SU(3) - Flavor Symmetry in $B to VP$ Decays
科学家最宝贵的品质考研英语作文
科学家最宝贵的品质考研英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Most Valuable Qualities of ScientistsAs a student aspiring to pursue a career in scientific research, I have often pondered the essential qualities that define a truly great scientist. While technical prowess and academic brilliance are undoubtedly crucial, I have come to realize that the most exceptional scientists possess a unique blend of intellectual and personal traits that transcend mere knowledge and skills. These qualities are the bedrock upon which groundbreaking discoveries and paradigm-shifting theories are built, and they are what separate the ordinary from the extraordinary in the realm of scientific exploration.Curiosity: The Catalyst for DiscoveryAt the core of every scientific endeavor lies an insatiable curiosity – a relentless desire to unravel the mysteries of the universe, to push the boundaries of human understanding, and to challenge the status quo. Great scientists are driven by an unquenchable thirst for knowledge, constantly questioning theworld around them and seeking answers to the most perplexing conundrums. From the pioneering work of Isaac Newton, whose curiosity about the nature of gravity revolutionized our understanding of the physical world, to the groundbreaking discoveries of Marie Curie, whose inquisitive spirit propelled her to uncover the secrets of radioactivity, curiosity has been the driving force behind some of the most profound scientific breakthroughs.Critical Thinking: The Cornerstone of Scientific ReasoningThe ability to think critically and analyze problems from multiple perspectives is an indispensable quality for any scientist worthy of the name. Great scientists do not merely accept established theories and dogmas at face value; rather, they scrutinize them with a critical eye, constantly questioning assumptions and seeking evidence to support or refute existing paradigms. This intellectual rigor and unwavering commitment to objective analysis have paved the way for countless scientific revolutions, from the Copernican revolution that shattered the geocentric model of the universe to the groundbreaking work of Charles Darwin, whose theory of evolution by natural selection challenged long-held beliefs about the origins of life.Perseverance: The Fuel for Scientific ProgressScientific inquiry is often a long and arduous journey, fraught with obstacles, setbacks, and failures. It is the perseverance and unwavering determination of great scientists that enable them to overcome these challenges and continue their quest for knowledge, undeterred by temporary setbacks or disheartening failures. The history of science is replete with examples of scientists who defied the odds and persevered against all odds, such as Albert Einstein, whose revolutionary theories of relativity were initially met with skepticism and resistance, or Rosalind Franklin, whose crucial contributions to the discovery of the double-helix structure of DNA were initially overlooked due to gender bias.Creativity: The Spark of InnovationWhile scientific progress is built upon a foundation of rigorous methodology and empirical evidence, true breakthroughs often require a spark of creativity – the ability to think outside the box, to challenge conventional wisdom, and to envision novel solutions to seemingly intractable problems. Great scientists possess an innate ability to synthesize disparate ideas and forge new connections, allowing them to approach challenges from unconventional angles and uncover insights that elude their more conventional counterparts. From thegroundbreaking work of Nikola Tesla, whose creative genius revolutionized the field of electrical engineering, to the visionary ideas of Stephen Hawking, whose theoretical contributions have reshaped our understanding of the cosmos, creativity has been the driving force behind many of the most profound scientific achievements.Collaboration and CommunicationWhile the image of the solitary genius toiling away in isolation may be a romantic one, the reality of modern scientific research is that it is a highly collaborative endeavor, requiring effective communication and teamwork among researchers from diverse backgrounds and disciplines. Great scientists must possess the ability to articulate their ideas clearly and persuasively, to listen to and incorporate the perspectives of others, and to foster an environment of open and constructive dialogue. By embracing collaboration and fostering an atmosphere of intellectual exchange, scientists can leverage the collective knowledge and expertise of their peers, accelerating the pace of discovery and amplifying the impact of their work.Ethical Integrity: The Moral Compass of ScienceScience is not merely a pursuit of knowledge; it is a discipline that carries immense ethical responsibilities and implications.Great scientists must possess a deep sense of ethical integrity, a commitment to upholding the highest standards of intellectual honesty, and an unwavering dedication to the responsible and ethical application of their discoveries. From the pioneering work of Jonas Salk, whose development of the polio vaccine saved countless lives, to the cautionary tale of the Manhattan Project, which highlighted the grave consequences of scientific knowledge unchecked by ethical considerations, the ethical conduct of scientists has profound implications for humanity and the world we inhabit.As I embark on my journey to become a scientist, I am acutely aware of the immense responsibility that comes with this noble pursuit. It is not merely a matter of acquiring knowledge and technical skills; it is a lifelong commitment to cultivating the qualities that define true greatness in the scientific篇2The Most Valuable Qualities of a ScientistAs a student aspiring to become a scientist, I've spent a lot of time contemplating what truly makes a great researcher. What qualities and traits are essential for unlocking the mysteries of the universe and driving scientific progress? Based on myobservations and experiences, I believe the most valuable qualities of a scientist are insatiable curiosity, relentless perseverance, and integrity grounded in humility.Insatiable CuriosityAt its core, science is fueled by an unquenchable thirst for knowledge and understanding. The greatest scientists are those who possess an insatiable curiosity that compels them to constantly question, explore, and push the boundaries of what is known. They are driven by a deep yearning to unravel the complexities of the natural world, to uncover the fundamental principles that govern the universe, and to unearth the solutions to problems that have long confounded humanity.This unwavering curiosity manifests itself in a willingness to challenge conventional wisdom, to embrace uncertainty, and to venture into uncharted territory. It is a quality that prevents scientists from becoming complacent or satisfied with the status quo. Instead, it propels them to continually ask probing questions, to seek out new perspectives, and to approach familiar concepts with fresh eyes.Truly curious scientists are not content with merely accumulating facts; they seek to understand the underlying mechanisms, the interconnections, and the broader implications.They are driven to explore the "why" and "how" behind phenomena, not just the "what." This insatiable curiosity is the spark that ignites scientific revolutions, propelling humanity towards groundbreaking discoveries and paradigm shifts.Relentless PerseveranceScience is a pursuit that demands unwavering perseverance in the face of seemingly insurmountable obstacles and setbacks. The path to scientific breakthroughs is often paved with frustration, failure, and disappointment. Experiments may yield perplexing results, hypotheses may be disproven, and years of painstaking work may seemingly lead to dead ends.It is in these moments that a scientist's perseverance is truly tested. The great scientists are those who possess an unshakable determination to push forward, to learn from their mistakes, and to continue searching for answers with unwavering resolve. They understand that failure is not a defeat but rather an opportunity to gain valuable insights and refine their approach.This relentless perseverance is fueled by a combination of passion, resilience, and an uncompromising commitment to their goals. It enables scientists to weather the storms of doubt, criticism, and adversity that are inherent in the scientific endeavor. They possess the mental fortitude to endure longhours in the lab, to meticulously analyze data, and to tirelessly refine their theories and experiments until they achieve a breakthrough.Moreover, perseverance is not limited to the pursuit of a single objective; it extends to the broader quest for knowledge itself. Great scientists recognize that the pursuit of understanding is a lifelong journey, filled with detours, obstacles, and ever-evolving challenges. They embrace this journey with an unwavering spirit, driven by the knowledge that each discovery, no matter how small, contributes to the collective understanding of the world around us.Integrity Grounded in HumilityScience is a collaborative endeavor built upon a foundation of trust, transparency, and intellectual honesty. It is a pursuit that demands the highest levels of integrity, both in the conduct of research and in the communication of findings. Without integrity, the entire scientific enterprise would crumble, eroding the credibility and reliability upon which progress depends.At the heart of scientific integrity lies humility – a recognition that our understanding of the universe is inherently limited and that our theories and conclusions are subject to revision in the face of new evidence. Truly great scientists approach their workwith a sense of awe and respect for the complexities of the natural world, acknowledging that there is always more to learn and that their findings may one day be superseded or refined.This humility manifests itself in a willingness to scrutinize one's own work with a critical eye, to embrace constructive criticism, and to acknowledge the contributions and perspectives of others. It is a quality that safeguards against arrogance, dogmatism, and the temptation to manipulate or misrepresent data to fit preconceived notions.Moreover, integrity grounded in humility fosters an environment of collaboration and open discourse. Scientists who possess this quality are not threatened by differing viewpoints or contradictory evidence; instead, they welcome them as opportunities to deepen their understanding and refine their theories. They recognize that scientific progress is a collective endeavor, built upon the foundations laid by countless minds across generations and disciplines.ConclusionIn the ever-evolving landscape of scientific inquiry, the qualities of insatiable curiosity, relentless perseverance, and integrity grounded in humility are the bedrock upon which true progress is built. These traits transcend the boundaries of anyspecific discipline or field, serving as the driving force behind humanity's quest to understand the universe and unlock its secrets.As a student aspiring to join the ranks of the great scientists, I am deeply inspired by these qualities and strive to embody them in my own journey. It is my sincere hope that by cultivating these traits, I can contribute, however small, to the collective pursuit of knowledge that has defined humanity's greatest achievements and propelled us ever forward into the unknown.篇3The Most Valuable Qualities of ScientistsAs someone aspiring to become a scientist, I've spent a lot of time thinking about what truly makes a great researcher. Sure, intelligence and technical knowledge are important, but I don't think those are the most essential qualities. In my opinion, the best scientists possess an insatiable curiosity, unwavering perseverance, and a humble ability to admit what they don't know.First and foremost, an unquenchable thirst for knowledge is absolutely vital for any scientist worth their salt. The desire to constantly learn and understand the world around us is whatdrives scientific discovery and progress. The greatest minds in history like Newton, Einstein, and Curie all possessed an intense curiosity that propelled them to explore the boundaries of human understanding.A scientist without curiosity is like a sailor without a compass – aimlessly adrift with no sense of direction. The curious mind is always asking questions, poking and prodding at explanations, and refusing to simply accept things at face value. They approach every situation with a sense of wonder, determined to get to the root of how and why things work the way they do.I'll never forget in my freshman biology class when we learned about the incredible complexity of cellular biology and the millions of tiny molecular machines operating in perfect synchrony within every living cell. Instead of just memorizing the textbook diagrams, our professor (a brilliant and impassioned scientist himself) encouraged us to let our curiosity run wild. "Don't just accept what the book tells you, ask yourself how this all came to be! How did evolution arrange such an intricate dance of proteins and enzymes? What evolutionary mechanisms carved these nanoscopic factories from the chaos of random mutation?"His contagious curiosity ignited a fire within me that day that still burns bright. That's the attitude I aspire to – a childlike sense of wonder and unrelenting inquisitiveness about the natural world. Because at the end of the day, curiosity is the spark that has always driven humanity's scientific efforts to reveal the secrets of the cosmos.However, curiosity alone is not enough – it must be coupled with grit, perseverance, and a willingness to face failure head on. Science is an arduous endeavor, fraught with obstacles, dead ends, and disappointments. Every major breakthrough is built on the shoulders of those who stopped at nothing to turn their curiosity into tangible understanding.The path of least resistance is a fruitless one for scientists. Instead, they must forge ahead despite tremendous challenges and setbacks. It took Michael Faraday years of painstaking experimentation before he could prove the concept ofelectro-magnetic induction. Marie Curie labored for over four years, processing literal tons of radioactive material, to eventually discover the elements radium and polonium. Their brilliant minds were matched only by their steadfast determination.I've already experienced my share of frustrations and "failed" experiments during my undergraduate research projects. Weeks of diligently following protocols, only for the results to defy my expectations. Hours meticulously constructing a computer model, just to find a crippling flaw that sends me back to square。
发酵肉制品中的特征风味与微生物之间的关系研究进展
张鹏，赵金山，臧金红，等. 发酵肉制品中的特征风味与微生物之间的关系研究进展[J]. 食品工业科技，2024，45（2）：380−391. doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023030223ZHANG Peng, ZHAO Jinshan, ZANG Jinhong, et al. Progress of Research on the Relationship between Characteristic Flavor and Microorganisms in Fermented Meat Products[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2024, 45(2): 380−391. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023030223· 专题综述 ·发酵肉制品中的特征风味与微生物之间的关系研究进展张 鹏1,2，赵金山2,3, *，臧金红1,2, *，彭传涛1,2（1.青岛农业大学食品科学与工程学院，山东青岛 266109；2.青岛特种食品研究院，山东青岛 266109；3.青岛农业大学动物科技学院，山东青岛 266109）摘 要：发酵肉制品是指在自然或者人工的控制条件下，以新鲜的肉类为原料，通过微生物或酶的发酵作用制成的一类产品。
发酵肉制品中特征风味物质种类繁多，其中主要有酯类、醛类、醇类、酸类以及游离氨基酸等。
由于消费者对发酵肉制品风味品质要求的提高，风味物质的控制已经成为提升发酵肉制品品质的关键指标之一。
发酵肉制品中的部分微生物特别是乳酸菌、酵母菌和葡萄球菌促进了肉制品中碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪的分解，从而促进发酵肉制品独特风味的形成。
本文详细介绍了国内外不同发酵肉制品中的主要风味物质、风味形成途径和检测方法，进一步归纳总结了能够产生这些风味物质的关键微生物以及产风味物质的微生物筛选方法，以期为后续发酵肉制品风味品质的提升提供参考。
DERSIMELAGON 产品说明书
488 Scientific AbstractsSystemic sclerosis, myositis and related syndromes - aetiology, pathogenesis and animal modelsPOS0467 DERSIMELAGON, A NOVEL ORAL MELANOCORTIN1 RECEPTOR AGONIST, DEMONSTRATES DISEASE-MODIFYING EFFECTS IN PRECLINICAL MODELS OFSYSTEMIC SCLEROSISM. Kondo1, T. Suzuki1, Y. Kawano1, S. Kojima2, M. Miyashiro1, A. Matsumoto1, G. Kania3, P. Blyszczuk3, R. Ross4, P. Mulipa4, F. Del Galdo4, Y. Zhang5, J. H. W. Distler5. 1Mitsubishi T anabe Pharma Corporation, Research Unit/Immunology & Inflammation, Souyaku Innovative Research Division, Y okohama, Japan;2Mitsubishi T anabe Pharma Corporation, Discovery T echnology Laboratories, Souyaku Innovative Research Division, Y okohama, Japan;3University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Schlieren, Switzerland;4University of Leeds, Leeds Instituteof Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds, United Kingdom;5Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, Erlangen, GermanyBackground: Activation of melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is known to have broad anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects. The bleomycin (BLM)-induced skin fibrosis murine model is well-established for systemic sclerosis (SSc). α-mel-anocyte-stimulating hormone, an endogenous ligand of MC1R, inhibits skin fibro-sis and MC1R knock-out enhances skin fibrosis in this model. These pieces of evidence suggest that MC1R agonism has potential in the treatment of SSc. Objectives: Dersimelagon phosphate (MT-7117) is an investigational small molecule that is an orally administered, selective agonist for MC1R. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential of MT-7117 as a therapeutic agent for SSc by evaluat-ing its efficacy and mechanism of action in complementary preclinical models. The expression and distribution of MC1R in the skin of SSc patients was investigated. Methods: The effects of MT-7117 on skin fibrosis and lung inflammation were eval-uated in BLM-induced SSc murine models that were optimized for prophylactic and therapeutic evaluation. Microarray-based gene expression analysis and serum pro-tein profiling were performed to investigate the mechanism of action of MT-7117 in the BLM-induced SSc models. The effect of MT-7117 on TGF-β-induced activation of human dermal fibroblasts was evaluated in vitro. Immunohistochemical analyses of MC1R expression in skin samples from SSc patients were performed. Results: Prophylactic treatment with MT-7117 (≥0.3 mg/kg/day p.o.) significantly inhibited the increase in collagen content of the skin, the serum level of sur-factant protein D, and the weight of the lungs from BLM-induced skin fibrosis and lung inflammation model. Therapeutic treatment with MT-7117 (≥3 mg/kg/ day p.o.) significantly suppressed skin thickening and the numbers of myofi-broblasts in pre-established BLM-induced skin fibrosis model. Gene array anal-ysis using the BLM-induced SSc model demonstrated changes in numerous categories related to macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils, followed by endothelial cell-related categories after treatment with MT-7117. In the analy-sis that focused on biological functions, categories of inflammatory response, activation of antigen-presenting cells, angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, vascu-logenesis, and vaso-occlusion were suppressed by MT-7117. In the analysis that focused on molecular signaling pathways, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1, IL-6, and oncostatin M involved in inflammation, and perox-isome proliferator-activated receptor that is related to fibrosis were all affected by MT-7117. Serum protein profiling using BLM-induced SSc model revealed that multiple SSc-related biomarkers including P-selectin, osteoprotegerin, cys-tatin C, growth and differentiation factor-15 and S100A9 were suppressed by MT-7117. MT-7117 inhibited the activation of human dermal fibroblasts by sup-pressing TGF-β-induced ACTA2 (encoding α-smooth muscle actin) mRNA ele-vation in vitro. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that MC1R positivity was observed in 40 of 50 diffuse cutaneous SSc patients. MC1R was expressed by monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, blood vessels (endothelial cells), fibro-blasts, and epidermis (keratinocytes) in the skin of SSc patients. Conclusion: MT-7117 demonstrates disease-modifying effects in preclinical mod-els of SSc. Investigations of its mechanism of action and target expression anal-yses indicate that MT-7117 exerts its positive effects by affecting the pathologies of inflammation, vascular dysfunction, and fibrosis through inflammatory cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. In view of its potent beneficial impact on all these three main pathologies of SSc, MT-7117 is a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of clinically challenging SSc, which has diverse and difficult to treat symp-toms. A phase 2 clinical trial investigating the efficacy and tolerability of MT-7117 in patients with early, progressive diffuse cutaneous SSc is currently in progress. Disclosure of Interests: Masahiro Kondo Employee of: Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Tsuyoshi Suzuki Employee of: Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yuko Kawano Employee of: Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corpora-tion, Shinji Kojima Employee of: Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Masa-hiko Miyashiro Employee of: Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Atsuhiro Matsumoto Employee of: Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Gabriela Kania: None declared, Przemyslaw Blyszczuk: None declared, rebecca ross:None declared, Panji Mulipa: None declared, Francesco Del Galdo Grant/ research support from: Prof. F. Del Galdo received fees and research supportfrom Abbvie, AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Capella, Chemomab, Kymab, Janssen and Mitsubishi-Tanabe., Yun Zhang: None declared, Jörg H.W. DistlerGrant/research support from: Prof. J.H.W. Distler received consulting fees, lec-ture fees, and/or honoraria from Actelion, Active Biotech, Anamar, ARXX, aTyr,Bayer Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Galapagos, GSK, Inventiva, JB Therapeutics, Medac, Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis, RedX, RuiYi and UCB. J. H. W.Distler is stock owner of 4D Science and Scientific head of FibroCure.DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.29POS0468 EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES FROM SERUM OFMYOSITIS PATIENTS AS CIRCULATING BIOMARKERSAND DISEASE MEDIATORSS. Kivity1,2, H. Kravitz3, C. Cohen3, D. Margoulis3, M. Amar3, G. Kazimirsky3,D. Ozeri4, A. Dori5, C. Brodie3. 1Meir Medical Center, Rheumatology Unit, KefarSava, Israel;2T el Aviv University, Sackler faculty of Medicine, T el Aviv-Y afo, Israel;3Bar-Ilan University, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences,Ramat Gan, Israel;4T el-HaShomer The Sheba Medical Center, ZabludowiczCenter for Autoimmune Disease, Ramat Gan, Israel;5T el-HaShomer The ShebaMedical Center, Department of Neurology, T alpiot Medical Leadership Program,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, T el Aviv University, Ramat Gan, IsraelBackground: Inflammatory myopathies (IM) are a heterogeneous group of disor-ders characterized by autoimmune inflammatory destruction of skeletal muscles.It is many times associated with lung, skin and joint involvement. Identifying bio-markers that can differentiate IM from other muscle disorders may elucidate the pathophysiology of IM, guide novel therapies, monitor disease activity/responseto treatments and predict prognosis. Exosomes are membrane-bound nanove-sicles with diameters of 30-150 nm that contain multiple proteins, nucleic acid,lipids and other molecules in a tissue- and cell-specific manner. Exosomes are secreted by a large variety of cells, play major roles in cell-cell interactions, andhave recently emerged as circulating biomarkers in a variety of pathological con-ditions, including several autoimmune diseases.Objectives: To characterize exosomes from serum of IM patients, analyze pro-tein expression and study their potential mediators of disease pathologies.Methods: Serum was collected from patients suffering from IM(n=5) and from patients suffering from Becker (BMD) and Duchenne (DMD) muscular dystro-phies (n=6). Exosomes were isolated by Exoquick precipitation and analyzedfor size distribution and by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and by Westernblot for exosome markers. The effects of the isolated EVs on human satellitecell proliferation and differentiation and macrophage activation were examined. Results: Exosomes from IM patients decreased human satellite cell proliferation (51%, P<0.01) and inhibited their myogenic differentiation as indicated by lower fusionindex (24% inhibition, P<0.01) and expression of myosin heavy chain (72% inhibi-tion, P<0.001). Similar results were obtained also with exosomes derived from DMDand BMD patients; however, their inhibitory effect were more pronounced on MyoG expression. T reatment of macrophages with exosomes from IM patients significantly increased the expression of IL-10 (3-fold, P<0.001), compared to exosomes of healthy controls and DMD patients. Another significant difference was in the expression of sig-naling molecules: Thus, exosomes from BMD patients increased the phosphorylationof Erk and p38, whereas a smaller effect was induced by IM exosomes.Conclusion: Exosomes from IM patients decrease satellite cell proliferationand myogenic differentiation compared to healthy exosomes. In addition, these exosomes increased the expression of IL-10 in macrophages. These effects areunique to exosomes of IM patients compared to muscular dystrophies. These promising results suggest that serum exosomes should be further investigatedas a novel biomarker with potential therapeutic implications.Disclosure of Interests: Shaye Kivity Speakers bureau: BI, Abbvie, Lilly, Pfizer, Janssen, Neopharm, Grant/research support from: Sobi, Haya Kravitz: None declared, Coral Cohen: None declared, Darya Margoulis: None declared, MosheAmar: None declared, Gila Kazimirsky: None declared, David Ozeri Speakers bureau: Neopharm, Consultant of: Abbvie, Amir Dori Grant/research supportfrom: Biogen, Chaya Brodie Grant/research support from: Biogen.DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.63POS0469 ENDOTHELIAL TO MESENCHYMAL TRANSITIONAND SENESCENCE ARE PART OF THE FIBROTICPATHOGENESIS IN SYSTEMIC SCLEROSISY. H. Chiu1,2, J. Spierings1, J. M. Van Laar1, J. De Vries-Bouwstra3, M. VanDijk4, R. Goldschmeding4. 1University Medical Center Utrecht, Departmentof Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Utrecht, Netherlands;2T ri-ServiceGeneral Hospital, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy, T aipei, T aiwan, Republic of China;3Leiden University Medical Center, The Department of on December 24, 2023 by guest. Protected by copyright./ Ann Rheum Dis: first published as 10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.29 on 23 May 2022. Downloaded from。
异麦芽酮糖的低血糖指数特性及健康功能
性 [７] ꎮ 鉴于亚洲人群乳糖不耐受症的高发率ꎬ 异麦芽
龋齿形成ꎬ 因为它可抵抗人体口腔微生物的酵解反应ꎻ
吸收ꎬ 血糖指数低ꎮ 这种特性使得异麦芽酮糖独一无
在酸性条件下稳定存在ꎻ 在小肠中缓慢消化、 持续地
二ꎬ 因为其他种类的低血糖指数碳水化合物实际上是
释放能量ꎻ 具有低血糖指数和低胰岛素反应特性ꎻ 促
相比ꎬ 餐后摄入异麦芽酮糖可产生更高的 ＧＬＰ￣１ 肠促胰
岛素反应、 更低的 ＧＩＰ 反应以及更低的血糖和胰岛素反
应[１１] ꎮ 同样ꎬ 由德国人体营养研究所临床营养系主任
Ａｎｄｒｅａｓ Ｐｆｅｉｆｆｅｒ 教授进行的一项人体临床研究证实ꎬ 与
蔗糖相比ꎬ 异麦芽酮糖能降低糖尿病患者的血糖和胰岛
素反应ꎬ 并降低 ＧＩＰꎬ 同时增加 ＧＬＰ￣１ 分泌[９] ꎮ 由于异
高血糖指数碳水化合物不同ꎬ 这会产生一个低血糖反
应ꎬ 但没有明显下降[２] ꎮ 健康成年人的血糖反应较低ꎬ
相应地ꎬ 与胰岛素的释放较低有关 (图 １)ꎮ 来自 ３０ 多
项人体临床试验的全部证据一致表明ꎬ 与其他参考碳水
化合物 (包括蔗糖和麦芽糊精) 相比ꎬ 异麦芽酮糖的餐
后血糖和胰岛素反应更低 (图 ２)ꎮ 这些试验是在 ２５０ 多
ꎮ 异麦芽酮糖促进脂肪氧化的
蔗糖的研究中得到了证实[３５] ꎮ 一项随机、 双盲对照研
[２]
超重和肥胖的成年人、 糖尿病患者以及训练有素的运动
员身上都有体现
部脂肪含量越高ꎬ 患糖尿病的风险就越大[１６ꎬ３３] ꎮ
ꎬ 这在健康人群、
特的碳水化合物ꎬ 可促进脂肪氧化
低血糖指数特性有助于人体摄入低血糖指数饮食获得更
健康的血糖水平ꎮ 一项采用 ２４ｈ 连续血糖监测系统对健
陈酿时间对玫瑰醋挥发性风味物质的影响
陈建红，沈海锋，杨明，等. 陈酿时间对玫瑰醋挥发性风味物质的影响[J]. 食品工业科技，2024，45（3）：270−276. doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023030281CHEN Jianhong, SHEN Haifeng, YANG Ming, et al. Effect of Aging Time on Volatile Flavor Substances of Rosy Vinegar[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2024, 45(3): 270−276. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023030281· 分析检测 ·陈酿时间对玫瑰醋挥发性风味物质的影响陈建红1, *，沈海锋2，杨 明3，嵇国华4，冯 纬2,5，翁云丹5，徐光亮5，陈雅琴2（1.浙江商业职业技术学院，浙江杭州 310000；2.浙江五味和食品有限公司，浙江杭州 310000；3.杭州郝姆斯食品有限公司，浙江杭州 310000；4.杭州松鲜鲜自然调味品有限公司，浙江杭州 310000；5.杭州市食品酿造有限公司，浙江杭州 310000）摘 要：为研究不同陈酿时间对玫瑰醋挥发性风味物质的影响，采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱（headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ，HS-SPME-GC-MS ）、主成分分析（principal component analysis ，PCA ）和层次聚类分析（hierarchical clustering analysis ，HCA ）对新醋、一年陈、三年陈、十年陈样品进行理化和挥发性风味成分分析。
EATON 说明书
t f i h S a r t l U n a l l a t s n I ™” M D “Medium Duty Clutch in 4 Steps! :l a i r e t a M e c n e r e f e R LMT-1314C e clutch. h t k c o l n u l l i w s i h T . 0 0 5 1 e v o b a M P R e n i g n e e s a e r c nt code and n e m e g a g n e s i d h c t u l c a t e s l l i w s i h t od o te r u l i a . r a e go t n i o g t o n l l i w n o i s s i m s n a rt e h t d n a e d o c : e t o N other r o s n o i t po e c n a ts i se R r e p m a T S S V e l b a m m a r g o r P g the required n i hc a e r t n e ve r p h c i h w s t i m i l d e ep s e n i g n e l a i c i f i t r a t of the clutchn e m e g a g n e s idr ep o r p t n e v e r p y a m M P R 0 0 5 1e options may need to s e h T .n o it a l l a t s n i l a i t i n i r e t f a e c i v e d g n i k c o l locking device is disengaged. h- c t u l c e h t r e t f a l i t n u d e l b a s i d e b with Service Rangerh c t u l c e t a r b i l a c e R / a t a d h c t u l c e v a . n o y e k n r u n the gear display. o s i ” N “ d i l o s a y f i r e . e n i g n e t r a t SNote: If Ser v iceRanger is available, proceed to Step 12.“Special Functions” mode is activated.arrows indicating UltraShift Touch Point Resent is selected).After the “1” is displayed, depress the throttle pedal to the floor and hold for 3-5 seconds (the gear display will change back to a “0” with down arrows indicating the routine has been successfully completed.Key off or select any mode and the UltraShift systemreturns to normal operation. Gen 3• Using se rvice ranger, select “Advanced Product Function” • Select UltraShift transmission model (Gen 3) from menu tree in the upper left.• Select the V PA/SnapShot Utility and launch the function. • Read the APF description and select “Next” • Enter the vehicle info and select “Next.”• Select “V PA” from the dropdown “Data Source” field.• Enter an output file name and location using Browse Button or use default filename and location shown.Note: If the default filename and location is used, the VPA data file will be saved to the ServiceRangerData folder in the VPA subfolder on the C:\drive.• Select the “start transfer” button to download data from transmission controller and then select “Next.” • The output file can now be viewed, select “Finish” • Select “Clutch Se rvice Utility” to launch function. • Read the APF description then select “Next.”• Select the “Clear Clutch Data” button to clear data from transmission controller.• If successful proceed to next step, if unsuccessful exit function and re-enter. Contact Roadranger Call Center 1-800-826-4357 for help.• Select the “Calibrate Clutch” button to calibrate new cultch and then Select “Finish” when complete.le e h w y l F d n a g n i s u o H l e e h w y l F e n i g n E e r u s a e M e v o m e R . r a e w h c t u l c e r u t a m e r p e b l l i w e r e h t r o s n o i t a c if i c e p s e s e h t t e e m t s u m l e e h w y l f d n ag n i s u oh l e e h w y l f e ni g n E : g n i w o l l o f e h t k c e h c d n a r o t a c i d n i l a i d a e s U . y r d d n a n a e l c e b t s u m s e c a f r u s t c a t n o c e g u a g l l A . g n i r a e B t o l i P d l o t u o n u R e c a F l e e h w y l F o t e s a b r o t a c i d n i l a i d e r u c e S t u P . e c a f g n i s u o h l e e h w y l f h t i w t c a t n o c n i r e g n i f e g u a g r e t u o e h t r a e n e c a f l e e h w y l f e n o l e e h w y l f e t a t o R . e g d e s i t u o n u r m u m i x a M . n o i t u l o v e r .) m m 0 2 . ( " 8 0 0 . Runout e r o B g n i r a e B t o l i P o t e s a b r o t a c i d n i l a i d e r u c e S n o i t i s o P . e c a f g n i s u o h l e e h w y l f s t c a t n o c t i t a h t o s r e g n i f e g u a g e t a t o R . e r o b g n i r a e b t o l i p . n o i t u l o v e r e n o l e e h w y l f " 5 0 0 . s i t u o n u r m u m i x a M . ) m m 3 1 . (. D . I g n i s u o H l e e h w y l F o t e s a b ro t a c i d n i l a i d e r u c e S r e g n i f e g u a g t u P . t f a h s k n a r c g n i s u o h l e e h w y l f t s n i a g a e n o l e e h w y l f e t a t o R . D . I t o l i p t u o n u r m u m i x a M . n o i t u l o v e r .) m m 0 2 . ( " 8 0 0 . s i e c a F g n i s u o H l e e h w y l F o t e s a b r o t a c i d n i l a i d e r u c e S . e g d e r e t u o e h t r a e n l e e h w y l f t c a t n o c n i r e g n i f e g u a g t u P l e e h w y l f f o e c a f h t i w e n o l e e h w y l f e t a t o R . g n i s u o h t u o n u r m u m i x a M . n o i t u l o v e r .) m m 0 2 . ( " 8 0 0 . s i Eaton Corporation • Truck Components OperationsP .O. Box 4013 • Kalamazoo, MI 49003 USA ww ©2011 Eaton Corporation • All rights rese rved.Printed in USA. CLMT1320 0911 WPEaton DM ClutchesMore time on the roadCheck T ransmission For W ear Replace any worn components.the disc.Remove the guide studs and install the two remaining mounting bolts. Tighten the clutch mounting bolts in a crossing pattern as on any other clutch and torque to3/8"-16 UNC X 2.25" with lockwashers, minimum grade 5 covered by the Hex Cap Screw specification under ASME B18.2.1 1996. Torque to 30 - 35 lbs. ft.。
啤酒术语
Acetaldehyde Green apple aroma, a byproduct of fermentation. 乙醛，有新鲜苹果芳香气味的发酵副产物Additive Enzymes, preservatives and antioxidants which are added to simplify the brewing process or prolong shelf life. 添加剂，用来简化啤酒生产过程或是延长保质期的酶制剂、防腐剂以及抗氧化剂等。
Adjunct Fermentable material used as a substitute for traditional grains, to make beer lighter-bodied or cheaper. 辅料，可用来降低成本或是改善口感的可代替传统谷物的可发酵性原料。
Aerobic An organism, such as top fermenting ale yeast, that needs oxygen to metabolize.一种生物体，像上部发酵用做淡色啤酒的酵母一样，需要氧气来进行新陈代谢。
Alcohol Ethyl alcohol or ethanol. An intoxicating by-product of fermentation, which is caused by yeast acting on sugars in the malt. Alcohol content is expressed as a percentage of volume or weight.酒精,酒精或是乙醛，酵母作用于谷物中的糖发酵而产生的罪人的产物。
酒精含量都是以体积或是重量的百分比标注的。
Alcoholic Warming taste of ethanol and higher alcohol;s. 高含量酒精的柔和口感Ale Beers distinguished by use of top fermenting yeast strains, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The top fermenting yeast perform at warmer temperatures than do yeasts used to brew lager beer, and their byproducts are more evident in taste and aroma. Fruitiness and esters are often part of an ale;s character. 淡色啤酒，采用上面发酵用酵母菌株而做的著名啤酒种类，上面发酵法比一般的酿造所需的发酵温度高，所做出的酒具有更明显的口感与香气。
图像处理特征不变算子系列之SUSAN算子(三)
像处理特征不变算子系列之SUSAN算子（三）作者：飛雲侯相发布时间：September 13, 2014 分类：图像特征算子在前面分别介绍了：图像处理特征不变算子系列之Moravec算子（一）和图像处理特征不变算子系列之Harris算子（二）。
今天我们将介绍另外一个特征检测算子---SUSAN算子。
SUSAN 算子很好听的一个名字，其实SUSAN算子除了名字好听外，她还很实用，而且也好用，SUSAN 的全名是：Smallest Univalue Segment Assimilating Nucleus，关于这个名词的翻译国内杂乱无章，如最小核值相似区、最小同值收缩核区和最小核心值相似区域等等，个人感觉这些翻译太过牵强，我们后面还是直接叫SUSAN，这样感觉亲切，而且上口。
SUSAN算子是一种高效的边缘和角点检测算子，并且具有结构保留的降噪功能（structure preserving noise reduction )。
那么SUSAN是什么牛气冲天的神器呢？不仅具有边缘检测、角点检测，还具备结构保留的降噪功能。
下面就让我娓娓地为你道来。
1）SUSAN算子原理为了介绍和分析的需要，我们首先来看下面这个图：该图是在一个白色的背景上，有一个深度颜色的区域（dark area），用一个圆形模板在图像上移动，若模板内的像素灰度与模板中心的像素（被称为核Nucleus）灰度值小于一定的阈值，则认为该点与核Nucleus具有相同的灰度，满足该条件的像素组成的区域就称为USAN（Univalue Segment Assimilating Nucleus）。
接下来，我们来分析下上图中的五个圆形模的USAN值。
对于上图中的e圆形模板，它完全处于白色的背景中，根据前面对USAN的定义，该模板处的USAN值是最大的；随着模板c和d 的移动，USAN值逐渐减少；当圆形模板移动到b处时，其中心位于边缘直线上，此时其USAN 值逐渐减少为最大值的一半；而圆形模板运行到角点处a时，此时的USAN值最小。
甜菜及副产品中功能性神经酰胺脂质的测定
ｈ ｉ ｇ ｈ ｅ ｒ ｔ ｈ ａ ｎ ｔ ｈ ｅ ｂ ｅ ｅ ｔ ， ｔ ｈ ｅ ｒ ｅ ｓ ｕ ｌ ｔ ｏ ｆ ０ ． ４ ６ ｍｇ ／ ｇ ａ ｎ ｄ ０ ． ３ ５ ｍｇ ／ ｇ， ｂ ｕ ｔ ｅ ｘ ｔ ｒ ｅ ｍｅ ｌ ｙ ｌ ｏ ｗ ｉ ｎ ｍｏ ｌ ａ ｓ ｓ ｅ ｓ（ ＜ ０ ． １ ｍｇ ／ ｇ ） ．
Ａｂ ｓ ｔ ｒ ａ ｃ ｔ ： Ｕｓ ｉ ｎ ｇ ｂ ｅ ｅ ｔ ，ｂ ｅ ｅ ｔ ｐ ｕ ｌ ｐ ａ ｎ ｄ ｂ ｅ ｅ ｔ ｍｏ ｌ ａ ｓ ｓ ｅ ｓ ａ ｓ ｒ ａ ｗ ｍａ ｔ ｅ ｒ ｉ ａ ｌ ， ｅ ｘ ｔ ｒ ａ ｃ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ ａ ｎ ｄ ｄ ｅ ｔ ｅ ｒ ｍｉ ｎ ａ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ ｏ ｆ ｉ ｔ Ｓ ｆ ｕ ｎ ｃ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ ａ ｌ ｃ ｅ ｒ ａ ｍｉ ｄ ｅ，ｔ ｏ ｐ ｒ ｏ ｖ ｉ ｄ ｅ ａ ｔ ｈ ｅ ｏ ｒ ｅ ｔ ｉ ｃ ａ ｌ ｂ ａ ｓ ｉ ｓ ｆ ｏ ｒ ｔ ｈ ｅ ｅ ｘ ｔ ｒ ａ ｃ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ ａ ｎ ｄ ｕ ｔ ｉ ｌ ｉ ｚ ａ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ ｏ ｆ ｃ ｅ ｒ ａ ｍｉ ｄ ｅ ． Ｔ ｈ ｅ ｒ ｅ ｓ ｕ ｌ ｔ ｓ ｈ ｏ ｗ ｔ ｏ ｔ ａ ｌ ｌ ｉ ｐ ｉ ｄ ｃ ｏ ｎ ｔ ｅ ｎ ｔ ｓ ｉ ｎ ｂ ｅ ｅ ｔ ，ｂ ｅ ｅ ｔ ｐ ｕ ｌ ｐ ａ ｎ ｄ ｂ ｅ ｅ ｔ ｍｏ ｌ ａ ｓ ｓ ｅ ｓ ｉ ｎ ｒ ａ ｗ ｍａ ｔ ｅ ｒ ｉ ａ ｌ ｉ ｓ ０ ． ４ ％ ，０ ． ７％ ａ ｎ ｄ ０ ． １％ ， ｒ ｅ ｓ ｐｅ ｃ ｔ ｉ ｖ ｅ ｌ ｙ ．Ｔ ｈｅ ｐ ｒ ｏ ｐ ｏ ｒ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ ｏ ｆ ｐ ｏ ｌ ａ ｒ ｌ ｉ ｐ ｉ ｄ ｉ ｎ ｔ ｏ ｔ ａ ｌ ｌ ｉ ｐｉ ｄ ｉ ｓ ４ ４． ７ ％ ，５ ５． ６％ ａ ｎ ｄ ５ ４． ８ ％ ，ｒ ｅ ｓ ｐ ｅ ｃ ｔ ｉ ｖ ｅ ｌ ｙ ．Ｉ ｎ ｍｏ ｌ ａ ｓ ｓ ｅ ｓ ，ｇ ｌ ｙ ｃ ｏ ｌ ｉ ｐ ｉ ｄ ｓ ａ ｃ ｃ ｏ ｕ ｎ ｔ ｅ ｄ ｆ ｏ ｒ ｔ ｈ ｅ ｈ ｉ ｇ ｈ ｅ ｓ ｔ ｐ ｒ ｏ ｐ ｏ ｒ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ ｏ ｆ ｔ ｏ ｔ ａ ｌ ｌ ｉ ｐ ｉ ｄ ｓ ，ｕ ｐ ｔ ｏ １ ９ ． ４％． ＴＬＣ ａ ｎ ａ ｌ ｙ ｓ ｉ ｓ ｐ ｒ ｏ ｖ ｅ ｄ ｔ ｈ ａ ｔ ｉ ｎ ｂｅ ｅ ｔ ａ ｎ ｄ ｂ ｅ ｅ ｔ ｐ ｕ ｌ ｐ ｃ ｏ ｎ ｔ ａ ｉ ｎ ｔ ｈ ｅ ｆ ｕ ｎ ｃ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ ａ ｌ ｃ ｅ ｒ ａ ｍｉ ｄ ｅ ｌ ｉ ｐ ｉ ｄ ｓ ．Ｔ ｈ ｅ ｃ ｅ ｒ ａ ｍｉ ｄ ｅ ｃ ｏ ｎ ｔ ｅ ｎ ｔ ｏ ｆ ｂ ｅ ｅ ｔ ｐ ｕ ｐ ｗａ ｓ ｓ ｌ ｉ ｇ ｈ ｔ ｌ ｙ
分光光度法测定食品中二氧化硫含量的不确定度评定
分光光度法测定食品中二氧化硫含量的不确定度评定黄凤娇（汕头市检验检测中心，广东汕头 515000）摘 要：本文采用《食品安全国家标准食品中二氧化硫的测定》（GB 5009.34—2022）中第二法分光光度法测定食品中二氧化硫含量，并进行不确定度评定。
结果表明，拉面样品中二氧化硫含量测定结果为（22.35±0.68）mg·kg-1，k=2。
实验过程中对测量结果影响较大的因素是由标准曲线求测定用试液中二氧化硫质量的过程，这提示应严格按照规范制作工作曲线，适当增加标准系列溶液和样品的重复测定次数，同时在配制标准溶液过程中应选用较高等级的玻璃量器，并减少配制步骤。
关键词：分光光度法；食品；二氧化硫；不确定度；标准曲线Uncertainty Assessment of Sulfur Dioxide Content in Food bySpectrophotometryHUANG Fengjiao(Shantou City Inspection and Testing Center, Shantou 515000, China)Abstract: This article uses the second method spectrophotometry in GB 5009.34—2022 to determine the content of sulfur dioxide in food, and evaluates the uncertainty. The results showed that the content of sulfur dioxide in ramen noodles samples was (22.35±0.68) mg·kg-1, k=2. During the experiment, the factor of great influence on the measurement results is the determination of the sulfur dioxide quality in the test solution by the standard curve. This suggests that the working curve should be made in strict accordance with the specifications, and the repeated determination times of standard series solutions and samples should be appropriately increased. At the same time, a higher grade glass measuring device should be selected and the preparation steps should be reduced in the process of preparing standard solution.Keywords: spectrophotometry; food; sulfur dioxide; uncertainty; standard curve二氧化硫是我国允许使用的食品添加剂之一，作为漂白剂、防腐剂、抗氧化剂广泛应用于食品加工[1-2]。
基于分子感官科学的肉制品风味研究进展
关海宁，赵士发，刘登勇，等. 基于分子感官科学的肉制品风味研究进展[J]. 食品工业科技，2024，45（6）：352−361. doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023040114GUAN Haining, ZHAO Shifa, LIU Dengyong, et al. Research Progress of Meat Product Flavor Based on Molecular Sensory Science[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2024, 45(6): 352−361. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023040114· 专题综述 ·基于分子感官科学的肉制品风味研究进展关海宁1,2，赵士发1，刘登勇1, *，刁小琴1, *，闵 爽1（1.渤海大学食品科学与工程学院，辽宁省食品安全重点实验室，生鲜农产品贮藏加工及安全控制技术国家地方联合工程研究中心，辽宁锦州 121013；2.烹饪科学四川省高等学校重点实验室，四川旅游学院，四川成都 610100）摘 要：肉制品中含有大量的风味化合物（主要为香气与滋味化合物），然而只有极少部分影响着产品的最终风味。
如何从大量的风味化合物中分离并鉴定出关键的香气或滋味化合物，是肉制品风味及其品质研究的热点问题。
分子感官科学是分析化学、食品感官评价科学等多学科交叉的一门系统科学，其研究方法可以很好地解决上述问题。
本文概述了分子感官科学在肉制品中的应用，并对分子感官科学不同分析技术的优缺点进行了归纳总结，同时对分子感官科学的评价方法进行了阐述，突出了重组与缺失实验对于进一步确认关键风味组分的重要性，为肉制品风味领域的研究、感官技术创新提供了一定的实践借鉴与理论依据。
21cfr176.170 Tests for Paper and Paperborad
21 CFR Ch. I (4–1–05 Edition)§176.170films or grease-resistant papers con-form with appropriate food additive regulations.(c) The labeling of the food additive shall contain adequate directions for its use to insure compliance with the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section.§176.170Components of paper and pa-perboard in contact with aqueous and fatty foods. Substances identified in this section may be safely used as components of the uncoated or coated food-contact surface of paper and paperboard in-tended for use in producing, manufac-turing, packaging, processing, pre-paring, treating, packing, transporting, or holding aqueous and fatty foods, subject to the provisions of this sec-tion. Components of paper and paper-board in contact with dry food of the type identified under Type VIII of table 1 in paragraph (c) of this section are subject to the provisions of §176.180. (a) Substances identified in para-graph (a) (1) through (5) of this section may be used as components of the food- contact surface of paper and paper-board. Paper and paperboard products shall be exempted from compliance with the extractives limitations pre-scribed in paragraph (c) of this section:Provided, That the components of the food-contact surface consist entirely of one or more of the substances identi-fied in this paragraph: And provided fur-ther, That if the paper or paperboard when extracted under the conditions prescribed in paragraph (c) of this sec-tion exceeds the limitations on extrac-tives contained in paragraph (c) of this section, information shall be available from manufacturing records from which it is possible to determine that only substances identified in this para-graph (a) are present in the food-con-tact surface of such paper or paper-board.(1) Substances generally recognized as safe in food.(2) Substances generally recognized as safe for their intended use in paper and paperboard products used in food packaging.(3) Substances used in accordance with a prior sanction or approval.(4) Substances that by regulation in parts 170 through 189 of this chapter may be safely used without extractives limitations as components of the uncoated or coated food-contact sur-face of paper and paperboard in contact with aqueous or fatty food, subject to the provisions of such regulation.(5) Substances identified in this para-graph, as follows:List of SubstancesLimitationsAcetyl peroxide ............................................................................For use only as polymerization catalyst.Acrylamide-methacrylic acid-maleic anhydride copolymers con-taining not more than 0.2 percent of residual acrylamide monomer and having an average nitrogen content of 14.9 percent such that a 1 percent by weight aqueous solution has a minimum viscosity of 600 centipoises at 75 °F, as de-termined by LVG-series Brookfield viscometer (or equivalent) using a No. 2 spindle at 30 r.p.m.For use only as a retention aid employed prior to the sheet- forming operation in the manufacture of paper and paper-board in such an amount that the finished paper and paper-board will contain the additive at a level not in excess of 0.05 percent by weight of dry fibers in the finished paper andpaperboard. Acrylamide-b -methacrylyloxyethyltrimethylammonium methyl sulfate copolymer resins containing not more than 10 molar percent of b -methacrylyloxyethyltrimethylammonium methyl sulfate and containing less than 0.2% of residual acrylamide monomer.For use only as a retention aid and flocculant employed prior to the sheet-forming operation in the manufacture of paper and paperboard. Acrylic acid, sodium salt copolymer with polyethyleneglycol allyl ether (CAS Reg. No. 86830–15–1).For use only in paper mill boilers. Acrylic acid copolymer with 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane-sul-fonic acid (CAS Reg. No. 40623–75–4) and/or its ammo-nium/alkali metal mixed salts. The copolymer is produced by poly-merization of acrylic acid and 2-acrylamido-2- methylpropane-sulfonic acid in a weight ratio of 60/40, such that a 28 percent by weight aqueous solution of the polymer has a viscosity of 75–150 centipoises at 25 °C as deter-mined by LV-series Brookfield viscometer (or equivalent) using a No. 2 spindle at 60 r.p.m.For use only as a scale inhibitor prior to the sheet-forming op-eration in the manufacture of paper and paperboard andused at a level not to exceed 1.0 kilogram (2.2 pounds) of copolymer per 907 kilograms (1 ton) of dry paper and paper-board fibers.Food and Drug Administration, HHS§176.170List of SubstancesLimitationsAcrylonitrile polymer, reaction product with ethylenediamine sulfate having a nitrogen content of 22.5–25.0 percent (Kjel-dahl dry basis) and containing no more than 0.075 percent monomer as ethylenediamine. The finished resin in a 24 per-cent by weight aqueous solution has a viscosity of 1,000– 2,000 centipoises at 25 °C as determined by LVT-series Brookfield viscometer using a No. 4 spindle at 50 r.p.m. (or by other equivalent method).For use only as a size promoter and retention aid at a level not to exceed 0.5 percent by weight of the dry paper and paper-board. Acrylonitrile polymer with styrene, reaction product with ethyl-enediamine acetate, having a nitrogen content of 7.4–8.3 percent (Kjeldahl dry basis) and containing no more than 0.25 percent monomer as ethylenediamine. 1. For use only as a sizing material applied after the sheet- forming operation in the manufacture of paper and paper-board in such amount that the paper and paperboard will contain the additive at a level not in excess of 0.25 percentby weight of the dry paper and paperboard.2. For use only as a sizing material applied prior to the sheet- forming operation in the manufacture of paper and paper-board in such amount that the paper and paperboard will contain the additive at a level not in excess of 1.0 percent by weight of the dry paper and paperboard.1-Alkenyl olefins, containing not less than 72 percent of C 30 and higher olefins.For use only under the following conditions: 1. In coatings for paper and paperboard with food of Types I,II, IV-B, and VII-B described in table 1 of paragraph (c) of this section under conditions of use E, F, and G described in table 2 of paragraph (c) of this section.2. In coatings for paper and paperboard with food of Type VIII described in table I of paragraph (c) of this section under conditions of use A through H described in table 2 of para-graph (c) of this section.(2-Alkenyl) succinic anhydrides mixture, in which the alkenyl groups are derived from olefins which contain not less than 95 percent of C 15-C 21groups.For use only as a sizing agent employed prior to the sheet- forming operation in the manufacture of paper and paper-board and limited to use at a level not to exceed 1 percentby weight of the finished dry paper and paperboard fibers.Alkyl(C 12-C 20)methacrylatemethacrylic acid copolymers (CAS Reg. No. 27401–06–5).For use only as stabilizers employed prior to the sheet-forming operation in the manufacture of paper and paperboard. tert-Alkyl(C 8-C 16)mercaptans .......................................................For use only as polymerization-control agent. Aluminum acetate.2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (CAS Reg. No. 124–68–5)..........For use as a dispersant for pigment suspension at a level notto exceed 0.25 percent by weight of pigment. The suspen-sion is used as a component of coatings for paper and pa-perboard under conditions of use described in paragraph (c) of this section, table 2, conditions of use E through G.Ammonium bis(N-ethyl-2-perfluoroalkylsulfonamido ethyl) phosphates, containing not more than 15% ammonium mono (N-ethyl-2-perfluoroalkylsulfonamido ethyl) phosphates, where the alkyl group is more than 95% C 8and the salts have a fluorine content of 50.2% to 52.8% as determined on a solids basis.For use only as an oil and water repellant at a level not to ex-ceed 0.17 pound (0.09 pound of fluorine) per 1,000 square feet of treated paper or paperboard of a sheet basis weight of 100 pounds or less per 3,000 square feet of paper or pa-perboard, and at a level not to exceed 0.5 pound (0.26 pound of fluorine) per 1,000 square feet of treated paper orpaperboard having a sheet basis weight greater than 100 lb. per 3,000 square feet as determined by analysis for total flu-orine in the treated paper or paperboard without correction for any fluorine that might be present in the untreated paper or paperboard, when such paper or paperboard is used as follows:1. In contact, under conditions of use C, D, E , F, G, or H de-scribed in table 2 of paragraph (c) of this section, with non-alcoholic food.2. In contact with bakery products of Type VII, VIII, and IX de-scribed in table I of paragraph (c) of this section under good manufacturing practices of commercial and institutional bak-ing.Ammonium persulfate.Ammonium thiosulfate.Ammonium zirconium carbonate (CAS Reg. No. 32535–84–5) and its tartaric acid adduct.For use only as an insolubilizer for binders used in coatings for paper and paperboard, and limited to use at a level not toexceed 2.5 percent by weight of coating solids.Ammonium zirconium citrate (CAS Reg. No. 149564–62–5), ammonium zirconium lactate-citrate (CAS Reg. No. 149564– 64–7), ammonium zirconium lactate (CAS Reg. No. 149564– 63–6).For use as insolubilizers with protein binders in coatings for paper and paperboard, at a level not to exceed 1.4 percent by weight of coating solids.21 CFR Ch. I (4–1–05 Edition) §176.170List of Substances LimitationsAnionic polyurethane, produced by reacting the preliminary adduct formed from the reaction of glyceryl monostearate and 2,4-toluenediisocyanate with not more than 10 mole per-cent N-methyldiethanolamine and not less than 90 mole per-cent dimethylolpropionic acid. The final product is a 15 to 20 percent by weight aqueous solution, having a Brookfield vis-cosity of 25 to 100 centipoises at 24 °C (75 °F).For use only as a surface sizing agent at a level not to exceed 0.1 percent by weight of dry paper and paperboard.9,10–Anthraquinone (Chemical Abstracts Service Registry No. 84–65–1) which has a purity of not less than 98 percent.For use only as a pulping aid in the alkaline pulping of lignocellulosic material at levels not to exceed 0.1 percent by weight of the raw lignocellulosic material.Aromatic petroleum hydrocarbon resin, hydrogenated (CAS Reg. No. 88526–47–0), produced by the catalytic polym-erization of aromatic substituted olefins from low boiling dis-tillates of cracked petroleum stocks with a boiling point no greater than 220 °C (428 °F), and the subsequent catalytic reduction of the resulting aromatic petroleum hydrocarbon resin. The resin meets the following specifications: softening point 85 °C (185 °F) minimum, as determined by ASTM Method E 28–67 (Reapproved 1982), ‘‘Standard Test Meth-od for Softening Point by Ring-and-Ball Apparatus,’’ and ani-line point 70 °C (158 °F) minimum, as determined by ASTM Method D 611–82, ‘‘Standard Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline Point of Petroleum Products and Hydro-carbon Solvents,’’ which are incorporated by reference in ac-cordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies may be obtained from the American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103, or may be examined at the National Archives and Records Administra-tion (NARA). For information on the availability of this mate-rial at NARA, call 202–741–6030, or go to: http:// /federal l register/code l of l federal l regulations/ibr l locations.html..For use only as modifiers in wax polymer blend coatings for paper and paperboard at a level not to exceed 50 weight- percent of the coating solids under conditions of use E, F, and G identified in table 2 of paragraph (c) of this section.Azo-bisisobutyronitrile..................................................................For use only as polymerization catalyst.1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one (CAS Registry No. 2634–33–5).......For use only as a preservative in paper coating compositionsand limited to use at a level not to exceed 0.01 mg/in2(0.0016 mg/cm2) of the finished paper and paperboard. Benzoyl peroxide.........................................................................Do.N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)alkyl (C12-C18)amide..............................For use only as an adjuvant to control pulp absorbency andpitch content in the manufacture of paper and paperboardprior to the sheet forming operation.Bis(methoxymethyl)tetrakis-[(octadecyloxy)-methyl]melamine resins having a 5.8–6.5 percent nitrogen content (CAS Reg. No. 68412–27–1).For use only under the following conditions:1. As a water repellant employed prior to the sheet-forming op-eration in the manufacture of paper and paperboard in such amount that the finished paper and paperboard will contain the additive at a level not in excess of 1.6 percent by weight of the finished dry paper and paperboard fibers.2. The finished paper and paperboard will be used in contact with nonalcoholic foods only.3. As a water repellant employed after the sheet-forming oper-ation in the manufacture of paper and paperboard in such amount that the finished paper and paperboard will contain the additive at a level not to exceed 1.6 percent by weight of the finished dry paper and paperboard fibers. The finished paper and paperboard will be used only in contact with food of Types I, II, IV-B, VI, VII-B, and VIII described in table 1 of paragraph (c) of this section.2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol (CAS Reg. No. 52–51–7)........For use only as an antimicrobial/preservative in fillers, pigmentslurries, starch sizing solutions, and latex coatings at levelsnot to exceed 0.01 percent by weight of those components.Butanedioic acid, sulfo-1,4-di-(C9-C11alkyl) ester, ammonium salt (also known as butanedioic acid, sulfo-1,4-diisodecyl ester, ammonium salt [CAS Reg. No. 144093–88–9])..For use as a surface active agent in package coating inks at levels not to exceed 3 percent by weight of the coating ink.tert-Butyl hydroperoxide..............................................................For use only as polymerization catalyst.tert-Butyl peroxide.......................................................................Do.Calcium isostearate.....................................................................For use only with n-decyl alcohol as a stabilizing material foraqueous calcium stearate dispersions intended for use ascomponents of coatings for paper and paperboard. Carrageenan and salts of carrageenan as described in§§172.620 and 172.626 of this chapter.Castor oil, hydrogenated.Castor oil, sulfated, ammonium, potassium, or sodium salt.Cellulose, regenerated. Chloracetamide............................................................................For use only as polymerization-control agent.Cobaltous acetate........................................................................For use only as polymerization catalyst.Food and Drug Administration, HHS §176.170 List of Substances LimitationsCumene hydroperoxide...............................................................Do. Cyanoguanidine...........................................................................For use only:1. As a modifier for amino resins.2. As a fluidizing agent in starch and protein coatings for paperand paperboard.n-Decyl alcohol............................................................................For use only with calcium isostearate as a stabilizing materialfor aqueous calcium stearate dispersions intended for use ascomponents of coatings for paper and paperboard. Dialdehyde guar gum..................................................................For use only as a wet-strength agent employed prior to thesheet-forming operation in the manufacture of paper and pa-perboard and used at a level not to exceed 1% by weight ofthe finished dry paper and paperboard fibers.Dialdehyde locust bean gum.......................................................Do.Dialkyl(C16-C18)carbamoyl chloride (CAS Reg. No. 41319–54– 4) manufactured by the reaction of secondary amines de-rived from fatty acids of animal or vegetable sources with phosgene.For use as a sizing agent at a level not to exceed 0.2 percent by weight of the dry fiber.Diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride polymer with acrylamide and potassium acrylate, produced by copolymerizing either (1) diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride and acrylamide in a weight ratio of 50/50, with 4.4 percent of the acrylamide sub-sequently hydrolyzed to potassium acrylate or (2) polym-erized diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride, acrylamide and potassium acrylate (as acrylic acid) in a weight ratio of 50/ 47.8/2.2, respectively, so that the finished resin in a 1 per-cent by weight aqueous solution (active polymer) has a vis-cosity of more than 22 centipoises at 22 °C (72 °F) as deter-mined by LVF series, Brookfield Viscometer using No. 1 spindle at 60 RPM (or by other equivalent method) (CAS Reg. No. 25136–75–8).For use only as a retention and/or drainage aid employed prior to the sheet-forming operations in the manufacture of paper and paperboard and limited to use at a level not to exceed 0.05 percent by weight of the finished paper and paper-board.Diallyldimethylammonium chloride with acrylamide (CAS Reg. No. 26590–05–6). The copolymer is produced by copolym-erizing diallyldimethylammonium chloride with acrylamide in a weight ratio of 50–50 so that the finished resin in a 1 per-cent by weight aqueous solution (active polymer) has a vis-cosity of more than 22 centipoises at 22 °C (71.6 °F), as de-termined by LVF-series Brookfield viscometer using a No. 1 spindle at 60 r.p.m. (or by other equivalent method).For use only as a drainage and/or retention aid employed prior to the sheet-forming operation in the manufacture of paper and paperboard and limited to use at a level not to exceed 0.05 percent by weight of the finished paper and paper-board.Diallyldiethylammonium chloride polymer with acrylamide, and diallyldimethylammonium chloride, produced by copolym-erizing acrylamide, diallyldiethylammonium chloride, and diallyldimethylammonium chloride, respectively, in the fol-lowing weight ratios and having viscosities determined at 22 °C, by LVF-series Brookfield viscometer using a No. 1 spin-dle at 60 r.p.m. (or by other equivalent method), as follows:.1. Weight ratio: 50–2.5–47.5. The finished resin in a 1 per-cent by weight aqueous solution has a minimum vis-cosity of 22 centipoises.For use only as a retention aid employed prior to the sheet- forming operation in the manufacture of paper and paper-board and limited to use at a level not to exceed 0.05 per-cent by weight of the finished paper and paperboard.2. Weight ratio: 25–2.5–72.5. The finished resin in a 0.20 percent by weight aqueous solution has a minimum vis-cosity of 20 centipoises.For use only as a drainage and/or retention aid employed prior to the sheet-forming operation in the manufacture of paper and paperboard and limited to use at a level not to exceed 0.075 percent by weight of the finished paper and paper-board.3. Weight ratio: 80–2.5–17.5. The finished resin in a 0.30 percent by weight aqueous solution has a minimum vis-cosity of 50 centipoises.For use only as a drainage and/or retention aid employed prior to the sheet-forming operation in the manufacture of paper and paperboard and limited to use at a level not to exceed 0.075 percent by weight of the finished paper and paper-board.21 CFR Ch. I (4–1–05 Edition)§176.170List of SubstancesLimitationsDiallyldiethylammonium chloride polymer with acrylamide, po-tassium acrylate, and diallyldimethylammonium chloride. The polymer is produced by copolymerizing either: (1) acryl-amide, diallyldiethylammonium chloride, and diallyldimethylammonium chloride in a weight ratio of 50– 2.5–47.5, respectively, with 4.4 percent of the acrylamide subsequently hydrolyzed to potassium acrylate, or (2) acryl-amide, potassium acrylate (as acrylic acid),diallyldiethylammonium chloride, and diallyldimethylammonium chloride in a weight ratio of 47.8– 2.2–2.5–47.5, so that the finished resin in a 1 percent by weight aqueous solution has a minimum viscosity of 22 cen-tipoises at 22 °C, as determined by LVF-series Brookfield viscometer using a No. 1 spindle at 60 r.p.m. (or by other equivalent method).For use only as a retention aid employed prior to the sheet- forming operation in the manufacture of paper and paper-board and limited to use at a level not to exceed 0.05 per-cent by weight of the finished paper and paperboard. Diallyldimethylammonium chloride polymer with acrylamide, re-action product with glyoxal, produced by copolymerizing not less than 90 weight percent of acrylamide and not more than 10 weight percent of diallyldimethylammonium chloride, which is then cross-linked with not more than 30 weight per-cent of glyoxal, such that a 10 percent aqueous solution has a minimum viscosity of 25 centipoises at 25 °C as deter-mined by Brookfield viscometer Model RVF, using a No. 1 spindle at 100 r.p.m.For use only as a dry and wet strength agent employed prior to the sheet-forming operation in the manufacture of paper and paperboard in such an amount that the finished paper and paperboard will contain the additive at a level not in ex-cess of 2 percent by weight of the dry fibers in the finishedpaper and paperboard. 2,2-Dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (CAS Reg. No.10222–01–2). For use as a preservative at a level not to exceed 100 partsper million in coating formulations and in component slurries and emulsions, used in the production of paper and paper-board and coatings for paper and paperboard.2,5-Di-tert-butyl hydroquinone .....................................................For use only as an antioxidant for fatty based coating adju-vants provided it is used at a level not to exceed 0.005% by weight of coating solids.Diethanolamine ............................................................................For use only:1. As an adjuvant to control pulp absorbency and pitch content in the manufacture of paper and paperboard prior to the sheet-forming operation.2.In paper mill boilers.Diethanolamine salts of mono- and bis (1H ,1H ,2H ,2H -perfluo-roalkyl) phosphates where the alkyl group is even-numbered in the range C 8-C 18and the salts have a fluorine content of 52.4% to 54.4% as determined on a solids basis.For use only as an oil and water repellant at a level not to ex-ceed 0.17 pound (0.09 pound of fluorine) per 1,000 square feet of treated paper or paperboard, as determined by anal-ysis for total fluorine in the treated paper or paperboard with-out correction for any fluorine which might be present in theuntreated paper or paperboard, when such paper or paper-board is used in contact with nonalcoholic foods under the conditions of use described in paragraph (c) of this section, table 2, conditions of use (B) through (H).Diethyl(2-hydroxyethyl) methylammonium methyl sulfate, acry-late, polymer with acrylamide, chemical abstract service reg-istry No. [26796–75–8] having 90–95 mole pct. acrylamide, a nitrogen content of not more than 19.7 pct. (Kjeldahl, dry basis), and a residual acrylamide monomer content of not more than 0.1 pct. The finished polymer in a 1 pct. by weight aqueous solution has a minimum viscosity of 900 centipoises at 25 °C as determined by LVT-series Brookfield viscometer using a No. 2 spindle at 12 r.p.m. (or by equivalent method).For use only as a retention aid and drainage aid employed prior to the sheet-forming operation in the manufacture ofpaper and paperboard at a level not to exceed 0.15 pct. by weight of finished dry paper and paperboard fibers. Diethylenetriamine .......................................................................For use only as a modifier for amino resins.N,N-Diisopropanolamide of tallow fatty acids .............................For use only as an adjuvant to control pulp absorbency andpitch content in the manufacture of paper and paperboard prior to the sheet-forming operation.Dimethylamine-epichlorohydrin copolymer in which not more than 5 mole-percent of dimethylamine may be replaced by an equimolar amount of ethylenediamine and in which the ratio of total amine to epichlorohydrin does not exceed 1:1. The nitrogen content of the copolymer shall be 9.4 to 10.8 weight percent on a dry basis and a 10 percent by weight aqueous solution of the final product has a minimum vis-cosity of 5.0 centipoises at 25 °C, as determined by LVT-se-ries Brookfield viscometer using a No. 1 spindle at 60 r.p.m. (or by other equivalent method).For use only:1. As a retention aid employed before the sheet-forming oper-ation in the manufacture of paper and paperboard and lim-ited to use at a level not to exceed 1 percent by weight of the finished paper and paperboard.2. At the size press at a level not to exceed 0.017 percent by weight of the finished paper and paperboard.N-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]-acrylamide polymer with acrylamide and styrene having a nitrogen content of not more than 16.9 percent and a residual acrylamide monomer content of not more than 0.2 percent on a dry basis.For use only as a dry-strength agent employed prior to the sheet-forming operation in the manufacture of paper and pa-perboard and used at a level not to exceed 1 percent by weight of finished dry paper or paperboard fibers. N,N ′-Dioleoylethylenediamine.Food and Drug Administration, HHS §176.170 List of Substances Limitations Diphenylamine.............................................................................For use only as an antioxidant for fatty based coating adju-vants provided it is used at a level not to exceed 0.005% byweight of coating solids.Dipropylene glycol.Disodium salt of 1,4-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxyanthracene (CAS Reg. No. 73347–80–5).For use only as a catalyst in the alkaline pulping of lignocellulosic materials at levels not to exceed 0.1 percent by weight of the raw lignocellulosic materials.N,N′-Distearoylethylenediamine.n-Dodecylguanidine acetate........................................................For use only as an antimicrobial agent in paper and paper-board under the following conditions:1. For contact only with nonalcoholic food having a pH above 5and provided it is used at a level not to exceed 0.4 percentby weight of the paper and paperboard.2. For use in the outer ply of multiwall paper bags for contactwith dry food of Type VIII described in table I of paragraph(c) of this section and provided it is used at a level of 0.8percent by weight of the paper.n-Dodecylguanidine hydrochloride..............................................For use only as an antimicrobial agent in paper and paper-board under the following conditions:1. For contact only with nonalcoholic food having a pH above 5and provided it is used at a level not to exceed 0.4 percentby weight of the paper and paperboard.2. For use in the outer ply of multiwall paper bags for contactwith dry food of Type VIII described in table I of paragraph(c) of this section and provided it is used at a level of 0.8percent by weight of the paper.Fatty acids derived from animal and vegetable fats and oilsand salts of such acids, single or mixed, as follows:Aluminum.Ammonium.Calcium.Magnesium.Potassium.Sodium.Zinc.Ferric chloride.Ferrous ammonium sulfate.Fish oil, hydrogenated.Fish oil, hydrogenated, potassium salt.Furcelleran and salts of furcelleran as described in §§172.655and 172.660 of this chapter.Glutaraldehyde (CAS Reg. No. 111–30–8).................................For use only as an antimicrobial agent in pigment and fillerslurries used in the manufacture of paper and paperboard atlevels not to exceed 300 parts per million by weight of theslurry solids.Glyceryl lactostearate.Glyceryl mono-1,2-hydroxystearate.Glyceryl monoricinoleate.Guar gum modified by treatment with b-diethylamino- ethyl chloride hydrochloride.For use only as a retention aid and/or drainage aid employed prior to the sheet-forming operation in the manufacture of paper and paperboard.Guar gum modified by treatment with not more than 25 weight percent of 2,3-epoxypropyltri-methylammonium chloride such that the finished product has a maximum chlorine content of4.5 percent, a maximum nitrogen content of 3.0 percent, anda minimum viscosity in 1-percent-by-weight aqueous solution of 1,000 centipoises at 77 °F, as determined by RV-series Brookfield viscometer (or equivalent) using a No. 3 spindle at 20 r.p.m.For use only as a retention aid and/or internal size employed prior to the sheet-forming operation in the manufacture of paper and paperboard, and limited to use at a level: (1) Not to exceed 0.15 percent by weight of the finished dry paper and paperboard fibers intended for use in contact with all types of foods, except (2) not to exceed 0.30 pct. by weight of the finished dried paper and paperboard fibers for use with nonalcoholic and nonfatty food of types identified under Types I, II, IV-B, VI-B, VII-B, and VIII of table I in par. (c) of this section.N,N,N′,N′,N″,N″-Hexakis (methoxymethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6- triamine polymer with stearyl alcohol, a-octadecenyl-omega- hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), and alkyl (C20+) alcohols (CAS Reg. No. 130328–24–4).For use only as a water-repellent applied to the surface of paper and paperboard at levels not to exceed 1 percent by weight of the finished dry paperboard fibers. The finished paper and paperboard will be used in contact with aqueous foods under conditions of use B through G as described in table 2 of paragraph (c) of this section.Hexamethylenetetramine.............................................................For use only as polymerization cross-linking agent for protein,including casein.Hydroquinone and the monomethyl or monoethyl ethers of hy-droquinone.For use only as an inhibitor for monomers.。
flavor (2012)
VEGETABLE FLAVOR
EXAMPLES
Onion Gets aroma from S-(1-propenyl ，丙烯基)-Lcysteine sulfoxide（亚砜） precursors Garlic Gets aroma from S-(2-propenyl )-L-cysteine sulfoxide precursors Radish Non-volatile glucoside（糖苷） precursors
Bitter substances
Alkaloid（生物碱）：Quinine, Caffeine, and Theobromine(可可碱) Glycosides：Amygdalin（苦杏仁苷）, Naringin(柚皮苷), and Hesperidin(橘皮苷) Bitter peptide：this effect is caused by the overall hydrophobicity of amino acid side chains in peptides. Salt: alkaline cations other than sodium and lithium(锂） produce both salty and bitter tastes
Factors influencing flavor
Genetics
Environment
Maturity
Post
harvest storage
Environment factors
Temperature Concentration and solubility Interactions of taste substances
三角紫叶酢浆草ISSR反应体系的建立与优化
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中 图分 类 号 ： ４ — ３ Ｑ９ ９ ７ ２ １ Ｑ９ ６３ ； ４ ． ５ ． 文 献标 识码 ： Ａ 文 章 编 号 ： ０ ４ ５ ５ （ ０ １ ０ — １ ２０ １ ０ — ７ ９ ２ １ ） ５０ ４ — ９
三 角紫 叶酢浆 草 （ ｘ ｌ ｉｎ ｕａ ｉ） Ｏ ａ ｉ ｔ ａ ｇ ｌｒｓ 是酢浆 草 科 （ ｘ ｌ ａｅ ｅ 酢 浆草 属 （ ｘ ｌｓ 多年 生 草本 植 物 。其 叶 ｓｒ ０ ａｉ ｃａ ） ｄ Ｏ ａｉ）
展， 涉及 亲缘 关 系分析 和 系统分 类ｌ ］ 遗 传 多样 性 分 析＿ ］ 遗 传退 化 ＿。 ＿ 、 ４ ６、 ＿ 和种 质 资 源保 护分 析 “ 等 方 面 。我 】 。
三小汤加味对慢性阻塞模型大鼠血清内IL-8、TNF-α的影响
文献标识码 ：Ａ
血清 内 Ｉ Ｌ 一 ８ 、 ＴＮＦ — ａ的 影 响
曾荣南
摘
陈宝田
广州 ５ １ ０ ５ １ ５ ）
（ 南 方 医科大 学南 方 医院 中 医科
要： 目的 ： 探讨 中药 复方三小汤治疗慢性阻塞性肺病急性期的作用机制。方 法： 以气管 注脂多糖加熏烟方法制备慢 阻肺急
司， 国药准字 Ｈ２ ０ ０ ０ ０ ６ ５ ５ ） 用之 前 以双蒸 水配 制成 ５ ． ２ ｍｇ ／ ｍｌ
清洁级 健康 雌性 Ｗｉ ｓ ｔ ａ ｒ 大鼠４ ８只 ， 鼠龄 ６ ～ ８周 ， 体 重 （ ２ ０ ０ ４ － ２ Ｏ ） ｇ ， 由南 方 医 科 大 学 实 验 动 物 中心 提 供 （ ｓ ｃ ｘ ｋ粤 ２ ０ ０ ６ — ０ ０ １ ５ ） 。按体重随机分为 正常组 、 模 型组 、 三小 汤高 剂量
组、 三小汤 中剂量组 、 三小 汤低剂量 组 、 左氧氟 沙星组 ， 每组 ８
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各组给药前及给药后 观察实 验动 物 ３ Ｏ分钟 内咳嗽频率 。
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采用气管注脂多糖 加熏 烟方 法 ： 在第 １天 和第 １ ４天 ， 用
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美国FDA指导原则CPGSEC545600根肉桂口味的牙签英文原版
美国FDA指导原则CPGSEC545600根肉桂口味的牙签英文原版1. Safety: The FDA requires that all consumer products, including toothpicks, be safe for use. This means that the toothpicks should not contain any harmful ingredients ormaterials that can cause harm to the user.2. Labeling: The packaging of the toothpicks should clearly state the product name, flavor (cinnamon), and any relevant warnings or usage instructions. This ensures that consumers are aware of what they are purchasing and how to use it correctly.3. Ingredients: The FDA requires that all ingredients usedin the production of toothpicks be safe for human consumption. Any additives or flavorings should also be approved by the FDA and listed on the packaging.4. Manufacturing: The FDA encourages manufacturers to follow Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) to ensure that the toothpicks are produced in a clean and sanitary environment. This reducesthe risk of contamination and ensures the overall quality of the product.6. Instructions for use: The packaging should include clear instructions on how to use the toothpicks safely and effectively. This may include information on how to properly handle and dispose of the toothpicks.7. Age restrictions: The FDA advises that toothpicks should not be used by children under a certain age, usually 3 years old, as they may pose a choking hazard. The packaging should clearly state this restriction to ensure proper usage.8. Storage conditions: The toothpicks should be stored in a cool and dry place to maintain their quality and prevent any contamination. The packaging should provide guidelines on how to store the product properly.9. Allergen information: If the toothpicks contain any allergens, such as cinnamon, the packaging should clearly state this information. This is important for individuals withallergies or sensitivities to certain ingredients.10. Recalls: In the event of a safety concern or product defect, the FDA may issue a recall of the toothpicks. Manufacturers should have procedures in place to promptlyaddress any safety issues and cooperate with the FDA during a recall process.It is important for manufacturers and consumers to adhere to these FDA guidelines to ensure the safety and quality of toothpicks and other oral care products. Following these guidelines can help prevent accidents, allergic reactions, and overall promote oral hygiene.。
isoferulic acid 3-sulfate作用
isoferulic acid 3-sulfate作用ISOferulic acid 3-sulfate, also known as ISOfA 3-sulfate, is a naturally occurring compound found in various plants and foods. It is a derivative of ferulic acid and has been studied for its potential health benefits. In this article, we will explore the effects and mechanisms of action of ISOferulic acid 3-sulfate in the human body.Firstly, let's understand what ISOferulic acid 3-sulfate is. It is a sulfated derivative of the phenolic compound ferulic acid. Ferulic acid is abundant in the plant kingdom and is commonly found in foods such as rice, wheat, oats, and coffee. ISOferulic acid 3-sulfate is formed through the addition of a sulfate group to the C-3 position of the ferulic acid molecule, resulting in enhanced water solubility and potential biological activity.ISOferulic acid 3-sulfate has been reported to exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Its role as an antioxidant is particularly noteworthy. As an antioxidant, ISOferulic acid 3-sulfate can scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress in the body. Oxidative stress is a condition in which there is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body's antioxidant defense mechanisms. This imbalance can lead to cellular damage and the development of variouschronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. The antioxidant activity of ISOferulic acid 3-sulfate helps to neutralize these harmful free radicals and protect the body from oxidative damage.Moreover, ISOferulic acid 3-sulfate has been found to possessanti-inflammatory properties. Inflammation is a natural response of the immune system to injury or infection. However, chronic inflammation can contribute to the development of several diseases, including arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, and certain types of cancer. ISOferulic acid3-sulfate has been shown to inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and prostaglandins, which play a crucial role in the inflammatory response. By reducing inflammation, ISOferulic acid 3-sulfate may help alleviate symptoms associated with inflammatory diseases and promote overall health.Furthermore, ISOferulic acid 3-sulfate has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects. Cancer is a complex disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and division. ISOferulic acid 3-sulfate has been shown to induce apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in cancer cells. It can also inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells and suppress tumor growth. These anticancer effects may be attributed to its antioxidant andanti-inflammatory properties, as well as its ability to regulate various signaling pathways involved in cell growth and survival.In addition to its direct effects on cellular processes, ISOferulic acid3-sulfate has also been shown to modulate several enzyme activities. For example, it has been found to inhibit the activity of enzymes involved in the metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics, potentially affecting their bioavailability and efficacy. ISOferulic acid 3-sulfate has also been implicated in the modulation of enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix components, which are crucial for tissue repair and remodeling.Overall, ISOferulic acid 3-sulfate exhibits a diverse range of effects in the human body, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and enzyme modulating properties. Its mechanisms of action involve scavenging free radicals, reducing inflammation, inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, and modulating enzyme activities. Further research is needed to fully understand the potential therapeutic applications of ISOferulic acid 3-sulfate and its underlying mechanisms of action. However, the available evidence suggests that this natural compoundholds promise as a valuable tool in promoting health and preventing chronic diseases.。
SuperScriptIII超级反转录酶
SuperScript™ III Reverse TranscriptaseCat. No. 18080-093 Size: 2,000 unitsunits18080-044 10,000× 10,000-unit kit18080-085 4Conc: 200 U/µl Store at -20°C (non-frost-free)DescriptionSuperScript™ III Reverse Transcriptase is an engineered version of M-MLVRT with reduced RNase H activity and increased thermal stability. Theenzyme is purified to near homogeneity from E. coli containing themodified pol gene of Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (1,2). The enzymecan be used to synthesize first-strand cDNA at temperatures up to 55°C, providing increased specificity, higher yields of cDNA, and more full-length product than other reverse transcriptases. It can generate cDNAfrom 100 bp to >12 kb.Component 2,000 U Kit 10,000 U Kitµlµl 50 SuperScript™ III RT (200 U/µl) 10µl5X First-Strand Buffer* 1000 µl 1000µl0.1 M DTT 500 µl 500 *[250 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3 at room temperature), 375 mM KCl, 15 mM MgCl2]Unit DefinitionOne unit incorporates 1 nmol of dTTP into acid-precipitable material in10 min at 37°C using poly(A)•oligo(dT)25 as template-primer (3).Storage Buffer20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 100 mM NaCl, 0.1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 0.01%(v/v) NP-40, 50% (v/v) glycerolStorageStore all components at -20°C (non-frost-free). Thaw 5X First-Strand Bufferand 0.1 M DTT at room temperature just prior to use and refreeze immediately.Part no. 18080.pps Rev. date: 7 Dec 2004For technical support, email tech_support@.For country-specific contact information, visit .Page 2 First-Strand cDNA SynthesisThe following 20-µl reaction volume can be used for 10 pg–5 µg of total RNA or10 pg–500 ng of mRNA.1. Add the following components to a nuclease-free microcentrifuge tube:1 µl of oligo(dT)20 (50 µM); or 200–500 ng of oligo(dT)12-18; or50–250 ng of random primers; or 2 pmol of gene-specific primer10 pg–5 µg total RNA or 10 pg–500 ng mRNA1 µl 10 mM dNTP Mix (10 mM each dATP, dGTP, dCTP and dTTP atneutral pH)Sterile, distilled water to 13 µl2. Heat mixture to 65°C for 5 minutes and incubate on ice for at least 1 minute3. Collect the contents of the tube by brief centrifugation and add:4 µl 5X First-Strand Buffer1 µl 0.1 M DTT1 µl RNaseOUT™ Recombinant RNase Inhibitor (Cat. no. 10777-019,40 units/µl). Note: When using less than 50 ng of starting RNA, theaddition of RNaseOUT™ is essential.1 µl of SuperScript™ III RT (200 units/µl)**If generating cDNA longer than 5 kb at temperatures above 50°C using a gene-specific primer or oligo(dT)20, the amount of SuperScript™ III RT may be raised to 400 U (2 µl) to increase yield.4. Mix by pipetting gently up and down. If using random primers, incubate tube at25°C for 5 minutes.5. Incubate at 50°C for 30–60 minutes. Increase the reaction temperature to 55°C forgene-specific primer. Reaction temperature may also be increased to 55°C for difficult templates or templates with high secondary structure.6. Inactivate the reaction by heating at 70°C for 15 minutes.The cDNA can now be used as a template for amplification in PCR. However, amplification of some PCR targets (those >1 kb) may require the removal of RNA complementary to the cDNA. To remove RNA complementary to the cDNA, add 1 µl (2 units) of E. coli RNase H and incubate at 37°C for 20 minutes.Page 3PCR ReactionThe following example reaction is recommended as a starting point:1. Add the following to a PCR reaction tube:10X PCR Buffer [200 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.4), 500 mM KCl] 5 µl50 mM MgCl2* 1.5µl10 mM dNTP Mix 1 µlµlSense primer (10 µM) 1µlAntisense primer (10 µM) 1µlTaq DNA polymerase (5 U/µl) 0.4cDNA (from first-strand reaction) 2 µlAutoclaved, distilled water to 50 µl2. Mix gently and layer 1–2 drops (~50 µl) of silicone oil over the reaction.(Note: The addition of silicone oil is unnecessary in thermal cyclers equipped witha heated lid.)3.Heat reaction to 94°C for 2 minutes to denature.4. Perform 15–40 cycles of PCR. Annealing and extension conditions areprimer and template dependent and must be determined empirically.*Optimal concentration of MgCl2 needs to be determined empirically foreach template-primer pair.Quality ControlThis product has passed the following quality control assays: SDS-polyacrylamidegel analysis for purity; functional absence of endodeoxyribonuclease, 3′ and 5′exodeoxyribonuclease, and ribonuclease activities; yield and length of cDNAproduct.References1. Kotewicz, M.L., D'Alessio, J.M., Driftmier, K.M., Blodgett, K.P., and Gerard,G.F. (1985) Gene 35, 249.2. Gerard, G.F., D'Alessio, J.M., Kotewicz, M.L., and Noon, M.C. (1986) DNA 5,271.3. Houts, G.E., Miyagi, M., Ellis, C., Beard, A., and Beard, J.W. (1979) J. Virol.29,517.Page 4 Related ProductsNo.Quantity Cat.µl 18418-020 Oligo(dT)20 Primer (50 µM) 50Oligo(dT)12-18 Primer 25 µg 18418-012 Random Primers A260 units 48190-011Custom Gene-Specific Primers visit /oligos10 mM dNTP Mix 100 µl 18427-013 DEPC-treated Water 4 × 1.25 ml 10813-012 RNAseOUT™ Recombinantunits 10777-019 Ribonuclease Inhibitor (40 U/µl) 5,000RNase H 30 units 18021-014Platinum®Taq DNA Polymerase 100 units 10966-018Limited Use Label License No. 4: Products for PCR which do not include any rights toperform PCRThis product is optimized for use in the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) covered by patents owned by Roche MolecularSystems, Inc. and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd. (“Roche”). No license under these patents to use the PCR process is conveyedexpressly or by implication to the purchaser by the purchase of this product. A license to use the PCR process for certainresearch and development activities accompanies the purchase of certain reagents from licensed suppliers such as Invitrogen,when used in conjunction with an Authorized Thermal Cycler, or is available from Applied Biosystems. Further informationon purchasing licenses to practice the PCR process may be obtained by contacting the Director of Licensing at AppliedBiosystems, 850 Lincoln Centre Drive, Foster City, California 94404 or at Roche Molecular Systems, Inc., 1145 AtlanticAvenue, Alameda, California 94501.Limited Use Label License No. 138: SuperScript™ III Reverse TranscriptaseThe purchase of this product conveys to the buyer the non-transferable right to use the purchased amount of the product and components of the product in research conducted by the buyer (whether the buyer is an academic or for-profit entity). Thebuyer cannot sell or otherwise transfer (a) this product (b) its components or (c) materials made using this product or itscomponents to a third party or otherwise use this product or its components or materials made using this product or itscomponents for commercial purposes. The buyer may transfer information or materials made through the use of this productto a scientific collaborator, provided that such transfer is not for any commercial purpose, and that such collaborator agrees inwriting (a) not to transfer such materials to any third party, and (b) to use such transferred materials and/or informationsolely for research and not for commercial purposes. Commercial purposes means any activity by a party for considerationand may include, but is not limited to: (1) use of the product or its components in manufacturing; (2) use of the product or its components to provide a service, information, or data; (3) use of the product or its components for therapeutic, diagnostic or prophylactic purposes; or (4) resale of the product or its components, whether or not such product or its components areresold for use in research. Invitrogen Corporation will not assert a claim against the buyer of infringement of the abovepatents based upon the manufacture, use or sale of a therapeutic, clinical diagnostic, vaccine or prophylactic productdeveloped in research by the buyer in which this product or its components was employed, provided that neither thisproduct nor any of its components was used in the manufacture of such product. If the purchaser is not willing to accept thelimitations of this limited use statement, Invitrogen is willing to accept return of the product with a full refund. Forinformation on purchasing a license to this product for purposes other than research, contact Licensing Department,Invitrogen Corporation, 1600 Faraday Avenue, Carlsbad, California 92008. Phone (760) 603-7200. Fax (760) 602-6500.©2002–04 Invitrogen Corporation. All rights reserved.For research use only. Not intended for any animal or human therapeutic or diagnostic use.。
madagascar 软件安装方法(ubuntu下)
madagascar 软件安装方法（ubuntu下）madagascar /wiki/Main_Page是当前地球物理界比较流行和热门的一套开源软件，由University of Texas at Austin的Sergey Fomel教授等人开发，下面是官网首页上的介绍。
Madagascar is an open-source software package for multidimensional data analysis and reproducible computational experiments. Its mission is to providea convenient and powerful environmenta convenient technology transfer toolfor researchers working with digital image and data processing in geophysics and related fields.Technology developed using the Madagascar project management system is transferred in the form of recorded processing histories, which become "computational recipes" to be verified, exchanged, and modified by users of the system.复制代码madagascar的安装现在已经变得非常的简单。
（一）源码下载。
（两种方法）1. 从网站/projects/rsf/files/ 下载压缩包madagascar-*.*.tar.gz，然后用tar -xzvf madagascar-*.*.tar.gz解压。
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a r X i v :h e p -p h /0206312v 1 28 J u n 2002SU (3)-Flavor Symmetry in B →V P DecaysGil PazPhysics Department,Technion-Israel Institute of Technology,3200Haifa,IsraelAbstractIn the framework of SU (3)symmetry,we present a general analysis of B meson decays into two lighter uncharmed mesons (both pairs of pseudoscalar mesons and pairs of vector and pseudoscalar mesons).From the analysis we find constraints on γand discuss their validity.The most useful new constraint is obtained by considering the decay modes B 0→Kπand B +→π0π+.In decays into pairs of vector and pseudeuscalar mesons,no constraints can be obtained using SU (3)symmetry alone and further assumptions are needed.Based on these assumptions,we obtain new (weaker)constraints using B 0→ρK /B 0→K ∗πand B +→ρπ.We show that no other constraints can be obtained.We also suggest a methodto measure γusing B 0s→ρπand B 0→K ∗±K ∓.PACS numbers:13.25.Hw,14.40.Nd,11.30.Er1IntroductionThe existence of CP violation in the standard model depends on one parameter that need to bedifferent from zero,namely the complex phase of the CKM matrix.The existence of this phaseis equivalent to a non zero area of the famous unitarity triangle(V ud V∗ub+V cd V∗cb+V td V∗tb=0). The angle“β”of this triangle was recently measured from the time dependent CP asymmetry ofthe decay B→J/ψK S[1].The determination of the angle“γ”seem to be more difficult.Oneof the possible strategies is to use SU(3)symmetry to measure or constrainγusing B mesons decays into two lighter uncharmed mesons[2,3,4,5,6,7]In general the decay modes receive contributions from“Tree”,“Penguin”and“ElectroWeak Pen-guin”(EWP)amplitudes.Since the amplitudes involve several unknown parameters,it is hard,in general,to obtain useful data even if we decrease the number of the unknowns using SU(3)symmetry.Neubert and Rosner[5]have suggested a way to relate the EWP contribution to the Tree contribution in the decay modes B+→K+π0and B+→K0π+and obtain a constraint onγ. Similar constraint were obtained later using other decay modes into pairs of pseudoscalar mesons(P P),namely B0→K+π−and B+→K0π+[6],and by using B decays into pairs of vector and pseudoscalar mesons(V P),namely B+→ρK and B+→K∗π[7].The natural question arises, whether these are all the constraints that can be obtained.In order to answer this question,we will take a more systematic approach to the problem.In section2we repeat the original Neubert-Rosner argument and identify its essential features.We then“rearrange”the effective Hamiltonian and use SU(3)symmetry to write it in terms of ir-reducible operators.In this form the relations between the Tree,Penguin and EWP contributions will be more ing Wigner-Eckart theorem we present(in appendix A)a decomposition of the various decay amplitudes(both P P and V P).In section3we use this decomposition to obtain all the possible constraints and discuss their validity.As we shall see,new constraints can be obtained using B0→Kπand B+→π0π+(for P P)and using B0→ρK/B0→K∗πand B+→ρπ(for V P with further assumptions).In section4we present our conclusions alongside a new method to measureγ2Algebraic Analysis of the Decay Amplitudes2.1The Essential features of the Neubert-Rosner MethodIn order to obtain the essential features that are needed,let us repeat the Neubert-Rosner ar-gument in the form formulated by Gronau,Pirjol and Yan[6].The suggestion of Neubert and Rosner is based on the decomposition of the following decay amplitudes[6]:√2P EW(B+→K+π0)A(B+→K0π+)=+λ(s)u(P uc+A)(2)2+λ(s)t P ct−P EW(B+→K0π+)−√2A(B+→K+π0)+A(B+→K0π+)=−λ(s)u(T+C)(4)+λ(s)t √2P EW(B+→K+π0)+P EW(B+→K0π+)=3c1+c2(T+C).(5)Using the orthogonality relationV us V∗ub+V cs V∗cb+V ts V∗tb=0,(6) orλ(s)t=−λ(s)u−λ(s)c(7) and by defining:δEW=−3c1+c22 c9+c10|λ(s)u|≈0.65(8) (λ(s)c is real up to third order in|V us|),they obtained:(1+3c1+c2 ≈1.01)√2 c9+c10Br(B+→K0π+)+Br(B−→|λ(s)u(P uc+A)+λ(s)t(P ct+P EW)|2+CP(11) where P EW=P EW(B+→K0π+)and“CP”denotes the CP conjugate amplitude.By using the orthogonality relation(7)we can write this ratio as:R=|λ(s)u[(P uc+A)−(P ct+P EW)]−λ(s)c(P ct+P EW)−λ(s)u(e iγ−δEW)(T+C)|2+CPIf we define:ǫe iφT = λ(s )u|P ct +P EW |(13)e iφP=λ(s )u |P ct +P EW |(14)ǫA eiφA=λ(s )u |P ct +P EW |+P ct +P EW|ǫA e iφA e iγ+e iφP |2+|ǫA e iφA e −iγ+e iφP |2.(16)We are interested only in the lowest order in ǫ,therefore expanding R we find:R =1−ǫe i ∆φ(e iγ−δEW )+ǫe −i ∆φ(e −iγ−δEW )+ǫe i ∆φ(e −iγ−δEW )+ǫe −i ∆φ(e iγ−δEW )2ǫ.(18)In order to relate the expansion parameter:ǫ=λ(s )u |P ct +P EW |(19)to measurable quantities we note that:√2A (B +→π0π+)λ(d )u=√A (B +→K 0π+)V us 2f KA (B +→K 0π+)V usFrom the current data the value ofǫis[8]:0.09±0.05[9](BaBar),0.15±0.07[10](Belle), 0.13±0.11[11](CLEO).There seem to be four essential features to the Neubert Rosner method:1.The EWP contribution(Q9,Q10)can be related to the Tree contribution(see equation5)2.There are two amplitudes that differ in a complex number(see equation9),which has onestrong phase(the phase of T+C)and a unique weak phase(e iγ−δEW).3.This number can be measured through some decays(see equation3).4.The difference between the amplitudes is small compared to(one of)the amplitudes(seeequation19).As we shall see in the following section thefirst requirement would be easy to fulfill and in fact we willfind that the EWP contribution can be related in a systematic way to the Tree contribution. The third requirement will turn out to be the hardest to fulfill.2.2Decomposition of the effective HamiltonianThe effective Hamiltonian for charmless B decays is composed of two main parts∆S=1and ∆S=0.Each part is composed from the operators Q1,...,Q10.We willfind it useful to“rear-range”the various parts of the Hamiltonian before embarking on the SU(3)decomposition. Lets lookfirst at the∆S=1part,it can be written as:H eff=G F2 λ(s)u(c1Q(u)1+c2Q(u)2)+λ(s)c(c1Q(c)1+c2Q(c)2)+(λ(s)u+λ(s)c)10 i=3c i Q i (23) Where Q1and Q2are the“Tree”operators:Q(u)1=(u j s i)V−A=(u j u j)V−AQ(c)1=(c j s i)V−A=(c j c j)V−AQ(u)2=(u j s j)V−AQ(c)2=(u j s j)V−A.(24) Q3,...,Q6are the“Penguin”operators:Q3=(q j q j)V−AQ4=(q j q i)V−A=(s j q j)V−AQ5=(q j q j)V+A5Q6=(q j q i)V−A=(s j q j)V+A.(25) Out of the four“EWP”(i.e.“ElectroWeak Penguins”)Operators:Q7,...,Q10,we can neglect Q7and Q8:Q7=3b i s i)V−A q=u,d,s,c e q(2(q j q i)V+A(26)(27)because of the smallness of c7and c8with respect to the other Wilson Coefficients. Thus[12]:|c7/c9|≤0.04,|c7/c1|≤0.002,|c8/c10|≤0.3and|c8/c1|≤0.003.The remaining“EWP”operators are:Q9=3b i s i)V−A q=u,d,s,c e q(2(q j q i)V−A=(s j q j)V−A(28)For some of the operators we have used the Fiertz transformations for anti-commuting fermion fields,which are[13]:(γδ)V±A=(αδ)V±A(29) The Operator Q9can be rearranged in the following way(we suppress the color indices and the chirality structure for the moment):Q9=3bs) q=u,d,s,c e q(233332333uu+2cc= −1bs(dd+2uu+cc (30) In this decomposition Q9is made from two parts:one resembles Q3and the other resembles Q1.Therefore it seems useful to attach these parts to Q3and Q1respectively before the SU(3) decomposition.A similar operation can be applied to Q10.Thus,after the Fiertz transformation we can write the effective Hamiltonian as(we suppress the color indices):√G F =(uu)V−A,V−A[λ(s)u c1+(λ(s)u+λ(s)c)33+(us)V−A,V−A[λ(s)u c2+(λ(s)u+λ(s)c)bsbcc9)] bs bs bs2 +(us+ds+ss)V−A,V−A[(λ(s)u+λ(s)c)(c4−1 bsbcbs bs bsbu bd bsH effis a linear combinations of four quark operators of the form(q2q3).These operators transform as3under SU(3)-flavor and can be decomposed into sums of irreducible oper-ators:3(a),q1and3 3 33 q1q2q3and in the table they appear as q3q2.15I=115I=06I=1/23(a)I=1/23(s)I=1/2d1/31/61/2d1/31/241/21/8d1/21/8−1/21/8s s3/81/21/8u1/31/24−1/21/8u−1/21/8−1/21/8d d− −1/2s −1/2u u− 1/2s1/21/2bs bc3I=0operators since the operator s transforms asUsing the decomposition we can write the effective Hamiltonian as:√G F =−115I=1+122(λ(s)u+λ(s)c)(c9+c10)]−12(λ(s)u+λ(s)c)(c9−c10)]+18·2(λ(s)u+λ(s)c)(c9+c10)]−13(a)I=0[λ(s)u(c2−c1)−33I=0[λ(s)c(c2+c1)+(λ(s)u+λ(s)c)(c3+c9+c4+c10)]+√3(s)I=0(λ(s)u+λ(s)c)[c3+c4−13(a)I=0(λ(s)u+λ(s)c)[c3−c4−13I=0(c5+c6)+√3(s)I=0(c5+c6)+3”operators.A priori,that is before the factorization approximation,the dominant operators would be the ones with the largest coefficients.The hierarchy of the coefficients is: |λ(s)u(c2±c1)|,|λ(s)c(c9±c10)|≪|λ(s)c(c3±c4)|,|λ(s)c(c5±c6)|≪|λ(s)c(c2±c1)|Where≪denotes an order of magnitude.Therefore,A priori,the matrix elements of the“6”and“3”operators.Since all of the“3 3> and<12H eff2(√15I=0)λ(s)u(c2+c1)[1+3c2+c1+3λ(s)u·c9+c102·6I=1λ(s)u(c2−c1)[1−3c2−c1−3λ(s)u·c9−c103I=0+λ(s)c a c·whereα=1/129,and therefore:c9+c10c2−c1=−1.107α.(35) Letκdenote the average of the two ratios:κ≈c9−c10c2+c1≈−1.12α.(36)Usingκandλ(s)u=|λ(s)u|e iγwe can write the effective Hamiltonian as:√G F =−115I=1+122κ)[e iγ+31+3|λ(s)u|]−12κ)[e iγ−31−3|λ(s)u|]+λ(s)u a u·3I=0(37)Since1+32κ=0.99we can approximate1±32κ2κ·λ(s)c2H eff2(√15I=0)|λ(s)u|(c2+c1)(e iγ−δEW)−13I=0+λ(s)c a c·2H eff2(23√15I=1/2)|λ(d)u|(c2+c1)(e iγ−¯δEW)−13I=1/2+λ(d)c a c·2κ2κ·λ(d)cThe fact that¯δEW is so small compared toδEW is just another way of saying that the contribution of the electroweak penguins is negligible in∆S=0decays.We see that the EWP effects appear in the Hamiltonian in the“δEW contribution”and in modifying a u and a c.It should be noted that the coefficients a u,a c are the same for∆S=0and the∆S=1partsof the Hamiltonian.In the following we will suppress the factor G F2,which appear in all of theamplitudes.Having rearranged the Effective Hamiltonian we are ready to decompose the various decay amplitudes according to Wigner-Eckart theorem[16]using SU(3)Clebsch-Gordan tables [15].The results of the decomposition appear in appendix A.3Generalization of the Neubert-Rosner Method3.1The Neubert-Rosner MethodNow,we are going to repeat the Neubert-Rosner calculation using our analysis.From the tables in appendix A wefind:√2A(B+→π0π+)=20a5.(43) In order to use this relation in the expansion of the CP-averaged rate R,one has to identify the “large”parts of the amplitudes.Generally,we can write:√2A(B+→K+π0)=+λ(s)u A u+λ(s)c A c+|λ(s)u|(e iγ−δEW)B(44)A(B+→K0π+)=−λ(s)u A u−λ(s)c A cwhere we have defined:11B =−20·1115 3A u =+3·a u158S2(c 2−c 1)58S 6 3 +3·1115 3 +4·1115 3A c =+3·a c158S2|λ(s )u |δEW12|λ(s )u |δEW115 3 +4·1λ(s )c(c 2+c 1)20027λ(s )c≤0.03,(46)we can see that the term λ(s )c A c is the “large”part of the amplitude.This is equivalent to the statement that the dominant contribution in ∆S =1decays is the “Penguin”contribution [5].Therefore our expansion parameter would be :ǫ=λ(s )u A c.(47)We now return to the CP averaged ratio:R =2[Br (B +→K +π0)+Br (B −→K −π0)]K 0π−)=|λ(s )u A u +λ(s )c A c +|λ(s )u |(e iγ−δEW )B |2+CPλ(s )cBe iφP= λ(s)c|A c|(50)ǫA e iφA= λ(s)u|A c|(51) we reobtain expression(16):R= ǫe iφT(e iγ−δEW)−ǫA e iφA e iγ−e iφP 2+ ǫe iφT(e−iγ−δEW)−ǫA e iφA e−iγ−e iφP 22ǫ,(53) where the parameterǫis,again,ǫ=√fπ A(B+→π0π+)V ud.(54)3.2The Neubert-Rosner Method in B→P P DecaysIn order to try tofind similar constraints in B→P P decays,all that we need to do is to look again at the tables of appendix A and look for relations of the form of equation(42).We immediately find:•For∆S=1decays√2A(B0s→K0π0)−A(B0s→K−π+)=20a5(56)√2A(B+→π0π+)=+|λ(d)u|e iγB√2(c2+c1) 200 2713 3 )13−112(c2+c1) 50 8S2(c2+c1) 200 2713 3−1λ(s)c (c2−c1)5 8S6 3+1λ(s)c(c2+c1) 50 8S2|λ(s)u|δEW115 3 .(59)We can repeat the previous procedure,which was applied to B+→Kπ.We immediately obtain a new constraint:|cosγ−δEW|≥|1−R∗|B0→Br(B0→K+π−)+Br(2f KA(B0→K+π−)V usλ(s)c≤0.03(63)In∆S=0the equivalent ratio would be[8]:0.2≤ λ(d)udecays[9,10,11]:˜ǫ=√A(B0→π−π+)>1.(65)(notice that we didn’t need the SU(3)breaking factor since we don’t need to relate∆S=1 processes to∆S=0processes).We see that the expansion in˜ǫdoes not make sense and no constraint can be obtained.Similarly,it is doubtful whether the expansion would be justified when discussing B s→Kπdecays.Therefore,apart from the original Neubert-Rosner constraint,the only constraint we can obtain in B→P P decays is(60).3.3The Neubert-Rosner Method in B→V P DecaysWe now turn to discuss B→V P decays.In B→P P there are four pairs of processes of the formfirst investigated by Neubert and Rosner:•B+→Kπ(the original Neubert-Rosner pair)•B0→Kπ•B0s→Kπ•B0→ππWe would expect tofind eight pairs of such processes since,as a rule of thumb,in B→V P there are twice as much decays.In fact using the tables of Appendix A we canfind only six pairs, which are:•∆S=1decays√2A(B+→K∗+π0)+A(B+→K∗0π+)=20b′5−6b′8(67)√2A(B0→K∗0π0)−A(B0→K∗+π−)=20b′5−6b′8(69)•∆S=0decays√K0)−A(B0s→ρ+K−)=20b5+6b10(70)√K∗0π0)−A(B0s→K∗−π+)=20b5−6b10.(71) We note that the differences between the amplitudes have:•2weak phases e iγ−δEW,e iγ+δEW in∆S=1decays•1weak phase e iγ−¯δEW in∆S=0decays.15Unfortunately we cannot use any of these pairs because the differences are unmeasurable through some decay.Stated differently,we don’t have the equivalent of B+→π0π+in B→V P decays.the“natural”candidates,namely,B+→ρ0π+or B+→ρ+π0cannot be related to these differences as can be easily seen from table7.Thus we come to the conclusion that the Neubert-Rosner method cannot be used in B→V P without further assumptions.3.4Neubert-Rosner Method in B→V P Decayswith Further AssumptionsThe assumption that we need is to neglect some parts of the amplitudes.This assumption goes beyond pure SU(3)symmetry and it can only be made using a graphical analysis.In a previous article,Gronau was able to obtain a constraint onγbased on this assumption[7].We shall now present this assumption and relate it to our analysis.In B→V P decays we have12different graphical amplitudes[7]:T M,C M,P M,E M,A M,P A M. The suffix M=P,V for T M,C M,P M denotes whether the spectator quark is included in a pseudoscalar or vector meson.In E M,A M,P A M it denotes the type of meson into which the outgoing quark q3enters in q2q3.In∆S=0decays one can safely neglect the EWP contribution(recall that¯δEW=0.03),doing this,onefinds that:Decay mode Tree amplitude√√K0A V+P u,VB+→In∆S=1decays,by separating the EWP contribution from the Tree contribution,onefinds that:Decay mode Tree amplitude EWP amplitude(C V−2E V+P u,V)2B+→ρ0K+−12(T V+C P+A V+P u,V)κ2(3T P+2C V+2E V−P u,V)B0→ρ−K+−(T V+P u,V)κ√2√2A(B+→ρ0K+)+A(B+→ρ+K0)=−(T V+C P)+32A(B+→ρ+π0)+A(B+→K0)−(T V+C P)=√K0)−A(B+→2A(B+→ρ+π0)−(T V+C P)≈√2A(B+→ρ+π0)≈√K∗0K+)−A(B+→K∗+2A(B+→ρ0π+)≈√K0)−A(B+→2A(B+→ρ+π0)≈20b5−6b8√In a more explicit way,by neglecting ¯δEW ,we can write:20b 5−6b 8=−115 3 −(c 2−c 1) 10 6 3≡|λ(d )u |e iγB −20b 5+6b 8=−115 3 +(c 2−c 1) 10 6 3≡|λ(d )u |e iγB +,(78)so eventually:√2A (B +→ρ0π+)≈|λ(d )u |e iγB +.(79)(notice that B −and B +are complex numbers).We can now return to equation (66),which can be written as:−A (B +→ρ+K 0)+20b ′5+6b ′8=√2A (B +→ρ0K +)=−λ(s )u A u −λ(s )c A c +|λ(s )u |e iγB +−|λ(s )u |δEW B −(82)since20b ′5+6b ′8=|λ(s )u |e iγB +−|λ(s )u |δEW B −.(83)We now turn to the CP averaged ratio:R +ρk=2[Br (B +→ρ0K +)+Br (B −→ρ0K −)]K 0),(84)and define:e iφ0=λ(s )u |A c |,ǫA e iφA =λ(s )u |A c |ǫV e iφV =λ(s )u |A c |,ǫP e iφP =λ(s )u |A c |,(85)so the ratio is:R +ρk=−eiφ0−ǫA eiφA e iγ+ǫV eiφVe iγ−δEW ǫP eiφP e iγ2+CPwhich leads to the constraint[7]:|cos γ|≥|1−R +ρk |ǫV.(88)The parameters ǫV ,ǫP are related to measured quantities by:ǫV=√f πA (B +→ρ0π+)V ud ǫP =√f ρA (B +→ρ+π0)V ud.(89)The various decay constants appear as a result of factorization,which was used to relate B −(=T V +C P )and B +(=T P +C V )of ∆S =1decays to B −and B +of ∆S =1decays.In relating B +we are “exchanging”πand K (exchange of a pseudoscalar).In relating B −we are “exchanging”ρand K ∗(exchange of a vector).We see that a weaker constraint can be obtained based on the additional assumption.The reason that it is weaker is the fact that there are two weak phases in the difference of the amplitudes.A similar constraint can be obtained using B →K ∗πdecays.Since20b ′5−6b ′8=|λ(s )u |e iγB −−|λ(s )u |δEW B +,(90)one can repeat the procedure using the CP averaged ratio:R +k ∗π=2[Br (B +→K ∗+π0)+Br (B −→K ∗−π0)]K ∗0π−)(91)and obtain a constraint[7]:|cos γ|≥|1−R +k ∗π|ǫ∗P,(92)whereǫ∗V =√f πA (B +→ρ0π+)V ud ǫ∗P=√f ρA (B +→ρ+π0)V ud.(93)We now turn to relations (68)and (69).Following the same line of reasoning we find,based on the expansion of the ratiosR 0ρk=2[Br (B 0→ρ0K 0)+Br (K 0)]B 0→ρ+K −)(94)R 0k ∗π=2[Br (B 0→K ∗0π0)+Br (K ∗0π0)]B 0→K ∗−π+),(95)19two new constraints:|cos γ|≥|1−R 0ρk |˜ǫV.(96)|cos γ|≥|1−R 0k ∗π|˜ǫ∗P,(97)where˜ǫV=√f π A (B +→ρ0π+)V ud ˜ǫP =√f ρ A (B +→ρ+π0)V ud ˜ǫ∗V =√f πA (B +→ρ0π+)V ud ˜ǫ∗P=√f ρA (B +→ρ+π0)V ud.(98)Finally we will consider the ∆S =0relations (70)and (71).Using the graphical method we immediately find (neglecting as usual the EWP contribution in ∆S =0decays):I √K 0)=−C P +P u,P II A (B 0s →ρ+K −)=−T P −P u,P III √K ∗0π0)=−C V +P u,V IVA (B 0s →K ∗−π+)=−T V −P u,V .There is a phase convention difference between the graphical method and our analysis,thereforewe need to add I and II (or III and IV)rather then subtract them.Adding up we find:√K 0)+A (B 0s →ρ+K −)=−(T P +C P )(99)√K ∗0π0)+A (B 0s →K ∗−π+)=−(T V +C V ).(100)These differences are unmeasurable even by neglecting some parts of the amplitudes becausethere is no decay mode which contains T P +C P or T V +C V as we now explain.A decay which contain both T and C must be aB +decay.Furthermore,if T V (T P )contributes then the vector (pseudoscalar)meson must contain the combinationqu where (q =d,s ).Obviously all theses demandscannot be satisfied simultaneously.Therefore T P +C P or T V +C V cannot be measured through some decay.In fact,even if we were able to measure it,it is doubtful that a useful constraint could have been obtained.The reason is that the expansion parameter would have to contain the ratioλ(d )uas we saw before,it might make the expansion parameter too large.Anyway,no constraint can be obtained from the∆S=0decays into a V P pairs.4Discussion and ConclusionsWhen we presented the Neubert-Rosner method in section2we noted that there are four essential features(or even demands)to this method.They are:1.The EWP contribution(Q9,Q10)can be related to the Tree contribution.2.There are two amplitudes that differ in a complex number,which has one strong phase anda unique weak phase.3.This number can be measured through some decays.4.The difference between the amplitudes is small compared to(one of)the amplitudes.As we have seen thefirst demand was very easy to fulfill and in fact we were able(in section2) to relate the EWP contribution to the Tree contribution in a systematic way.When we discussed B→P P decays we saw that in∆S=1decays we were able to fulfill all of the remaining demands.In∆S=0decays we saw that the fourth demand probably cannot be fulfilled and therefore the constraints,that can be obtained,are incorrect.In B→V P decays we saw that all of the possible“candidates”were not suitable for constraints because the third demand could not be fulfilled without further assumptions.Making those assumptions,i.e.,neglecting some parts of the amplitudes,some constraints can be obtained although they are manifestly weaker.The reason for this“weakening”is the fact that in∆S=1decays2different weak phases are involved(in contrast with the second demand).In∆S=0decays we weren’t able tofind constraints even after neglecting some parts of the amplitudes.These remarks are summarized in table4(3’denotes the third demand after neglecting some parts of the amplitudes).It is quite obvious that the reason that the Neubert-Rosner Method was almost inapplicable in B→V P decays is the fact that thefinal states are not symmetrical.It was this property which allowed us to connect the differences of pairs of amplitudes to measurable quantities.Stated differently,without symmetrization the decay productπ0π+is not pure I=3Decay mode Dem.Dem.Constraint134+++Neubert-Rosner constraint+++new constraint++−∆S=0B→V P−+B+→ρK∆S=1−+B+→K∗π−+B0→ρK−+B0→K∗πB→V P+−noneTable4:SummaryUsing the tables of appendix A we can write:A(B0s→ρ+π−)=λ(s)c S c+λ(s)u S u+λ(s)c A c+λ(s)u A u.A(B0s→ρ−π+)=λ(s)c S c+λ(s)u S u−λ(s)c A c−λ(s)u A u.A(B0s→ρ0π0)=λ(s)c S c+λ(s)u S u.A(B0→K∗+K−)=λ(d)c S c+λ(d)u S u+λ(d)c A c+λ(d)u A u.A(B0→K∗−K+)=λ(d)c S c+λ(d)u S u−λ(d)c A c−λ(d)u A u.(101) Where S(A)denotes the symmetric(anti-symmetric)part of the amplitude under an exchange of the SU(3)quantum numbers of the(pseudo)vector and(pseudo)scalar.In a more explicit way:λ(s)c S c+λ(s)u S u=−b′1+2b′2+2b′4+b′5λ(s)c A c+λ(s)u A u=−2b′7−b′8−4b′9+b′10λ(d)c S c+λ(d)u S u=−b1+2b2+2b4+b5λ(d)c A c+λ(d)u A u=−2b7−b8−4b9+b10.(102) Using these decay modes we can,in principle,measureγ:•From these amplitudes we can obtain10equations(the process and the CP conjugate process).•From U-spin theorem we obtain2constraints on these equations,namely[17]:|A(B0s→ρ+π−)|2−|A(B0→K∗−K+)|2 |A(B0s→ρ−π+)|2−|A(B0→K∗+K−)|222•Totally we have8independent equations•We have8unknowns:–|S c|,|S u|,|A c|,|A c|–3strong(relative)phases–1weak phaseγTherefore we have enough equations to determineγ.It should be noted that apart from the technical difficulty of solving8equations,the branching ratios of the various processes are expected to be small,since the spectator quark in each process does not appear in thefinal ing the graphical language this processes involve the diagrams E and P A which are expected to be small[3].Finally SU(3)breaking effects should be taken into consideration.To summarize,we have seen that the EWP contributions can be systematically related to the Tree contribution using the parametersδEW and¯δEW.A new constraint can be obtained using the decay mode B0→Kπ.Similar constraints can be obtained using B0→ππand B0s→Kπbut they are probably not valid.Neubert-Rosner constraints cannot be obtained in B→V P without neglecting some parts of the amplitudes.By neglecting some parts of the amplitudes we can obtain weaker constraints using B0→ρK or B0→K∗π.Finally,using B0s→ρπand B0→K∗±K∓we can,in principle,measureγwith some reservations.AcknowledgmentsI would like to thank Michael Gronau for useful discussions and Amnon Harel,Frank Krauss and Dan Pirjol for their helpful remarks.23AAlgebraic Analysis of B DecaysA.1Algebraic Analysis of B →P P DecaysIn the following tables we give the SU (3)decomposition of the decay amplitudes of B mesons to two pseudo-scalars mesons.In computing the tables we have used equation (40)for ∆S =0decays and equation (39)for ∆S =1decays.In every column of the table a decay amplitude is written as the sum of the integer number times a i (for ∆S =0)decays or a ′i (for ∆S =1decays).Where:a 1=(λ(d )u a u +λ(d )c a c )12 113 3 a 2=(λ(d )u a u +λ(d )c a c ) 15 8S13 3a 3=−112|λ(s )u |(c 2−c 1)(e iγ+δEW )5 8S6 3a 4=−1115 3a ′4=−1115 3 a 5=−1115 3 a ′5=−1115 3 .As an example we take A (B +→π0π+).From the table we find that :√2|λ(d )u|(c 2+c 1)(e iγ−¯δEW )200272A ,in order to simplify thenotation.2(B 0s→K 0K +√a 1−3−3−30a 3−1−1+30a 5B 0→K −K +B 0→2(B 0→π0π0)−1−1−1−1a 2−1+1+1a 4+1+1−7+13Table 5:SU(3)decomposition of B →P P Decays:∆S =0242(B0→K0π0)√a′1−3−3+3−3a′3−1−1−3+3a′5B0s→K−K+B0s→2(B0s→π0π0)−1−1−1−1a′2+1−100a′4−7+1+1+1Table6:SU(3)decomposition of B→P P Decays:∆S=125A.2Algebraic Analysis of B →V P DecaysIn the following tables we give the SU (3)decomposition of the decay amplitudes of B mesons to pairs of mesons:the first being a vector meson and the second a pseudo-scalar.In computing the tables we have used equation (40)for ∆S =0decays and equation (39)for ∆S =1decays.In every column of the table a decay amplitude is written as the sum of the integer number times b i (for ∆S =0)decays or b ′i (for ∆S =1decays).Where:b 1=(λ(d )u a u +λ(d )c a c )24 113 3 b 2=(λ(d )u a u +λ(d )c a c ) 30 8S13 3b 3=−112|λ(s )u |(c 2−c 1)(e iγ+δEW )108S 6 3b 4=−1115 3 b ′4=−1115 3b 5=−1115 3 b ′5=−1115 3 b 6=(λ(d )u a u +λ(d )c a c )68A13 3b 7=−112|λ(s )u|(c 2−c 1)(e iγ+δEW )18 8A 6 3 b 8=−112|λ(s )u |(c 2−c 1)(e iγ+δEW )36 10 6 3 b 9=−1115 3 b ′9=−1115 3b 10=−11102|λ(s )u |(c 2+c 1)(e iγ−δEW )3615 3It is easy to see that there is a connection between the coefficients of B →P P and B →V P ,namely,√2b ′i =a ′i (where 1≤i ≤5).This connection is a result of the symmetrization of the final state in B →P P decays.In some of the decays which include π0or ρ0in the final state were written as√B +→2(B +→ρ0π+)B +→K ∗+2(B +→ρ+π0)b 2−10−10b 4+4+20+4+20−1−2+1+2b 7−2+2+2−2b 9Table 7:SU(3)decomposition of B +→V P :∆S =0262(B+→ρ0K+)B+→ρ+K0√b′1+3−3+3−3 b′3−3+3−3+3 b′5b′6−1+1+1−1 b′8+3−3−3+3 b′10B0s→K∗−π+√K∗0π0)B0s→ρ+K−√K0) 0000b2+1+1+1+1b4−8+12−8+12+1+1−1−1b7−2−2+2+2b9+2−4−2+4Table9:SU(3)decomposition of B0s→V P:∆S=02(B0→ρ0K0)B0→K∗+π−√b′1−3−3−3−3b′3−1−1−1−1b′5b′6−1−1+1+1b′8+1+1−1−1b′10K∗0K0ρ−π+K∗+K−K∗0b1+2−1−1+2−1−1−1 b3+2−3+1+2−3+1+1 b5b6+2+1+1−2−1−10 b8+4−1+5−4+1−50 b10K∗−K+K0ρ+π−ρ0π0−1−1−1−1−1−1−1 b′2+1−10+1−100 b′4−7+1+1−7+1+1+1+1+10−1−100 b′7−1+1+1+1−1−10 b′9+1−1−1−1+1+10 Table12:SU(3)decomposition of B0s→V P:∆S=128。