groundsCorporate socialreporting341D o w n l o a d e d b y U n i v e r s i t y o f S t r a t h c l y d e A t 07:57 17 O c t o b e r 2014 (P T )but using similar methods,Chalmers and Godfrey (2004)also found a signiﬁcant association between voluntary derivative ﬁnancial instrument reporting and some variables that proxy for reputation costs.While this literature suggests a connection exists between RRM and reporting (including CSR reporting),it does not,and indeed cannot,provide clues as to speciﬁc reporting strategies adopted by organisations as they attempt to manage their reputations.Such a connection,however,has been developed outside the accounting literature.Benoit (1995)summarises the image restoration literature and provides a conceptual link between RRM activities undertaken by organisations and discourses that one may observe as a result of the need for image restoration strategies.The image restoration literature studies individuals’accounts,excuses and apologies as well as corporate responses to criticism.Benoit’s work,for example,includes explanations of the accounts given by Exxon,Union Carbide and Tylenol in response to the crises (reputation damaging events)they faced (respectively an oil spill;a chemical discharge from a plant that killed and maimed a large number of people;and poisoning of products which led to consumer deaths).According to Benoit,the impetus for image restoration attempts arise from the inescapable fact that humans are embroiled in activities which will lead to conﬂict and potential damage to reputation.At the same time,he proposed that humans have a deep-seated need to have and maintain “face”.These two factors explain the persuasiveness of accounts of behaviour that emerge when actions are,or may be,disapproved of.Benoit argues that the type of reputation discourse one observes is a function of two factors.First,“a reprehensible act must have been committed”(Benoit,1995,p.72)or must have been perceived to have been committed by an audience of concern.Second,“damage to one’s face requires that the actor be held responsible for the occurrence of that reprehensible act by the relevant audience”.Once these two factors are present reputation management discourses (image restoration strategies in his terms)are likely to emerge.Benoit also focuses on the relationship between the accuser and accused and their respective role in stimulating reputation discourses.Benoit suggests that reputation discourses can be aimed at the accuser alone,at the accuser and other audiences (including those internal and external from the accuser organisation)and at other audiences (and not the accuser).In addition,the accused him/herself may also be the target for discourses in that the account may also assist the accused to understand their own motives,actions and aspirations.Melding these various aspects together,Benoit develops a typology of image restoration strategies,which can be used to understand the particular nature of reputation discourses (reproduced in Table I).While a single strategy may be used in any particular circumstance,the use of a combination of strategies is also likely.In order to link Benoit’s (1995)work to existing frames of reference,this paper focuses on Benoit’s suggestion that discourses could be aimed at both the accuser (the outside)and the accused him/herself (the self).The propositions that CSR reporting is a form of discourse intended to manage perceptions of the public (and thus manage reputation)and that CSR reporting is the corporate response to perceived legitimacy threats is consistent with discourses aimed at those outside an organisation.Benoit’s (1995)suggestion that such discourses could be aimed at the self resonates with some aspects of the business ethics literature and provides a critique of CSR reporting for RRM from an accountability perspective.It also hints at CSR being inﬂuenced in someAAAJ 21,3342D o w n l o a d e d b y U n i v e r s i t y o f S t r a t h c l y d e A t 07:57 17 O c t o b e r 2014 (P T )Strategy and sub-strategies ExplanationDenial (including simple denial and shifting the blame)In both cases the responsibility for the act is avoided,either because the subject is not responsible or because someone else has beenspeciﬁcally identiﬁed as being responsible.Silence with regard to impacts may also be seen to be a variation of denial Evading responsibility due to:Provocation Offensive act has been undertaken in response to another offensiveact.As a result,the provocateur should be held accountable not the subject.Such an explanation may emerge in accounts of union –company conﬂict,for exampleDefeasibility Responsibility cannot be assigned because lack of information,volition or ability on behalf of the subject means that it would be unfair for them to be held to accountAccident Responsibility is reduced due to lack of control over the offensive act Good intentions While the outcome of the act is negative it may be that the motives ofthe subject were good and the outcome could not have been anticipated Reducing offensiveness of event by means of:Bolstering Subject may provide information about other aspects of theirbehaviour or character which are positive and thus are in contrast to the negative eventMinimization The impact of the negative event may be downplayed,althoughresponsibility is acknowledgedDifferentiation The particular offensive act is distinguished from other acts of thistype.So while there may be,for example,a pollution incident is not of the type of incidents which would be seen to be serious.Theorganisation in question may also be differentiated from others who are less “good”Transcendence The context in which the offensive act emerges is redeﬁned or arationale for the action is offered so that its offensiveness is transcended.For example,providing a ﬁnancial return in a competitive business context may be used to explain laying off employeesAttack accuser The offensiveness of the act can be reduced if an impression can becreated that the accuser is somehow responsible for or deserves what has befallen them.Narratives about irresponsibility of,for example,workers or local communities may be used.For example,in Bhopal those living next to the chemical facility and government failures to clear shanty towns around the site were suggested as contributory factors in the death toll,both of which were seen to be outside of Union Carbide’s control and hence should reduce the offensiveness of the impact of the gas leakCompensation While the offensiveness of the act is not challenged,the subjectreduces its impact by offering compensation to those affected.For example,investment in community programmes in areas affected by corporate activities may be used to boost reputationCorrective action Corrective action is promised either to make good the impact of theoffensive act or actions are taken to ensure that it cannot happen again.This strategy may or may not include accepting responsibility of the actMortiﬁcation Responsibility is acknowledged as is the offensiveness of the act andthe subject asks for forgiveness Source:Benoit (1995,pp.74-79)Table I.Benoit typology of imagerestoration strategiesCorporate socialreporting343D o w n l o a d e d b y U n i v e r s i t y o f S t r a t h c l y d e A t 07:57 17 O c t o b e r 2014 (P T )manner by internal factors (see also Adams,2002).Those two perspectives on RRM discourses are developed separately in the following paragraphs.Legitimacy theory studies have found a relationship between different measures of CSR reporting and proxies for legitimacy threats such as major pollution accidents or environmental prosecutions.To date,however,this literature has not used the notion of reputation as a driving force,even though legitimacy and reputation are occasionally used interchangeably in accounting (Chalmers and Godfrey,2004,p.121)as well as in social accounting (Deegan,2002,p.296)studies.The management studies literature,however,has sought to examine the differences between organisational legitimacy and reputation.Deephouse and Carter (2005),in a review of a large array of literature in this area,suggest that both concepts are social constructions (with stakeholders evaluating organisations),both are linked with similar antecedents (such as size,ﬁnancial performance,strategic alliances or regulatory compliance)and both create an improved ability to acquire resources.Deephouse and Carter (2005)suggest,however,that legitimacy and reputation differ in two aspects:the nature of assessment and the dimension of evaluation.In the ﬁrst instance,while legitimacy relies on “meeting and adhering to the expectations of social system’s norms,rules and meanings [reputation relates to a]comparison of organisations to determine their relative standing”(Deephouse and Carter,2005,p.331).As regards the dimensions of evaluation,reputation may be related to virtually any organisational attribute.For example,reputation could be enhanced by attractive landscaping around facilities but such features are not usually linked to legitimacy (Deephouse and Carter,2005).In another context (studying the emergence of the forensic accounting profession)Lawrence (1998,p.1122)contends that reputation “differentiates(s)between the qualiﬁed [that is,legitimate]and the ‘outstanding’forensic accountants”.Together,these papers suggest that legitimacy and reputation cannot be considered interchangeable concepts,albeit that they have much in common.In distinguishing between legitimacy and reputation it is also useful to consider whether or not,and if so to what extent,adhering to social and environmental norms are crucial to legitimacy.It has been argued that,confronted with diverging demands,it makes sense for organisations to meet the demands of the more powerful stakeholders,while dismissing the demands of the less powerful stakeholders (Oliver,1991);that is,to dismiss the demands of environmentalists to meet the demands of “more powerful perceived ﬁnancial stakeholders”(O’Dwyer,2002,p.411).There are also situations where ﬁrms are exposed for continuing to conduct themselves in much the same manner as before,in spite of environmental and social controversies and subsequent stakeholder demands for change (Nike’s auditing of contractors,for example,was found lacking after initial concerns with sweated labour were raised).This suggests that social and environmental aspects are not always seen to be fundamental to organisations’legitimacy (it is,however,also the case that this may differ between situations where legitimacy is being created rather than situations where legitimacy is being maintained or repaired –a potentially important distinction).In contrast,failures to adhere to norms of behaviour with respect to ﬁnancial standards of performance and behaviour are likely (if uncovered)to give rise to serious legitimacy threats with Enron’s demise being a recent,high proﬁle example.Figure 1seeks to illustrate this posited hierarchical relationship between reputation and legitimacy.AAAJ 21,3344D o w n l o a d e d b y U n i v e r s i t y o f S t r a t h c l y d e A t 07:57 17 O c t o b e r 2014 (P T )。

MHI_Floor Plan_Jan09 Presentation

Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP)

Hale Waihona Puke Created by the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act (EESA). The law provides $700 billion to stabilize financial and housing markets. The Treasury Secretary has a number of powers in administering the program, in consultation with federal banking regulators, HUD and the NCUA. Authority terminates on 12/31/09, with Treasury extension to 10/3/2010. Treasury can purchase troubled assets from any financial institution, including central banks of, or institutions, owned by, foreign governments. Troubled assets that TARP may purchase include: Residential or commercial mortgages originated on or before March 14, 2008, or instruments based on such mortgages Other financial instruments that the Treasury Secretary and FRB Chairman with notice to Congress deem necessary Treasury can’t purchase troubled assets unless it receives: 1. a warrant for nonvoting common or preferred stock, or voting stock that Treasury agrees not to vote (if publicly traded selling institution); or 2. a warrant for common or preferred stock, or for senior debt, with protections to ensure Treasury is appropriately compensated. Treasury must consider taxpayer protection Requirements: executive compensation limits, disclosures about assets purchased, etc.

ISA 18.2 vs EEMUA 191 12th Jan 2012 (LTF185a)

Helping you to benefit from ISA 18.2 and EEMUA 191.This presentation will compare and contrast the relative strengths of ISA 18.2 and EEMUA 191, both from a technical and legislative point of view.ABB’s experience and learning in applying these documents to a range of alarm management assessment and improvement projects will be reviewed, with some recommendations as to how to gain most benefit from both.SpeakerJoan Evans is a Principal Consultant with many years experience in manufacturing industry covering project management, line management, quality management,and consultancy positions encompassing the oil and gas,chemicals, petrochemicals, pharmaceutical, food & drink and metals sectors. Joan is a Lead Auditor and experienced project manager whose special areas of interest include consultancy to a range of clients on effective strategies to achieve quality and regulatory requirements and application of project management processes and skills to large consultancy offerings.RegistrationThe lunchtime forum events are by invitation only and are for ABB customer attendees from operating company personnel, in the chemical, petrochemical, oil & gas, pharmaceuticals, power, metals, pulp & paper and consumer industries. Places are limited so please contact Lunchtime Forums to register: Tel: 01642 372029 Email: LTForums@ The forums are FREE of charge and will provide an update on key industry topics, share best practice, demonstrate a practical approach and give an opportunity to network with other industry colleagues.Location: Inchyra Grange Hotel, GrangemouthDate:12th January 2012Time:12:00 Coffee12:10 Introduction12:15 ISA 18.2 vs EEMUA 19112:50 Questions and answers13:00 Buffet lunch13:30 CloseISA 18.2 vs EEMUA 191S a f e t y ©A B B L i m i t e d 2011L T F 181a /10/11Grangemouth lunchtime forum 2012How to get to the Inchyra Grange Hotel, GrangemouthFor Sat Nav - FK2 0YBFrom Glasgow and the West A80-M80: Stirling M80-M876: Kincardine BridgeM876-M9: EdinburghLeave the M9 at Junction 5. Turn right onto Beancross Road (A905). At the roundabout turn left onto Inchyra Road (A905). At the next roundabout turn right onto Wholeflats Road, after 400 yards turn right. The hotel is 400 yards on the right.From Edinburgh and the EastLeave the M9 at Junction 5. At the roundabout turn right onto Inchyra Road (A905). At the next roundabout turn right onto Wholeflats Road, after 400 yards turn right. The hotel is400 yards on the right.ABB ConsultingPavilion 9, Bylands Way Belasis Hall Business Park Billingham, Cleveland TS23 4EBTel: +44 (0) 1642 372000Fax: +44 (0) 1642 372111 E-Mail: contact@/consulting。

JAPANVIDEOTOPICS-yu.emb-japan.go.jp

JAPAN VIDEO TOPICSJapan Video Topics Selection 2000-20061.Vol. 1. Tourist Attractions of Japan2.Vol.2. Japanese Culture and Lifestyle3.Vol.3. Modern JapanJapan Video Topics Selection 2008/091.Vol.1. Culture/Lifestyle-Monkiri Asobi – The Art of Paper-cutting-Donabe – Most Versatile of Cooking pots-Deco Art –It’s Everywhere-High-Rise Work Fashion2.Vol.2. Tourism / Festival-Tokyo’s Subtropical islands-Night festival in Chuchibu-Iwami Kagura – Ancient Ritual to Modern Folk Art3.Vol.3. Technology / Environment-Fresh Ideas for Mobile Living-Minamata – An Eco-Aware Community-Green Revolution Transforms City RooftopsJapan Video Topics – Tohoku Selection (Fukushima, Miyagi, Iwate)1.Miyagi – where the Samurai spirit lingerscquer Reborn3.Hiraizumi – Glories of Long Ago4.Nanbu-tekki Cast Ironwarekes of Many Colors20062006-011.Fighting Sport Builds Friendship2.Block Toy Unblocks Creativity3.Heroes of Disaster –Tokyo’s Hyper-Rescue Team4.Underground Caverns of Akiyoshi2006-021.City of Countless Faces2.The Art of the Compact3.Keeping the Expressways safe4.Weaving Works of Beauty2006-031.Shimane – Land of Silver, Swords and Ancient Shrinestest Digital camera Trends3.Art of Hidden beauty4.More than Cute – Kawaii!2006-041.The roots of Japanese Anime2.Shop Assistants with Purchasing Power3.Exploring Japan: Appreciating Japanese style Rooms4.The Japanese Economy is Rising From Recession2006-051.Japan’s Assistance for Iraq2.Exploring Japan: Appreciating Japanese Sounds3.Japanese Anime in Malaysia4.Citizens in City Planning2006-061.Mobile Phone TV2.Exploring Japan: Appreciating Wooden Architecture3.Japan Welcomes Young Students2006-071.Climbing for Cleaning2.Living with Flowers3.Furoshiki – The Flexible Wrapping Cloth4.Self-expression through Digital Art2006-081.Beach Cleaning Buggy2.Secrets of the White Egret Castle3.The Yukata Fashion Boom4.WASHI, The Finest Japanese Paper5.The Popular Tokyo English Bus Tour2006-091.State-of-the-art Prosthetics2.Staying at a World Heritage Site3.Basement Food Riches4.Preparing for Natural Disasters2006-101.Japan’s 50 Years as a UN member2.Onsen, Warm-hearted Hot Springs – Beppu and Yufuin3.Ramen, Japan’s Favourite Noodles4.The Small Island that Drives on Ethanol2006-111.Global Oysters Supported by Forests2.Not Just for Play – Mobile Game Devices Evolve3.Tokyo - One Day Trip4.UDON Noodles Fostered by nature2006-121.One-day Trip to Tsukuba – Nature and Science2.Edo Kites Flying High3.Supporting the Next generation of Aircraft – Carbon Fiber Composite Materials4.Tokyo Traditional Taste20072007-011.Naoshima – The Island of Art2.Bringing a new Charm to Bonsai3.At the Forefront of Endoscopy4.Japan’s Creative Cheese2007-021. A day Trip Across Tokyo Bay2.The Charm of Modern Paper Craft3.Cleaning Water with Carbon Fibre4.Revitalizing a Town with Ume2007-031. A new Focus for Art in Tokyo2.Recycling with IC Cards3.The Rebirth of Japanese Calligraphy4.Izu Peninsula in Spring2007-101.Try New products for free at Sample lab2.Revealing the hidden side of industry3.Eating on the train – Ekiben boxed meals4. A designer’s ideas transform local industries2007-111. A New Style of Lifelong learning in Shibuya2.The lake that inspired tale of Genji3.Why is Japanese fruit so Delicious?4.Clear as glass, but so much stronger2007-121.Yokohama –Japan’s First Modern City2.Traditional Art Meets Pop Culture3. A Challenge of Skills4.Never Too Old to Play20082008-11.Toyako – Scenic Site of G8 summit2.“Eco” – The New Brand Image3.New Year’s Friendly Demons4.The Miniature World of Omake2008-21.Winter in Japan’s Snow Country2.Tree Surgeons at Work3.Robot, a Remarkable Companion4.World’s Biggest Comic Convention1.Tokyo Girls Collection2.Japan Tourism Goes Green3.High-Tech Hairpieces4.Railway Country2008/2009No. 1. May 081.Mixing Up a Super Fuel2.Hokkaido Horse Trekking3.Fresh Ideas for Mobile Living4.New Future for Smallest RoomNo. 2. June 081.Untouched for 8000 years. Shirakami-Sanchi Forest2.High-Rise Work Fashion3.Fine Mist Cools City Heat4.Minamata. An Eco Aware CommunityNo. 3. Aug 081.Tokyo’s Subtropical islands2.Toys for All Ages3.Japanese Cuisine – Sincerity is the Key4.Building to Blend with NatureNo. 4. Sept 081.Manga Goes Worldwide2.World’s Biggest Firework3.Japanese Denim – High fashion and Eco friendly4.Deco art –It’s EverywhereNo. 5. Oct 081.Walking the Old Tokaido Highwaypact Houses for Spacious Living3.Learning About Life From Food4.Fun Ways to get FitNo. 6. Nov 081.The Healing Powers of the Jellyfish2.Ready to Eat. Instantly, Anywhere3.Bamboo’s Deep Roots in Japanese Life4.Traditional Crafts, Modern Design. That’s Kanazawa No. 7. Jan 091.Night festival in Chichibu2.Monkiri Asobi – The Art of Paper cutting3.Miyadaiku – Guardians of a Tradition of Building in Wood4.Sushi From Tokyo Bay Again1.Tiny satellite Carries a Big Dream2. A stroll through Old Kawagoe3.Carry Your Own Chopsticks4.Tsukemono – the Pleasure of Japanese Pickles No. 9. March 091.Donabe – Most versatile of Cooking pots2.Bonsai –nature’s Beauty in Miniature3.Iwami Kagura – Ancient Ritual to Modern folk Art4.Green revolution Transforms City Rooftops 2009/2010No. 1. May 091.The Cherry Blossoms of Yoshino2.Titanium Tikes for Temple Roofs3.How Old Firms Survive4.Old Crafts in Modern ArtNo. 2. June 091.Hiking the Shinetsu Trail2.When Mending Becomes an Art3. A Better Way To Peaceful Sleep4.New technology for Disabled SportsNo. 3. August 091.Ajisai – Hydrangeas in Hakone2.Lettuce from a factory3.Mizuhiki – the Art of Tying Paper Cords4.New Life for Old FacilitiesNo. 4. Sept 091.Dancing the Summer Nights Away2.Mottainai – Even Tiny Scraps Can be reused3.Cruising the Shimato River4.Umbrellas to Slip in a PocketNo. 5. October 091.Funadansu Sea Chests2.Sweet Accessories3.Yamaga Lantern Festival4.Wagakki – Ancient Japanese Musical Instruments No. 6. Dec 091.Unfolding the story of the kyo-sensu fan2.Highly polished skills3.Matsuri-zushi – festival sushi4.Iriomote’s Shichi festival1.The Miniature Appeal of Netsuke2.Nature’s beauty at Lake Akan3.Keeping Frozen Cells Alive – CAS4.Wazuma – Japanese Traditional Magic No. 8. Feb 101.Nambu-tekki Cast Ironware2.Winter Train to Tsugaru3.Jomon Art – Ancient Yet Modern4.Kendo – a Sport For Mind And Body No. 9. March 101.Mount Fuji in Winter2.Yusan-Bako Picnic Boxes3.New Ways to Use cardboard4.Kariwano’s Giant Tug-of-war 2010/20112010/2011 No. 11.Kukunodate – Sakura and Samurai2.Designed for Universal Use3. A Tradition of Fine Blades4.Edo period Puppet Theater2010/2011 No. 21.Wasabi2.Rebun – island of Flowers3.Japan’s Advanced Vending machines4.Tenugui – the Handy Cloth2010/2011 No. 31.Cyber Robot Suits2.Kumiko Latticwork3.The Essential Bean4.Pillars of Flame2010/2011 No. 41.The Dinosaurs of Katsuyama2.Tokyo’s new Green Hearth3.Ishikari Stone Lanterns2010/2011 No. 51.Onigiri – rice to go2.When lacquer meets deerskin3.Electric vehicles hit the street4.Owara Kaze no Bon Festival2010/2011 No. 6kes of Many Colors2.Safe Water from Every Tap3.Tsumami Kanzashi Hair Ornaments4.Karatsu Kunchi Festival2010/2011 No. 71.Wajima-nuri lacquer ware2.Lighting up the night in Arashiyama3.Fine marquetry from Hakone4. A cascade of chrysanthemums2010/2011 No. 81.Japan’s High-Speed rail System2.Matsue – the water city3.Speedy and safe –Japan’s egg technology4.Artful gift wrapping5.Azuki – the versatile little red bean2010/2011 No. 91.Izu – paradise of flowers2.Snow and Hemp in Ojiya3.Leave it All to the Movers4.Hina – Ningyo Dolls2011/20122011/2012 No. 11.The Colorful World of Bentobako2.Miniaturizing Medicine3.Experimenting with Fashion4.Miyajima – Island Shrine to Nature2011/2012 No. 21.Takachiho – land of Legends2.Waling on Wood3.Flea Markets for Fun4.Technology inspired By Tradition2011/2012 No. 31.Hiraizumi – Once Again a Beacon of Hope2.Fukushima World’s Leading Aluminum technology3.The Magnificent Wooden Chests of Sendai4.Keeping the Auto Industry on the Road2011/2012 No. 41. A festival of festivals – Tohoku Rokkon Sai2.800 years of tradition – Aizu Tajima Gion Festival3.Showcasing Tohoku dance – Kitakami Michinoku Geino Festival4.Festival on Matsushima Bay – Shiogama Minato Festival2011/2012 No. 51.Solar Power in Japan2.Ise-Shima – Ancient Shrines and Pearls3.Stationery Moves with the Times4.The Ukiyo-e Tradition2011/2012 No. 61.Niihama Taiko Festival2.Japanese Rice Snacks3.Shapuing World with Plastics4.The Puppet Art of Bunraku2011/2012 No. 71.Gokayama’s Thatched Farmhouses2.Another Taste of Japan3.Stronger and Lighter than Steel4.Maki-e – Gold on Lacquer2011/2012 No. 81.Meiji Jingu – A Tokyo Oasis2.Ameyaiku Candy Sculpture3.Saving Energy with Sensors4.Kyo Yuzen Kimono Dyeing2011/2012 No. 91.The Camellias of Hagi2.Arita Porcelain3.Leading-Edge desalination technology4.Wadaiko Drumming2012/20132012/2013 No. 11.Tohoku Reconstruction – Eco Friendly and Disaster Resistant2.Tohoku’s Eco-friendly Reconstruction3.Geothermal Energy in Japan4.Pioneering Disaster Technology5.New National Park for Sanriku2012/2013 No. 2A glimpse of Japan’s Cultural Heritage1.Kamakura – Home of Samurai Culture2.Jomon Archaeological Sites in Tohoku3.Okinawa World Heritage4.Mt. Fuji, Japan’s sacred Mountain。

Pearson Edexcel Extended Projects Qualification在艺术

Moderators’ Report/Principal Moderator FeedbackJune 2022Pearson Edexcel Extended Projects Qualification in Artefact (P304)Paper 01Edexcel and BTEC QualificationsEdexcel and BTEC qualifications are awarded by Pearson, the UK’s largest awarding body. We provide a wide range of qualifications including academic, vocational, occupational and specific programmes for employers. For further information visit our qualifications websites at or . Alternatively, you can get in touch with us using the details on our contact us page at /contactus.Pearson: helping people progress, everywherePearson aspires to be the world’s leading learning company. Our aim is to help everyone progress in their lives through education. We believe in every kind of learning, for all kinds of people, wherever they are in the world. We’ve been involved in education for over 150 years, and by working across 70 countries, in 100 languages, we have built an international reputation for our commitment to high standards and raising achievement through innovation in education. Find out more about how we can help you and your students at: /ukGrade BoundariesGrade boundaries for all papers can be found on the website at:https:///en/support/support-topics/results-certification/grade-boundaries.htmlJune 2022Publications Code P304_01_2206_ERAll the material in this publication is copyright© Pearson Education Ltd 2022Student PerformanceWe continue to see many high marks. This is perhaps because of experienced centres and very dedicated learners pursuing projects linked to their personal passions and progression plans. As with the Jan 22 series, there were examples of very technically accomplished and refined projects completed over lockdowns. Learners dedicated additional time beyond the requirements of the qualification.There were again few examples of very low marks. In general, the learners that are entered plane, researched, developed and produced an artefact.The unit is accessible to learners of differing ability and large and small cohorts included a wide range of marks.Suitability of work submittedMost centres supported learners to develop proposals that necessitated a clear research phase. Most of the work sampled reflected the Guided Learning Hours of the qualification.On the whole learners submitted appropriate proposals and evidence for the Artefact unit. There were a few instances of learners not defining and focusing on an artefact outcome from the outset. Sometimes the planning and the structure of the supporting materials were better suited to a Dissertation outcome. In these instances, less effective evidence was presented in the form of an essay/dissertation/literature review with the later addition of an artefact. This could be because centres are modelling a response for a Dissertation as part of the taught course. Therefore, centres are advised to ensure they guide learners to produce appropriate evidence for the demands of the Artefact unit.Generally, learners developed a suitable initial design brief and/or specification as opposed to a question as their starting point/project title. This enabled them to focus effectively on the design and production of their artefact. There was a tendency for those who focused their work on a question to focus disproportionally on an issue, problem or theme rather than the research and methods required to develop and produce an artefact.Highly refined initial briefs offered learners the greatest opportunity. Where consideration was given to specifics such a style, medium, influence, purpose, materials, genre, user-group etc. students were able to plan, research, develop and evaluate with all these in mind. Examples of more successful initial titles/design briefs included:• Design and build a remote-controlled boat which is both extremely stable as well as efficient in very choppy water.• Apply classical chess theoretical research to create a human level monster chess algorithm• Design and create a children’s book (target audience of 2-5 years old) that can be used by parents to explain the process of what having cancer is like inside a hospital environment to their children who have cancer. Include the diagnoses and treatment procedures they will encounter.• ‘Here Comes the Next Wave’. A pop art piece based on mental health to be displayed within a LSA exhibitionMost centres included the required Project Proposal Form and Activity Logs on the Pearson pro-formas.Stronger responses often recognised the validity of documenting relevant primary research including the development of technical skills and research into existing similar products/designs. Occasionally individuals did not appreciate the technical skills required to realise an appropriate Level 3 artefact and/or the time and support needed to develop these skills.Some of the most effective supporting materials were less formal in their presentation, but still structured. They were in the most appropriate form for the artefact outcome (e.g. annotated sketchbooks or design portfolios). Centres should be confident to reward this type of evidence when it meets the assessment criteria. Detailed Activity/Production Logs also often provided evidence for all objectives.The switch to electronic evidence, seemed to impact on the quality of the evidence of the final artefact. There were multiple instances of centres not initially submitting evidence of the final artefact or only providing poor quality black and white images that did not necessarily show the artefact being used/displayed as intended. It is good practice to include filmed evidence of the artefact in use, where appropriate. Some centres made good use of PowerPoint to include images from the design portfolios in their supporting materials. A filmed ‘walk and talk through’ of the design portfolio also provided effective evidence.Most centres recognised the need to provide evidence of both presentation skills and review. Occasionally Oral Presentation Record Forms were not included or fully completed with mark band placement and commentary.Assessment EvidenceAO1Some Project Proposals were very detailed, with all sections on the form completed fully. Proposals were particularly effective when they included a detailed breakdown of the activities that would be completed with the time allocated to each section clearlyidentified. Some plans were very brief and this provided weaker evidence for AO1. Activity Logs that provided stronger evidence for AO1 when they were detailed, reflective and included commentary of how the process was managed. When AO1 was over-rewarded initial proposals and time planning were less focused than the mark suggested. Sometimes titles had not developed from initial vaguer questions into refined briefs. Better assessment considered the full range of marks in the top band. Where there was slight lenience it was also often due to more limited and narrative records of activities.AO2There were examples of excellent research being conducted and used effectively. In these examples, candidates had used a wide range of sources to produce an analysis of the different alternatives that could be considered before starting design or production. The initial research included existing products, the issue to be addressed or the needs of the client, different equipment or materials and different techniques that could be used. On-going research also informed the iterative design and development process. In some examples where evidence was less strong, learners decided on the details of how their artefact would be produced and then conducted their research to provide ‘evidence for the examiner’.AO2 research was sometimes ‘narrower’ than the ‘wide-ranging’ assessment suggested. Literary reviews tended to not meet the assessment demands of the unit as well as reviews or records of (all) research. The evidence seemed to sit in isolation or links to the proposed outcome were not clearly identified. Sometimes there was over-evidencing of AO2, to the detriment of time spent on the development and realisation of the Artefact (AO3). This most often happened when the project had been initially conceived as a Dissertation.Some learners did not reference consistently within their work or produce a bibliography which provided less evidence for AO2, as the bibliography is part of the marking criteria in all mark bands.AO3At the top end students demonstrated a high level of technical skill and produced very successful outcomes. There was evidence of genuine innovation as students created new artworks, designs and products.A significant number of centres presented very brief if any supporting materials. This led to more significant lenience in the assessment of criteria related to the learners’ understanding of the development process and consideration of alternatives. Learners sometimes erroneously presented background research essays into the theme of their project, rather than a narrative of the creative development process.There was sometimes lenience in the assessment of AO3 when shorter development and realisation phases did not reflect the increased weighting allotted to this objective. There was less recognition of the necessity for learners to undertake a multistage development process and interrogate initial designs and drafts, before refining the outcome through test pieces or prototypes.Some centres appear to be over-rewarding the outcome. This was particularly the case when there was less evidence of the process presented in the supporting materials. The quality of the outcome was also sometimes over-rewarded.AO4Oral Presentation Records and copies of the presentation slides were usually included. Most centres considered the quality of review and the learners’ presentation skills in the overall mark. Where there was slight leniency against AO4, centre assessors could often better consider the full range of marks in the top band. The quality of review tended to be over-rewarded.At the top end, high-level review and insight was embedded throughout the portfolio. More detailed written summative review tended to enable learners to demonstrate the top band criteria. When the summative review was briefer and assessor comments suggested there was more evidence in the presentation, this could have been more robustly demonstrated through the inclusion of speakers notes/scripts or a recording. Centre PerformanceMost centres were accurate or slightly lenient in their assessment of P304. Many centres appear very experienced and confident with the assessment process and applying the marking criteria to a wide range of work.There were very occasional instances of inconsistency. Centres that had been inconsistent in their assessment also tended to have not effectively internally standardised across the team of assessors. However, there was generally clear evidence of internal moderation processes.AO3 was most likely to be leniently assessed, and when the content and outcome reflected band 2 rather than band 3.Centres are encouraged to ensure they access their E9 report, as this will enable them to address any issues and guard against the upward creep of marks.The Learner Work Transfer System was used by most for the first time. Centres are advised to double check that the uploaded electronic evidence includes all items listed as Project Contents on the Candidate Record Sheet. The following issues were quite common and should be addressed:• documents not fully scanned and so pages omitted• Candidate Record Sheets not submitted• an excessive number of individual documents per learner, with photographs of individual pages of evidence, rather than a single PDF or film of visual evidence. Some centres did not upload a complete sample, including the work of the highest and lowest marked student. There was varied practice in the labelling of electronic documents and centres are advised to ensure they read the guidance.Most centres linked their teacher assessor comments to the language of the assessment criteria on the Candidate Record Sheet as required, rather than providing personal qualitative judgments.Centres are commended for continuing to support the very wide-ranging interests of enthused learners.Pearson Education Limited. Registered company number 872828with its registered office at 80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL, United Kingdom。

艾利(FASSON)系列标签目录

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HP104
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Unit2 Improving Yourself 第 2 课时

7. We'd like to remind viewers to be considerate _______ your neighbors and keep TVs turned down.
8. They put off __________(hold) the opening ceremony because of the bad weather.
3. John was late for the business meeting because his flight _____________(delay) by a heavy storm.
4. Tom was careless in __________(prepare) for the coming final exam, which made his parents angry.
5. It's interesting that he sent me the book twenty days before the __________(截止日期) for my book.
6. Now that the problem has been identified, ___________ (适当的)action can be taken.
GROUPS
Groups of five or more require special arrangements and must be confirmed in advance. Please review the List of Available Projects and fill out the Group Project Request Form.
4. The change of the climate also makes the earth warmer. ___________, the warmth of the earth changes the climate, too.

2009年全国高考上海英语试题及答案

2009年全国高考英语试题及答案(上海卷)2009年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语试卷第I卷(共105分)I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections：In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.Section BDirections:In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.Section CDirections:In Section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B. C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.25. Four Chinese models were ______ the 14 people awarded prizes on Friday at the World Supermodel Competition.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.If the package looks pretty, people will buy just about anything. So says an advertising executive in New York, and he has proved his point by selling boxes of rubbish for the price of an expensive bottle of wine.Justin Gignac, 26, has sold almost 900 ____41_____ presented plastic boxes of rubbish from the street of the Big Apple at between $50 and $100 each. Buyers from 19 countries have paid for the souvenirs(纪念品). The idea has been so successful that he is thinking of promoting it around the world.It all began when Mr. Gignac was at a summer workshop. “We had a discussion about he importance of ____42___,” he recalls. “Someone said packaging was unimportant. I disagreed. The only way to prove it was by selling something nobody would ever want.”He searches the streets of Manhattan and typical ___43___ include broken glass, subway tickets, Starbucks cups and used ___44____ forks. “Special editions” are offered at a high price. He charged $100 for rubbish from the opening day of the New York Yanke es‟ stadium.Mr. Gignac denies ____45___ his customers for fools: “They know what they‟re getting. They appreciate the fact that they‟re taking something nobody would want and finding beauty init.”Some _____46___ customers include people who used to live in the city and want a down-to-earth souvenir. He claims he has even sold to art collectors.Realizing that the concept appears to be a real money-maker, Mr. Gignac has ___47___ a company and is employing his girlfriend as vice president. He ___48___ to discuss his profit margins: “It‟s actually quite a lot of effort putting them together—but yet, garbage is free.”Mr. Gignac is considering more varieties of souvenirs. He maintains that he has signed ___49___ with people interested in similar projects from as far as Berlin and London.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Most peo ple believe they don‟t have much imagination. They are __50__. Everyone has imagination, but most of us, once we become adults, forget how to __51__ it. Creativity isn‟t always __52__ with great works of art or ideas. People at work and in their free time __53__ think of creative ways to solve problems. Maybe you have a goal to achieve, a tricky question to answer or you just want to expand your mind! Here are three techniques to help you.Making connections This technique involves taking __54__ ideas and trying to find links between them. First, think about the problem you have to solve or the job you need to do. Then find an image, word, idea or object, for example, a candle. Write down all the ideas/words __55__ with candles: light, fire, matches, wax, night, silence, etc. Think of as many as you can. The next stage is to relate the __56__ to the job you have to do. So imagine you want to buy a friend an original __57__; you could buy him tickets to a match or take him out for the night.No limits! Imagin e that normal limitations don‟t __58__. You have as muchtime/space/money, etc. as you want. Think about your goal and the new __59__. If your goal is to learn to ski, __60__, you can now practice skiing every day of your life (because you have the time and the money). Now__61__ his to reality. Maybe you can practice skiing every day in December, or every Monday in January.Be someone else!Look at the situation from a __62__ point of view. Good businessmen use this technique in trade, and so do writers. Fiction writers often imagine they are the __63__ in their books. They ask questions: What does this character want? Why can‟t she get it? What changes must she make to get what she wants? If your goal involves other people, put yourself in their __64__. The best fishermen think like fish!Section BDirections: Read the following four passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Even at school there had been an unhealthy competition between George and Richard.“I‟ll be the first millionaire in Coleford!” Richard used to boast.“And you‟ll be sorry you knew me,” George would reply “because I‟ll be the best lawyer in the town!”George never did become a lawyer and Richard never made any money. Instead both men opened bookshops on opposite sides of Coleford High Street. It was hard to make money from books, which made the competition between them worse.Then Richard married a mysterious girl. The couple spent their honeymoon on the coast—but Richard never came back. The police found his wallet on a deserted beach but the body was never found. He must have drowned.Now with only one bookshop in town, business was better for George. But sometimes he sat in his narrow, old kitchen and gazed out of the dirty window, thinking about his formal rival(竞争对手). Perhaps he missed him?George was very interested in old dictionaries. He‟d recently found a collector in Australia who was selling a rare first edition. When the parcel arrived, the book was in perfect condition and George was delighted. But while he was having lunch, George glanced at the photo in the newspaper that the book had been wrapped in. He was astonished—the smiling face was olderthan he remembered but unmistakable! Trembling, George started reading.“Bookends have bought ten bookstores from their rivals Dylans.The company, owned by multi-millionaire Richard Pike, is now the largest bookseller in Australia.”65. George and Richard were ______ at school.68. What happened to George and Richard in the end?A. Both George and Richard became millionaires.B. Both of them realized their original ambitions.C. George established a successful business while Richard was missing.D. Richard became a millionaire while George had no great success.(B)Welcome to Banff, Canada‟s first, most famous and arguably most fascinating national park. If you‟ve come to ski or snowboard,we‟ll see you on the slopes. Skiing is a locals‟ favorite too.While you‟re here, try other recreational activities available in our mountains. Popular choices include a Banff Gondola ride up Sulphur Mountain, bathe in the natural mineral waters at the Upper Hot Spring, horse-drawn sleigh ride, drive-your-own-team dog sled excursion, and snowmobile tour to the highland (but not in the national park).We also recommend you make time to enjoy simple pleasure. After looking around Banff Aveshops, walk a couple of blocks west or south to the scenic BowRiver.Try ice skating on frozen Lake Louise where Ice Magic International Ice Sculpture Competition works are displayed after Jan 25. You can rent skates in Banff or at the sport shop in the Fairmont Chateau Lake Louise hotel.Banff‟s backcountry paths access a wilderness world of silence and matchless beauty—cross country skis and snowshoes provide the means. Banff sport shops rent equipment and clothes, or join an organized tour. Although we‟ve been many time s, we still find the cliffs and icefalls of our frozen canyons worth visiting.Wildlife watching also creates satisfying memories. We have seen hundreds of the elk and bighorn sheep that attract visitors, yet they still arouse a sense of wonder. And the rare spotting of a cougar, wolf or woodland caribou takes our breath away.See if simple pleasures work for you. Fight in the snow with your kids, walk beside a stream or climb to a high place and admire the view.—Banff Resort Guide Editors69. According to the passage, Banff‟s backcountry is accessible by _____.(C)“Get your hands off me, I have been stolen,” the laptop, a portable computer, shouted. That is a new solution to laptop computer theft: a program that lets owners give their property a voice when it has been taken.The program allows users to display alerts on the missing computer‟s screen and even to set a spoken message. Tracking software for stolen laptops has been on the market for some time, but this is thought to be the first that allows owners to give the thief a piece of their mind.Owners must report their laptop missing by logging on to a website, which sends a message to the model: a red and yellow “lost or stolen” banner pops up on its screen when it is started. Under the latest version(版本) of the software, users can also send a spoken message.The message can be set to reappear every 30 seconds, no matter how many times the thief closes it. “One customer sent a message saying, …You are being tracked. I am right at your door‟,” said Carrie Hafeman, chief executive of the company which produces the program, Retriever.In the latest version, people can add a spoken message. The default through the comput er‟s speakers is: “Help, this laptop is reported lost or stolen. If you are not my owner, please report me now.”The Retriever software package, which costs $29.95 (￡21) but has a free trial period, has the functions of many security software programs. Owners can remotely switch to an alternative password prompt if they fear that the thief has also got hold of the access details.If a thief accesses the internet with the stolen laptop, Retriever will collect information on the internet service provider in use, so that the police can be alerted to its location.Thousands of laptops are stolen every year from homes and offices, but with the use of laptops increasing, the number stolen while their owners are out and about has been rising sharply.Other security software allows users to erase data remotely or lock down the computer.72. The expression “to give the thief a piece of their mind” can be understood as “_______”.74. One function of the program is that it allows the owner to ______ at a distance.A. change some access details for switching on the laptopB. turn on the laptop by using the original passwordC. operate the laptop by means of an alternative passwordD. erase the information kept in the stolen laptop75. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?A. With no Retriever, thousands of laptops are stolen every year.B. A new software provides a means to reduce laptop theft.C. Retriever has helped to find thieves and lost computers.D. A new program offers a communication platform with the thief.(D)The latest research suggests a more prosaic, democratic, even puritanical view of the world. The key factor separating geniuses from the m erely accomplished is not a divine spark. It‟s not I.Q., a generally bad predictor of success, even in realms like chess. Instead, it‟s deliberate practice. Top performers spend more hours (many more hours) rigorously practicing their craft. If you wanted to picture how a typical genius might develop, you‟d take a girl who possessed a slightly above average verbal ability. It wouldn‟t have to be a big talent, just enough so that she might gain some sense of distinction. Then you would want her to meet, say, a novelist, who coincidentally shared some similar biographical traits. Maybe the writer was from the same town, had the same ethnic background, or, shared the same birthday.This contact would give the girl a vision of her future self. It would give her some idea of a fascinating circle she might someday join. It would also help if one of her parents died when she was 12, giving her a strong sense of insecurity and fueling a desperate need for success. Armed with this ambition, she would read novels and life stories of writers without end. This would give her a primary knowledge of her field. She‟d be able to see new writing in deeper ways and quickly perceive its inner workings.Then she would practice writing. Her practice would be slow, painstaking and error-focused. By practicing in this way, she delays the automatizing process. Her mind wants to turn conscious, newly learned skills into unconscious, automatically performed skills. By practicing slowly, by breaking skills down into tiny parts and repeating, she forces the brain to internalize a better pattern of performance. Then she would find an adviser who would provide a constant stream of feedback, viewing her performance from the outside, correcting the smallest errors, pushing her to take on tougher challenges. By now she is redoing problems—how do I get characters into a room—dozens and dozens of times. She is establishing habits of thought she can call upon in order to understand or solve future problems.The primary trait she possesses is not so me mysterious genius. It‟s the ability to develop a purposeful, laborious and boring practice routine. The latest research takes some of the magic out of great achievement. But it underlines a fact that is often neglected. Public discussion is affected by genetics and what we‟re “hard-wired” to do. And it‟s true that genes play a role in our capabilities. But the brain is also very plastic. We construct ourselves through behavior.76. The passage mainly deals with _____.77. By reading novels and writers‟ stories, the girl could ______.A. come to understand the inner structure of writingB. join a fascinating circle of writers somedayC. share with a novelist her likes and dislikesD. learn from the living examples to establish a sense of security78. In the girl‟s long painstaking training process, _____.A. her adviser forms a primary challenging force to her successB. her writing turns into an automatic pattern of performanceC. she acquires the magic of some great achievementsD. she comes to realize she is “hard-wired” to write79. What can be concluded from the passage?A. A fuelling ambition plays a leading role in one‟s success.B. A responsible adviser is more important than the knowledge of writing.C. As to the growth of a genius, I.Q. doesn‟t matter, but just his/her efforts.D. What really matters is what you do rather than who you are.Section CDirections: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need.Unabridged dictionaries contain as many as 500,000 entries and provide detailed definitions and extensive word histories (etymologies). These dictionaries, possibly in several volumes and mostly found in libraries, are excellent sources for scholarly inquiries. Unabridged dictionaries include the Oxford English Dictionary and the Random House Dictionary of the English Language.Specialized dictionaries provide in-depth information about a certain field. For example, there are dictionaries for the specialized vocabularies of law, computer technology, and medicine.In addition, there are dictionaries of synonyms, clichés, slang, and even regional expressions, such as the Dictionary of American Regional English (DARE). There are also dictionaries of foreign lan guages, famous people‟s names, literary characters‟ names and place names.第II卷（共45分）I. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 网球运动在上海越来越流行了。

2024年江苏新高考一卷英语试题.doc

2024年江苏新高考一卷英语试题2024年江苏新高考一卷英语试题及答案例：How much is the shirt?A.E19.15.B.E9.18.C.E9.15.答案是C.1.What is Kate doing?A.Boarding a flight.B.Arranging a tripC.Seeing a friend off.2.What are the speakers talking about?A.pop star.B.An old songC.A radio program3.What will the speakers do today?A.Goto an art show.B.Meet the mans aunt.C.Eat out with Mark4.What does the man want to do?A.Cancel an order.B.Ask for a receipt.C.Reschedule a delivery5.When will the next train to Bedford leave?A.At 9:45.B.At 10:15C.At 11:00.第二节 (共15小题;每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的 A 、B 、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟;听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

每段对话或独白读两遍。

听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。

6.What will the weather be like today?A.StormyB.SunnyC.Foggy7.What is the man going to do?A.Plant a tree.B.Move his carC.Check the map听第7段材料，回答第8至10题。

国开本科《商务英语4》(第四大题写作题)题库(排序版)

国开本科《商务英语4》 (第四大题写作题)题库(排序版版)说明：资料更新至2021年7月试题。

[试题] 根据要求完成作文… 写一封加薪申请信[试题~]According to the following information,please write an application letter for salary raise.[ 2021年 7月试题](1)You are George,and your boss is Mr.Smith.(2)Your reasons for the letter(3)Your expectation for the salary raise备注：请根据以下信息，写一封加薪申请信。

(1)你是乔治，你的老板是史密斯先生。

(2)你来信的理由(3)你对加薪的期望参考答案：Dear Mr.Smith,As I approach my third year in the job,I find myself more dedicated,devoted and motivated than I ever was.I am thrilled to the fact that my efforts have been sensed and this will only result in enhanced performance.The performance review demonstrate show hard I have worked and how much commitment I am willing to put.I hope you agree with me that better performance and hard work should be rewarded.I hereby kindly ask you to consider a salary adjustment commensurate with my performance. !am willing to give more and would be grateful if my efforts can be acknowledged and consequently reflected with an appropriate change in my pay.Thank you.Sincerely,George[试题二] Please write an application letter for salary raisi e,according to the following information.(1)You are George,and your boss is Mr.Smith.(2)Your reasons for the letter.(3)Your expectation for the salary raise.备注：请根据以下信息写一份加薪申请书。

一篇文章的漫长投稿过程-科研经验交流-小木虫论坛-学术科研第一站

一篇文章的漫长投稿过程-科研经验交流-小木虫论坛-学术科研第一站一篇文章的漫长投稿过程2011/3/15按理说现在自己应该正是忙着找工作和准备毕业论文的时候，但是现在毕业论文正在老板手里改，找工作的话也在等一篇文章的消息，本来不打算等的，但是多一篇论文对于本来论文就不多的我而言，无异于有一个质的提高，反正现在正在编辑手里，也等不了几天了，所以现在这两天除了等就是等，也没有其它什么可做的。

自己以前就一直计划写一些自己的感想，算是对小木虫和诺贝尔学术资源网在我读博期间给予我巨大帮助的报答，我的绝大部分书和不少一部分论文，都是从上面这两个网站上无偿得到的（physebook 上面的找到不少专业性的资料），如果没有这几个网站，我确实无法想象自己能够走到什么地步。

我不是大牛，我只是一个即将毕业的普通的物理博士，论文也不多，够毕业的，我之所以选择写下来的原因是如果自己以后找的工作跟科研不相关的话，自己可能就更没有心情和机会来写了，这对于这个浩渺的世界当然不能算是任何损失，但是对于我自己而言，确实是一种遗憾。

好了，废话不多说了，下面就说这篇文章的过程以及自己在这个过程中的感想。

这篇文章是一篇实验文章，在刚做出来的时候，因为自己写文章的角度比较新，所以就我所了解的研究现状而言，别人还没有这样做过，而且当时自己是研究生第三年，反正有的是时间耗，所以就投了物理期刊类中比较好的杂志PRL，当时编辑送审了三个人，在等了两个多月之后，回来的消息是拒掉，不过三个人中还是有一个人同意的，另外两个不同意，因为涉及到比较专业的东西，说起来估计大家也没兴趣，反正就是我和导师商量之后发现那两个不同意的人中只有一个人的意见比较致命，另一个人纯属没有理解这篇论文，于是我们就详细准备了8页左右的回复，并且按照审稿人的意见修改了我们的论文，回复给了编辑。

编辑在看了我们的回复之后，把我们的意见给了那两个不同意的审稿人，其中一个没太读懂的审稿人很快就回复了，但是意见比较致命的那个审稿人两个月都还没有回复，编辑认为那个审稿人不会再恢复了，所以就根据他已经收到的这个审稿人意见拒掉了我们的论文。

How to write and publish a scientific paper[1]

GENERAL STYLE
To make a paper readable: • Print or type using a 12 point standard font (Times, Geneva, Bookman, Helvetica, etc.) • Text should be double spaced with 1 inch margins, single sided • Number pages consecutively (preferably also lines...easier for reviewer) • Start each new section on a new page • Adhere to recommended page limits Mistakes to avoid: • Placing a heading at the bottom of a page with the following text on the next page (insert a page break) • Dividing a table or figure – confine each one to a single page • Submitting a paper with pages out of order
CHOOSING A TARGET JOURNAL
Consider: • Appropriateness for your message • Type and length of articles published • Impact factor (Thomson Scientific, Journal Citation Reports: /) • Likelyhood of publication • Journal circulation

IJWA sample paper

ABSTRACT: Data mining is a part of a process called KDD-knowledge discovery in databases. This process consists basically of steps that are performed before carrying out data mining, such as data selection, data cleaning, pre-processing, and data transformation. Association rule techniques are used for data mining if the goal is to detect relationships or associations between specific values of categorical variables in large data sets. There may be thousands or millions of records that have to be read and to extract the rules for, but the question is what will happen if there is new data, or there is a need to modify or delete some or all the existing set of data during the process of data mining. In the past user would repeat the whole procedure, which is time-consuming in addition to its lack of efficiency. From this, the importance of dynamic data mining process appears and for this reason this problem is going to be the main topic of this paper. Therefore the purpose of is study is to find solution for dynamic data mining process that is able to take into considerations all updates (insert, update, and delete problems) into account. Key words: Static data mining process, dynamic data, data mining, data mining process, dynamic data mining process. Received: 11 July 2009, Revised 13 August 2009, Accepted 18 August 2009 © 2009 D-line. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Data mining is the task of discovering interesting and hidden patterns from large amounts of data where the data can be stored in databases, data warehouses, OLAP ( on line analytical process ) or other repository information [1]. It is also defined as knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) [2]. Data mining involves an integration of techniques from multiple disciplines such as database technology, statistics, machine learning, neural networks, information retrieval, etc [3]. According [4]: “Data mining is the process of discovering meaningful patterns and relationships that lie hidden within very large databases”. Also [5] defines Data mining as “the analysis of observational data sets to find unsuspected relationships and to summarize the data in novel ways that are both understandable and useful to the data owner”. Data mining is a part of a process called KDD-knowledge discovery in databases [3]. This process consists basically of steps that are performed before carrying out data mining, such as data selection, data cleaning, pre-processing, and data transformation [6]. The architecture of a typical data mining system may have the following major components [3]: database, data warehouse, or other information repository; a server which is responsible for fetching the relevant data based on the user’s data mining request, knowledge base which is used to guide the search. Data mining engine consists of a set of functional modules, Pattern evaluation module which interacts with the data mining modules so as to focus the search towards interesting patterns and graphical user interface which communicates between users and the data mining system, allowing the user interaction with system.

PAPER DIAPER AND PAPER DIAPER PRODUCT PACKAGE

专利名称：PAPER DIAPER AND PAPER DIAPERPRODUCT PACKAGE发明人：KANEDA, Masahiro, DAIO PAPERCONVERTING CO., LTD.申请号：EP04808161.6申请日：20041227公开号：EP1704842A1公开日：20060927专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：In a disposable diaper in which a disposable diaper product main body is formed by at least a top sheet, a back sheet and an absorber interposed between the sheets, anda plurality of design prints are applied to a position which is visible from an outer portion of the disposable diaper product main body, in a width direction of the disposable diaper product main body from a waist opening end portion of a front body to a waist opening end portion of a back body, the disposable diaper is produced by applying the design prints so as to satisfy a relation "A > B ≥ 1/3A", in which a width of the disposable diaper product main body is set to A and a width of a surface of the design prints is set to B. A disposable diaper product package is produced by accommodating a plurality of the disposable diaper products having different designs within the same package.申请人：DAIO PAPER CORPORATION地址：2-60, Mishimakamiya-cho Shikokuchuo-shi, Ehime 799-0402 JP国籍：JP代理机构：Hooiveld, Arjen Jan Winfried更多信息请下载全文后查看。

小学上册第4次英语第1单元期中试卷

小学上册英语第1单元期中试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The elephant is known for its ______ (记忆).2.I love to watch ________ (舞蹈表演) on TV.3.What is the name of the famous artist known for his "The Arnolfini Portrait"?A. Jan van EyckB. RembrandtC. Vincent van GoghD. Claude MonetA4.I love to eat ______ (pancakes) for breakfast.5.What is the capital of Tanzania?A. Dar es SalaamB. DodomaC. ZanzibarD. ArushaB Dodoma6.The _______ (蜗牛) carries its shell wherever it goes.7.I want to ________ (make) a difference.8.What do we call the process of cooking food using steam?A. BoilingB. SteamingC. FryingD. BakingB9.agette movement fought for women's __________ (投票权). The Taip10.What do you call a group of stars?A. GalaxyB. PlanetC. CometD. Asteroid11.What do you call the area of land surrounded by water?A. IslandB. PeninsulaC. CoastD. Bay12.I like to watch ___ (movies) with friends.13. A solar eclipse happens when the moon blocks the _____.A. ParisB. MadridC. RomeD. BerlinC15. A _____ (bush) can be used for privacy.16.The capital of Slovakia is ________ (布拉迪斯拉发).17.I enjoy going to the ______ with my friends.18.The ________ (花园) is filled with colorful blooms.19. A reaction that results in a change of state is called a ______ reaction.20.The molecular formula tells us the exact number of _____ in a molecule.21.Which animal lives in a den?A. BearB. FishC. BirdD. Snake22.What is the name of the ancient civilization that built the Machu Picchu?A. AztecsB. IncasC. MayansD. EgyptiansB23.The cake is very ________.24.My sister loves _______ (跳舞).25.My _____ (玩具车) is red and fast.26. A chemical change can result in a change in ______.27.Which animal is known for its wisdom?A. OwlB. EagleC. ParrotD. CrowA28. A __________ is a measurement of how much matter is in an object.29.Which planet is known as the Red Planet?A. EarthB. MarsC. JupiterD. Saturn30.What is the main ingredient in pizza?A. DoughB. RiceC. BreadD. Salad31.What type of tree produces acorns?A. PineB. OakC. MapleD. BirchBA. CloudyB. DirtyC. OpaqueD. Foggy33.What is the name of the famous fruit that is yellow and curved?A. BananaB. AppleC. OrangeD. PearA34.I want to ________ (become) an astronaut.35.We draw with _____ (粉笔) on the sidewalk.36.Which animal lives in a hive?A. AntB. BeeC. SpiderD. Worm37. A butterfly has beautiful ____.38.What do we breathe?A. WaterB. AirC. FoodD. LightB39.We have a ______ (丰富的) educational system.40.The _______ (The Renaissance) led to advancements in arts and sciences.41.What is the capital of Afghanistan?A. KabulB. KandaharC. HeratD. Mazar-i-SharifA42.I like to ______ my friends' birthdays. (celebrate)43.What do you call the part of the plant that absorbs water and nutrients from the soil?A. StemB. LeafC. RootD. FlowerC44.The Earth's inner structure includes the ______ and outer core.45.Hamsters like to play on their _________. (轮子)46.What do we use to write on paper?A. PaintB. PencilC. BrushD. Eraser47.Antarctica is known for its ________ (南极以其________) and extreme cold.48.The ______ of a plant can tell you about its age. (植物的年轮可以告诉你它的年龄。

3244SE1996SE3338WCMarathon3095NE3019WCDunn1099SE

Municiple & Industrial Waste Landfills Wed Jun 21 11:02:09 CDT 2006 List Sorted by Facility Name (alpha)Out-of-State Waste (in tons)Facility Name WDNRLic. No.DNRRegion County LF SizeInitial orOriginalCapacityCap. as ofJan.1994 InCu YdsCapacity(Added)in 1994Cap. as ofJan. 1995 InCu YdsDate Rcvd inBureau Cat. 1Cat. 2Cat. 3Cat. 4Cat. 5Cat. 6Cat. 2-6Total Cat. 19Cat. 20Cat. 21Cat. 22Cat. 23Cat. 24Cat. 1-24Total IL IN IA MN MI OtherEstimatedSite LifeIn YearsASStatus --OtherInfor.ABBOTSFORD CTY LF2932WC Marathon LF150,0002,6502,40010-Mar-955300000000000005300000004 ADAMS CNTY LF & RECYCLING CENTER3150WC Adams LF3700,000495,542485,41528-Mar-955,0620000000000005,06200000032 ALLIANT ENERGY - COLUMBIA ENERGY CTR2325SC Columbia LF4500,00022,00027,60010-Mar-95000000000000000000003 ALLIANT ENERGY - COLUMBIA ENERGY CTR3025SC Columbia LF46,529,2005,232,0165,201,48710-Mar-95040,887000040,88700000040,88700000064 ANTIGO CTY 3294NO Langlade LF2203,00059,00034,19022-Mar-952,5990000000000002,5990000001 APPLETON COATED LLC - LOCKS MILL 3036NE Outagamie LF24,250,000114,55576,11220-Mar-95016,6996,25900022,95800000022,9580000005 ASHLAND CTY LF3087NO Ashland LF2159,41547,81480,00027-Mar-953,09800003,5513,551230000006,8790000000 BADGER PAPER MILLS INC1344NE Marinette LF2400,000237,634225,71417-Feb-950010,72800010,72800000010,7280000000 BEAVER DAM CTY LF3189SC Dodge LF2382,000260,500228,00011-May-956,706001,269001,2690000007,975000000BFI WASTE SYSTEMS OF NORTH AMERICA INC3144NO Washburn LF3978,000418,317222,66820-Mar-9583,0550********,8770000122,93200013,28100BROWN CNTY EAST LF2569NE Brown LF34,500,0001,562,1171,325,74622-Feb-95100,4873,75689,46114,3984,8450112,460000000212,9470000001 BROWN CNTY WEST LF & TRANSFER STATION2568NE Brown LF3664,656405,15922-Feb-95162,4631,93453,16010,2595,956071,309000000233,772000000 DAIRYLAND POWER COOP3122SC Grant LF283,40059,76459,76402-Mar-95000000000000000000005 DAIRYLAND POWER COOP GENOA STATION1747WC Vernon LF49,7780014,558000014,55800000014,558000000 DAIRYLAND POWER COOP OFF-SITE ASH DISPOSAL2927WC Buffalo LF41,655,700830,961767,91402-Mar-95068,85400023869,09200000069,0920000001 DANE CNTY LF #2 RODEFELD3018SC Dane LF3650,000241,6503,242,65022-Mar-95111,831000015,13815,138000000126,96900000012 DOMTAR AW CORP ASH BARK SITE1365WC Wood LF41,260,0001,100,8861,058,21228-Feb-95033,81800057634,39400000034,39400000026 DOMTAR AW CORP MILL REFUSE LF2857WC Wood LF2800028-Feb-9500000271271000000271000000 DOMTAR AW CORP WASTEWATER TREATMENT SITE2613WC Wood LF42,736,369500,403675,00028-Feb-950089,779002,84992,6282,6140000095,24200000051 DOOR CNTY SANITARY LF2937NE Door LF3155,000146,17275,79503-Mar-9523,77600000000000023,7760000000 EDEN VIL & TN LF2739NE Fond Du Lac LF10152000000000000152000000FALK CORP LANDFILL1882SE Milwaukee LF4569,000337,516312,07115-Mar-0000034,3510034,35100000034,3510000007 FARNAM SEALING SYSTEMS LF640WC Juneau LF2207,940187,28017-Feb-95000004,1324,1320000004,132000000 FLAMBEAU MINING CO - KENNECOTT MINING SITE3180NO Rusk LF43,560,6022,572,62321-Mar-9500000000000000000000FORT JAMES CORP GREEN BAY WEST LF2332NE Brown LF46,250,0005,146,2004,722,44130-Mar-950172,791356,414000529,205000000529,2050000007 FORT JAMES OPERATING CO - NORTHLAND LF2893NE Brown LF4750,000254,053237,79303-Mar-950016,26000016,26000000016,26000000024 GENERAL CHEMICAL CORP ALUM LF1907NE Winnebago LF2175,000131,240130,48007-Mar-950000085285200000085200000019 GEORGIA PACIFIC CORP- GINGLES LF (FT JAMES)2826NO Ashland LF2410,00087,50027,90024-Apr-950022,61500022,61500000022,6150000000 GEORGIA-PACIFIC TISSUE LLC (FKA: WIS TISSUE)3131NE Winnebago LF4697,014454,94002-Mar-9500186,238000186,238000000186,2380000000 GREDE - REEDSBURG FOUNDRY2974SC Sauk LF2375,000173,284146,27815-Feb-9500035,1080035,10800000035,10800000015 HWY G SANITARY LF3100NO Vilas LF2250,000211,219200,12801-Mar-958,3180000000000008,3180000009 JACKSON CNTY SANITARY LF INC2004WC Jackson LF3525,000121,47751,99501-Mar-9541,64800002,6852,68500000044,33300011,097000 JANESVILLE CTY - ROCK CNTY LF3023SC Rock LF33,100,0002,336,1282,054,12813-Apr-9594,4061,907006,20022,32530,43219,65300000144,49115,802000003 JUNEAU CNTY LF #23070WC Juneau LF2420,000278,479263,74827-Mar-957,8000000000000007,80000000015 KESTREL HAWK LF572SE Racine LF35,000,0001,672,2891,157,45028-Mar-95199,6100086,2000120,969207,169000000406,77974,474000006 KEWAUNEE CNTY SW BALEFILL & COMPOST SITE2975NE Kewaunee LF3517,000192,000216,46423-Mar-9512,08700000000000012,0870000005 KOHLER CO LF1508SE Sheboygan LF44,240,000500,000500,00024-Mar-9500084,490039,594124,0840********,0840******* LA CROSSE CNTY MSW LF & ASH MONOFILL3253WC La Crosse LF31,672,2001,541,4291,478,05815-Mar-9537,17310,285000010,28500000047,4580007260012 LINCOLN CNTY SANITARY LF3141NO Lincoln LF3825,000723,882696,10422-Feb-9513,88900000000000013,88900000015 MALLARD RIDGE RECYCLING & DISPOSAL FACILITY3244SE Walworth LF35,197,0005,197,0004,800,00015-Mar-95220,5900024,985035,52660,51129,32400000310,425115,26006,24910,043004 MANN BROS LF1996SE Walworth LF230,00030,00024-Mar-97000003,0003,0000000003,0000000001 MARATHON CNTY LF AREA B3338WC Marathon LF32,508,0002,500,0002,236,15017-Feb-9588,831017,5911,943018,24837,782000000126,6130000005 MAR-OCO LF3095NE Marinette LF31,480,0001,225,5851,156,26115-Feb-9521,97209,6590009,65900000031,631000016015 MENOMONIE CTY LF #30193019WC Dunn LF2210,50022,26434,86721-Feb-9514,18000000000000014,180000000METRO LANDFILL & DEVELOPMENT1099SE Milwaukee LF35,175,0003,323,0002,769,00028-Mar-95423,0050011,89739,302051,199107,0760*******,2800000004 METROPOLITAN REFUSE DIST INC107SC Dane LF347,44118,00004-Apr-957,0200000000000007,020000000 MIDWEST TIMBER LF2284NO Iron LF226,80027,30020-Mar-9700000757500000075000000 MONROE CNTY RIDGEVILLE SITE & DEMOLTION LF2858WC Monroe LF3750,000330,000290,00027-Mar-9518,878003,640003,6409,8500000032,3680000000 MOSINEE PAPER CORP LF2806WC Marathon LF2500,000100,30298,63227-Mar-95002,17900352,2140000002,21400000020 NEENAH PAPERS - WHITING MILL LF2576WC Portage LF2107,561107,45317-Feb-9500910009100000091000000 NORTHERN STATES POWER CO - WOODFIELD ASH LF3233NO Bayfield LF2255,000242,16022-Feb-9507,83300007,8330000007,83300000010 NORTHERN STATES POWER CO DEER CREEK2767NO Bayfield LF21,000001,16800001,1680000001,168000000ONEIDA CNTY2805NO Oneida LF31,000,000258,535216,40322-Feb-9525,27900000000000025,2790000000 ONYX CRANBERRY CREEK LF LLC2967WC Wood LF31,200,000500,000275,00020-Mar-95102,617000000000000102,6170000001 ONYX EMERALD PARK LF LLC3290SE Waukesha LF33,550,3603,293,26027-Feb-9511,47900704,7384,74500000016,2240000007 ONYX GLACIER RIDGE LF LLC3068SC Dodge LF33,885,8002,300,0002,116,60028-Mar-95259,638005,072048,84053,91273,16100000386,7110000003 ONYX VALLEY MEADOWS LF LLC2686SC Jefferson LF31,070,540813,561623,13217-Mar-9591,97100000032,40700000124,37817,665000000 OUTAGAMIE CNTY SW DIV LF2484NE Outagamie LF32,250,0002,240,0251,903,23024-Mar-95172,478047,3190026,53873,857000000246,33500000040 PACKAGING CORP OF AMERICA - TOMAHAWK LF3114NO Lincoln LF42,800,0002,520,0002,690,00027-Feb-95017,0988,124001,09926,32100000026,32100000029 PARKLAND DEVELOPMENT INC (FUTURE)3120SE Waukesha LF4308,944261,07127-Feb-9500064,179020864,38700000064,3870000000 PERRENOUD INC DEMOLITION LF1891WC Chippewa LF297,74546,74027-Mar-950000020,40220,40200000020,402000000PF PAPERS LANDFILL3051NO Price LF2490,000171,137168,64017-Mar-950019,05100019,0510*******,0510******* PLAINWELL TISSUE LF2695WC Eau Claire LF41,200,000100,000100,00031-Mar-95040000400000040000005 PORTAGE CNTY LF2966WC Portage LF31,280,000541,570474,32624-Feb-9533,62200000000000033,6220000003 PORTAGE CTY1885SC Columbia LF215,00000000000000000000000RED HILLS LANDFILL - PHASE V3251NE Outagamie LF42,750,0002,630,0002,615,83924-Feb-9504,12011,24400015,36500000015,36500000018 RHINELANDER PAPER CO LF2965NO Oneida LF2394,00078,30066,30027-Mar-9503,12610,196001013,33200000013,3320000003 RICHLAND CENTER CTY LF3065SC Richland LF2250,000179,016177,33622-Feb-958400000000000008400000009 SADOFF & RUDOY INDUSTRIES1554NE Fond Du Lac LF3700,000500,000500,00007-Mar-950000024,44424,44400000024,44400000014 SANITARY NORTHWOODS REFUSE DISPOSAL LLC3212NO Barron LF3499,998480,46413-Mar-004,1510000000000004,151000776009 SAUK CNTY LF2978SC Sauk LF3775,000661,337724,75928-Mar-9528,40300000000000028,4030000002 SHAWANO CTY PHASE 2 LF3069NE Shawano LF3405,000207,334177,87927-Mar-9511,810005,21402,6957,90900000019,7190000003 SHAWANO PAPER MILLS LF2719NE Shawano LF2108,00010,25011,46526-Dec-95000000000000000000000Municiple & Industrial Waste Landfills Wed Jun 21 11:02:09 CDT 2006 ST CROIX RIVER VALLEY LF INC738NO Polk LF293,46421,27927-Mar-9557,37200000000000057,37200026,35700STORA ENSO NORTH AMERICA - WATER QUALITY CTR2488WC Wood LF4679,384789,540732,76403-Apr-950035,064001,70236,76611,7270000048,49300000042 STORA ENSO NORTH AMERICA - WATER RENEWAL CTR1686WC Portage LF41,551,000837,392781,94603-Apr-950037,5090070438,2135,4990000043,71200000024 STORA ENSO NORTH AMERICA - WIS RAPIDS MILL1838WC Wood LF4643,501600,16503-Apr-95040,42653,3110034,812128,549000000128,5490000008 SUPERIOR CTY MOCCASIN MIKE LF2627NO Douglas LF31,500,000506,000449,15931-Mar-9517,790000033,88433,88400000051,67400029,7970099 TERRA ENGINEERING & CONST CORP1912SC Dane LF256,70056,44424-Feb-95000001,1041,1040000001,104000000THILMANY PULP & PAPER CO493NE Outagamie LF465,00045,00024-Feb-95010,07815,1430034,08959,31000000059,310000000TROY AREA LF INC--BFI OF N AMERICA INC3090SE Walworth LF32,178,489972,284340,98628-Mar-95393,5340022,1830022,183000000415,717000000US ARMY BADGER ARMY AMMUNITION PLT LF3118SC Sauk LF296,73494,71609-Mar-95000001,2951,295238000001,5330000001 VEOLIA ES SEVEN MILE CREEK LF LLC3097WC Eau Claire LF33,000,0002,568,6622,429,45410-Apr-9549,50200000000000049,5020000003 VERNON CNTY SOLID WASTE/RECYCLING FACILITY3268WC Vernon LF2283,448278,712263,00821-Mar-957,8520000000000007,852********W M W I - DEER TRACK PARK INC3230SC Jefferson LF33,885,8002,710,2272,524,20228-Mar-95102,855007,77104198,190000000111,0450*******W M W I - MADISON PRAIRIE3318SC Dane LF34,284,000603,9963,046,24023-Mar-95025,51200072,83798,34900000098,3491300023,382160012W M W I - MALLARD RIDGE RECYCLE & DISPOSAL140SE Walworth LF3107,968056,0600011,064013,41224,47611,8960000092,43223,55801,3681,732000W M W I - ORCHARD RIDGE RECYCLING & DISPOSAL3360SE Waukesha LF39,352,9009,207,16717-Mar-0082,8382741,3538,52436622,68433,202000000116,040329000702W M W I - PARKVIEW RECYCLING & DISPOSAL3108SE Waukesha LF31,284,000543,83220,00029-Mar-95256,2862,3846,05734,9311,419233,488278,280000000534,5651,480179000W M W I - PHEASANT RUN RECYCLING & DISPOSAL3062SE Kenosha LF33,470,0002,426,0001,750,00028-Mar-95280,8790010,89130,321107,399148,611000000429,490210,861000001W M W I - RIDGEVIEW RECYCLING & DISPOSAL3041NE Manitowoc LF39,689,0002,747,5942,290,97128-Mar-95117,87429,60671,16855,4152,15739,601197,948123,67800000439,5000000005W M W I - VALLEY TRAIL3066NE Green Lake LF32,813,000481,656601,21114-Mar-00225,0779779,68280,9754,57436,192201,51915,77800000442,3740000006 WARD PAPER CO LF2991NO Lincoln LF2106,40038,80035,90227-Mar-9502872,3730002,6600000002,660000000 WASHINGTON ISLAND LF/COMPOST SITE2837NE Door LF19,3205,8001,20027-Feb-95250000000000002500000038 WAUPACA FOUNDRY INC LF #33412NE Waupaca LF41,339,0001,328,64016-Mar-95000221,88600221,886000000221,8860000002 WAUPACA FOUNDRY LF #23171NE Waupaca LF410,000018-Mar-9500000000000000000000WAUSAU-MOSINEE PAPER CORP CELL #3 LF3115WC Marathon LF232,50023,70013-Mar-95006,7000006,7000000006,700000000WEPCO CALEDONIA LF3232SE Racine LF43,669,7693,486,07802-Mar-950220,4130000220,413000000220,41300000066 WEPCO HWY 32 LF2801SE Ozaukee LF42,000,0001,083,5581,028,62902-Mar-95065,915000065,91500000065,91500000035 WEPCO OAK CREEK SOUTH2357SE Milwaukee LF40002-Mar-9500000000000000000000WEPCO PLEASANT PRAIRIE LF2786SE Kenosha LF45,000,0004,093,2754,075,10202-Mar-95021,808000021,80800000021,80800000099 WEPCO SYSTEMS CONTROL CENTER ASH LF2887SE Waukesha LF4560,0001,555,1811,531,50602-Mar-95028,410000028,41000000028,4100000000WI POWER & LIGHT CO NELSON DEWEY GEN LF 2525SC Grant LF4607,000249,829239,66815-Feb-9508,46800008,4680000008,4680000000WI POWER & LIGHT CO ROCK RIVER GEN STN728SC Rock LF2350,000101,70296,01621-Feb-9504,68000004,6800000004,6800000004 WINNEBAGO CNTY SUNNYVIEW LF3175NE Winnebago LF34,400,0006,566,1766,109,79124-Feb-95191,370081,01000081,010*********,38000000010WIS POWER & LIGHT CO EDGEWATER GEN STN/I-432853SE Sheboygan LF41,150,000871,306841,68103-Mar-95041,993000041,99300000041,99300000012WIS PUBLIC SERV CORP-WESTON ASH DISP SITE #33067WC Marathon LF4873,000863,768863,76821-Feb-950000000000000000000015WIS PUBLIC SERVICE CORP WESTON #3 LF2879WC Marathon LF2350,00062,18558,29313-Mar-0004,67000004,6700000004,6700000000 Totals10893,456,2830103,310,6604,290,767903,8581,345,739836,65395,1401,032,6614,214,051443,13039,87700008,987,825459,559177,626117,1911820KEYCategory 1: Municipal WasteCategory 2: Utility Ash/SludgesCategory 3: Pulp/Papermill Mfg wasteCategory 4: Foundry WasteCategory 5: POTW SludgesCategory 6: All other SW (not HW)Category 19: Fee Exempt waste used for dikes, berms, etcCategory 20: Energy Recovery Incinerator AshCategory 21: High Volume Industrial used for daily cover,etcCategory 22: Shredder Fluff used for daily coverCategory 23: Treated Contaminated Soil used for daily coverCategory 24: Exempt Unusable Paper Making Materials。

Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error-James J. Heckman

Sample Selection Bias as a Specification ErrorJames J.HeckmanEconometrica,Vol.47,No.1.(Jan.,1979),pp.153-161.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0012-9682%28197901%2947%3A1%3C153%3ASSBAAS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J Econometrica is currently published by The Econometric Society.Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use,available at/about/terms.html.JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides,in part,that unless you have obtained prior permission,you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles,and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal,non-commercial use.Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work.Publisher contact information may be obtained at/journals/econosoc.html.Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission.JSTOR is an independent not-for-profit organization dedicated to and preserving a digital archive of scholarly journals.For more information regarding JSTOR,please contact support@.Wed Apr1811:20:522007You have printed the following article:Sample Selection Bias as a Specification ErrorJames J.HeckmanEconometrica ,Vol.47,No.1.(Jan.,1979),pp.153-161.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0012-9682%28197901%2947%3A1%3C153%3ASSBAAS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-JThis article references the following linked citations.If you are trying to access articles from anoff-campus location,you may be required to first logon via your library web site to access JSTOR.Please visit your library's website or contact a librarian to learn about options for remote access to JSTOR.[Footnotes]2Wage Comparisons--A Selectivity BiasReuben GronauThe Journal of Political Economy ,Vol.82,No.6.(Nov.-Dec.,1974),pp.1119-1143.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0022-3808%28197411%2F12%2982%3A6%3C1119%3AWCSB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-L2Comments on Selectivity Biases in Wage ComparisonsH.Gregg LewisThe Journal of Political Economy ,Vol.82,No.6.(Nov.-Dec.,1974),pp.1145-1155.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0022-3808%28197411%2F12%2982%3A6%3C1145%3ACOSBIW%3E2.0.CO%3B2-YReferences1Regression Analysis when the Dependent Variable Is Truncated NormalTakeshi AmemiyaEconometrica ,Vol.41,No.6.(Nov.,1973),pp.997-1016.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0012-9682%28197311%2941%3A6%3C997%3ARAWTDV%3E2.0.CO%3B2-FLINKED CITATIONS -Page 1of 2-2Specification Bias in Estimates of Production FunctionsZvi GrilichesJournal of Farm Economics ,Vol.39,No.1.(Feb.,1957),pp.8-20.Stable URL:/sici?sici=1071-1031%28195702%2939%3A1%3C8%3ASBIEOP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-V 4Wage Comparisons--A Selectivity BiasReuben GronauThe Journal of Political Economy ,Vol.82,No.6.(Nov.-Dec.,1974),pp.1119-1143.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0022-3808%28197411%2F12%2982%3A6%3C1119%3AWCSB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-L8Dummy Endogenous Variables in a Simultaneous Equation SystemJames J.HeckmanEconometrica ,Vol.46,No.4.(Jul.,1978),pp.931-959.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0012-9682%28197807%2946%3A4%3C931%3ADEVIAS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F9Asymptotic Properties of Non-Linear Least Squares EstimatorsRobert I.JennrichThe Annals of Mathematical Statistics ,Vol.40,No.2.(Apr.,1969),pp.633-643.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0003-4851%28196904%2940%3A2%3C633%3AAPONLS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-311Comments on Selectivity Biases in Wage ComparisonsH.Gregg LewisThe Journal of Political Economy ,Vol.82,No.6.(Nov.-Dec.,1974),pp.1145-1155.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0022-3808%28197411%2F12%2982%3A6%3C1145%3ACOSBIW%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y 12Specification Errors and the Estimation of Economic RelationshipsH.TheilRevue de l'Institut International de Statistique /Review of the International Statistical Institute ,Vol.25,No.1/3.(1957),pp.41-51.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0373-1138%281957%2925%3A1%2F3%3C41%3ASEATEO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-BLINKED CITATIONS -Page 2of 2-。

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*N34410A0528*
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Hale Waihona Puke 7 Given the following data: ΔHf ○ [FeO(s)] = –270 kJ mol–1
ΔHf ○ [Fe2O3(s)] = –820 kJ mol–1 select the expression which gives the enthalpy change, in kJ mol–1, for the reaction: 2FeO(s) + ½O2(g) → Fe2O3(s) A (–820 × ½) + 270 = –140 B (+820 × ½) – 270 = +140 C –820 + (270 × 2) = –280 D +820 – (270 × 2) = +280 (Total for Question 7 = 1 mark) 8 An organic compound contains 38.4 % carbon, 4.80 % hydrogen and 56.8 % chlorine by mass. What is the empirical formula of the compound? A C2H3Cl B CH3Cl C C2H5Cl D C3H5Cl3 (Total for Question 8 = 1 mark) Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.
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9 Which of the following contains the greatest number of hydrogen atoms? A 2 moles of water, H2O B 1.5 moles of ammonia, NH3 C 1 mole of hydrogen gas, H2 D 0.5 moles of methane, CH4 (Total for Question 9 = 1 mark) 10 Magnesium oxide reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid according to the following equation. MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) How many moles of magnesium oxide, MgO, are required to neutralize 20 cm3 of 0.50 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid, HCl? A 0.0010 B 0.0050 C 0.010 D 0.020 (Total for Question 10 = 1 mark) 11 Hydrogen and oxygen react according to the following equation. 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g) If all volumes are measured at 110 °C and one atmosphere pressure, the volume of steam produced after 50 cm3 of hydrogen react completely with 25 cm3 of oxygen is A 25 cm3 B 50 cm3 C 75 cm3 D 100 cm3 (Total for Question 11 = 1 mark)
Information
total mark for this paper is 80. • The The marks for each question are shown in brackets •– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question. labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your • Questions written communication will be assessed
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N34410A
©2009 Edexcel Limited.
*N34410A0128*
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SECTION A Answer ALL the questions in this section. You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section. For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box . and then mark your new answer with If you change your mind, put a line through the box a cross . 1 Which equation represents the reaction for which the enthalpy change is the lattice energy of sodium fluoride, NaF? A Na(s) + ½F2(g) → NaF(s) B Na(g) + F(g) → NaF(s) C Na+(g) + F–(g) → NaF(s) D Na(g) + ½F2(g) → NaF(s) (Total for Question 1 = 1 mark) 2 Theoretical lattice energies can be calculated from electrostatic theory. Which of the following affects the magnitude of the theoretical lattice energy of an alkali metal halide, M+X– ? A The first electron affinity of X. B The first ionization energy of M. C The enthalpy of atomization of M. D The radius of the X– ion. (Total for Question 2 = 1 mark) Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.
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3 Which of the following graphs shows the variation in the ionic radius of the Group 2 elements? A B
Be Mg Ca C
Sr D
Be Mg Ca
Sr
Be Mg Ca
Sr
Be Mg Ca
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6 This question is about some standard enthalpy changes, ΔH ○ A enthalpy of reaction B enthalpy of combustion C mean bond enthalpy D bond enthalpy (a) Which enthalpy change is represented by p? CH4(g) → CH3(g) + H(g) A B C D (b) Which enthalpy change is represented by q? CH4(g) → C(g) + 4H(g) A B C D (c) Which enthalpy change is represented by r? H2C=CH2(g) + ½O2(g) → H2C A B C D (Total for Question 6 = 3 marks) O CH2(g) ΔH ○ = r (1) ΔH ○ = 4q (1) ΔH ○ = p (1)
Sr
(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)
4 The first five ionization energies of an element, Z, are: 790, 1600, 3200, 4400, 16100 kJ mol–1 In which group of the Periodic Table is Z found? A 2 B 3 C 4 D 5 (Total for Question 4 = 1 mark) Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.
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Edexcel GCE
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary Unit 1: The Core Principles of Chemistry