Experiential Sampling on Multiple Data Streams

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Sequential importance sampling algorithm for Bayesian

Sequential importance sampling algorithm for Bayesian nonparametric long range inferenceAlgoritmi di tipo Monte Carlo sequenziale per inferenze non parametriche relative a processi stazionari a memoria lungaBr u nero Liseo1and J u dith Ro u ssea u21Dip.di st u di g eoeconomici,lin gu istici,statistici e storici per l’analisi re g ionale,Universit`a di Roma“La Sapienza”e-mail:br u nero.liseo@u niroma1.it2CEREMADE,Universit´e P aris Da u phineRiassunto:Si propone u n al g oritmo Monte Carlo seq u enziale per la stima bayesiana non parametrica della densit`a spettrale di u n processo g a u ssiano con memoria l u n g a.Keywords:pop u lation Monte Carlo,posterior consistency.1.IntroductionLet{X t,t=1,2,...}be a stationary Ga u ssian random process,with mean EX t=µand covarianceγ(τ)=E(X t−µ)(X t+τ−µ).Let f(λ)be the correspondin g spectral density.A stationary Ga u ssian process is said to be lon g-ran g e dependent,if there exist a positive n u mber C and a val u e d(0<d<1/2)s u ch that limλ→0Cλ2d f(λ)=1. Alternatively,one can deﬁne a lon g memory process as one s u ch that its spectral density f(λ)can be written as the prod u ct of a slowly varyin g f u nction˜f(λ)and the q u antityλ−2d which ca u ses the presence of a pole of f(λ)at the ori g in.Interest in lon g-ran g e dependent time series has increased enormo u sly over the lastﬁfteen years;Beran(1994)provides a comprehensive introd u ction and the book edited by Do u khan et al.(2003)explores in depth both theoretical aspects and vario u s applications of lon g-ran g e dependence analysis in several different disciplines.In a few and simple words,lon g memory process have been u sed to describe the persistent correlation str u ct u res observed in vario u sﬁelds s u ch as hydrolo g y,ﬁnance,astronomy.These processes exhibit si g niﬁcantly lar g e correlations between meas u rements separated by lon g time intervals,hence the name lon g-memory processes.The memory of these processes is characterized by a sin g le parameter,d, which can be interpreted as a(fractional)order of inte g ration of a series.The statistical properties of a lon g memory process can be q u ite different from those of a set ofi.i.d.observations.For example,the familiar samplin g properties of avera g es are far from valid in a lon g ran g e set u p.P arametric inference for lon g memory processes is u s u ally performed via ARFIMA (p,d,q )models:these proced u res are pla gu ed by several problems:in partic u lar there are no reliable model selection criteria for choosin g the orders of a u tore g ressive and movin g avera g e components;this is a serio u s drawback beca u se,if p and q are misspeciﬁed,the maxim u m likelihood estimates of the parameter of interest d are asymptotically biased.Then semiparametric approaches has been considered in the last years;we refer to Do u khan et al.(2003)for a g eneral overview from a freq u entist perspective and to Liseo et al.(2001)for a Bayesian approach,where a local Whittle approximation to the likelihood was u sed.In this paper we describe the comp u tational aspects of a novel Bayesian nonparametric approach proposed in Ro u ssea u and Liseo (2005),based on the act u al likelihood.In the next section we brieﬂy recall the model and state the main res u lts.In §3we describe the al g orithm,which belon g s to the relatively new family of seq u ential importance samplin g al g orithms,where the choice of the proposal density is driven by the past iterations of the al g orithm itself.2.Model and main resultsWe consider the entire spectral density f (·)as o u r object of interest,and we ass u me thato u r prior belief on f are s u ch that it can be written as f (λ)=|1−e iλ|−2d ˜f(λ),where log ˜f (x )= K j =0θj cos(jx )is the short memory component;we ass u me that the tr u e lo g spectral density satisﬁes some re gu larity conditions and log ˜f 0(x )= ∞j =0θ0j cos(jx ):in other words,it is eq u al to its Fo u rier series expansion.A prior on f can then be expressed as a prior on the parameters (d,K,θ0,...,θK )in the form p (K )π(d |K )π(θ|d,K ),where θ=(θ0,...,θK ),and K represents the (random)tr u ncation order of the Fo u rier expansionof log ˜f 0(x ).Also,d is set independent of θfor g iven K and it is also independent of K itself.Let π(d )>0and let K be a priori P oisson distrib u ted;conditionally on K ,ass u me that π(θ|K )p u ts mass 1on the set of θ’s s u ch that K j =0|θj |≤A ,for some val u e A lar g e b u t ﬁnite.A possible way to formalize it is to ass u me that,for g iven K ,the q u antity S K =j |θj |has ﬁnite s u pport;then,settin g V j =|θj |/S K ,j =1,...,K ,one may consider a distrib u tion on the set {z ∈R K ;z =(z 1,...,z K ), z i =1,z i ≥0},for example:(V 1,...,V K )∼Dirichlet (α1,...,αK ).Since the variance of the |θj |’s sho u ld be decreasin g ,we may ass u me that,for all j ’s,αj =O ((1+j )−2).Alternatives are possible here:for example one can ass u me that (V 1,···,V k )follows a lo g istic normal density,which allows for a more ﬂexible elicitation.This prior is called a FEX P prior,after H u rvicz et al (1994)where a similar constr u ction is u sed in a classical framework.Underthe above conditions on the prior,Ro u ssea u and Liseo(2005)prove that the posterior of f is stron g ly consistent in terms of the distance d(f0,f)=min{D(f0,f),D(f,f0)}., D bein g the K u llback-Leibler diver g ence.Also the Bayes estimatorˆf is almost s u rely consistent and so is the Bayes estimatorˆd.Res u lts on the rate of conver g ence are also provided.In the next section we describe the al g orithm to prod u ce Monte Carlo approximation of the posterior of the q u antities of interest.The eval u ation of the posterior is difﬁc u lt beca u se the likelihood associated with a sample from a lon g memory process takes the form of a m u ltivariate normal kernel whose covariance matrix has a Toeplitz str u ct u re:this matrix is time cons u min g to invert.3.The algorithmThe practical implementation of a nonparametric approach m u st take into acco u nt the fact that the comp u tation of the likelihood in this context is very expensive since both the determinant and the inverse of a lar g e Toeplitz matrix m u st be comp u ted at each eval u ation.Then one sho u ld prefer to u se a Monte Carlo approximation which is as easy as possible to handle and with fast conver g ence properties.O u rﬁnal preference was for a modiﬁcation of the adaptive Monte Carlo al g orithm,proposed and disc u ssed in Do u c et al.(2005),which can also be u sed in the presence of variable dimension parametric spaces as is the case here.The main advanta g e of adaptive Monte Carlo al g orithms is that they do not rely u pon asymptotic conver g ence of the samplers b u t,rather,they sho u ld be considered as an evol u tion of the importance samplin g schemes,with the advanta g e of an on-line adaptation of the wei g hts g iven to the proposals,which are allowed to be more than one.We now describe the main feat u res of the proposed al g orithm.Denote by (K,ηk)the g lobal parameter,withηk=(θ0,...,θk,d);here K is a positive inte g er which determines the size of the parameter vector.First one has to deﬁne a set of proposals, which we denote by Q h(·,·),h=1,...,H;they represent H possible different kernels, which we ass u me are all dominated by the same dominatin g meas u re,as the posterior πx.Denote by q h(·,·)the correspondin g densities.Then one has to perform T different iterations of an importance samplin g approximation,each based on N proposed val u es. The novel feat u re is that,at each t,the wei g hts of the sampled val u es are calibrated in terms of the previo u s iterations.In practice one sho u ld work with a lar g e val u e of N,and a small val u e(5to10)of T.Do u c et al.(2005)show that,in few iterations,the al g orithm will conver g e to the optimal mixt u re of proposals,at least in a K u llback-Leibler distance sense.O u r al g orithm follows q u ite closely the one described in Do u c et al.(2005). The only si g niﬁcant difference is that we have to deal with the variable dimension of theparameter space;then we m u st be able to propose a set of possible“moves”to s u bspaces with a different val u e of k.Then,at each iteration t,(t=1,···,T)and for each sample point j,(1≤j≤N),we propose a new val u e K j,t from a distrib u tion on the set of inte g ers,conditional on the previo u s val u e of K j;then,conditionally on K j,t and on theval u e ofηt−1j ,propose a new val u eη(t)j,K j.A f u ll description of the possible moves is toolon g:we sketch the ideas behind the strate g y.For aﬁxed1≤j≤N,at the t-th iteration of the al g orithm,one draws a new val u e K j,t,accordin g the followin g proposals for K : K j,t=K j,t−1+ξj,t,whereξj,t|K j,t−1∼p1P o(λ1)+(1−p1)Ne P o K j,t−1(λ2); here0<p1<1and Ne P o k denotes a tr u ncated P oisson over the set{−k,...,−1,0}. At each iteration the proposed val u e K j,t may be either(i)less than,(ii)eq u al to,or(iii)lar g er than K j,t−1;(i)if K j,t<K j,t−1thenθ(t)K j,t+1=···=θ(t)K j,t−1=0and(θ(t)0,...,θ(t)K j,t )=(θ(t−1),...,θ(t−1)K j,t)+εKj,t(1)andεKj,tis a K j,t-dimensional symmetric proposal.(ii)If K j,t=K j,t−1then the new point is draw accordin g to(1),witho u t eliminatin g any parameter.(iii)If K j,t>K j,t−1, then theﬁrst K j,t−1are drawn accordin g to(1),while the latest components are drawn from the same kernel proposalε,altho ug h centered on an easy-to-calc u late point estimate obtained from a simpliﬁed version of the estimator presented in H u rvich et al.(2002). Notice a feat u re of the al g orithm which makes it different from the its main alternative,that is the reversible j u mp:even when the al g orithm proposes a chan g e of dimension,one “m u st”propose a g lobal move for all the components of the parameter,in order to satisfy the positivity condition on the proposal req u ired by Do u c et al(2005).ReferencesBeran J.(1994)Statistics for long-memory processes,Chapman and Hall,New York. Do u c R.,G u illin A.,Marin J.M.,Robert C.P.(2005)Conver g ence of adaptive samplin g schemes,Tech.Report,Ceremade,University Paris DauphineDo u khan P.,Oppenheim G.,Taqq u M.S.(2003)Theory and applications of long-range dependence Birkh¨a u ser Boston Inc.,Boston.H u rvich C.M.,Mo u lines E.,So u lier P.(2002)The FEX P estimator for potentially non-stationary linear time series,Stoc.Proc.and their Appl.,97,2,307–340.Liseo B.,Marin u cci D.,P etrella L.(2001)Bayesian semiparametric inference on lon g-ran g e dependence,Biometrika,88,4,1089–1104.Ro u ssea u J.,Liseo B.(2005)Bayesian nonparametric estimation of the spectral density of a Ga u ssian time series(s u bmitted).。

营销关键词英语词汇

营销关键词市场（Market）市场功能（Market Function）市场营销（Marketing）市场分析（Market Analyze）生产（Production）微观营销（Mirco-marketing）宏观营销（Marco-marketing）经济体制（Economic system）计划经济体制（Planned economics system）市场导向经济体制（Market-directed economics system）营销的一般功能（Universal functions of marketing）购买功能（Buying function）推销功能（Selling function）运输功能（Transporting function）营销的信息功能（Marketing information system）营销伦理（Marketing ethics）体验营销（Experiential Marketing）营销哲学（Marketing philosophy）生产观念（Production concept）产品观念（Product concept）推销观念(Selling concept)营销观念（Marketing concept）社会营销（Social Marketing concept）顾客让渡价值（Customer demisability value）顾客价值（Customer value）市场营销环境（Marketing environment）环境威胁（Environment threaten）市场机会（Marketing opportunity）微观市场营销环境（Micro marketing environment）宏观市场营销环境（Macro marketing environment）市场营销渠道企业（Marketing channel enterprise）竞争环境（Competitive environment）竞争者分析（Competitor analysis）竞争对手（Competitive rivals）竞争障碍（Competitive barriers）国家主义（Nationalism）消费者运动（Cunsumerism）文化和社会环境（Cultural and social environment）消费者市场(Consumer market)消费者需求(Consumer Demand)复杂的购买行为(Complex purchase action)消费者购买动机(Consumer purchase motivation)消费者购买动机(Consumer purchase modality)消费者购买程序(Consumer purchase procedure)生产者购买行为(Producer purchase action)生产资料(Production material)生产者市场需求(Producer market demand)生产资料购买决策(Production material purchase decision)企业和组织市场（Business and organization customer）采购经理（Purchasing managers）多种购买影响（Multiple buying influence）准点交货（Just-in-time delivery）营销调研（maketing research）第一/二手资料（primary/secondary data）定性研究（qualitative research）定量研究（quatitative research）小组访谈（focus group interview）消费者普查（consumer panels）随机抽样（random sampling）科学方法（scientific method）情景分析（situation analysis）研究建议书（research proposal）反馈率（response rate）实验法（experimental method）统计软件包（statistical packages）总体（population）样本（sample）置信区间（confidence intervals）有效性（validity）市场需求(Market demand)潜在市场(potential market)市场需求的多维性(Multidimensional market demand)市场份额(Market share)市场预测(Market forecast)预测模型(Forecast model)统计(statistics)德尔菲法(Delphi method)时间序列法(Time sequence method)回归分析(Regression analysis)信息技术(Information technology)市场预测信息系统（Market forecast information system）市场细分(Market segmentation)目标市场(Target Market)无差异营销战略（Undifferentiated marketing strategy）差异性营销战略(Differentiated marketing strategy)集中性营销战略(centrality marketing strategy)市场定位(Market positioning)竞争优势（Competitive advantage）差异化（Differentiation）S.W.O.T.分析法（S.W.O.T.analysis）市场渗透（Market penetration）市场发展（Market development）产品发展（Product development）多样化（Diversification）一般市场（General market）产品市场（Product-market）市场竞争（Market competition）竞争对手(Opponent)完全垄断（Pure Monopoly）寡头垄断(Oligopoly)垄断竞争(Monopolistic competition)完全竞争(Pure competition)市场领导者(Market Leader)市场挑战者(Market challenger)竞争模式(Competition mode)市场强度(Market intention)市场能力(Market ability)企业竞争策略(Enterprise competition strategy)产品(Product)产品整体概念产品组合(Product combination)产品线(Product line)产品项目(Product project)产品生命周期(Product life circle)市场成长（Market growth）市场成熟（Market maturity）流行（Fashion）时尚（Fad）产品责任（Product liability）产品经理（Product managers）成本导向定价(Cost oriented pricing)需求导向定价(Demand oriented pricing)竞争导向定价(Competition oriented pricing)折扣定价(Discount Pricing)地区定价(Area pricing)声望定价(Reputation pricing)差别定价（differentiated pricing）撇脂定价(Skimming pricing)渗透定价(Penetration pricing)目标利润率目标（Target return objective）利润最大化目标（Profit maximization objective）销售导向目标（Sales-oriented objective）单一价格策略（One-price pricing）弹性价格策略（Flexible-price policy）折扣（Discounts）补贴（Allowances）分销渠道(Distribution channel)分销模式(Distribution mode)批发商(Wholesaler)零售商(Distributor)销售区域(Distribution area)物流管理(Logistics management)实体分配(Physical distribution)垂直营销系统（Vertical marketing system）零售（Retailing）专卖店（Specialty shop）大众商品销售观念（Mass merchandising concepet）特许经营（Franchise operation）客户服务水平（Custmet service level）供应链（Supply chain）存货（Inventory）配送中心（Distribution center）销售队伍(Sales force)销售人员(Salesman)推销技巧(Salesmanship)包装策略(Packaging Strategy)包装设计(Package Design)直接营销(Direct marketing)促销(Promotion)推式策略(Push Strategy)拉式策略(Pull Strategy)人员推销（Personal selling）整合营销传播（Intergrated marketing communications）AIDA模型（Attention,interest,desire,action,model）团队销售（Team selling）销售区域（Sales territory）销售定额（Sales quota）销售介绍（Sales presentation）广告(Advertising)广告媒体(Advertising media)媒体组合(Media combination)广告设计(Advertisement Designing)效果测评(Effect evaluation)产品广告（Product advertising）企业形象广告（Institutional advertising）品牌(Brand)品牌名称(Brand name)品牌标志(Brand symbol)品牌要素(Brand elements)品牌作用(Brand effect)品牌资产(Brand value)品牌策略(Brand strategy)商标（Trademark）品牌熟悉度（Brand familiarity）品牌识别（Brand recognition）品牌偏好（Brand preference）品牌执著（Brand insistence）包装（Packaging）统一产品编码（Universal product code:UPC）公共关系(Public relationships)公众（Public）团体（Organization sodality）媒体（Media）调研活动（Investigation activity）专题活动（Special topic activity）赞助（sponsor）公益事业（Commonweal project）宣传部门（Publicity）新闻界关系（Press relations）游说（Canvassing）内部沟通（Inner communication）市场营销管理(Marketing management)市场营销计划(Marketing planning)市场营销预算(Marketing budget)市场营销组织(Marketing Organization)市场营销控制(Marketing control)市场营销审计(Marketing audit)全面质量管理（Total quality management-TQM）持续改进（Continuous improvement）直方图（Pareto chart）鱼刺图（Fishbone diagram）自主权（Empowerment）优胜基准（Benchmarking）销售分析（Sales analysis）绩效分析（Performance analysis）非营利组织营销(Nonprofit organization marketing)非营利组织市场(Nonprofit organization market)服务市场营销(Service marketing)服务质量(Service quality)服务利润链(Service profit chain)顾客保留(Retention)相关销售(Related sales)顾客满意度(Customer satisfaction)互联网(Internet)电子商务(E-commerce)电子数据交换(Electronic data exchange)网络营销(Cyber-marketing)文化市场营销(Culture marketing)整合营销(Integrated marketing)国际营销(International marketing)。

统计学术语中英对照

population 母体sample 样本census 普查sampling 抽样quantitative 量的qualitative/categorical质的discrete 离散的continuous 连续的population parameters 母体参数sample statistics 样本统计量descriptive statistics 叙述统计学inferential/inductive statistics 推论 ...抽样调查（sampliing survey单纯随机抽样（simple random sampling 系统抽样（systematic sampling分层抽样（stratified sampling整群抽样（cluster sampling多级抽样（multistage sampling常态分配(Parametric Statistics)无母数统计学(Nonparametric Statistics) 实验设计(Design of Experiment)参数(Parameter)Data analysis 资料分析Statistical table 统计表Statistical chart 统计图Pie chart 圆饼图Stem-and-leaf display 茎叶图Box plot 盒须图Histogram 直方图Bar Chart 长条图Polygon 次数多边图Ogive 肩形图Descriptive statistics 叙述统计学Expectation 期望值Mode 众数Mean 平均数Variance 变异数Standard deviation 标准差Standard error 标准误Covariance matrix 共变异数矩阵Inferential statistics 推论统计学Point estimation 点估计Interval estimation 区间估计Confidence interval 信赖区间Confidence coefficient 信赖系数Testing statistical hypothesis 统计假设检定Regression analysis 回归分析Analysis of variance 变异数分析Correlation coefficient 相关系数Sampling survey 抽样调查Census 普查Sampling 抽样Reliability 信度Validity 效度Sampling error 抽样误差Non-sampling error 非抽样误差Random sampling 随机抽样Simple random sampling 简单随机抽样法Stratified sampling 分层抽样法Cluster sampling 群集抽样法Systematic sampling 系统抽样法Two-stage random sampling 两段随机抽样法Convenience sampling 便利抽样Quota sampling 配额抽样Snowball sampling 雪球抽样Nonparametric statistics 无母数统计The sign test 等级检定Wilcoxon signed rank tests 魏克森讯号等级检定Wilcoxon rank sum tests 魏克森等级和检定Run test 连检定法Discrete uniform densities 离散的均匀密度Binomial densities 二项密度Hypergeometric densities 超几何密度Poisson densities 卜松密度Geometric densities 几何密度Negative binomial densities 负二项密度Continuous uniform densities 连续均匀密度Normal densities 常态密度Exponential densities 指数密度Gamma densities 伽玛密度Beta densities 贝他密度Multivariate analysis 多变量分析Principal components 主因子分析Discrimination analysis 区别分析Cluster analysis 群集分析Factor analysis 因素分析Survival analysis 存活分析Time series analysis 时间序列分析Linear models 线性模式Quality engineering 品质工程Probability theory 机率论Statistical computing 统计计算Statistical inference 统计推论Stochastic processes 随机过程Decision theory 决策理论Discrete analysis 离散分析Mathematical statistics 数理统计统计学: Statistics母体: Population样本: Sample资料分析: Data analysis统计表: Statistical table统计图: Statistical chart圆饼图: Pie chart茎叶图: Stem-and-leaf display盒须图: Box plot直方图: Histogram长条图: Bar Chart次数多边图: Polygon肩形图: Ogive叙述统计学: Descriptive statistics 期望值: Expectation众数: Mode平均数: Mean变异数: Variance标准差: Standard deviation标准误: Standard error共变异数矩阵: Covariance matrix推论统计学: Inferential statistics点估计: Point estimation区间估计: Interval estimation信赖区间: Confidence interval信赖系数: Confidence coefficient统计假设检定: Testing statisticalhypothesis回归分析: Regression analysis变异数分析: Analysis of variance相关系数: Correlation coefficient抽样调查: Sampling survey普查: Census抽样: Sampling信度: Reliability效度: Validity抽样误差: Sampling error非抽样误差: Non-sampling error随机抽样: Random sampling简单随机抽样法: Simple randomsampling分层抽样法: Stratified sampling群集抽样法: Cluster sampling系统抽样法: Systematic sampling两段随机抽样法: Two-stage randomsampling便利抽样: Convenience sampling配额抽样: Quota sampling雪球抽样: Snowball sampling无母数统计: Nonparametric statistics等级检定: The sign test魏克森讯号等级检定: Wilcoxon signedrank tests魏克森等级和检定: Wilcoxon rank sumtests连检定法: Run test离散的均匀密度: Discrete uniformdensities二项密度: Binomial densities超几何密度: Hypergeometric densities卜松密度: Poisson densities几何密度: Geometric densities负二项密度: Negative binomial densities连续均匀密度: Continuous uniformdensities常态密度: Normal densities指数密度: Exponential densities伽玛密度: Gamma densities贝他密度: Beta densities多变量分析: Multivariate analysis主因子分析: Principal components区别分析: Discrimination analysis群集分析: Cluster analysis因素分析: Factor analysis存活分析: Survival analysis时间序列分析: Time series analysis线性模式: Linear models品质工程: Quality engineering机率论: Probability theory统计计算: Statistical computing统计推论: Statistical inference随机过程: Stochastic processes决策理论: Decision theory离散分析: Discrete analysis数理统计: Mathematical statistics统计名词市调辞典众数(Mode) 普查(census)指数(Index) 问卷(Questionnaire)中位数(Median) 信度(Reliability)百分比(Percentage) 母群体(Population)信赖水准(Confidence level) 观察法(Observational Survey)假设检定(Hypothesis Testing) 综合法(Integrated Survey)卡方检定(Chi-square Test) 雪球抽样(Snowball Sampling)差距量表(Interval Scale) 序列偏差(Series Bias)类别量表(Nominal Scale) 次级资料(Secondary Data)顺序量表(Ordinal Scale) 抽样架构(Sampling frame)比率量表(Ratio Scale) 集群抽样(Cluster Sampling)连检定法(Run Test) 便利抽样(Convenience Sampling)符号检定(Sign Test) 抽样调查(SamplingSur)算术平均数(Arithmetic Mean) 非抽样误差(non-sampling error)展示会法(Display Survey)调查名词准确效度(Criterion-RelatedValidity)元素(Element) 邮寄问卷法(Mail Interview)样本(Sample) 信抽样误差(Sampling error)效度(Validity) 封闭式问题(Close Question)精确度(Precision) 电话访问法(TelephoneInterview)准确度(Validity) 随机抽样法(RandomSampling)实验法(Experiment Survey)抽样单位(Sampling unit) 资讯名词市场调查(Marketing Research) 决策树(Decision Trees)容忍误差(Tolerated erro) 资料采矿(DataMining)初级资料(Primary Data) 时间序列(Time-Series Forecasting)目标母体(Target Population) 回归分析(Regression)抽样偏差(Sampling Bias) 趋势分析(TrendAnalysis)抽样误差(sampling error) 罗吉斯回归(Logistic Regression)架构效度(Construct Validity) 类神经网络(Neural Network)配额抽样(Quota Sampling) 无母数统计检定方法(Non-Parametric Test)人员访问法(Interview) 判别分析法(Discriminant Analysis)集群分析法(cluster analysis) 规则归纳法(Rules Induction)内容效度(Content Validity) 判断抽样(Judgment Sampling)开放式问题(Open Question) OLAP(OnlineAnalytical Process)分层随机抽样(Stratified Randomsampling) 资料仓储(Data Warehouse)非随机抽样法(Nonrandom Sampling) 知识发现(Knowledge DiscoveryAbsolute deviation, 绝对离差Absolute number, 绝对数Absolute residuals, 绝对残差Acceleration array, 加速度立体阵Acceleration in an arbitrary direction, 任意方向上的加速度Acceleration normal, 法向加速度Acceleration space dimension, 加速度空间的维数Acceleration tangential, 切向加速度Acceleration vector, 加速度向量Acceptable hypothesis, 可接受假设Accumulation, 累积Accuracy, 准确度Actual frequency, 实际频数Adaptive estimator, 自适应估计量Addition, 相加Addition theorem, 加法定理Additive Noise, 加性噪声Additivity, 可加性Adjusted rate, 调整率Adjusted value, 校正值Admissible error, 容许误差Aggregation, 聚集性Alpha factoring,α因子法Alternative hypothesis, 备择假设Among groups, 组间Amounts, 总量Analysis of correlation, 相关分析Analysis of covariance, 协方差分析Analysis Of Effects, 效应分析Analysis Of Variance, 方差分析Analysis of regression, 回归分析Analysis of time series, 时间序列分析Analysis of variance, 方差分析Angular transformation, 角转换ANOVA （analysis of variance）, 方差分析ANOVA Models, 方差分析模型ANOVA table and eta, 分组计算方差分析Arcing, 弧/弧旋Arcsine transformation, 反正弦变换Area 区域图Area under the curve, 曲线面积AREG , 评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA, 季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计Arithmetic grid paper, 算术格纸Arithmetic mean, 算术平均数Arrhenius relation, 艾恩尼斯关系Assessing fit, 拟合的评估Associative laws, 结合律Asymmetric distribution, 非对称分布Asymptotic bias, 渐近偏倚Asymptotic efficiency, 渐近效率Asymptotic variance, 渐近方差Attributable risk, 归因危险度Attribute data, 属性资料Attribution, 属性Autocorrelation, 自相关Autocorrelation of residuals, 残差的自相关Average, 平均数Average confidence interval length, 平均置信区间长度Average growth rate, 平均增长率Bar chart, 条形图Bar graph, 条形图Base period, 基期Bayes' theorem , Bayes定理Bell-shaped curve, 钟形曲线Bernoulli distribution, 伯努力分布Best-trim estimator, 最好切尾估计量Bias, 偏性Binary logistic regression, 二元逻辑斯蒂回归Binomial distribution, 二项分布Bisquare, 双平方Bivariate Correlate, 二变量相关Bivariate normal distribution, 双变量正态分布Bivariate normal population, 双变量正态总体Biweight interval, 双权区间Biweight M-estimator, 双权M估计量Block, 区组/配伍组BMDP(Biomedical computer programs),BMDP统计软件包Boxplots, 箱线图/箱尾图Breakdown bound, 崩溃界/崩溃点Canonical correlation, 典型相关Caption, 纵标目Case-control study, 病例对照研究Categorical variable, 分类变量Catenary, 悬链线Cauchy distribution, 柯西分布Cause-and-effect relationship, 因果关系Cell, 单元Censoring, 终检Center of symmetry, 对称中心Centering and scaling, 中心化和定标Central tendency, 集中趋势Central value, 中心值CHAID -χ2 Automatic Interaction Detector,卡方自动交互检测Chance, 机遇Chance error, 随机误差Chance variable, 随机变量Characteristic equation, 特征方程Characteristic root, 特征根Characteristic vector, 特征向量Chebshev criterion of fit, 拟合的切比雪夫准则Chernoff faces, 切尔诺夫脸谱图Chi-square test, 卡方检验/χ2检验Choleskey decomposition, 乔洛斯基分解Circle chart, 圆图Class interval, 组距Class mid-value, 组中值Class upper limit, 组上限Classified variable, 分类变量Cluster analysis, 聚类分析Cluster sampling, 整群抽样Code, 代码Coded data, 编码数据Coding, 编码Coefficient of contingency, 列联系数Coefficient of determination, 决定系数Coefficient of multiple correlation, 多重相关系数Coefficient of partial correlation, 偏相关系数Coefficient of production-moment correlation, 积差相关系数Coefficient of rank correlation, 等级相关系数Coefficient of regression, 回归系数Coefficient of skewness, 偏度系数Coefficient of variation, 变异系数Cohort study, 队列研究Collinearity, 共线性Column, 列Column effect, 列效应Column factor, 列因素Combination pool, 合并Combinative table, 组合表Common factor, 共性因子Common regression coefficient, 公共回归系数Common value, 共同值Common variance, 公共方差Common variation, 公共变异Communality variance, 共性方差Comparability, 可比性Comparison of bathes, 批比较Comparison value, 比较值Compartment model, 分部模型Compassion, 伸缩Complement of an event, 补事件Complete association, 完全正相关Complete dissociation, 完全不相关Complete statistics, 完备统计量Completely randomized design, 完全随机化设计Composite event, 联合事件Composite events, 复合事件Concavity, 凹性Conditional expectation, 条件期望Conditional likelihood, 条件似然Conditional probability, 条件概率Conditionally linear, 依条件线性Confidence interval, 置信区间Confidence limit, 置信限Confidence lower limit, 置信下限Confidence upper limit, 置信上限Confirmatory Factor Analysis , 验证性因子分析Confirmatory research, 证实性实验研究Confounding factor, 混杂因素Conjoint, 联合分析Consistency, 相合性Consistency check, 一致性检验Consistent asymptotically normal estimate,相合渐近正态估计Consistent estimate, 相合估计Constrained nonlinear regression, 受约束非线性回归Constraint, 约束Contaminated distribution, 污染分布Contaminated Gausssian, 污染高斯分布Contaminated normal distribution, 污染正态分布Contamination, 污染Contamination model, 污染模型Contingency table, 列联表Contour, 边界线Contribution rate, 贡献率Control, 对照, 质量控制图Controlled experiments, 对照实验Conventional depth, 常规深度Convolution, 卷积Corrected factor, 校正因子Corrected mean, 校正均值Correction coefficient, 校正系数Correctness, 正确性Correlation coefficient, 相关系数Correlation, 相关性Correlation index, 相关指数Correspondence, 对应Counting, 计数Counts, 计数/频数Covariance, 协方差Covariant, 共变Cox Regression, Cox回归Criteria for fitting, 拟合准则Criteria of least squares, 最小二乘准则Critical ratio, 临界比Critical region, 拒绝域Critical value, 临界值Cross-over design, 交叉设计Cross-section analysis, 横断面分析Cross-section survey, 横断面调查Crosstabs , 交叉表Crosstabs 列联表分析Cross-tabulation table, 复合表Cube root, 立方根Cumulative distribution function, 分布函数Cumulative probability, 累计概率Curvature, 曲率/弯曲Curvature, 曲率Curve Estimation, 曲线拟合Curve fit , 曲线拟和Curve fitting, 曲线拟合Curvilinear regression, 曲线回归Curvilinear relation, 曲线关系Cut-and-try method, 尝试法Cycle, 周期Cyclist, 周期性D test, D检验Data acquisition, 资料收集Data bank, 数据库Data capacity, 数据容量Data deficiencies, 数据缺乏Data handling, 数据处理Data manipulation, 数据处理Data processing, 数据处理Data reduction, 数据缩减Data set, 数据集Data sources, 数据来源Data transformation, 数据变换Data validity, 数据有效性Data-in, 数据输入Data-out, 数据输出Dead time, 停滞期Degree of freedom, 自由度Degree of precision, 精密度Degree of reliability, 可靠性程度Degression, 递减Density function, 密度函数Density of data points, 数据点的密度Dependent variable, 应变量/依变量/因变量Dependent variable, 因变量Depth, 深度Derivative matrix, 导数矩阵Derivative-free methods, 无导数方法Design, 设计Determinacy, 确定性Determinant, 行列式Determinant, 决定因素Deviation, 离差Deviation from average, 离均差Diagnostic plot, 诊断图Dichotomous variable, 二分变量Differential equation, 微分方程Direct standardization, 直接标准化法Direct Oblimin, 斜交旋转Discrete variable, 离散型变量DISCRIMINANT, 判断Discriminant analysis, 判别分析Discriminant coefficient, 判别系数Discriminant function, 判别值Dispersion, 散布/分散度Disproportional, 不成比例的Disproportionate sub-class numbers, 不成比例次级组含量Distribution free, 分布无关性/免分布Distribution shape, 分布形状Distribution-free method, 任意分布法Distributive laws, 分配律Disturbance, 随机扰动项Dose response curve, 剂量反应曲线Double blind method, 双盲法Double blind trial, 双盲试验Double exponential distribution, 双指数分布Double logarithmic, 双对数Downward rank, 降秩Dual-space plot, 对偶空间图DUD, 无导数方法Duncan's new multiple range method, 新复极差法/Duncan新法Error Bar, 均值相关区间图Effect, 实验效应Eigenvalue, 特征值Eigenvector, 特征向量Ellipse, 椭圆Empirical distribution, 经验分布Empirical probability, 经验概率单位Enumeration data, 计数资料Equal sun-class number, 相等次级组含量Equally likely, 等可能Equivariance, 同变性Error, 误差/错误Error of estimate, 估计误差Error type I, 第一类错误Error type II, 第二类错误Estimand, 被估量Estimated error mean squares, 估计误差均方Estimated error sum of squares, 估计误差平方和Euclidean distance, 欧式距离Event, 事件Event, 事件Exceptional data point, 异常数据点Expectation plane, 期望平面Expectation surface, 期望曲面Expected values, 期望值Experiment, 实验Experimental sampling, 试验抽样Experimental unit, 试验单位Explained variance （已说明方差）Explanatory variable, 说明变量Exploratory data analysis, 探索性数据分析Explore Summarize, 探索-摘要Exponential curve, 指数曲线Exponential growth, 指数式增长EXSMOOTH, 指数平滑方法Extended fit, 扩充拟合Extra parameter, 附加参数Extrapolation, 外推法Extreme observation, 末端观测值Extremes, 极端值/极值F distribution, F分布F test, F检验Factor, 因素/因子Factor analysis, 因子分析Factor Analysis, 因子分析Factor score, 因子得分Factorial, 阶乘Factorial design, 析因试验设计False negative, 假阴性False negative error, 假阴性错误Family of distributions, 分布族Family of estimators, 估计量族Fanning, 扇面Fatality rate, 病死率Field investigation, 现场调查Field survey, 现场调查Finite population, 有限总体Finite-sample, 有限样本First derivative, 一阶导数First principal component, 第一主成分First quartile, 第一四分位数Fisher information, 费雪信息量Fitted value, 拟合值Fitting a curve, 曲线拟合Fixed base, 定基Fluctuation, 随机起伏Forecast, 预测Four fold table, 四格表Fourth, 四分点Fraction blow, 左侧比率Fractional error, 相对误差Frequency, 频率Frequency polygon, 频数多边图Frontier point, 界限点Function relationship, 泛函关系Gamma distribution, 伽玛分布Gauss increment, 高斯增量Gaussian distribution, 高斯分布/正态分布Gauss-Newton increment, 高斯-牛顿增量General census, 全面普查Generalized least squares, 综合最小平方法GENLOG (Generalized liner models), 广义线性模型Geometric mean, 几何平均数Gini's mean difference, 基尼均差GLM (General liner models), 通用线性模型Goodness of fit, 拟和优度/配合度Gradient of determinant, 行列式的梯度Graeco-Latin square, 希腊拉丁方Grand mean, 总均值Gross errors, 重大错误Gross-error sensitivity, 大错敏感度Group averages, 分组平均Grouped data, 分组资料Guessed mean, 假定平均数Half-life, 半衰期Hampel M-estimators, 汉佩尔M估计量Happenstance, 偶然事件Harmonic mean, 调和均数Hazard function, 风险均数Hazard rate, 风险率Heading, 标目Heavy-tailed distribution, 重尾分布Hessian array, 海森立体阵Heterogeneity, 不同质Heterogeneity of variance, 方差不齐Hierarchical classification, 组内分组Hierarchical clustering method, 系统聚类法High-leverage point, 高杠杆率点High-Low, 低区域图Higher Order Interaction Effects，高阶交互作用HILOGLINEAR, 多维列联表的层次对数线性模型Hinge, 折叶点Histogram, 直方图Historical cohort study, 历史性队列研究Holes, 空洞HOMALS, 多重响应分析Homogeneity of variance, 方差齐性Homogeneity test, 齐性检验Huber M-estimators, 休伯M估计量Hyperbola, 双曲线Hypothesis testing, 假设检验Hypothetical universe, 假设总体Image factoring,, 多元回归法Impossible event, 不可能事件Independence, 独立性Independent variable, 自变量Index, 指标/指数Indirect standardization, 间接标准化法Individual, 个体Inference band, 推断带Infinite population, 无限总体Infinitely great, 无穷大Infinitely small, 无穷小Influence curve, 影响曲线Information capacity, 信息容量Initial condition, 初始条件Initial estimate, 初始估计值Initial level, 最初水平Interaction, 交互作用Interaction terms, 交互作用项Intercept, 截距Interpolation, 内插法Interquartile range, 四分位距Interval estimation, 区间估计Intervals of equal probability, 等概率区间Intrinsic curvature, 固有曲率Invariance, 不变性Inverse matrix, 逆矩阵Inverse probability, 逆概率Inverse sine transformation, 反正弦变换Iteration, 迭代Jacobian determinant, 雅可比行列式Joint distribution function, 分布函数Joint probability, 联合概率Joint probability distribution, 联合概率分布K-Means Cluster逐步聚类分析K means method, 逐步聚类法Kaplan-Meier, 评估事件的时间长度Kaplan-Merier chart, Kaplan-Merier图Kendall's rank correlation, Kendall等级相关Kinetic, 动力学Kolmogorov-Smirnove test, 柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米尔诺夫检验Kruskal and Wallis test, Kruskal及Wallis检验/多样本的秩和检验/H检验Kurtosis, 峰度Lack of fit, 失拟Ladder of powers, 幂阶梯Lag, 滞后Large sample, 大样本Large sample test, 大样本检验Latin square, 拉丁方Latin square design, 拉丁方设计Leakage, 泄漏Least favorable configuration, 最不利构形Least favorable distribution, 最不利分布Least significant difference, 最小显著差法Least square method, 最小二乘法Least Squared Criterion，最小二乘方准则Least-absolute-residuals estimates, 最小绝对残差估计Least-absolute-residuals fit, 最小绝对残差拟合Least-absolute-residuals line, 最小绝对残差线Legend, 图例L-estimator, L估计量L-estimator of location, 位置L估计量L-estimator of scale, 尺度L估计量Level, 水平Leveage Correction，杠杆率校正Life expectance, 预期期望寿命Life table, 寿命表Life table method, 生命表法Light-tailed distribution, 轻尾分布Likelihood function, 似然函数Likelihood ratio, 似然比line graph, 线图Linear correlation, 直线相关Linear equation, 线性方程Linear programming, 线性规划Linear regression, 直线回归Linear Regression, 线性回归Linear trend, 线性趋势Loading, 载荷Location and scale equivariance, 位置尺度同变性Location equivariance, 位置同变性Location invariance, 位置不变性Location scale family, 位置尺度族Log rank test, 时序检验Logarithmic curve, 对数曲线Logarithmic normal distribution, 对数正态分布Logarithmic scale, 对数尺度Logarithmic transformation, 对数变换Logic check, 逻辑检查Logistic distribution, 逻辑斯特分布Logit transformation, Logit转换LOGLINEAR, 多维列联表通用模型Lognormal distribution, 对数正态分布Lost function, 损失函数Low correlation, 低度相关Lower limit, 下限Lowest-attained variance, 最小可达方差LSD, 最小显著差法的简称Lurking variable, 潜在变量Main effect, 主效应Major heading, 主辞标目Marginal density function, 边缘密度函数Marginal probability, 边缘概率Marginal probability distribution, 边缘概率分布Matched data, 配对资料Matched distribution, 匹配过分布Matching of distribution, 分布的匹配Matching of transformation, 变换的匹配Mathematical expectation, 数学期望Mathematical model, 数学模型Maximum L-estimator, 极大极小L 估计量Maximum likelihood method, 最大似然法Mean, 均数Mean squares between groups, 组间均方Mean squares within group, 组内均方Means (Compare means), 均值-均值比较Median, 中位数Median effective dose, 半数效量Median lethal dose, 半数致死量Median polish, 中位数平滑Median test, 中位数检验Minimal sufficient statistic, 最小充分统计量Minimum distance estimation, 最小距离估计Minimum effective dose, 最小有效量Minimum lethal dose, 最小致死量Minimum variance estimator, 最小方差估计量MINITAB, 统计软件包Minor heading, 宾词标目Missing data, 缺失值Model specification, 模型的确定Modeling Statistics , 模型统计Models for outliers, 离群值模型Modifying the model, 模型的修正Modulus of continuity, 连续性模Morbidity, 发病率Most favorable configuration, 最有利构形MSC（多元散射校正）Multidimensional Scaling (ASCAL), 多维尺度/多维标度Multinomial Logistic Regression , 多项逻辑斯蒂回归Multiple comparison, 多重比较Multiple correlation , 复相关Multiple covariance, 多元协方差Multiple linear regression, 多元线性回归Multiple response , 多重选项Multiple solutions, 多解Multiplication theorem, 乘法定理Multiresponse, 多元响应Multi-stage sampling, 多阶段抽样Multivariate T distribution, 多元T分布Mutual exclusive, 互不相容Mutual independence, 互相独立Natural boundary, 自然边界Natural dead, 自然死亡Natural zero, 自然零Negative correlation, 负相关Negative linear correlation, 负线性相关Negatively skewed, 负偏Newman-Keuls method, q检验NK method, q检验No statistical significance, 无统计意义Nominal variable, 名义变量Nonconstancy of variability, 变异的非定常性Nonlinear regression, 非线性相关Nonparametric statistics, 非参数统计Nonparametric test, 非参数检验Nonparametric tests, 非参数检验Normal deviate, 正态离差Normal distribution, 正态分布Normal equation, 正规方程组Normal P-P, 正态概率分布图Normal Q-Q, 正态概率单位分布图Normal ranges, 正常范围Normal value, 正常值Normalization 归一化Nuisance parameter, 多余参数/讨厌参数Null hypothesis, 无效假设Numerical variable, 数值变量Objective function, 目标函数Observation unit, 观察单位Observed value, 观察值One sided test, 单侧检验One-way analysis of variance, 单因素方差分析Oneway ANOVA , 单因素方差分析(假设多个参数是相等的)Open sequential trial, 开放型序贯设计Optrim, 优切尾Optrim efficiency, 优切尾效率Order statistics, 顺序统计量Ordered categories, 有序分类Ordinal logistic regression , 序数逻辑斯蒂回归Ordinal variable, 有序变量Orthogonal basis, 正交基Orthogonal design, 正交试验设计Orthogonality conditions, 正交条件ORTHOPLAN, 正交设计Outlier cutoffs, 离群值截断点Outliers, 极端值OVERALS , 多组变量的非线性正规相关Overshoot, 迭代过度Paired design, 配对设计Paired sample, 配对样本Pairwise slopes, 成对斜率Parabola, 抛物线Parallel tests, 平行试验Parameter, 参数Parametric statistics, 参数统计Parametric test, 参数检验Pareto, 直条构成线图（又称佩尔托图）Partial correlation, 偏相关Partial regression, 偏回归Partial sorting, 偏排序Partials residuals, 偏残差Pattern, 模式PCA（主成分分析）Pearson curves, 皮尔逊曲线Peeling, 退层Percent bar graph, 百分条形图Percentage, 百分比Percentile, 百分位数Percentile curves, 百分位曲线Periodicity, 周期性Permutation, 排列P-estimator, P估计量Pie graph, 构成图,饼图Pitman estimator, 皮特曼估计量Pivot, 枢轴量Planar, 平坦Planar assumption, 平面的假设PLANCARDS, 生成试验的计划卡PLS（偏最小二乘法）Point estimation, 点估计Poisson distribution, 泊松分布Polishing, 平滑Polled standard deviation, 合并标准差Polled variance, 合并方差Polygon, 多边图Polynomial, 多项式Polynomial curve, 多项式曲线Population, 总体Population attributable risk, 人群归因危险度Positive correlation, 正相关Positively skewed, 正偏Posterior distribution, 后验分布Power of a test, 检验效能Precision, 精密度Predicted value, 预测值Preliminary analysis, 预备性分析Principal axis factoring,主轴因子法Principal component analysis, 主成分分析Prior distribution, 先验分布Prior probability, 先验概率Probabilistic model, 概率模型probability, 概率Probability density, 概率密度Product moment, 乘积矩/协方差Profile trace, 截面迹图Proportion, 比/构成比Proportion allocation in stratified randomsampling, 按比例分层随机抽样Proportionate, 成比例Proportionate sub-class numbers, 成比例次级组含量Prospective study, 前瞻性调查Proximities, 亲近性Pseudo F test, 近似F检验Pseudo model, 近似模型Pseudosigma, 伪标准差Purposive sampling, 有目的抽样QR decomposition, QR分解Quadratic approximation, 二次近似Qualitative classification, 属性分类Qualitative method, 定性方法Quantile-quantile plot, 分位数-分位数图/Q-Q 图Quantitative analysis, 定量分析Quartile, 四分位数Quick Cluster, 快速聚类Radix sort, 基数排序Random allocation, 随机化分组Random blocks design, 随机区组设计Random event, 随机事件Randomization, 随机化Range, 极差/全距Rank correlation, 等级相关Rank sum test, 秩和检验Rank test, 秩检验Ranked data, 等级资料Rate, 比率Ratio, 比例Raw data, 原始资料Raw residual, 原始残差Rayleigh's test, 雷氏检验Rayleigh's Z, 雷氏Z值Reciprocal, 倒数Reciprocal transformation, 倒数变换Recording, 记录Redescending estimators, 回降估计量Reducing dimensions, 降维Re-expression, 重新表达Reference set, 标准组Region of acceptance, 接受域Regression coefficient, 回归系数Regression sum of square, 回归平方和Rejection point, 拒绝点Relative dispersion, 相对离散度Relative number, 相对数Reliability, 可靠性Reparametrization, 重新设置参数Replication, 重复Report Summaries, 报告摘要Residual sum of square, 剩余平方和residual variance (剩余方差)Resistance, 耐抗性Resistant line, 耐抗线Resistant technique, 耐抗技术R-estimator of location, 位置R估计量R-estimator of scale, 尺度R估计量Retrospective study, 回顾性调查Ridge trace, 岭迹Ridit analysis, Ridit分析Rotation, 旋转Rounding, 舍入Row, 行Row effects, 行效应Row factor, 行因素RXC table, RXC表Sample, 样本Sample regression coefficient, 样本回归系数Sample size, 样本量Sample standard deviation, 样本标准差Sampling error, 抽样误差SAS(Statistical analysis system ), SAS统计软件包Scale, 尺度/量表Scatter diagram, 散点图Schematic plot, 示意图/简图Score test, 计分检验Screening, 筛检SEASON, 季节分析Second derivative, 二阶导数Second principal component, 第二主成分SEM (Structural equation modeling), 结构化方程模型Semi-logarithmic graph, 半对数图Semi-logarithmic paper, 半对数格纸Sensitivity curve, 敏感度曲线Sequential analysis, 贯序分析Sequence, 普通序列图Sequential data set, 顺序数据集Sequential design, 贯序设计Sequential method, 贯序法Sequential test, 贯序检验法Serial tests, 系列试验Short-cut method, 简捷法Sigmoid curve, S形曲线Sign function, 正负号函数Sign test, 符号检验Signed rank, 符号秩Significant Level, 显著水平Significance test, 显著性检验Significant figure, 有效数字Simple cluster sampling, 简单整群抽样Simple correlation, 简单相关Simple random sampling, 简单随机抽样Simple regression, 简单回归simple table, 简单表Sine estimator, 正弦估计量Single-valued estimate, 单值估计Singular matrix, 奇异矩阵Skewed distribution, 偏斜分布Skewness, 偏度Slash distribution, 斜线分布Slope, 斜率Smirnov test, 斯米尔诺夫检验Source of variation, 变异来源Spearman rank correlation, 斯皮尔曼等级相关Specific factor, 特殊因子Specific factor variance, 特殊因子方差Spectra , 频谱Spherical distribution, 球型正态分布Spread, 展布SPSS(Statistical package for the social science), SPSS统计软件包Spurious correlation, 假性相关Square root transformation, 平方根变换Stabilizing variance, 稳定方差Standard deviation, 标准差Standard error, 标准误Standard error of difference, 差别的标准误Standard error of estimate, 标准估计误差Standard error of rate, 率的标准误Standard normal distribution, 标准正态分布Standardization, 标准化Starting value, 起始值Statistic, 统计量Statistical control, 统计控制Statistical graph, 统计图Statistical inference, 统计推断Statistical table, 统计表Steepest descent, 最速下降法Stem and leaf display, 茎叶图Step factor, 步长因子Stepwise regression, 逐步回归Storage, 存Strata, 层（复数）Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Strength, 强度Stringency, 严密性Structural relationship, 结构关系Studentized residual, 学生化残差/t化残差Sub-class numbers, 次级组含量Subdividing, 分割Sufficient statistic, 充分统计量Sum of products, 积和Sum of squares, 离差平方和Sum of squares about regression, 回归平方和Sum of squares between groups, 组间平方和Sum of squares of partial regression, 偏回归平方和Sure event, 必然事件Survey, 调查Survival, 生存分析Survival rate, 生存率Suspended root gram, 悬吊根图Symmetry, 对称Systematic error, 系统误差Systematic sampling, 系统抽样Tags, 标签Tail area, 尾部面积Tail length, 尾长Tail weight, 尾重Tangent line, 切线Target distribution, 目标分布Taylor series, 泰勒级数Test(检验)Test of linearity, 线性检验Tendency of dispersion, 离散趋势Testing of hypotheses, 假设检验Theoretical frequency, 理论频数Time series, 时间序列Tolerance interval, 容忍区间Tolerance lower limit, 容忍下限Tolerance upper limit, 容忍上限Torsion, 扰率Total sum of square, 总平方和Total variation, 总变异Transformation, 转换Treatment, 处理Trend, 趋势Trend of percentage, 百分比趋势Trial, 试验Trial and error method, 试错法。

多特征检测耦合混沌映射的红外图像加密算法

多特征检测耦合混沌映射的红外图像加密算法彭英杰;陈豪颉【摘要】To solve these defects such as leaking the target shape of cipher and difficult to be used for infrared target encryption of the current image selective encryption algorithm,the infrared image selective encryption algorithm based on multi-feature detection model and low dimensional compound chaotic map was proposed.The contrast between the real target and the background was increased using morphological gradient.The Top-Hat transform was improved by considering the difference between the infrared target and the background for separating the infrared target from the background.The multi-feature detection model was constructed for obtaining the region of interest of the infrared target.The complex mapping was designed by taking one-dimensional Logistic mapping as trigger and combining with the sine mapping,Tent mapping for outputting random sequence.The encryption function was designed based on the new random sequence induced using the new initial condition for outputting the diffusion cipher.Test results show that the proposed algorithm can be better used for the encryption of infrared target with higher security and key sensitivity compared with the current selective encryption technology.%为克服当前选择性加密技术易外泄密文目标的形状,导致其不能有效实现红外图像的安全传输的问题,设计基于多特征检测模型与低维复合映射的红外目标选择加密算法.引入形态学梯度,增大真实目标与背景的对比度差异;考虑红外目标与背景的灰度差异,改进Top-Hat变换,对其完成检测;构建多特征检测模型,获取包含红外目标的感兴趣区域;将一雏Logistic映射作为触发器,联合sine映射、Tent映射,设计复合映射,改变感兴趣区域内的像素位置;改变复合映射的初值,输出新的混沌数组,设计加密函数,输出扩散密文.测试结果表明,与当前选择性加密技术相比,该算法能够更好地用于红外目标的加密,且其安全性更高.【期刊名称】《计算机工程与设计》【年(卷),期】2017(038)011【总页数】7页(P3099-3105)【关键词】红外图像;选择性加密;低维复合映射;Top-Hat变换;多特征检测模型;感兴趣区域;形态学梯度【作者】彭英杰;陈豪颉【作者单位】青海民族大学计算机学院,青海西宁810007;兰州理工大学计算机与通信学院,甘肃兰州730050【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TP391.4传统的数据保密技术没有考虑图像的大数据容量与高的冗余度等特性，导致其难以确保加密图像进行安全传输[1-5]。

了解中国文化的途径英语作文

标题：Exploring Chinese Culture: Various Avenues and Their SignificanceIn the vast and diverse landscape of global cultures, Chinese culture stands out as a unique and fascinating entity. Its rich history, profound traditions, and vibrant contemporary expressions make it a compelling subject for exploration and understanding. This essay delves into the various avenues that one can pursue to gain a deeper understanding of Chinese culture, highlighting their significance and potential benefits.Firstly, reading is a fundamental and effective way to immerse oneself in Chinese culture. Classical Chinese literature, such as the works of Confucius, Lao Tzu, and other ancient philosophers, offer insights into the core values and ethical principles that have shaped Chinese society for millennia. Modern literature, poetry, and essays also reflect the evolution and diversity of Chinese culture in contemporary times. Reading these works not only enhances linguistic skills but also fosters a deeper appreciation of the cultural nuances and complexities.Secondly, traveling to China provides an immersive and experiential understanding of the culture. Visitinghistorical sites, museums, and temples allows one towitness the tangible remnants of China's past andappreciate the beauty and wisdom embedded in itsarchitecture and art. Interacting with locals,participating in traditional festivals and customs, and sampling local cuisine are all enriching experiences that bring Chinese culture to life.Thirdly, learning the Chinese language is essential for a deeper understanding of the culture. Language is the carrier of culture, and mastering Chinese opens the door to a vast array of cultural expressions, including folklore, proverbs, idioms, and more. It also facilitates communication with Chinese people, enabling one to engagein meaningful conversations and explore cultural topics in depth.Moreover, attending cultural workshops and courses is another valuable avenue for understanding Chinese culture. These workshops often cover topics such as Chinese painting, calligraphy, martial arts, and traditional music, providingparticipants with hands-on experiences and insights into the artistic and spiritual dimensions of Chinese culture. Lastly, the internet and digital media have revolutionized the way we access and learn about cultures. Online resources, such as documentaries, podcasts, and interactive websites, offer a convenient and diverse platform for exploring Chinese culture. These resources often combine visual, auditory, and textual elements to create immersive and engaging learning experiences.In conclusion, understanding Chinese culture is a multifaceted and rewarding journey that can be pursued through various avenues. Reading, traveling, learning the language, attending cultural workshops, and leveraging digital media all contribute to a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of this rich and diverse culture. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the ability to appreciate and understand different cultures becomes increasingly important. Exploring Chinese culture, therefore, is not only a personal enrichment but also a valuable skill for promoting cultural exchange and understanding in the global community.**了解中国文化的途径**在全球文化的广阔和多样性中，中国文化以其独特和迷人的特质脱颖而出。

七年级英语数据统计单选题80题

七年级英语数据统计单选题80题1. There are 20 boys and 15 girls in the class. What's the total number of students?A. 20B. 15C. 35D. 5答案：C。

这道题考查简单的加法运算。

班级里有20 个男孩和15 个女孩，总人数就是20 + 15 = 35 人。

选项A 只是男孩的数量；选项B 只是女孩的数量；选项D 与实际计算结果不符。

2. In a survey, 18 people like apples and 12 people like bananas. How many more people like apples than bananas?A. 6B. 30C. 8D. 2答案：A。

这道题考查减法运算。

喜欢苹果的有18 人，喜欢香蕉的有12 人，喜欢苹果比喜欢香蕉多的人数是18 - 12 = 6 人。

选项B 是两者之和；选项C 和D 计算错误。

3. The temperature in the morning was 15°C and it rose by 5°C in the afternoon. What was the temperature in the afternoon?A. 10°CB. 20°CC. 5°CD. 25°C答案：B。

这道题考查加法运算。

早上温度是15°C，下午升高了5°C，下午的温度就是15 + 5 = 20°C。

选项A 是温度降低后的结果；选项C 是升高的度数；选项D 计算错误。

4. A store sold 30 shirts on Monday and 25 shirts on Tuesday. How many shirts did the store sell in total in these two days?A. 55B. 5C. 65D. 15答案：A。

中文接纳与行动问卷第二版(AAQ-II) 与认知融合问卷(CFQ)在回族和哈萨克族青少年中的信效度检验

Advances in Psychology 心理学进展, 2015, 5(11), 695-701Published Online November 2015 in Hans. /journal/ap /10.12677/ap.2015.511090文章引用: 王小龙, 曹静, 安静, 丁万兵, 索玉兰, 苏华, 李燕, 祝卓宏, 汤永隆(2015). 中文接纳与行动问卷第二版Reliability and Validity in theChinese Version of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-2nd Edition (AAQ-II) and the Chinese Version of Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ) in Hui and Kazak AdolescentsXiaolong Wang 1, Jing Cao 2*, Jing An 3*, Wanbing Ding 4*, Yulan Suo 4*, Hua Su 4*, Yan Li 5*, Zhuohong Zhu 2#, Yonglong Tang 1#1School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing2Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 3Changji University, Changji Xinjiang 4High School of Hui, Changji Xinjiang 5Youth Activity Center, Yining XinjiangReceived: Nov. 4th , 2015; accepted: Nov. 23rd , 2015; published: Nov. 25th , 2015Copyright © 2015 by authors and Hans Publishers Inc.This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). /licenses/by/4.0/AbstractObjective: To examine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-2nd Edition (AAQ-II) and the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ) and to offer a measurement tool in studies of experiential avoidance and cognitive fusion. Methods: By conven-ience sampling method, two samples of Kazakh high school students (n 1 = 248) and Hui college students (n 2 = 234) were selected and assessed with the AAQ-II and CFQ for item analysis, internal consistency analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) were administered to test the criterion-related validity. Results: The confirmatory factor analysis verified the one-factor model of AAQ-II and CFQ. The Cronbach’s α coefficient of the two scales for the two samples was 0.845 and 0.860 (AAQ-II), 0.892 and 0.902*对本文贡献相同。

sampling parameters详解

sampling parameters详解Sampling Parameters: A Comprehensive GuideSampling parameters are crucial in designing and conducting accurate and reliable research studies. They determine the size and composition of the sample, allowing researchers to make inferences and draw conclusions about the entire population of interest. In this article, we will delve into the details of sampling parameters, their significance, and how they contribute to the validity of research findings.1. Sample Size:The sample size is an essential parameter that influences the power and precision of a study. It refers to the number of individuals or units included in the sample. A larger sample size generally increases the accuracy of estimates and enhances the generalizability of the findings. However, determining the appropriate sample size involves considerations such as the desired level of confidence, the effect size, resources, and the specific research domain.2. Sampling Frame:A sampling frame represents the list or set of individuals, elements, or units from which the sample will be drawn. It should closely reflect the characteristics and composition of the target population. A carefully constructed sampling frame ensures that all population members have an equal chance of being included in the sample, minimizing selection bias.3. Sampling Method:The sampling method defines the procedure used to select participants from the sampling frame. Different sampling methods, such as random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and convenience sampling, have varying strengths and limitations. The choice of sampling method depends on the research objectives, available resources, and the level of representativeness required.4. Sampling Bias:Sampling bias refers to the distortion or deviation from accuracy in the selection process of the sample. It occurs when certain individuals or characteristics in the population have a higher or lower probability of being included in the sample. It is essential to identify and minimize sampling bias to ensure the validity and generalizability of research findings.5. Sample Characteristics:Sample characteristics include demographic, socio-economic, and other relevant variables that describe the individuals or units in the sample. These parameters help researchers understand the target population and draw comparisons or generalize the findings. Care must be taken to ensure that the sample is adequately representative and diverse enough to capture the variations within the population.In conclusion, sampling parameters play a pivotal role in research design and the subsequent interpretation of the collected data. A thoughtful consideration of sample size, sampling frame, sampling method, bias, and sample characteristics enables researchers to gather accurate and reliable information about the larger population. By adhering to these parameters, researchers can enhance the validity, reliability, and applicability of their study findings.。

explanatory sequential mixed method

explanatory sequential mixed method Explanatory Sequential Mixed MethodsIntroduction:Research methodology plays a crucial role in informing decision-making and understanding complex phenomena. Mixed methods research designs have gained popularity in recent years due to their ability to provide a comprehensive and holistic understanding of a research problem. One such design is the explanatory sequential mixed methods approach, which incorporates both quantitative and qualitative components in a sequential manner. This article aims to explain the explanatory sequential mixed methods design, its components, advantages, and limitations, with examples from various research studies.Components of the Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Design:The explanatory sequential mixed methods design consists of two distinct phases, namely the quantitative phase and the qualitative phase. In this design, the quantitative component is conducted first and is followed by the qualitative component. The purpose of the quantitative phase is to explore relationships and identify patterns in the data, while the qualitative phase aims to provide a deeper understanding of these relationships and patterns.Quantitative Phase:During the quantitative phase, researchers collect and analyze quantitative data using structured surveys, experiments, orsecondary data sources. The goal is to generate numerical data that can be analyzed using statistical techniques to test hypotheses or patterns. The findings from the quantitative analysis inform the selection of participants and the focus of the qualitative phase.Qualitative Phase:The qualitative phase involves collecting and analyzing qualitative data, such as interviews, observations, or document analysis. The purpose of this phase is to understand the underlying reasons and processes behind the quantitative findings. Qualitative data collection methods allow researchers to gather rich and detailed information that provides context and meaning to the statistical results. The qualitative analysis involves coding, categorizing, and interpreting the data to identify themes and patterns.Integration of Findings:The integration of findings is a crucial step in the explanatory sequential mixed methods design. During this stage, researchers compare and contrast the findings from both the quantitative and qualitative phases to develop a comprehensive understanding of the research problem. This integration can occur in different ways, such as comparing the results side by side, using statistical findings to interpret qualitative data, or using qualitative findings to explain statistical patterns. The aim is to provide a richer and more nuanced understanding of the research topic than could be achieved through a single method or phase.Advantages of the Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Design:The explanatory sequential mixed methods design offers several advantages over traditional quantitative or qualitative approaches. Firstly, it provides a more comprehensive understanding of the research problem by combining quantitative and qualitative data. The sequential nature of the design allows researchers to build on the findings from the quantitative phase and explore them in more depth during the qualitative phase. This approach strengthens the validity and reliability of the research findings.Secondly, the design allows researchers to address research questions that require both numerical data and contextual information. Some phenomena cannot be fully understood or explained by numbers alone, and qualitative data can provide valuable insights into the underlying reasons and processes.Thirdly, the design enhances triangulation, which refers to the use of multiple data sources or methods to validate findings. By combining quantitative and qualitative data, researchers can compare and contrast the different perspectives and identify converging or conflicting evidence. This strengthens the overall validity and trustworthiness of the research.Limitations of the Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Design:Despite its advantages, the explanatory sequential mixed methods design also has some limitations. Firstly, it requires time and resources to implement both quantitative and qualitative components. Researchers need to consider the feasibility of conducting both phases and ensure that they have the necessaryskills and expertise in both quantitative and qualitative methods.Secondly, the design may face challenges in terms of data integration and interpretation. Combining quantitative and qualitative findings can be complex and may require expertise in both types of data analysis. Researchers need to carefully consider how to integrate the findings in a meaningful and coherent manner.Example Studies:To illustrate the application of the explanatory sequential mixed methods design, three example studies are presented below:1. A study on the effectiveness of a health intervention program uses a quantitative survey to measure participants' health outcomes and satisfaction levels. The qualitative phase involves in-depth interviews with a sub-sample of participants to explore their experiences and perceptions of the program.2. A study on the impact of a teacher training program uses a quantitative pre-test and post-test design to measure changes in students' academic performance. The qualitative phase involves focus group discussions with teachers to understand their perspectives on the program's effectiveness and challenges.3. A study on the factors influencing employee satisfaction and retention uses a quantitative survey to measure employee satisfaction levels. The qualitative phase involves semi-structured interviews with a subset of employees to explore the underlying reasons for their satisfaction or dissatisfaction.Conclusion:The explanatory sequential mixed methods design offers a powerful approach to research that combines the strengths of quantitative and qualitative methods. By integrating numerical data with contextual information, this design provides a comprehensive and holistic understanding of research problems. Despite its limitations, the design has gained popularity due to its ability to address complex research questions and enhance the validity and reliability of findings. Researchers should consider the feasibility and appropriateness of this design for their specific research objectives and resources.。

给外国朋友送什么礼物比较好英语作文

给外国朋友送什么礼物比较好英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1What to Gift Your Foreign FriendsAs students, we often find ourselves in culturally diverse environments, surrounded by individuals from various parts of the world. Building friendships with people from different backgrounds can be an enriching experience, but it can also present challenges when it comes to exchanging gifts. The act of gift-giving is deeply rooted in cultural traditions and customs, and navigating these waters can be tricky. In this essay, I will share my thoughts and experiences on choosing appropriate gifts for foreign friends, drawing from my personal encounters and observations.First and foremost, it's crucial to understand that gifts hold different meanings and symbolism across cultures. What may be considered a thoughtful gesture in one culture could be perceived as offensive or inappropriate in another. For instance, in some Asian cultures, gifting clocks or timepieces is discouraged as they are associated with the phrase "counting theclock," which can be interpreted as wishing someone's life to end soon. Similarly, in many Western cultures, giving knives or other sharp objects is considered unlucky as it symbolizes severing a relationship.To avoid such cultural missteps, it's advisable to do some research on the cultural norms and traditions of your friend's home country. Don't be afraid to ask them directly about any gift-giving taboos or preferences. Most people are happy to share insights into their cultural practices, and they'll appreciate your efforts to be respectful and considerate.One safe and versatile option for gifting foreign friends is to focus on items that represent your own culture or hometown. These gifts can serve as a window into your heritage and provide your friends with a tangible connection to your background. For example, if you're from a region known for its handicrafts, consider gifting a locally made item, such as a woven basket, pottery, or jewelry. If your city or state is famous for a particular food or drink, a carefully packaged edible treat can be a delightful and shareable gift.When selecting such culturally significant gifts, it's essential to choose items that are authentic and of high quality. Avoid mass-produced souvenirs or trinkets that lack personal meaningor value. Instead, opt for handmade or locally produced items that showcase the skill and creativity of your community's artisans.Another thoughtful approach is to tailor your gift to your friend's personal interests or hobbies. If your foreign friend is an avid reader, consider gifting them a book by a renowned author from your country, preferably in their native language or with a reliable translation. For a music enthusiast, you could compile a playlist or burn a CD featuring traditional or popular tunes from your homeland.If your friend has a passion for a particular sport or outdoor activity, you could gift them related gear or accessories that are unique to your region. For instance, if you're from a coastal area known for its surfing culture, a handcrafted surfboard or beach-themed artwork could be a meaningful and practical gift.In addition to cultural and personal interests, consider gifts that cater to your friend's practical needs or study requirements. If they're an international student, they may appreciate items that can make their transition to a new environment smoother, such as a locally designed bag, a warm scarf or gloves for colder climates, or a portable charger or adapter for their electronic devices.Regardless of the gift you choose, it's essential to present it thoughtfully. Consider including a handwritten note explaining the significance or meaning behind the gift. This personal touch can go a long way in strengthening your friendship and fostering cultural understanding.Moreover, be mindful of the occasion or context in which you're giving the gift. Certain celebrations or festivals may have specific gift-giving traditions or expectations. For instance, during the Chinese New Year, gifting money in red envelopes (known as "hongbao") is a common practice, while during Eidal-Fitr, which marks the end of Ramadan, food and sweets are commonly exchanged.In some cases, it may be appropriate to involve your foreign friend in the gift-selection process. This collaborative approach not only ensures that you choose something they truly appreciate but also provides an opportunity for cultural exchange and learning. You could take them shopping in your local markets or artisan districts, allowing them to experience the sights, sounds, and flavors of your hometown while selecting a meaningful gift.It's important to remember that the act of gift-giving is not solely about the physical item itself; it's a gesture of friendship,appreciation, and cultural understanding. Even a simple and inexpensive gift, when given with genuine thought and care, can hold immense value and strengthen the bond between you and your foreign friend.In conclusion, choosing gifts for foreign friends requires cultural sensitivity, thoughtfulness, and a willingness to learn and embrace diversity. By doing your research, considering personal interests and practical needs, and emphasizing authentic and meaningful items, you can navigate the complexities ofcross-cultural gift-giving with confidence and respect. Remember, the true essence of gift-giving lies in the intention behind the gesture, not the monetary value of the gift itself. Embrace this opportunity to celebrate and share your cultural heritage while fostering lasting connections with individuals from around the world.篇2What Are Good Gifts to Give to Foreign Friends?Giving gifts is a great way to strengthen bonds between friends, especially when those friends come from different cultures. However, choosing an appropriate gift for a foreign friend can be tricky - you don't want to accidentally givesomething offensive or impractical. As an international student, I've had to navigate this many times. Here are some tips I've picked up over the years on giving good gifts to friends from other countries.First and foremost, it's important to keep in mind the cultural backgrounds and personal interests of your foreign friends. A one-size-fits-all approach rarely works when gift-giving across cultures. For example, my friend Fatima from Saudi Arabia loves anything related to calligraphy and Arabic art. For her last birthday, I gifted her a beautifully crafted calligraphy set which she absolutely adored. On the other hand, Marcus from Germany is really into cars and automotive engineering, so I got him a machine model kit of a classic Volkswagen Beetle which he builtand displayed proudly.Cultural symbols and motifs can make very meaningful gifts, but you have to be careful. Anything too overtly religious could be seen as overstepping boundaries. Similarly, political items are usually best avoided unless you know the recipient's views extremely well. Stick to cultural themes which are more secular - artifacts, clothing, music, food items etc. One of my British friends loved the traditional Indian shawl I brought her from my hometown.Sometimes, the simplest gifts can be the most appreciated, especially if they representauthentic bits of your own culture that your foreign friend can't easily access. My Brazilian buddy Mario was over the moon when I gave him a couple boxes of my mom's homemade garam masala andother spice mixes. He'd been struggling to find certain Indian spices in Brazil. Likewise, Dominique from France was delighted when I burned her a mixtape of my favorite Hindi songs from recent Bollywood films.Books can make amazing gifts, but again, choose them wisely based on your friend's personal interests rather than just their nationality. For my friend Ying from China who is really into ancient history, I gave her an English translation of the classic Chinese novel "Journey to the West." On the other hand, Akiko from Japan is a total anime/manga nerd, so I got her the latest volume of her favorite manga series in Japanese.When in doubt, consumable giftsets are usually a safe way to go. You can find these themed around almost any culture - snack boxes, tea samplers, beer/wine sets etc. One year I made individual gift baskets for all my foreign friends filled with different Indian treats and snacks. It was inexpensive but they all seemed to really enjoy sampling the unique flavors.Sometimes compact decoration pieces or apparel with cultural artistic designs can make wonderful gifts as well. I have a Colombian friend who treasures the small painted alebrije figurine I brought her from Mexico. And my Turkish buddy Ahmet always wears the patterned keffiyeh I got him during a trip to Jordan.If your foreign friend has touched down in your home country more recently, then gift baskets or boxes filled with useful accessories and products can help them adapt. When my French friend Lucille first arrived, I made her a "welcome" package with things like a portable phone charger, a reusable water bottle, healthy snacks, a French-English dictionary, and a public transport pass. She said it helped her tremendously those first few weeks.Sometimes experiential gifts related to your own culture can be amazing to share with foreign friends. Tickets to cultural festivals, museums, dance performances, concerts, plays, etc. For instance, I once took my British friend Emily to a large Diwali festival and she loved seeingall the brilliant lights, colorful rangoli designs, and tasting all the Indian delicacies.Ultimately, the goal is for the gift to feel personal and thoughtful - an authentic representation of your bond with yourforeign friend. Giving something generic or impersonal that could have been picked up at any touristy gift shop defeats the purpose. Take the time to make it meaningful.Additionally, while it's important not to overspend, I always advise staying away from extremely cheap, low-quality gifts no matter where your friend is from. It can come across as rude or insulting in many cultures. Put some legitimate effort into choosing something nice.Also, be mindful of practical concerns like nut allergies or alcohol restrictions based on religion/culture when giving edible items. And when giving experiences as gifts, always make sure you aren't accidentally violating any cultural norms - for instance, I'd never give tickets to a place that serves pork to my Muslim friends.Lastly, don't underestimate the power of a heartfelt, handwritten card to accompany the gift and explain the thought process behind it. In many cultures, gifts without any personal note or message can be seen as impersonal and thoughtless.In the end, giving great gifts across cultures is all about balance - putting in effort to make it personal and meaningful while also being respectful of cultural boundaries. With a little thoughtfulness, you can strengthen your internationalfriendships through the powerful act of gift-giving. Just make sure you put real consideration into each gift. Because in the wise words of my grandfather, "Itni shakti bhi nahi mere paas ki kisi ko kuch dhoondh ke bhejun" (I don't have that much power to send someone just any random thing).篇3What Gifts are Good to Give Foreign Friends?When it comes to giving gifts to friends from other countries and cultures, it can be tricky to figure out what is appropriate. You want to get them something nice that shows you put some thought into it, but you also don't want to accidentally offend them or give something that misses the mark culturally. As an international student, I've had to navigate this a few times with friends I've made from around the world. Here are some tips I've picked up on great gifts to give foreign friends.Food and SnacksOne option that tends to go over well is giving friends snacks or foods that are popular in your home country. Everybody loves trying new and interesting foods from other cultures. However, you do want to be a bit careful with this one -avoid anything too strange or exotic that they may not have a taste for. Stick to more mainstream popular snacks and treats.For example, I have given my American friends big bags of fun size Cadbury chocolate bars, which are hard to find in the States. Or I'll get them packages of Turkish delight or other candies from back home. My Mexican friend once brought me these amazing chili lollipops that were both deliciously sweet and spicy. Just use your best judgment on what they might actually enjoy.Something Representative of Your CultureBeyond food, friends also generally appreciate gifts that represent your culture in some artistic or meaningful way. This could be something like:Clothing/accessories (a patterned scarf, robe, hat, etc.)Artwork (paintings, sculptures, carvings, etc.)Home decor items (vases, rugs, tableware, etc.)Musical instrumentsBooks/writings representing your culture's stories and literatureJust be sure it's something high-quality that really captures the aesthetics and spirit of your culture. You don't want to give them something cheap and tacky that promotes stereotypes.When I first met my friends here, I gave them all small ceramic plates that were hand-painted by artisans in my home city. They use them to hold rings and loose change now. One of my friends from Kenya gave me this beautiful woven basket that doubles as artwork hanging on my wall.Local Crafts and Handmade ItemsSimilar to the cultural items, local crafts and handmade goods from your home city or region can make very special, one-of-a-kind gifts for foreign friends. Not only are these unique items they likely can't find anywhere else, but you're also supporting individual artisans and makers.My friend from Peru gave me these adorable little alpaca wool figurines that her aunt knitted by hand. I've also received beautifully embroidered accessories, hand-carved wooden boxes, and ceramics made by local potters back home as gifts from international friends. Handmade gifts like these really show you took the time and effort.Something Useful They Can't Get EasilyA clever gift idea I've both given and received is practical items that may be hard to access or substantially different in our respective home countries. Think about things that are very common and easy to find for you, but potentially difficult or exotic for your friend.For example, I've gifted my overseas friends seasoning blends, specialized kitchen tools, personal care items, snacks, drinks, and other domestic products that you just can't really find internationally. Likewise, a Russian friend once mailed me honeysuckle-flavored candies and a beautiful, traditional Russian doll that I couldn't buy in stores here.My advice is to think about those little things you take for granted, but that they may see real novelty and value in. Just don't get anything too large - stick to smaller packable items that are easy to transport.An Experience, Not a ThingFinally, one of the best, most memorable gifts you can give is an experience, rather than a physical object. This could be taking your friend out to a cultural festival, show, restaurant, or other event celebrating your heritage. Or you could teach them to cook a classic dish from your home. Maybe take。

Data Sampling Methods

Data Sampling MethodsData sampling methods are essential in the field of data analysis as they help researchers and analysts to draw conclusions about a population based on a sample of data. There are various data sampling methods, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. In this response, we will explore different data sampling methods, including simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and convenience sampling. We will also discuss the importance of choosing the right sampling method and the potential biases that can arise from using certain methods.Simple random sampling is one of the most basic and commonly used data sampling methods. It involves selecting a random sample from the entire population, where each individual has an equal chance of being chosen. This method is relatively easy to implement and helps to ensure that the sample is representative of the population. However, it can be time-consuming and costly to obtain a complete list of the population in order to select a random sample.Systematic sampling is another method that is relatively easy to implement. It involves selecting every kth individual from the population, where k is calculated as the population size divided by the sample size. This method is less time-consuming than simple random sampling and still ensures a degree of randomness in the sample. However, if there is a pattern in the population, systematic sampling can lead to a biased sample.Stratified sampling involves dividing the population into subgroups or strata based on certain characteristics, such as age, gender, or income level, and then selecting a random sample from each stratum. This method ensures that each subgroup is represented in the sample, which can lead to more accurate results when analyzing the data. However, it requires prior knowledge of the population characteristics and can be more complex and time-consuming to implement.Cluster sampling involves dividing the population into clusters, such as geographic areas or schools, and then randomly selecting clusters to include in the sample. This method is often more practical and cost-effective than other sampling methods, especially when thepopulation is large and dispersed. However, it can lead to clusters being overrepresented or underrepresented in the sample, which can introduce bias.Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling method that involves selecting individuals who are easily accessible or convenient to the researcher. This method is quick and inexpensive, making it a popular choice for many researchers. However, it can lead to a biased sample, as individuals who are easily accessible may not be representative of the entire population.When choosing a data sampling method, it is important to consider the specific research question, the characteristics of the population, and the resources available. Each sampling method has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of method can have a significant impact on the results of the analysis. It is also important to be aware of potential biases that can arise from using certain sampling methods, such as selection bias or non-response bias, and to take steps to minimize these biases.In conclusion, data sampling methods play a crucial role in the field of data analysis, as they help researchers and analysts to draw conclusions about a population based on a sample of data. There are various data sampling methods, each with its own advantages and disadvantages, and it is important to choose the right method based on the specific research question and the characteristics of the population. It is also important to be aware of potential biases that can arise from using certain sampling methods and to take steps to minimize these biases in order to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the results.。

Multivariate Data Analysis

Multivariate Data Analysis Multivariate data analysis is a powerful statistical technique used to analyze data sets with multiple variables. It allows researchers to explore relationships between variables, identify patterns, and make predictions. This field ofstatistics encompasses a wide range of methods, each tailored to address specific research questions and data characteristics. One commonly used method in multivariate data analysis is principal component analysis (PCA). PCA aims to reduce the dimensionality of the data by identifying a smaller set of uncorrelated variables, called principal components, that capture most of the variation in the original data. These components are linear combinations of the original variables and can be used to visualize the data in a lower-dimensional space, making it easier to identify patterns and clusters. Another widely employed method isfactor analysis. Similar to PCA, factor analysis aims to reduce the dimensionality of the data. However, it differs in its underlying assumptions and interpretation. Factor analysis assumes that the observed variables are influenced by a smaller number of unobserved, latent variables called factors. By identifying thesefactors and their relationships to the observed variables, researchers can gain insights into the underlying structure of the data. Cluster analysis is another important technique used in multivariate data analysis. This method aims to group observations into clusters based on their similarity across multiple variables. Different clustering algorithms employ different distance metrics and criteria for cluster formation, allowing researchers to choose the most appropriate method for their data and research question. Cluster analysis can be used to identify groups of customers with similar purchasing patterns, classify diseases based on patient symptoms, or segment images based on pixel characteristics. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) is a method used to investigate the relationships between two sets of variables. It identifies pairs of linear combinations of variables, one from each set, that have the highest correlation. CCA can be applied to study the relationship between consumer attitudes and purchasing behavior, the link between gene expression and disease progression, or the association between environmental factors and species distribution. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is a statistical test used to compare the means of multiple groups across severaldependent variables simultaneously. It is an extension of the univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) and is particularly useful when the dependent variables are correlated. MANOVA can be applied to test the effectiveness of different treatments on multiple health outcomes, compare the performance of different car models on multiple safety features, or evaluate the impact of different educational programs on various student learning outcomes. In conclusion, multivariate data analysis offers a rich toolkit for researchers to explore complex data sets involving multiple variables. By employing methods such as principal component analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis, canonical correlation analysis, and multivariate analysis of variance, researchers can gain valuable insights into the relationships between variables, identify patterns, make predictions, and test hypotheses. These techniques have become indispensable in various fields, including business, healthcare, engineering, and social sciences, enabling researchers to unravel the complexities of multivariate data and make informed decisions based on data-driven evidence.。

计量经济学中英文词汇对照

Controlled experiments Conventional depth Convolution Corrected factor Corrected mean Correction coefficient Correctness Correlation coefficient Correlation index Correspondence Counting Counts Covaห้องสมุดไป่ตู้iance Covariant Cox Regression Criteria for fitting Criteria of least squares Critical ratio Critical region Critical value
Asymmetric distribution Asymptotic bias Asymptotic efficiency Asymptotic variance Attributable risk Attribute data Attribution Autocorrelation Autocorrelation of residuals Average Average confidence interval length Average growth rate BBB Bar chart Bar graph Base period Bayes' theorem Bell-shaped curve Bernoulli distribution Best-trim estimator Bias Binary logistic regression Binomial distribution Bisquare Bivariate Correlate Bivariate normal distribution Bivariate normal population Biweight interval Biweight M-estimator Block BMDP(Biomedical computer programs) Boxplots Breakdown bound CCC Canonical correlation Caption Case-control study Categorical variable Catenary Cauchy distribution Cause-and-effect relationship Cell Censoring

网店取代实体店英语作文

网店取代实体店英语作文Title: The Rise of Online Stores and the Transformation of Physical Retail。

In recent years, the emergence of online stores has significantly transformed the retail landscape, prompting discussions about the potential replacement of traditional brick-and-mortar stores. This shift raises questions about the future of physical retail spaces and the implications for both consumers and businesses.Firstly, it is undeniable that online stores offer unparalleled convenience and accessibility. With just a few clicks, consumers can browse a vast array of products, compare prices, and make purchases from the comfort oftheir homes or on-the-go using their smartphones. This convenience factor has been a driving force behind the increasing popularity of online shopping, particularly among younger generations who value efficiency and time-saving solutions.Moreover, online stores often boast a wider selection of products compared to their physical counterparts. With virtual shelves not constrained by physical space limitations, online retailers can offer an extensive range of items, catering to diverse tastes and preferences. This abundance of choice appeals to consumers seeking variety and niche products that may not be readily available in traditional stores.Additionally, the rise of online stores has facilitated the globalization of retail. E-commerce platforms enable businesses to reach a global audience without the need for physical storefronts in every market. This expansion opportunities allow businesses to scale more rapidly and efficiently, tapping into new markets and diversifyingtheir customer base.Despite these advantages, however, it would be premature to declare the demise of physical retail. Traditional stores offer unique experiences that cannot be replicated online. The tactile experience of browsingthrough merchandise, trying on clothes, or sampling products remains an integral part of the shopping process for many consumers. Furthermore, physical stores provide opportunities for social interaction and personalized customer service, which online retailers struggle to emulate.Moreover, physical stores serve as essential touchpoints for brand building and customer engagement. A well-designed storefront can convey a brand's identity and values, fostering a sense of loyalty and connection among consumers. Additionally, physical locations offer opportunities for experiential marketing initiatives, such as in-store events, demonstrations, or workshops, which deepen customer engagement and create memorable shopping experiences.Furthermore, physical stores have adapted to the changing retail landscape by integrating digital technologies to enhance the shopping experience. Many retailers now offer omnichannel strategies, allowing customers to seamlessly transition between online andoffline channels. For instance, customers can order products online and pick them up in-store, or vice versa, blurring the boundaries between virtual and physical shopping environments.In conclusion, while online stores have undoubtedly disrupted the retail industry, the notion of them completely replacing physical stores overlooks the unique advantages that brick-and-mortar establishments offer. Both online and offline retail channels have their strengths and limitations, and successful retailers are those who leverage the strengths of each to create integrated shopping experiences that cater to the evolving needs and preferences of modern consumers. Therefore, rather than viewing them as competitors, online and offline retail should be seen as complementary elements of a dynamic and evolving retail ecosystem.。

西安丝绸之路欢乐世界研学英文作文

西安丝绸之路欢乐世界研学英文作文回答例子1:Title: Exploring the Silk Road Joy World in Xi'an: An Educational AdventureIntroduction:The Silk Road, an ancient network of trade routes, holds a significant place in history, linking the East and West through commerce and cultural exchange. In the heart of China, lies Xi'an, a city steeped in Silk Road heritage. Amidst its historical significance, Xi'an proudly boasts the Silk Road Joy World, an educational theme park offering a unique blend of entertainment and learning. Let's embark on a journey through this fascinating destination, delving into its historical context, educational value, and the joy it brings to visitors.Historical Context:Xi'an, formerly known as Chang'an, served as the starting point of the ancient Silk Road. Its rich history spans over two millennia, witnessing the rise and fall of dynasties, and the flourishing of trade and cultural exchange. The Silk Road JoyWorld pays homage to this illustrious past, immersing visitors in the sights, sounds, and stories of this ancient trade route. From replica caravanserais to interactive exhibits showcasing Silk Road artifacts, the park offers a glimpse into the vibrant tapestry of cultures that once converged in Xi'an.Educational Value:Beyond its entertainment value, the Silk Road Joy World serves as a valuable educational resource for students and scholars alike. Through engaging workshops, guided tours, and hands-on activities, visitors have the opportunity to deepen their understanding of Silk Road history, economics, and cultural diffusion. Whether exploring the intricacies of silk production or participating in a simulated trade negotiation, the park fosters experiential learning that transcends the confines of traditional classrooms. Moreover, educational programs tailored to various age groups ensure that visitors of all backgrounds can benefit from this immersive experience.Exploring the Park:As visitors traverse the winding pathways of the Silk Road Joy World, they encounter a myriad of attractions designed tocaptivate the imagination. The Grand Bazaar, a bustling marketplace reminiscent of ancient Silk Road trading posts, beckons with its colorful stalls and exotic wares. Meanwhile, the Silk Road Theater transports audiences through time with captivating performances showcasing traditional music, dance, and storytelling. For those seeking a more interactive experience, the Discovery Zone offers hands-on exhibits where visitors can try their hand at archaeological excavations or learn the art of calligraphy.Cultural Exchange:Central to the Silk Road ethos is the notion of cultural exchange, wherein diverse peoples and traditions converge to create a tapestry of shared heritage. The Silk Road Joy World embodies this spirit of cultural exchange, serving as a meeting point for visitors from around the globe. Through cultural demonstrations, culinary experiences, and collaborative projects, the park fosters dialogue and understanding among diverse communities. Whether sampling regional delicacies or participating in traditional crafts, visitors are invited to celebrate the richness and diversity of Silk Road cultures.Conclusion:In conclusion, the Silk Road Joy World in Xi'an offers a unique blend of entertainment, education, and cultural exchange. By immersing visitors in the sights, sounds, and stories of the ancient Silk Road, the park provides a gateway to the past while inspiring future generations to explore the interconnectedness of our world. As we journey through this immersive destination, may we discover not only the treasures of the Silk Road but also the enduring spirit of curiosity, cooperation, and camaraderie that transcends time and borders.回答例子2:Title: Exploring Xi'an Silk Road Joy World: An English Essay on Study ToursIntroduction:Xi'an Silk Road Joy World, located in the heart of the ancient Silk Road city of Xi'an, is a fascinating destination that combines entertainment with education. It offers visitors a unique opportunity to delve into the rich history and cultural heritage of the Silk Road while enjoying various recreational activities. In this essay, we will explore the immersiveexperience of studying at Xi'an Silk Road Joy World, delving into its historical significance, educational value, and the joy it brings to visitors.Historical Significance:The Silk Road holds immense historical significance as an ancient network of trade routes that connected the East and West, facilitating cultural exchange and economic development. Xi'an, as the starting point of the Silk Road, played a pivotal role in this vibrant exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures. Xi'an Silk Road Joy World pays homage to this legacy by recreating the ambiance of ancient Silk Road markets, complete with traditional architecture, bustling streets, and vibrant cultural performances. Visitors can immerse themselves in this historical setting, gaining insights into the lives of merchants, artisans, and travelers who once traversed these routes.Educational Value:Beyond its entertainment offerings, Xi'an Silk Road Joy World serves as an educational hub, offering a range of interactive exhibits, workshops, and guided tours. Studentshave the opportunity to learn about various aspects of Silk Road culture, including its impact on art, literature, religion, and technology. Through hands-on activities such as pottery making, calligraphy, and traditional music performances, students can deepen their understanding of ancient civilizations and appreciate the enduring legacy of the Silk Road. Additionally, educational programs tailored to different age groups and academic levels ensure that every visitor can benefit from this enriching experience.Exploration and Discovery:One of the highlights of studying at Xi'an Silk Road Joy World is the opportunity for exploration and discovery. From ancient relics and artifacts to replicas of Silk Road caravanserais, every corner of the park offers something new to discover. Students can embark on guided tours led by knowledgeable instructors, who share insights into the history, geography, and cultural significance of the Silk Road. They can also engage in interactive exhibits that simulate trade negotiations, archaeological excavations, and cultural exchanges, fostering critical thinking skills and cross-cultural understanding. By actively participating in these activities,students not only learn about the past but also develop a deeper appreciation for diversity and interconnectedness in today's globalized world.Joyful Experiences:In addition to its educational value, Xi'an Silk Road Joy World provides visitors with a plethora of joyful experiences to cherish. From thrilling rides and games to live performances and cultural demonstrations, there is no shortage of entertainment options for students to enjoy. Whether sampling exotic cuisine at the Silk Road food court, shopping for souvenirs at the bazaar, or marveling at the colorful costumes of traditional dancers, every moment spent at the park is filled with joy and excitement. Moreover, the festive atmosphere and friendly staff create a welcoming environment where students can relax, socialize, and create lasting memories with friends and classmates.Conclusion:In conclusion, studying at Xi'an Silk Road Joy World offers a unique blend of entertainment, education, and culturalimmersion. By exploring its historical significance, educational value, and joyful experiences, students can gain a deeper appreciation for the rich tapestry of cultures that once thrived along the ancient Silk Road. Moreover, they can cultivate essential skills such as critical thinking, cross-cultural communication, and global awareness, preparing them to thrive in an increasingly interconnected world. Thus, Xi'an Silk Road Joy World stands not only as a testament to the past but also as a beacon of hope for the future, inspiring future generations to embrace diversity, foster understanding, and forge new pathways of friendship and cooperation across borders.。

写自己以前学校旅行的英语作文

写自己以前学校旅行的英语作文It was a crisp autumn morning when our school announced the much-anticipated annual field trip. The air was filled with a palpable sense of excitement as students eagerly awaited the details of our destination. After weeks of anticipation, the day had finally arrived and our class was abuzz with chatter and laughter as we boarded the buses that would take us on an unforgettable adventure.Our first stop was a historic museum located in the heart of the city. As we stepped through the grand entrance, the weight of the past seemed to envelop us. Our guide, a knowledgeable historian, led us through the various exhibits, regaling us with captivating tales of the region's rich cultural heritage. From ancient artifacts to interactive displays, the museum provided a immersive learning experience that left us in awe of the resilience and ingenuity of those who had come before us.Following our museum visit, we ventured to a renowned art gallery showcasing the works of renowned local artists. The walls were adorned with vibrant canvases that seemed to come alive, eachbrushstroke telling a unique story. Our teacher encouraged us to explore the gallery at our own pace, allowing us to lose ourselves in the emotive power of the artwork. Some of us were drawn to the bold, abstract pieces, while others found solace in the serene, naturalistic landscapes. Regardless of our individual preferences, the gallery left an indelible mark on our artistic sensibilities.As the day progressed, we made our way to a picturesque nature preserve on the outskirts of the city. The lush greenery and winding trails beckoned us to disconnect from the hustle and bustle of everyday life and immerse ourselves in the tranquility of the great outdoors. Our group eagerly set out on a guided hike, our senses heightened by the sights and sounds of the forest. We marveled at the towering trees, the chirping of birds, and the gentle babbling of the nearby stream. It was a profound reminder of the importance of preserving our natural environments and the restorative power of connecting with the natural world.One of the highlights of our trip was the visit to a local community center, where we had the opportunity to engage with members of the community and learn about their way of life. We were greeted with warm smiles and open arms as the residents shared their traditions, customs, and personal stories. Whether it was learning traditional dance moves, sampling authentic cuisine, or participating in a lively discussion about the region's history, each interactionbroadened our cultural horizons and fostered a deeper appreciation for the diversity that exists within our society.As the sun began to set, we gathered for a final reflection on the day's events. Our teachers encouraged us to share our most meaningful experiences and the insights we had gained. It was a powerful moment of collective introspection, as we realized the profound impact that this field trip had on our personal growth and understanding of the world around us. The bonds we had forged with our classmates and the memories we had created would undoubtedly endure long after the trip had ended.In the days that followed, the lessons we had learned during our school trip continued to resonate within us. The knowledge we had acquired, the skills we had developed, and the connections we had made all contributed to our holistic development as students and as individuals. The field trip had not only enriched our academic pursuits but had also instilled in us a deeper sense of social responsibility, cultural awareness, and environmental stewardship.As I reflect on this unforgettable experience, I am filled with a profound sense of gratitude for the opportunity to have participated in such a transformative journey. The lessons I learned, the connections I made, and the memories I cherish will undoubtedly shape my path forward, guiding me towards a future where I canmake a meaningful contribution to my community and the world at large. This school trip was not merely a day of adventure and exploration but a testament to the power of experiential learning and the transformative potential of education.。

商场购物作文英文

商场购物作文英文Shopping in the Mall。

Shopping in the mall is a quintessential activity for many people, offering not just a means to purchase goods but also an experience filled with excitement, choices, and sometimes even a bit of stress. From the variety of stores to the hustle and bustle of fellow shoppers, a trip to the mall can be both exhilarating and exhausting. Let's delve into the aspects of mall shopping and explore its significance in today's society.Firstly, the mall serves as a haven for shoppers seeking a wide array of products all under one roof. Whether one is in need of clothing, electronics, cosmetics, or groceries, the mall offers a one-stop destination to fulfill diverse needs. This convenience factor is a major draw for many consumers, as it saves time and effort that would otherwise be spent traveling between multiple stores.Moreover, the mall experience extends beyond mereretail therapy. It has become a social hub where friends and families gather to spend quality time together. Window shopping, trying on outfits, sampling new gadgets, or indulging in a delicious meal at the food court are all activities that foster bonding and create lasting memories. In this fast-paced digital age, where face-to-face interactions are increasingly rare, the mall provides a physical space for meaningful connections to flourish.However, amidst the allure of convenience and socialization, mall shopping also poses certain challenges. The sheer abundance of choices can be overwhelming, leading to decision fatigue for some shoppers. Furthermore, navigating through crowded aisles and long queues at the checkout counter can test one's patience, especially during peak shopping seasons. Additionally, the temptation to overspend is ever-present, with enticing displays and promotional offers beckoning shoppers to splurge beyond their budgets.Despite these challenges, the allure of the mallremains strong, largely due to its ability to adapt and evolve with changing consumer preferences. In recent years, malls have undergone transformations to stay relevant inthe face of e-commerce competition. Many have integrated technology-driven solutions such as mobile apps for easy navigation and online ordering with in-store pickup options. Furthermore, the rise of experiential retail has seen malls incorporate entertainment venues, immersive displays, and interactive experiences to enhance the overall shopping journey.In conclusion, shopping in the mall is more than just a transactional activity; it is a multi-faceted experiencethat caters to both practical needs and emotional desires. While it may come with its challenges, the allure of convenience, socialization, and entertainment continues to draw people to malls around the world. As society continues to evolve, so too will the mall, ensuring its relevance asa cornerstone of modern consumer culture.。

广告类型英语作文

Advertising is an integral part of modern society,playing a crucial role in promoting products,services,and ideas.There are various types of advertising that cater to different audiences and objectives.Here,we will explore some of the most common types of advertising and their unique characteristics.1.Print Advertising:This type of advertising is found in newspapers,magazines,and other printed materials.It can be in the form of display ads,classified ads,or inserts.Print ads are effective for reaching a targeted audience that is already engaged with the content of the publication.2.Television Advertising:TV ads are a powerful way to reach a broad audience.They combine visual and auditory elements to create a memorable impact.These ads can be broadcast during prime time slots to maximize viewership.3.Radio Advertising:Radio ads are an auditory medium that can be very effective in reaching listeners during their commute or while they are engaged in other activities. They are often less expensive than TV ads and can be targeted to specific demographics based on the radio stations audience.4.Outdoor Advertising:This includes billboards,transit ads on buses,trains,etc.,and other forms of public space advertising.Outdoor ads are highly visible and can be strategically placed to target specific audiences,such as commuters or shoppers.5.Digital Advertising:With the rise of the internet,digital advertising has become increasingly popular.It includes online banners,search engine marketing SEM,social media ads,and email marketing.Digital ads can be highly targeted and offer analytics to measure effectiveness.6.Direct Mail Advertising:This involves sending promotional materials directly to consumers homes or businesses.Direct mail can be personalized and tailored to specific demographics,making it a powerful tool for direct response campaigns.7.Influencer Marketing:Brands partner with influencers who have a strong following on social media platforms.Influencers endorse products or services,leveraging their credibility and influence to persuade their audience.8.Sponsorship Advertising:Companies sponsor events,teams,or individuals in exchange for brand exposure.This type of advertising can build brand awareness and positive associations with the sponsored entity.9.Native Advertising:This form of advertising matches the form and function of the platform upon which it appears.For example,a sponsored article on a news site that looks like editorial content.10.Experiential Marketing:This involves creating immersive experiences for consumers to interact with a brand directly.It could be through product sampling,brand activation events,or interactive installations.Each type of advertising has its own strengths and is suited to different marketing goals. The key to successful advertising is understanding the target audience and choosing the right mix of advertising types to reach them effectively.。

泽尔尼克多项式拟合波面中采样点数目的研究

泽尔尼克多项式拟合波面中采样点数目的研究谢苏隆;钟鹰【摘要】In order to study the effect of sampling point number on fitting precision when fitting wave front by Zernike polynomials, it was analyzed by means of the method of inadequate induction, and then the change law of sampling point number and fitting precision of dozens of different test functions was obtained.The results reveal that all test functions follow the same law that fitting precision has little change when sampling point number reach a certain number.In addition, the change law of sampling point number and Zernike polynomials term number was obtained by calculation.Thus, the experiential formula to determinate sampling point number are found, which is of great practical instructional significance in wave front fitting with Zernike polynomials.%为了研究采样点数目对由泽尔尼克多项式所拟合的波面的拟合精度的影响,采用不完全归纳法进行了理论分析,取得了数十个不同的测试函数的采样点与拟合精度之间的数据关系.结果表明,不同的测试函数遵循相同的规律,即采样点数目达到一定数目后,拟合精度随采样点的变化很小;并通过计算得到了在较高拟合精度时,采样点数目与泽尔尼克多项式的项数之间的变化规律,由此得到相关的采样点数目确定的经验公式.这对于泽尔尼克多项式拟合波面具有很好的指导意义.【期刊名称】《激光技术》【年(卷),期】2011(035)002【总页数】4页(P272-274,277)【关键词】测量与计量;波面拟合;不完全归纳法;泽尔尼克多项式【作者】谢苏隆;钟鹰【作者单位】中国空间技术研究院,西安分院重点实验室,西安,710000;中国空间技术研究院,西安分院重点实验室,西安,710000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TH703引言在光学系统研究中，经常要对一些被检测光学元件进行波面拟合。

迫选式量表的名词解释

迫选式量表的名词解释迫选式量表（experiential sampling methodology, ESM），也被称为体验抽样测量法，是一种心理学研究方法，用于收集与个体主观体验相关的数据。

它能够捕捉到日常生活中的真实情境和个体心理状态，有效地衡量人们在不同时间段内的情感、行为和意识。

迫选式量表采用的是“行动”而非“回忆”的取样方法，能够获取自然情境下的数据。

传统方法可能会仅仅依靠个体的回忆和思考来评估其体验，而迫选式量表通过现场观察、随机提示和实时收集期望、需求和情感等数据，更准确地记录和描述个体在不同情境下的心理状态。

在使用迫选式量表时，研究者会在被试者的日常环境中获取数据，通过随机时间点或者设定的事件触发器，提示被试者回答一系列问题。

这些问题可能涵盖了个体的情感体验、主观幸福感、关注点、社交互动、行为类型等多个方面。

通过分析这些数据，研究者可以获得更加全面和准确的个体心理状态的信息，而不仅仅是回忆时的主观评价。

迫选式量表的优势在于能够减少回忆偏差，并提供对个体心理状态变化的连续测量。

相比传统的问卷调查方法，迫选式量表允许被试者实时记录自身状况而不干扰日常生活，从而更加准确地反映出个体的真实感受和行为习惯。

此外，迫选式量表还能够揭示日常生活中可能被忽视的细微变化，例如一天中的情绪波动，个体在不同社交环境下的变化等，为研究者提供更为丰富和多样的数据。

迫选式量表适用于多种研究领域，比如情绪研究、心理健康评估、社交互动研究等。

它能够帮助研究者更好地理解人们的日常体验，深入探究个体差异及其对环境的反应。

研究者可以利用这些数据来揭示不同因素对个体心理状态的影响，发现社会和环境因素对情感、态度和行为的作用。

尽管迫选式量表具有许多优势，但也有一些挑战和限制。

首先，迫选式量表的数据采集过程相对复杂，需要研究者在实地观察和数据分析方面具备较高的技巧和专业知识。

其次，迫选式量表需要被试者的配合和积极参与，否则可能会影响数据的完整性和准确性。

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Manuscript received April 28, 2004, and accepted Dec. 4, 2005
M. S. Kankanhalli is with the School of Computing, the National University of Singapore. Kent Ridge, Singapore 117543 (Phone: (65) 6516-6738 Fax: (65) 6779-4580 e-mail: mohan@.sg). J. Wang is with the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, the Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands. (e-mail: j.wang@ewi.tudelft.nl). R. Jain is with the Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences, the University of California, Irvine. (e-mail: jain@).
Abstract— Multimedia systems must deal with multiple
data streams. Each data stream usually contains significant volume of redundant noisy data. In many real-time applications, it is essential to focus the computing resources on a relevant subset of data streams at any given time instant and use it to build the model of the environment. We formulate this problem as an experiential sampling problem and propose an approach to utilize computing resources efficiently on the most informative subset of data streams. In this paper, we generalize our experiential sampling framework to multiple data streams and provide an evaluation measure for this technique. We have successfully applied this framework to the problems of traffic monitoring, face detection and monologue detection.
1
Experiential Sampling on Multiple Data Streams
Mohan S. Kankanhalli, Jun Wang, and Ramesh Jain, Fellow, IEEE
and experiences, the system should collate the relevant data and information of interest related to the task. Thus, the system interacts naturally with all of the available data based on its interests in light of the past states in order to achieve its designed task.” To achieve this, we proposed a sampling-based dynamic attention model. The current environment is first sensed by uniform random sensor samples and based on experiences so far, compute the attention samples to discard the irrelevant data. Higher attended samples will be given more weight and temporally, attention is controlled by the total number of attention samples. Hence, the multimedia analysis task at hand can select its data of interest while immediately discarding the irrelevant data to achieve efficiency and adaptability. In this paper, we continue our discussion and generalize the theoretical framework of experiential sampling on a single data stream to multiple data streams and provide an evaluation measure for this technique. We then apply this framework to the problems of traffic monitoring, face detection and monologue detection to show the effectiveness of our framework. II. RELATED WORK Since human perception is greatly aided by the ability to probe the environment through various sensors along with the use of the situated context, it has inspired context aware computing in the human computer interaction research community [10]. The basic idea there is to help the computer respond more intuitively to the human user based on the context. A comprehensive review of context aware computing can be found in [10][11]. Our thrust is towards making multimedia analysis systems interact naturally with multiple data streams by considering the current context and past history. The ability to “focus” the “consciousness” in human visual perception has inspired research in non-uniform representation of visual data. The basic idea is to do adaptive sampling which is basically the selection of the most informative samples in a data stream. Visual attention in human brains allows a small part of incoming visual information to reach the short-term memory and visual awareness, consequently providing the ability to investigate more closely. There is a growing interest in the study of the visual attention phenomenon by psychologists [2][4]. The phenomenon of inattentional blindness is particularly interesting in which human subjects have been found not to observe major objects when paying attention to some other objects [4]. It has been found to be a useful aid in finding evidence for resolving the controversy between the conflicting spotlight and object models of visual
Index
Terms—
Computs, Experiential Experiential Sampling, Sampling, Visual
M
I. INTRODUCTION
ultimedia information processing usually deals with spatio-temporal data which have the following attributes: • It consists of a multiplicity of usually correlated data streams. Thus, it does not exist in isolation – it exists in its context with other data. For instance, visual data comes along with audio, music, text, etc. • They possess a tremendous amount of redundancy. • The data is dynamic with temporal variations with the resultant history. However, many current approaches towards multimedia analysis do not fully consider the above attributes which lead to two main drawbacks – lack of efficiency and lack of adaptability. Therefore, to tackle these two problems, in [1], we articulate the following goal for multimedia systems: “system should sense the data from the environment. Based on the observations