Effect of additional element and heat treating temperature on micro-structure and mechanical beh

制冷空调专业英语

AA-weighted sound pressure level||A声级absolute humidity||绝对湿度absolute roughness||绝对粗糙度absorbate 吸收质absorbent 吸收剂absorbent||吸声材料absorber||吸收器absorptance for solar radiation||太阳辐射热吸收系数absorption equipment||吸收装置absorption of gas and vapor||气体吸收absorptiong refrige rationg cycle||吸收式制冷循环absorption-type refrigerating machine||吸收式制冷机access door||检查门acoustic absorptivity||吸声系数actual density||真密度actuating element||执行机构actuator||执行机构adaptive control system||自适应控制系统additional factor for exterior door||外门附加率additional factor for intermittent heating||间歇附加率additional factor for wind force||高度附加率additional heat loss||风力附加率adiabatic humidification||附加耗热量adiabatic humidiflcation||绝热加湿adsorbate||吸附质adsorbent||吸附剂adsorber||吸附装置adsorption equipment||吸附装置adsorption of gas and vapor||气体吸附aerodynamic noise||空气动力噪声aerosol||气溶胶air balance||风量平衡air changes||换气次数air channel||风道air cleanliness||空气洁净度air collector||集气罐air conditioning||空气调节air conditioning condition||空调工况air conditioning equipment||空气调节设备air conditioning machine room||空气调节机房air conditioning system||空气调节系统air conditioning system cooling load||空气调节系统冷负荷air contaminant||空气污染物air-cooled condenser||风冷式冷凝器air cooler||空气冷却器air curtain||空气幕air cushion shock absorber||空气弹簧隔振器air distribution||气流组织air distributor||空气分布器air-douche unit with water atomization||喷雾风扇air duct||风管、风道air filter||空气过滤器air handling equipment||空气调节设备air handling unit room||空气调节机房air header||集合管air humidity||空气湿度air inlet||风口air intake||进风口air manifold||集合管air opening||风口air pollutant||空气污染物air pollution||大气污染air preheater||空气预热器air return method||回风方式air return mode||回风方式air return through corridor||走廊回风air space||空气间层air supply method||送风方式air supply mode||送风方式||air supply (suction) opening with slide plate||插板式送（吸）风口||air supply volume per unit area||单位面积送风量||air temperature||空气温度air through tunnel||地道风||air-to-air total heat exchanger||全热换热器air-to-cloth ratio||气布比air velocity at work area||作业地带空气流速air velocity at work place||工作地点空气流速air vent||放气阀air-water systen||空气—水系统airborne particles||大气尘air hater||空气加热器airspace||空气间层alarm signal||报警信号ail-air system||全空气系统all-water system||全水系统allowed indoor fluctuation of temperature and relative humidity||室内温湿度允许波动范围ambient noise||环境噪声ammonia||氨amplification factor of centrolled plant||调节对象放大系数amplitude||振幅anergy||@||angle of repose||安息角ange of slide||滑动角angle scale||热湿比angle valve||角阀annual [value]||历年值annual coldest month||历年最冷月annual hottest month||历年最热月anticorrosive||缓蚀剂antifreeze agent||防冻剂antifreeze agent||防冻剂apparatus dew point||机器露点apparent density||堆积密度aqua-ammonia absorptiontype-refrigerating machine||氨—水吸收式制冷机aspiation psychrometer||通风温湿度计Assmann aspiration psychrometer||通风温湿度计atmospheric condenser||淋激式冷凝器atmospheric diffusion||大气扩散atmospheric dust||大气尘atmospheric pollution||大气污染atmospheric pressure||大气压力（atmospheric stability||大气稳定度atmospheric transparency||大气透明度atmospheric turblence||大气湍流automatic control||自动控制automatic roll filter||自动卷绕式过滤器automatic vent||自动放气阀available pressure||资用压力average daily sol-air temperature||日平均综合温度axial fan||轴流式通风机azeotropic mixture refrigerant||共沸溶液制冷剂Bback-flow preventer||防回流装置back pressure of steam trap||凝结水背压力back pressure return余压回水background noise||背景噪声back plate||挡风板bag filler||袋式除尘器baghouse||袋式除尘器barometric pressure||大气压力basic heat loss||基本耗热量hend muffler||消声弯头bimetallic thermometer||双金属温度计black globe temperature||黑球温度blow off pipe||排污管blowdown||排污管boiler||锅炉boiller house||锅炉房boiler plant||锅炉房boiler room||锅炉房booster||加压泵branch||支管branch duct||(通风) 支管branch pipe||支管building envelope||围护结构building flow zones||建筑气流区building heating entry||热力入口bulk density||堆积密度bushing||补心butterfly damper||蝶阀by-pass damper||空气加热器）旁通阀by-pass pipe||旁通管Ccanopy hood ||伞形罩capillary tube||毛细管capture velocity||控制风速capture velocity||外部吸气罩capturing hood ||卡诺循环Carnot cycle||串级调节系统cascade control system||铸铁散热器cast iron radiator||催化燃烧catalytic oxidation ||催化燃烧ceilling fan||吊扇ceiling panelheating||顶棚辐射采暖center frequency||中心频率central air conditionint system ||集中式空气调节系统central heating||集中采暖central ventilation system||新风系统centralized control||集中控制centrifugal compressor||离心式压缩机entrifugal fan||离心式通风机||check damper||(通风)止回阀||check valve||止回阀||chilled water||冷水chilled water system with primary-secondary pumps||一、二次泵冷水系统chimney||(排气)烟囱circuit||环路circulating fan||风扇circulating pipe||循环管circulating pump||循环泵clean room||洁净室cleaning hole||清扫孔cleaning vacuum plant||真空吸尘装置cleanout opening||清扫孔clogging capacity||容尘量close nipple||长丝closed booth||大容积密闭罩closed full flow return||闭式满管回水closed loop control||闭环控制closed return||闭式回水closed shell and tube condenser||卧式壳管式冷凝器closed shell and tube evaporator||卧式壳管式蒸发器closed tank||闭式水箱coefficient of accumulation of heat||蓄热系数coefficient of atmospheric transpareney||大气透明度coefficient of effective heat emission||散热量有效系数coficient of effective heat emission||传热系数coefficient of locall resistance||局部阻力系数coefficient of thermal storage||蓄热系数coefficient of vapor||蒸汽渗透系数coefficient of vapor||蒸汽渗透系数coil||盘管collection efficiency||除尘效率combustion of gas and vapor||气体燃烧comfort air conditioning||舒适性空气调节common section||共同段compensator||补偿器components||(通风〕部件compression||压缩compression-type refrigerating machine||压缩式制冷机compression-type refrigerating system||压缩式制冷系统compression-type refrigeration||压缩式制冷compression-type refrigeration cycle||压缩式制冷循环compression-type water chiller||压缩式冷水机组concentratcd heating||集中采暖concentration of narmful substance||有害物质浓度condensate drain pan||凝结水盘condensate pipe||凝结水管condensate pump||凝缩水泵condensate tank||凝结水箱condensation||冷凝condensation of vapor||气体冷凝condenser||冷凝器condensing pressure||冷凝压力condensing temperature||冷凝温度condensing unit||压缩冷凝机组conditioned space||空气调节房间conditioned zone||空气调节区conical cowl||锥形风帽constant humidity system||恒湿系统constant temperature and humidity system||恒温恒湿系统constant temperature system 恒温系统constant value control 定值调节constant volume air conditioning system||定风量空气调节系统continuous dust dislodging||连续除灰continuous dust dislodging||连续除灰continuous heating||连续采暖contour zone||稳定气流区control device||控制装置control panel||控制屏control valve||调节阀control velocity||控制风速controlled natural ventilation||有组织自然通风controlled plant||调节对象controlled variable||被控参数controller||调节器convection heating||对流采暖convector||对流散热器cooling||降温、冷却（、）cooling air curtain||冷风幕cooling coil||冷盘管cooling coil section||冷却段cooling load from heat||传热冷负荷cooling load from outdoor air||新风冷负荷cooling load from ventilation||新风冷负荷cooling load temperature||冷负荷温度cooling system||降温系统cooling tower||冷却塔cooling unit||冷风机组cooling water||冷却水correcting element||调节机构correcting unit||执行器correction factor for orientaion||朝向修正率corrosion inhibitor||缓蚀剂coupling||管接头cowl||伞形风帽criteria for noise control cross||噪声控频标准cross fan||四通crross-flow fan||贯流式通风机cross-ventilation||穿堂风cut diameter||分割粒径cyclone||旋风除尘器cyclone dust separator||旋风除尘器cylindrical ventilator||筒形风帽Ddaily range||日较差damping factot||衰减倍数data scaning||巡回检测days of heating period||采暖期天数deafener||消声器decibel(dB)||分贝degree-days of heating period||采暖期度日数degree of subcooling||过冷度degree of superheat||过热度dehumidification||减湿dehumidifying cooling||减湿冷却density of dust particle||真密度derivative time||微分时间design conditions||计算参数desorption||解吸detecting element||检测元件detention period||延迟时间deviation||偏差dew-point temperature||露点温度dimond-shaped damper||菱形叶片调节阀differential pressure type flowmeter||差压流量计diffuser air supply||散流器diffuser air supply||散流器送风direct air conditioning system 直流式空气调节系统direct combustion 直接燃烧direct-contact heat exchanger 汽水混合式换热器direct digital control (DDC) system 直接数字控制系统direct evaporator 直接式蒸发器direct-fired lithiumbromide absorption-type refrigerating machine 直燃式溴化锂吸收式制冷机direct refrigerating system 直接制冷系统direct return system 异程式系统direct solar radiation 太阳直接辐射discharge pressure 排气压力||discharge temperature 排气温度dispersion 大气扩散district heat supply 区域供热district heating 区域供热disturbance frequency 扰动频率dominant wind direction 最多风向double-effect lithium-bromide absorption-type refigerating machine 双效溴化锂吸收式制冷机double pipe condenser 套管式冷凝器down draft 倒灌downfeed system 上分式系统downstream spray pattern 顺喷drain pipe 泄水管drain pipe 排污管droplet 液滴drv air 干空气dry-and-wet-bulb thermometer 干湿球温度表dry-bulb temperature 干球温度dry cooling condition 干工况dry dust separator 干式除尘器dry expansion evaporator 干式蒸发器dry return pipe 干式凝结水管dry steam humidifler 干蒸汽加湿器dualductairconing ition 双风管空气调节系统dual duct system 双风管空气调节系统duct 风管、风道dust 粉尘dust capacity 容尘量dust collector 除尘器dust concentration 含尘浓度dust control 除尘dust-holding capacity 容尘量dust removal 除尘dust removing system 除尘系统dust sampler 粉尘采样仪dust sampling meter 粉尘采样仪dust separation 除尘dust separator 除尘器dust source 尘源dynamic deviation||动态偏差Eeconomic resistance of heat transfer||经济传热阻economic velocity||经济流速efective coefficient of local resistance||折算局部阻力系数effective legth||折算长度effective stack height||烟囱有效高度effective temperature difference||送风温差ejector||喷射器ejetor||弯头elbow||电加热器electric heater||电加热段electric panel heating||电热辐射采暖electric precipitator||电除尘器electricradian theating 电热辐射采暖electricresistance hu-midkfier||电阻式加湿器electro-pneumatic convertor||电—气转换器electrode humidifler||电极式加湿器electrostatic precipi-tator||电除尘器eliminator||挡水板emergency ventilation||事故通风emergency ventilation system||事故通风系统emission concentration||排放浓度enclosed hood||密闭罩enthalpy||焓enthalpy control system||新风)焓值控制系统enthalpy entropy chart||焓熵图entirely ventilation||全面通风entropy||熵environmental noise||环境噪声equal percentage flow characteristic||等百分比流量特性equivalent coefficient of local resistance||当量局部阻力系数equivalent length||当量长度equivalent[continuous A] sound level||等效〔连续A〕声级evaporating pressure||蒸发压力evaporating temperature||蒸发温度evaporative condenser||蒸发式冷凝器||evaporator||蒸发器excess heat||余热excess pressure||余压excessive heat ||余热cxergy||@exhaust air rate||排风量exhaust fan||排风机exhaust fan room||排风机室exhaust hood||局部排风罩exhaust inlet||吸风口exhaust opening||吸风口exhaust opening orinlet||风口exhaust outlet||排风口exaust vertical pipe||排气〕烟囱exhausted enclosure||密闭罩exit||排风口expansion||膨胀expansion pipe||膨胀管explosion proofing||防爆expansion steam trap||恒温式疏水器expansion tank||膨胀水箱extreme maximum temperature||极端最高温度extreme minimum temperature||极端最低温度Ffabric collector||袋式除尘器face tube||皮托管face velocity||罩口风速fan||通风机fan-coil air-conditioning system||风机盘管空气调节系统fan-coil system||风机盘管空气调节系统fan-coil unit||风机盘管机组fan house||通风机室fan room||通风机室fan section||风机段feed-forward control||前馈控制feedback||反馈feeding branch tlo radiator||散热器供热支管fibrous dust||纤维性粉尘fillter cylinder for sampling||滤筒采样管fillter efficiency||过滤效率fillter section||过滤段filltration velocity||过滤速度final resistance of filter||过滤器终阻力fire damper||防火阀fire prevention||防火fire protection||防火fire-resisting damper||防火阀fittings||(通风〕配件fixed set-point control||定值调节fixed support||固定支架fixed time temperature (humidity)||定时温（湿）度flame combustion||热力燃烧flash gas||闪发气体flash steam||二次蒸汽flexible duct||软管flexible joint||柔性接头float type steam trap||浮球式疏水器float valve||浮球阀floating control||无定位调节flooded evaporator||满液式蒸发器floor panel heating||地板辐射采暖flow capacity of control valve||调节阀流通能力flow characteristic of control valve||调节阀流量特性foam dust separator||泡沫除尘器follow-up control system||随动系统forced ventilation||机械通风forward flow zone||射流区foul gas||不凝性气体four-pipe water system||四管制水系统fractional separation efficiency||分级除尘效率free jet||自由射流free sillica||游离二氧化硅free silicon dioxide||游离二氧化硅freon||氟利昂frequency interval||频程frequency of wind direction||风向频率fresh air handling unit||新风机组resh air requirement||新风量friction factor||摩擦系数friction loss||摩擦阻力frictional resistance||摩擦阻力fume||烟〔雾〕fumehood||排风柜fumes||烟气Ggas-fired infrared heating 煤气红外线辐射采暖gas-fired unit heater 燃气热风器gas purger 不凝性气体分离器gate valve 闸阀general air change 全面通风general exhaust ventilation (GEV) 全面排风general ventilation 全面通风generator 发生器global radiation||总辐射grade efficiency||分级除尘效率granular bed filter||颗粒层除尘器granulometric distribution||粒径分布gravel bed filter||颗粒层除尘器gravity separator||沉降室ground-level concentration||落地浓度guide vane||导流板Hhair hygrometor||毛发湿度计hand pump||手摇泵harmful gas andvapo||有害气体harmful substance||有害物质header||分水器、集水器（、）heat and moisture||热湿交换transfer||热平衡heat conduction coefficient||导热系数heat conductivity||导热系数heat distributing network||热网heat emitter||散热器heat endurance||热稳定性heat exchanger||换热器heat flowmeter||热流计heat flow rate||热流量heat gain from lighting||设备散热量heat gain from lighting||照明散热量heat gain from occupant||人体散热量heat insulating window||保温窗heat(thermal)insuation||隔热heat(thermal)lag||延迟时间heat loss||耗热量heat loss by infiltration||冷风渗透耗热量heat-operated refrigerating system||热力制冷系统heat-operated refrigetation||热力制冷heat pipe||热管heat pump||热泵heat pump air conditioner||热泵式空气调节器heat release||散热量heat resistance||热阻heat screen||隔热屏heat shield||隔热屏heat source||热源heat storage||蓄热heat storage capacity||蓄热特性heat supply||供热heat supply network||热网heat transfer||传热heat transmission||传热heat wheel||转轮式换热器heated thermometer anemometer||热风速仪heating||采暖、供热、加热（、、）heating appliance||采暖设备heating coil||热盘管heating coil section||加热段heating equipment||采暖设备heating load||热负荷heating medium||热媒heating medium parameter||热媒参数heating pipeline||采暖管道heating system||采暖系统heavy work||重作业high-frequency noise||高频噪声high-pressure ho twater heating||高温热水采暖high-pressure steam heating||高压蒸汽采暖high temperature water heating||高温热水采暖hood||局部排风罩horizontal water-film syclonet||卧式旋风水膜除尘器hot air heating||热风采暖hot air heating system||热风采暖系统hot shop||热车间hot water boiler||热水锅炉hot water heating||热水采暖hot water system||热水采暖系统hot water pipe||热水管hot workshop||热车间hourly cooling load||逐时冷负荷hourly sol-air temperature||逐时综合温度humidification||加湿humidifier||加湿器humididier section||加湿段humidistat||恒湿器humidity ratio||含湿量hydraulic calculation||水力计算hydraulic disordeer||水力失调hydraulic dust removal||水力除尘hydraulic resistance balance||阻力平衡hydraulicity||水硬性hydrophilic dust||亲水性粉尘hydrophobic dust||疏水性粉尘Iimpact dust collector||冲激式除尘器impact tube||皮托管impedance muffler||阻抗复合消声器inclined damper||斜插板阀index circuit||最不利环路indec of thermal inertia (valueD)||热惰性指标（D值）indirect heat exchanger||表面式换热器indirect refrigerating sys||间接制冷系统indoor air design conditions||室内在气计算参数indoor air velocity||室内空气流速indoor and outdoor design conditions||室内外计算参数indoor reference for air temperature and relative humidity||室内温湿度基数indoor temperature (humidity)||室内温（湿）度induction air-conditioning system||诱导式空气调节系统induction unit||诱导器inductive ventilation||诱导通风industral air conditioning||工艺性空气调节industrial ventilation||工业通风inertial dust separator||惯性除尘器infiltration heat loss||冷风渗透耗热量infrared humidifier||红外线加湿器infrared radiant heater||红外线辐射器inherent regulation of controlled plant||调节对象自平衡initial concentration of dust||初始浓度initial resistance of filter||过滤器初阻力imput variable||输入量insulating layer||保温层integral enclosure||整体密闭罩integral time||积分时间interlock protection||联锁保护intermittent dust removal||定期除灰intermittent heating||间歇采暖inversion layer||逆温层inverted bucket type steam trap||倒吊桶式疏水器irradiance||辐射照度isoenthalpy||等焓线isobume||等湿线isolator||隔振器isotherm||等温线isothermal humidification||等温加湿isothermal jet||等温射流Jjet||射流jet axial velocity||射流轴心速度jet divergence angle||射流扩散角jet in a confined space||受限射流Kkatathermometer||卡他温度计Llaboratory hood||排风柜lag of controlled plant||调节对象滞后large space enclosure||大容积密闭罩latent heat||潜热lateral exhaust at the edge of a bath||槽边排风罩lateral hoodlength of pipe section||侧吸罩length of pipe section||管段长度light work||轻作业limit deflection||极限压缩量limit switch||限位开关limiting velocity||极限流速linear flow characteristic||线性流量特性liquid-level gage||液位计liquid receiver||贮液器lithium bromide||溴化锂lithium-bromide absorption-type refrigerating machine||溴化锂吸收式制冷机lithium chloride resistance hygrometer||氯化锂电阻湿度计load pattern||负荷特性local air conditioning||局部区域空气调节local air suppiy system||局部送风系统local exhaustventilation (LEV)||局部排风local exhaust system||局部排风系统local heating||局部采暖local relief||局部送风local relief system||局部送风系统local resistance||局部阻力local solartime||地方太阳时local ventilation||局部通风||local izedairsupply for air-heating||集中送风采暖local ized air control||就地控制loop||环路louver||百叶窗low-frequencynoise||低频噪声low-pressure steam heating||低压蒸汽采暖lyophilic dust||亲水性粉尘lyophobic dust||疏水性粉尘Mmain ||总管、干管main duct||通风〕总管、〔通风〕干管main pipe||总管、干管make-up water pump||补给水泵manual control||手动控制mass concentration||质量浓度maximum allowable concentration (MAC)||最高容许浓度maximum coefficient of heat transfer||最大传热系数maximum depth of frozen ground||最大冻土深度maximum sum of hourly colling load||逐时冷负荷综合最大值mean annual temperature (humidity)||年平均温（湿）度mean annual temperature (humidity)||日平均温（湿）度mean daily temperature (humidity)||旬平均温（湿）度mean dekad temperature (humidity)||月平均最高温度mean monthly maximum temperature||月平均最低温度mean monthly minimum temperature||月平均湿（湿）度mean monthly temperature (humidity)||平均相对湿度mean relative humidity||平均风速emchanical air supply system||机械送风系统mechanical and hydraulic||联合除尘combined dust removal||机械式风速仪mechanical anemometer||机械除尘mechanical cleaning off dust||机械除尘mechanical dust removal||机械排风系统mechanical exhaust system||机械通风系统mechanical ventilation||机械通风media velocity||过滤速度metal radiant panel||金属辐射板metal radiant panel heating||金属辐射板采暖micromanometer||微压计micropunch plate muffler||微穿孔板消声器mid-frequency noise||中频噪声middle work||中作业midfeed system||中分式系统minimum fresh air requirmente||最小新风量minimum resistance of heat transfer||最小传热阻mist||雾mixing box section||混合段modular air handling unit||组合式空气调节机组moist air||湿空气||moisture excess||余湿moisure gain||散湿量moisture gain from appliance and equipment||设备散湿量||moisturegain from occupant||人体散湿量motorized valve||电动调节阀motorized (pneumatic)||电（气）动两通阀-way valvemotorized (pneumatic)-way valve||电（气）动三通阀movable support||活动支架muffler||消声器muffler section||消声段multi-operating mode automtic conversion||工况自动转换multi-operating mode control system||多工况控制系统multiclone||多管〔旋风〕除尘器multicyclone||多管〔旋风〕除尘器multishell condenser||组合式冷凝器Nnatural and mechanical combined ventilation||联合通风natural attenuation quantity of noise||噪声自然衰减量natural exhaust system||自然排风系统natural freguency||固有频率natural ventilation||自然通风NC-curve[s]||噪声评价NC曲线negative freedback||负反馈neutral level||中和界neutral pressure level||中和界neutral zone||中和界noise||噪声noise control||噪声控制noise criter ioncurve(s)||噪声评价NC曲线noisc rating number||噪声评价NR曲线noise reduction||消声non azeotropic mixture refragerant||非共沸溶液制冷剂non-commonsection||非共同段non condensable gas ||不凝性气体non condensable gas purger||不凝性气体分离器non-isothermal jet||非等温射流nonreturn valve||通风〕止回阀normal coldest month||止回阀normal coldest month||累年最冷月normal coldest -month period||累年最冷三个月normal hottest month||累年最热月（３）normal hottest month period||累年最热三个月normal three summer months||累年最热三个月normal three winter months||累年最冷三个月normals||累年值nozzle outlet air suppluy||喷口送风number concentration||计数浓度number of degree-day of heating period||采暖期度日数Ooctave||倍频程/ octave||倍频程octave band||倍频程oil cooler||油冷却器oill-fired unit heater||燃油热风器one-and-two pipe combined heating system||单双管混合式采暖系统one (single)-pipe circuit (cross-over) heating system||单管跨越式采暖系统one(single)-pipe heating system||单管采暖系统pne(single)-pipe loop circuit heating system||水平单管采暖系统one(single)-pipe seriesloop heating system||单管顺序式采暖系统one-third octave band||倍频程on-of control||双位调节open loop control||开环控制open return||开式回水open shell and tube condenser||立式壳管式冷凝器open tank||开式水箱operating pressure||工作压力operating range||作用半径opposed multiblade damper||对开式多叶阀organized air supply||有组织进风organized exhaust||有组织排风organized natural ventilation||有组织自然通风outdoor air design conditions||室外空气计算参数outdoor ctitcal air temperature for heating||采暖室外临界温度outdoor design dry-bulb temperature for summer air conlitioning||夏季空气调节室外计算干球温度outdoor design hourly temperature for summer air conditioning||夏季空气调节室外计算逐时温度outdoor design mean daily temperature for summer air conditioning||夏季空气调节室外计算日平均温度outdoor design relative humidityu for summer ventilation||夏季通风室外计算相对湿度outdoor design relative humidity for winter air conditioning||冬季空气调节室外计算相对湿度outdoor design temperature ture for calculated envelope in winter冬季围护结构室外计算温度outdoor design temperature ture for heating||采暖室外计算温度outdoor design temperature for summer ventilation||夏季通风室外计算温度outdoor design temperature for winter air conditioning||冬季空气调节室外计算温度outdoor design temperature for winter vemtilation||冬季通风室外计算温度outdoor designwet-bulb temperature for summer air conditioning夏季空气调节室外计算湿球温度outdoor mean air temperature during heating period||采暖期室外平均温度outdoor temperature(humidity)||室外温（湿）度outlet air velocity||出口风速out put variable||输出量overall efficiency of separation||除尘效率overall heat transmission coefficient||传热系数ouvrflow pipe||溢流管overheat steam||过热蒸汽overlapping averages||滑动平均overshoot||超调量Ppackaged air conditioner||整体式空气调节器packaged heat pump||热泵式空气调节器packed column||填料塔packed tower||填料塔panel heating||辐射采暖parabolic flow character||抛物线流量特性isticparallel multiblade damperin||平行式多叶阀parameter detection||参数检测part||通风〕部件partial enclosure||局部密闭罩partial pressure of water vapor||水蒸汽分压力particle||粒子particle counter||粒子计数器particle number concentration||计数浓度particle size||粒径particle size distribution||粒径分布particulate||粒子particulate collector||除尘器particulates||大气尘passage ventilating duct||通过式风管penetration rate||穿透率percentage of men，women and children||群集系数and childrenpercentage of possible sunshine||日照率percentage of return air ||回风百分比cerforated ceiling air suppyl||孔板送风perforated plate tower||筛板塔periodic dust dislodging||定期除灰piece||(通风〕部件pipe fittings||管道配件pipe radiator||光面管散热器pipe section||管段pipe coil||光面管放热器pitot tube||皮托管plate heat exchanger||板式换热器plenum chamber||静压箱plenum space||稳压层plug||丝堵plume||烟羽plume rise height||烟羽抬升高度PNC-curve[s]||噪声评价PNC曲线pneumatic conveying||气力输送pueumatic transport||气力输送pneumatic valve||气动调节阀pneumo-electrical convertor||气-电转换器positioner||定位器positive feedback||正反馈powerroof ventilator||屋顶通风机preferred noise criteria curve[s]||噪声评价PNC曲线pressure drop||压力损失pressure enthalpy chart||压焓图pressure gage||压力表pressure of steam supply||供汽压力pressure reducing valve||减压阀pressure relief device||泄压装置pressure relief valve||安全阀pressure thermometer||压力式温度计pressure volume chart||压容图primary air fan-coil system||风机盘管加新风系统primary air system||新风系统primary retirn air||一次回风process air conditioning||工艺性空气调节program control||程序控制proportional band||比例带proportional control||比例调节proportional-integral (PI)control||比例积分调节proportional-integralderivative(PID)control||比例积分微分调节protected(roof)monitor||避风天窗psychrometric chart||声级计pulvation action||干湿球温度表push-pull hood||焓湿图pulvation action||尘化作用push-pull hood||吹吸式排风罩Qquick open flow characteristic||快开流量特性Rradiant heating||辐射采暖radiant intensity||辐射强度sadiation intensity||辐射强度radiator||散热器radiator heating||散热器采暖radiator heating system||散热器采暖系统radiator valve||散热器调节阀rating under air conditioning condition||空调工况制冷量rcactive muffler||抗性消声器receiver||贮液器receiving hood||接受式排风罩reciprocating compressor||活塞式压缩机recirculation cavety||空气动力阴影区recording thermometer||自记温度计reducing coupling||异径管接头reducing valve||减压阀reentrainment of dust ||二次扬尘refrigerant||制冷剂[refrigerating] coefficient of performance (COP)||(制冷)性能系数refrigerating compressor||制冷压缩机refrigerating cycle||制冷循环refrigerating effect||制冷量refrigerating engineering||制冷工程refrigerating machine||制冷机refrigerating medium||载冷剂refrigerating planttoom||制冷机房refrigerating station||制冷机房refrigerating system||制冷系统refrigeration ||制冷regenerative noise||再生噪声register||百叶型风口regulator||调节器reheat air conditioning system||再热式空气调节系统relative humidity||相对湿度relay||继电器remote control||遥控resistance of heat transfer||传热阻resistance thermometer||电阻温度计resistance to water vapor permeability蒸汽渗透阻resistance to water vapor permeation||蒸汽渗透阻resistive muffler||阻性消声器resistivity||比电阻resonance||共振resonant frequency||共振频率response curve of controlled plant||调节对象正升曲线teturn air||回风return air inlet||回风口return branch of radiator||散热器回水支管return fan||回风机return flow zone||回流区return water temperataure||回水温度reverse Carnot cycle||逆卡诺循环reversed return system||同程式系统reversible cycle||可逆循环rim exhaust||槽边排风罩rim ventilation||槽边通风riser||立管roof ventilator||筒形风帽room absorption||房间吸声量room air conditioner||房间空气调节器rotameter||转子流量计rotary dehumidifier||转轮除湿机rotary heat exchanger||转轮式换热器rotary supply outlet||旋转送风口rotating air outlet with movable guide vanes||旋转送风口roughness factor||相对粗糙度rubber shock absorber||橡胶隔振器running means||滑动平均Ssafety valve||安全阀samling hole||测孔sampling port||测孔saturated steam||饱和蒸汽saturation humidity ratio||饱和含湿量screw compressor||螺杆式压缩机screwnipple||丝对screwed plug||丝堵scondary refrigerant||载冷剂secondary return air||二次回风selective control system||选择控制系统selector||选择器self-contained cooling unit||冷风机组self learning system||自学习系统sensible cooling||等湿冷却sensible heat||显热sensible heating||等湿加热sensing element||敏感元件sensor||传感器sequence control||程序控制set point||给定值settling chamber||沉降室setting velocity||沉降速度shading coefficient||遮阳系数shell and coil condenser||壳管式冷凝器shell and tube condenser ||壳管式冷凝器shell and tube evaporator||壳管式蒸发器sholder nipple||长丝shutter||百叶窗sidehood||侧吸罩。

常用英语-采暖通风与空气调节术语标准中英文对照

采暖通风与空气调节术语标准中英文对照a orptance for solar radiation太阳辐射热吸收系数a orption equipment吸收装置a orption of gas and vapor气体吸收a orptiong refrige rationg cycle吸收式制冷循环a orption-type refrigerating machine吸收式制冷机acce door检查门acoustic a orptivity吸声系数actual de ity真密度actuating element执行机构actuator执行机构adaptive control system自适应控制系统additional factor for exterior door外门附加率additional factor for intermittent heating间歇附加率additional factor for wind force高度附加率additional heat lo 风力附加率adiabatic humidification附加耗热量adiabatic humidiflcation绝热加湿adsorbate吸附质adsorbent吸附剂adsorber吸附装置adsorption equipment吸附装置adsorption of gas and vapor气体吸附aerodynamic noise空气动力噪声aerosol气溶胶air balance风量平衡air changes换气次数air cha el风道air cleanline 空气洁净度air collector集气罐air conditioning空气调节air conditioning condition空调工况air conditioning equipment空气调节设备air conditioning machine room空气调节机房air conditioning system空气调节系统air conditioning system cooling load空气调节系统冷负荷air contaminant空气污染物air-cooled conde er风冷式冷凝器air cooler空气冷却器air curtain空气幕air cushion shock a orber空气弹簧隔振器air distribution气流组织air distributor空气分布器air-douche unit with water atomization喷雾风扇air duct风管、风道air filter空气过滤器air handling equipment空气调节设备air handling unit room空气调节机房air header集合管air humidity空气湿度air inlet风口air intake进风口air manifold集合管air opening风口air pollutant空气污染物air pollution大气污染air preheater空气预热器air return method回风方式air return mode回风方式air return through corridor走廊回风air ace空气间层air su ly method送风方式air su ly mode送风方式air su ly (suction) opening with slide plate插板式送（吸）风口air su ly volume per unit area单位面积送风量air temperature空气温度air through tu el地道风air-to-air total heat exchanger全热换热器air-to-cloth ratio气布比air velocity at work area作业地带空气流速air velocity at work place工作地点空气流速air vent放气阀air-water systen空气—水系统airborne particles大气尘air hater空气加热器air ace空气间层alarm signal报警信号ail-air system全空气系统all-water system全水系统allowed indoor fluctuation of temperature and relative humidity室内温湿度允许波动范围ambient noise环境噪声ammonia氨amplification factor of centrolled plant调节对象放大系数amplitude振幅anergy@angle of repose安息角ange of slide滑动角angle scale热湿比angle valve角阀a ual [value]历年值a ual coldest month历年最冷月a ual hottest month历年最热月anticorrosive缓蚀剂antifreeze agent防冻剂antifreeze agent防冻剂a aratus dew point机器露点a arent de ity堆积密度aqua-ammonia a orptiontype-refrigerating machine氨—水吸收式制冷机a iation ychrometer通风温湿度计A ma a iration ychrometer通风温湿度计atmo heric conde er淋激式冷凝器atmo heric diffusion大气扩散atmo heric dust大气尘atmo heric pollution大气污染atmo heric pre ure大气压力（atmo heric stability大气稳定度atmo heric tra arency大气透明度atmo heric turblence大气湍流automatic control自动控制automatic roll filter自动卷绕式过滤器automatic vent自动放气阀available pre ure资用压力average daily sol-air temperature日平均综合温度axial fan轴流式通风机azeotropic mixture refrigerant共沸溶液制冷剂Bback-flow preventer防回流装置back pre ure of steam trap凝结水背压力back pre ure return余压回水background noise背景噪声back plate挡风板bag filler袋式除尘器baghouse袋式除尘器barometric pre ure大气压力basic heat lo 基本耗热量hend muffler消声弯头bimetallic thermometer双金属温度计black globe temperature黑球温度blow off pipe排污管blowdown排污管boiler锅炉boiller house锅炉房boiler plant锅炉房boiler room锅炉房booster加压泵branch支管branch duct(通风) 支管branch pipe支管building envelope围护结构building flow zones建筑气流区building heating entry热力入口bulk de ity堆积密度bushing补心butterfly damper蝶阀by-pa damper空气加热器〕旁通阀by-pa pipe旁通管Ccanopy hood 伞形罩capillary tube毛细管capture velocity控制风速capture velocity外部吸气罩capturing hood 卡诺循环Carnot cycle串级调节系统cascade control system铸铁散热器cast iron radiator催化燃烧catalytic oxidation 催化燃烧ceilling fan吊扇ceiling panelheating顶棚辐射采暖center frequency中心频率central air conditionint system 集中式空气调节系统central heating集中采暖central ventilation system新风系统centralized control集中控制centrifugal compre or离心式压缩机entrifugal fan离心式通风机check damper(通风〕止回阀check valve止回阀chilled water冷水chilled water system with primary-secondary pum 一、二次泵冷水系统chimney(排气〕烟囱circuit环路circulating fan风扇circulating pipe循环管circulating pump循环泵clean room洁净室cleaning hole清扫孔cleaning vacuum plant真空吸尘装置cleanout opening清扫孔clogging capacity容尘量close ni le长丝closed booth大容积密闭罩closed full flow return闭式满管回水closed loop control闭环控制closed return闭式回水closed shell and tube conde er卧式壳管式冷凝器closed shell and tube evaporator卧式壳管式蒸发器closed tank闭式水箱coefficient of accumulation of heat蓄热系数coefficient of atmo heric tra areney大气透明度coefficient of effective heat emi ion散热量有效系数coficient of effective heat emi ion传热系数coefficient of locall resistance局部阻力系数coefficient of thermal storage蓄热系数coefficient of vapor蒸汽渗透系数coefficient of vapor蒸汽渗透系数coil盘管collection efficiency除尘效率combustion of gas and vapor气体燃烧comfort air conditioning舒适性空气调节common section共同段compe ator补偿器components(通风〕部件compre ion压缩compre ion-type refrigerating machine压缩式制冷机compre ion-type refrigerating system压缩式制冷系统compre ion-type refrigeration压缩式制冷compre ion-type refrigeration cycle压缩式制冷循环compre ion-type water chiller压缩式冷水机组concentratcd heating集中采暖concentration of narmful su tance有害物质浓度conde ate drain pan凝结水盘conde ate pipe凝结水管conde ate pump凝缩水泵conde ate tank凝结水箱conde ation冷凝conde ation of vapor气体冷凝conde er冷凝器conde ing pre ure冷凝压力conde ing temperature冷凝温度conde ing unit压缩冷凝机组conditioned ace空气调节房间conditioned zone空气调节区conical cowl锥形风帽co tant humidity system恒湿系统co tant temperature and humidity system恒温恒湿系统co tant temperature system 恒温系统co tant value control 定值调节co tant volume air conditioning system定风量空气调节系统continuous dust dislodging连续除灰continuous dust dislodging连续除灰continuous heating连续采暖contour zone稳定气流区control device控制装置control panel控制屏control valve调节阀control velocity控制风速controlled natural ventilation有组织自然通风controlled plant调节对象controlled variable被控参数controller调节器convection heating对流采暖convector对流散热器cooling降温、冷却（、）cooling air curtain冷风幕cooling coil冷盘管cooling coil section冷却段cooling load from heat传热冷负荷cooling load from outdoor air新风冷负荷cooling load from ventilation新风冷负荷cooling load temperature冷负荷温度cooling system降温系统cooling tower冷却塔cooling unit冷风机组cooling water冷却水correcting element调节机构correcting unit执行器correction factor for orientaion朝向修正率corrosion inhibitor缓蚀剂coupling管接头cowl伞形风帽criteria for noise control cro 噪声控频标准cro fan四通crro -flow fan贯流式通风机cro -ventilation穿堂风cut diameter分割粒径cyclone旋风除尘器cyclone dust separator旋风除尘器cylindrical ventilator筒形风帽Ddaily range日较差damping factot衰减倍数data scaning巡回检测days of heating period采暖期天数deafener消声器decibel(dB)分贝degree-days of heating period采暖期度日数degree of subcooling过冷度degree of superheat过热度dehumidification减湿dehumidifying cooling减湿冷却de ity of dust particle真密度derivative time微分时间design conditio 计算参数desorption解吸detecting element检测元件detention period延迟时间deviation偏差dew-point temperature露点温度dimond-shaped damper菱形叶片调节阀differential pre ure type flowmeter差压流量计diffuser air su ly散流器diffuser air su ly散流器送风direct air conditioning system 直流式空气调节系统direct combustion 直接燃烧direct-contact heat exchanger 汽水混合式换热器direct digital control (DDC) system 直接数字控制系统direct evaporator 直接式蒸发器direct-fired lithiumbromide a orption-type refrigerating machine 直燃式溴化锂吸收式制冷机direct refrigerating system 直接制冷系统direct return system 异程式系统direct solar radiation 太阳直接辐射discharge pre ure 排气压力discharge temperature 排气温度di ersion 大气扩散district heat su ly 区域供热district heating 区域供热disturbance frequency 扰动频率dominant wind direction 最多风向double-effect lithium-bromide a orption-type refigerating machine 双效溴化锂吸收式制冷机double pipe conde er 套管式冷凝器down draft 倒灌downfeed system 上分式系统dow tream ray pattern 顺喷drain pipe 泄水管drain pipe 排污管droplet 液滴drv air 干空气dry-and-wet-bulb thermometer 干湿球温度表dry-bulb temperature 干球温度dry cooling condition 干工况dry dust separator 干式除尘器dry expa ion evaporator 干式蒸发器dry return pipe 干式凝结水管dry steam humidifler 干蒸汽加湿器dualductairconing ition 双风管空气调节系统dual duct system 双风管空气调节系统duct 风管、风道dust 粉尘dust capacity 容尘量dust collector 除尘器dust concentration 含尘浓度dust control 除尘dust-holding capacity 容尘量dust removal 除尘dust removing system 除尘系统dust sampler 粉尘采样仪dust sampling meter 粉尘采样仪dust separation 除尘dust separator 除尘器dust source 尘源dynamic deviation动态偏差Eeconomic resistance of heat tra fer经济传热阻economic velocity经济流速efective coefficient of local resistance折算局部阻力系数effective legth折算长度effective stack height烟囱有效高度effective temperature difference送风温差ejector喷射器ejetor弯头elbow电加热器electric heater电加热段electric panel heating电热辐射采暖electric precipitator电除尘器electricradian theating 电热辐射采暖electricresistance hu-midkfier电阻式加湿器electro- eumatic convertor电—气转换器electrode humidifler电极式加湿器electrostatic precipi-tator电除尘器eliminator挡水板emergency ventilation事故通风emergency ventilation system事故通风系统emi ion concentration排放浓度enclosed hood密闭罩enthalpy焓enthalpy control system新风〕焓值控制系统enthalpy entropy chart焓熵图entirely ventilation全面通风entropy熵environmental noise环境噪声equal percentage flow characteristic等百分比流量特性equivalent coefficient of local resistance当量局部阻力系数equivalent length当量长度equivalent[continuous A] sound level等效〔连续A〕声级evaporating pre ure蒸发压力evaporating temperature蒸发温度evaporative conde er蒸发式冷凝器evaporator蒸发器exce heat余热exce pre ure余压exce ive heat 余热cxergy@exhaust air rate排风量exhaust fan排风机exhaust fan room排风机室exhaust hood局部排风罩exhaust inlet吸风口exhaust opening吸风口exhaust opening orinlet风口exhaust outlet排风口exaust vertical pipe排气〕烟囱exhausted enclosure密闭罩exit排风口expa ion膨胀expa ion pipe膨胀管explosion proofing防爆expa ion steam trap恒温式疏水器expa ion tank膨胀水箱extreme maximum temperature极端最高温度extreme minimum temperature极端最低温度Ffabric collector袋式除尘器face tube皮托管face velocity罩口风速fan通风机fan-coil air-conditioning system风机盘管空气调节系统fan-coil system风机盘管空气调节系统fan-coil unit风机盘管机组fan house通风机室fan room通风机室fan section风机段feed-forward control前馈控制feedback反馈feeding branch tlo radiator散热器供热支管fibrous dust纤维性粉尘fillter cylinder for sampling滤筒采样管fillter efficiency过滤效率fillter section过滤段filltration velocity过滤速度final resistance of filter过滤器终阻力fire damper防火阀fire prevention防火fire protection防火fire-resisting damper防火阀fittings(通风〕配件fixed set-point control定值调节fixed su ort固定支架fixed time temperature (humidity)定时温（湿）度flame combustion热力燃烧flash gas闪发气体flash steam二次蒸汽flexible duct软管flexible joint柔性接头float type steam trap浮球式疏水器float valve浮球阀floating control无定位调节flooded evaporator满液式蒸发器floor panel heating地板辐射采暖flow capacity of control valve调节阀流通能力flow characteristic of control valve调节阀流量特性foam dust separator泡沫除尘器follow-up control system随动系统forced ventilation机械通风forward flow zone射流区foul gas不凝性气体four-pipe water system四管制水系统fractional separation efficiency分级除尘效率free jet自由射流free sillica游离二氧化硅free silicon dioxide游离二氧化硅freon氟利昂frequency interval频程frequency of wind direction风向频率fresh air handling unit新风机组resh air requirement新风量friction factor摩擦系数friction lo 摩擦阻力frictional resistance摩擦阻力fume烟〔雾〕fumehood排风柜fumes烟气Ggas-fired infrared heating 煤气红外线辐射采暖gas-fired unit heater 燃气热风器gas purger 不凝性气体分离器gate valve 闸阀general air change 全面通风general exhaust ventilation (GEV) 全面排风general ventilation 全面通风generator 发生器global radiation总辐射grade efficiency分级除尘效率granular bed filter颗粒层除尘器granulometric distribution粒径分布gravel bed filter颗粒层除尘器gravity separator沉降室ground-level concentration落地浓度guide vane导流板Hhair hygrometor毛发湿度计hand pump手摇泵harmful gas andvapo有害气体harmful su tance有害物质header分水器、集水器（、）heat and moisture热湿交换tra fer热平衡heat conduction coefficient导热系数heat conductivity导热系数heat distributing network热网heat emitter散热器heat endurance热稳定性heat exchanger换热器heat flowmeter热流计heat flow rate热流量heat gain from lighting设备散热量heat gain from lighting照明散热量heat gain from occupant人体散热量heat i ulating window保温窗heat(thermal)i uation隔热heat(thermal)lag延迟时间heat lo 耗热量heat lo by infiltration冷风渗透耗热量heat-operated refrigerating system热力制冷系统heat-operated refrigetation热力制冷heat pipe热管heat pump热泵heat pump air conditioner热泵式空气调节器heat release散热量heat resistance热阻heat screen隔热屏heat shield隔热屏heat source热源heat storage蓄热heat storage capacity蓄热特性heat su ly供热heat su ly network热网heat tra fer传热heat tra mi ion传热heat wheel转轮式换热器heated thermometer anemometer热风速仪heating采暖、供热、加热（、、）heating a liance采暖设备heating coil热盘管heating coil section加热段heating equipment采暖设备heating load热负荷heating medium热媒heating medium parameter热媒参数heating pipeline采暖管道heating system采暖系统heavy work重作业high-frequency noise高频噪声high-pre ure ho twater heating高温热水采暖high-pre ure steam heating高压蒸汽采暖high temperature water heating高温热水采暖hood局部排风罩horizontal water-film syclonet卧式旋风水膜除尘器hot air heating热风采暖hot air heating system热风采暖系统hot shop热车间hot water boiler热水锅炉hot water heating热水采暖hot water system热水采暖系统hot water pipe热水管hot workshop热车间hourly cooling load逐时冷负荷hourly sol-air temperature逐时综合温度humidification加湿humidifier加湿器humididier section加湿段humidistat恒湿器humidity ratio含湿量hydraulic calculation水力计算hydraulic disordeer水力失调hydraulic dust removal水力除尘hydraulic resistance balance阻力平衡hydraulicity水硬性hydrophilic dust亲水性粉尘hydrophobic dust疏水性粉尘Iimpact dust collector冲激式除尘器impact tube皮托管impedance muffler阻抗复合消声器inclined damper斜插板阀index circuit最不利环路indec of thermal inertia (valueD)热惰性指标（D值）indirect heat exchanger表面式换热器indirect refrigerating sys间接制冷系统indoor air design conditio 室内在气计算参数indoor air velocity室内空气流速indoor and outdoor design conditio 室内外计算参数indoor reference for air temperature and relative humidity室内温湿度基数indoor temperature (humidity)室内温（湿）度induction air-conditioning system诱导式空气调节系统induction unit诱导器inductive ventilation诱导通风industral air conditioning工艺性空气调节industrial ventilation工业通风inertial dust separator惯性除尘器infiltration heat lo 冷风渗透耗热量infrared humidifier红外线加湿器infrared radiant heater红外线辐射器inherent regulation of controlled plant调节对象自平衡initial concentration of dust初始浓度initial resistance of filter过滤器初阻力imput variable输入量i ulating layer保温层integral enclosure整体密闭罩integral time积分时间interlock protection联锁保护intermittent dust removal定期除灰intermittent heating间歇采暖inversion layer逆温层inverted bucket type steam trap倒吊桶式疏水器irradiance辐射照度isoenthalpy等焓线isobume等湿线isolator隔振器isotherm等温线isothermal humidification等温加湿isothermal jet等温射流Jjet射流jet axial velocity射流轴心速度jet divergence angle射流扩散角jet in a confined ace受限射流Kkatathermometer卡他温度计Llaboratory hood排风柜lag of controlled plant调节对象滞后large ace enclosure大容积密闭罩latent heat潜热lateral exhaust at the edge of a bath槽边排风罩lateral hoodlength of pipe section侧吸罩length of pipe section管段长度light work轻作业limit deflection极限压缩量limit switch限位开关limiting velocity极限流速linear flow characteristic线性流量特性liquid-level gage液位计liquid receiver贮液器lithium bromide溴化锂lithium-bromide a orption-type refrigerating machine溴化锂吸收式制冷机lithium chloride resistance hygrometer氯化锂电阻湿度计load pattern负荷特性local air conditioning局部区域空气调节local air su iy system局部送风系统local exhaustventilation (LEV)局部排风local exhaust system局部排风系统local heating局部采暖local relief局部送风local relief system局部送风系统local resistance局部阻力local solartime地方太阳时local ventilation局部通风local izedairsu ly for air-heating集中送风采暖local ized air control就地控制loop环路louver百叶窗low-frequencynoise低频噪声low-pre ure steam heating低压蒸汽采暖lyophilic dust亲水性粉尘lyophobic dust疏水性粉尘Mmain 总管、干管main duct通风〕总管、〔通风〕干管main pipe总管、干管make-up water pump补给水泵manual control手动控制ma concentration质量浓度maximum allowable concentration (MAC)最高容许浓度maximum coefficient of heat tra fer最大传热系数maximum depth of frozen ground最大冻土深度maximum sum of hourly colling load逐时冷负荷综合最大值mean a ual temperature (humidity)年平均温（湿）度mean a ual temperature (humidity)日平均温（湿）度mean daily temperature (humidity)旬平均温（湿）度mean dekad temperature (humidity)月平均最高温度mean monthly maximum temperature月平均最低温度mean monthly minimum temperature月平均湿（湿）度mean monthly temperature (humidity)平均相对湿度mean relative humidity平均风速emchanical air su ly system机械送风系统mechanical and hydraulic联合除尘combined dust removal机械式风速仪mechanical anemometer机械除尘mechanical cleaning off dust机械除尘mechanical dust removal机械排风系统mechanical exhaust system机械通风系统mechanical ventilation机械通风media velocity过滤速度metal radiant panel金属辐射板metal radiant panel heating金属辐射板采暖micromanometer微压计micropunch plate muffler微穿孔板消声器mid-frequency noise中频噪声middle work中作业midfeed system中分式系统minimum fresh air requirmente最小新风量minimum resistance of heat tra fer最小传热阻mist雾mixing box section混合段modular air handling unit组合式空气调节机组moist air湿空气moisture exce 余湿moisure gain散湿量moisture gain from a liance and equipment设备散湿量moisturegain from occupant人体散湿量motorized valve电动调节阀motorized ( eumatic)电（气）动两通阀-way valvemotorized ( eumatic)-way valve电（气）动三通阀movable su ort活动支架muffler消声器muffler section消声段multi-operating mode automtic conversion工况自动转换multi-operating mode control system多工况控制系统multiclone多管〔旋风〕除尘器multicyclone多管〔旋风〕除尘器multishell conde er组合式冷凝器Nnatural and mechanical combined ventilation联合通风natural attenuation quantity of noise噪声自然衰减量natural exhaust system自然排风系统natural freguency固有频率natural ventilation自然通风NC-curve[s]噪声评价NC曲线negative freedback负反馈neutral level中和界neutral pre ure level中和界neutral zone中和界noise噪声noise control噪声控制noise criter ioncurve(s)噪声评价NC曲线noisc rating number噪声评价NR曲线noise reduction消声non azeotropic mixture refragerant非共沸溶液制冷剂non-commo ection非共同段non conde able gas 不凝性气体non conde able gas purger不凝性气体分离器non-isothermal jet非等温射流nonreturn valve通风〕止回阀normal coldest month止回阀normal coldest month累年最冷月normal coldest -month period累年最冷三个月normal hottest month累年最热月（３）normal hottest month period累年最热三个月normal three summer months累年最热三个月normal three winter months累年最冷三个月normals累年值nozzle outlet air su luy喷口送风number concentration计数浓度number of degree-day of heating period采暖期度日数Ooctave倍频程/ octave倍频程octave band倍频程oil cooler油冷却器oill-fired unit heater燃油热风器one-and-two pipe combined heating system单双管混合式采暖系统one (single)-pipe circuit (cro -over) heating system单管跨越式采暖系统one(single)-pipe heating system单管采暖系统e(single)-pipe loop circuit heating system水平单管采暖系统one(single)-pipe seriesloop heating system单管顺序式采暖系统one-third octave band倍频程on-of control双位调节open loop control开环控制open return开式回水open shell and tube conde er立式壳管式冷凝器open tank开式水箱operating pre ure工作压力operating range作用半径o osed multiblade damper对开式多叶阀organized air su ly有组织进风organized exhaust有组织排风organized natural ventilation有组织自然通风outdoor air design conditio 室外空气计算参数outdoor ctitcal air temperature for heating采暖室外临界温度outdoor design dry-bulb temperature for summer air conlitioning夏季空气调节室外计算干球温度outdoor design hourly temperature for summer air conditioning夏季空气调节室外计算逐时温度outdoor design mean daily temperature for summer air conditioning夏季空气调节室外计算日平均温度outdoor design relative humidityu for summer ventilation夏季通风室外计算相对湿度outdoor design relative humidity for winter air conditioning冬季空气调节室外计算相对湿度outdoor design temperature ture for calculated envelope in winter冬季围护结构室外计算温度outdoor design temperature ture for heating采暖室外计算温度outdoor design temperature for summer ventilation夏季通风室外计算温度outdoor design temperature for winter air conditioning冬季空气调节室外计算温度outdoor design temperature for winter vemtilation冬季通风室外计算温度outdoor designwet-bulb temperature for summer air conditioning夏季空气调节室外计算湿球温度outdoor mean air temperature during heating period采暖期室外平均温度outdoor temperature(humidity)室外温（湿）度outlet air velocity出口风速out put variable输出量overall efficiency of separation除尘效率overall heat tra mi ion coefficient传热系数ouvrflow pipe溢流管overheat steam过热蒸汽overla ing averages滑动平均overshoot超调量Ppackaged air conditioner整体式空气调节器packaged heat pump热泵式空气调节器packed column填料塔packed tower填料塔panel heating辐射采暖parabolic flow character抛物线流量特性isticparallel multiblade damperin平行式多叶阀parameter detection参数检测part通风〕部件partial enclosure局部密闭罩partial pre ure of water vapor水蒸汽分压力particle粒子particle counter粒子计数器particle number concentration计数浓度particle size粒径particle size distribution粒径分布particulate粒子particulate collector除尘器particulates大气尘pa age ventilating duct通过式风管penetration rate穿透率percentage of men，women and children群集系数and childre ercentage of po ible su hine日照率percentage of return air 回风百分比cerforated ceiling air su yl孔板送风perforated plate tower筛板塔periodic dust dislodging定期除灰piece(通风〕部件pipe fittings管道配件pipe radiator光面管散热器pipe section管段pipe coil光面管放热器pitot tube皮托管plate heat exchanger板式换热器plenum chamber静压箱plenum ace稳压层plug丝堵plume烟羽plume rise height烟羽抬升高度C-curve[s]噪声评价C曲线eumatic conveying气力输送pueumatic tra ort气力输送eumatic valve气动调节阀eumo-electrical convertor气-电转换器positioner定位器positive feedback正反馈powerroof ventilator屋顶通风机preferred noise criteria curve[s]噪声评价C曲线pre ure drop压力损失pre ure enthalpy chart压焓图pre ure gage压力表pre ure of steam su ly供汽压力pre ure reducing valve减压阀pre ure relief device泄压装置pre ure relief valve安全阀pre ure thermometer压力式温度计pre ure volume chart压容图primary air fan-coil system风机盘管加新风系统primary air system新风系统primary retirn air一次回风proce air conditioning工艺性空气调节program control程序控制proportional band比例带proportional control比例调节proportional-integral (PI)control比例积分调节proportional-integralderivative(PID)control比例积分微分调节protected(roof)monitor避风天窗ychrometric chart声级计pulvation action干湿球温度表push-pull hood焓湿图pulvation action尘化作用push-pull hood吹吸式排风罩Qquick open flow characteristic快开流量特性Rradiant heating辐射采暖radiant inte ity辐射强度sadiation inte ity辐射强度radiator散热器radiator heating散热器采暖radiator heating system散热器采暖系统radiator valve散热器调节阀rating under air conditioning condition空调工况制冷量rcactive muffler抗性消声器receiver贮液器receiving hood接受式排风罩reciprocating compre or活塞式压缩机recirculation cavety空气动力阴影区recording thermometer自记温度计reducing coupling异径管接头reducing valve减压阀reentrainment of dust 二次扬尘refrigerant制冷剂[refrigerating] coefficient of performance (COP)(制冷〕性能系数refrigerating compre or制冷压缩机refrigerating cycle制冷循环refrigerating effect制冷量refrigerating engineering制冷工程refrigerating machine制冷机refrigerating medium载冷剂refrigerating planttoom制冷机房refrigerating station制冷机房refrigerating system制冷系统refrigeration 制冷regenerative noise再生噪声register百叶型风口regulator调节器reheat air conditioning system再热式空气调节系统relative humidity相对湿度relay继电器remote control遥控resistance of heat tra fer传热阻resistance thermometer电阻温度计resistance to water vapor permeability蒸汽渗透阻resistance to water vapor permeation蒸汽渗透阻resistive muffler阻性消声器resistivity比电阻resonance共振resonant frequency共振频率re o e curve of controlled plant调节对象正升曲线teturn air回风return air inlet回风口return branch of radiator散热器回水支管return fan回风机return flow zone回流区return water temperataure回水温度reverse Carnot cycle逆卡诺循环reversed return system同程式系统reversible cycle可逆循环rim exhaust槽边排风罩rim ventilation槽边通风riser立管roof ventilator筒形风帽room a orption房间吸声量room air conditioner房间空气调节器rotameter转子流量计rotary dehumidifier转轮除湿机rotary heat exchanger转轮式换热器rotary su ly outlet旋转送风口rotating air outlet with movable guide vanes旋转送风口roughne factor相对粗糙度ru er shock a orber橡胶隔振器ru ing mea 滑动平均Ssafety valve安全阀samling hole测孔sampling port测孔saturated steam饱和蒸汽saturation humidity ratio饱和含湿量screw compre or螺杆式压缩机screwni le丝对screwed plug丝堵scondary refrigerant载冷剂secondary return air二次回风selective control system选择控制系统selector选择器self-contained cooling unit冷风机组self learning system自学习系统se ible cooling等湿冷却se ible heat显热se ible heating等湿加热se ing element敏感元件se or传感器sequence control程序控制set point给定值settling chamber沉降室setting velocity沉降速度shading coefficient遮阳系数shell and coil conde er壳管式冷凝器shell and tube conde er 壳管式冷凝器shell and tube evaporator壳管式蒸发器sholder ni le长丝shutter百叶窗sidehood侧吸罩sidewall air su ly侧面送风sieve-plate column筛板塔single duct air conditioning system单风管空气调节系统single duct system单风管空气调节系统single-effect lithiumbromide a orption-type refrigerating machine单效溴化锂吸收式制冷机sky radiation天空散射辐射slide damper插板阀sling ychrometer通风温湿度计slip rate穿透率slip diffuser条缝型风口slip exhaust hood槽边排风罩slot exhaust on edges of tanks槽边通风slot outlet条缝型风口sludge handling泥浆处理smoke烟〔尘〕smoke control防烟smoke damper防烟阀smoke exhaust damper排烟阀smoke extraction排烟smoke plume烟羽smokeproof damper防烟阀sol-air temperature综合温度solar altitude太阳高度角solar azimuth太阳方位角solar co tant太阳常数solar declination太阳赤纬solar heating太阳能采暖solar irradiance太阳辐射照度solar radiant heat太阳辐射热solar radiation太阳辐射solenoid valve电磁阀sound a orber消声器sound a orption吸声sound a orption coefficient吸声系数sound a orption material吸声材料sound attenuation消声sound deadening消声sound deadening capacity消声量sound i ulation隔声sound inte ity level声强级sound level声级sound level meter声级计sound power level声功率级sound pre ure level声压级sound source声源source of heat release散热源ace air diffusion气流组织ace cooling load房间冷负荷ace heat gain房间得热量ace heating采暖ace moisture load房间湿负荷ace temperature variation区域温差ecific enthalpy比焓ecific frictional resistance比摩阻ecific gas flow rate气布比ecific heat load散热强度ecific resistance比电阻i ing disk humidifier离心式加湿器lit air conditioning system分体式空气调节器lit ranging control control分程控制litter导流板ot temperature工作地点温度ray chamber喷水段ray fan喷雾风扇ray nozzle喷嘴ray nozzle de ity喷嘴密度ray-type air washer section喷水段ray-type evaporator喷淋式蒸发器read射流扩散角ring shock a orber弹簧隔振器stability稳定性stack(排气〕烦囱stack effect pre ure热压standard condition标准工况standard rating[of refrigerating machine]标准制冷量standby heating值班采暖static deflection静态压缩量static deflection静态偏差static pre ure静压steady-state heat tra fer稳态传热steam boiler蒸汽锅炉steame ejector蒸汽喷射器steam header分汽缸steam heating蒸汽采暖steam heating system蒸汽采暖系统steam-jet xot water heating system蒸汽喷射热水采暖系统steam jet refrigerating蒸汽喷射式制冷机machinesteam jet refrigeration cycle蒸汽喷射式制冷循环steam manifold分汽缸steam pipe蒸汽管steam trap疏水器steam-water mixed heat exchanger汽-水混合式换热器steam water mixture汽水混合物steam-water type heat exchanger汽-水式换热器steel radiator钢制散热器stop valve截止阀stove heating火炉采暖strainer除污器strantiicated air conditioning分层空气调节strip radiant panel带状辐射板strong liquor浓溶液。

广东省韶关市2025届高三综合测试 (一)英语试题(word版无答案)

广东省韶关市2025届高三综合测试 (一)英语试题本试卷共10页，卷面满分120分。

考试用时120分钟。

2024.11注意事项：1. 答卷前，考生务必用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将自己的姓名、准考证号、学校和班级填写在答题卡指定的位置上。

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第一部分阅读 (共两节，满分50分)第一节 (共15小题; 每小题2.5分, 满分37.5分)阅读下列短文，从每小题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

ANational Park ServiceFrederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site seoks enthusiastic and passionate volunteers to assist us on Saturday. the, National : Public Lands Day! Volunteers will join our Landscape and Grounds team and our Museum Services team to preserve the historic Green Hill Property. Join us as we identify, cut, and remove in vasive plants. No previous experience is required.Volunteers are required to attend safety meetings before the event. Close toed shoes are required. Long pants and shirts are recommended. Volunteers are encouraged to bring their own equipment and PPE ( person al protective equipment). Proper PPE includes: gloves, hat, ear protection, eye protection, sturdy work shoes/ boots. Some PPE will be available to volunteers to use, and all NPS ( National Park Service) property must remain on site.Work to include:· Removing dead and decaying matter from woody plant species· Basic grounds work: spreading seeds, pruning trees, cutting lawn, watering, weeding, fertilizing lawns · Documenting invasive species and changes to the landscape· Light pesticide use with supervision· Resetting borders for garden trails英语测试题第1页 (共10页)Tools to be used by volunteers: shovels, soil knives, saws, rakes, etc.Supervisor will ensure the proper use of tools. Training for power and hand tools will be provided as needed.Volunteers will be responsible for transportation to and from the site. This is an unpaid position; hous ing is uo t provided.' If you are seeking academic credit from your home university. we will work with you t o fulfill necessary requirementsForadditionalinformation,********************************************.1. Where is this text probably taken from?A. An event notice.B. A safety guide.C. A park brochure.D. A training program.2. What specific task will volunteers perform during the event?A. Attending a meeting.B. Dcsigning the garden.C. Monitoring the landscape.D. Preparing some equipment.3. What does this program offer to the volunteers?A. Housing.B. Transportation.C. Academic credit:D. Tools training.BWhen Gary Yau entered university, he= launched a social media page called Road Research Society to share interesting facts about roads and city planning. His first post explored the use of English font (字体) on Hong Kong's road signs. “That post surprisingly received many likes and shares, so it got me thinking abo ut expanding my audience,” he recalled.In 2016, the enthusiast collected 50 Chinese characters from Hong Kong's road signs and outlined and uploaded the image to his Facebook account. A friend suggested turning this collection into a font. Yau saw it as a means to preserve a cherished aspect of Hong Kong's history. About twenty years ago, many of the city's signs featured handcrafted characters made by prisoners. However, as design technology adsances, these tradi tional signs are gradually being replaced,Following. yisits the remaining traditional road signs in the city, Yau's team had outliried approximatel y 500 characters. Yet, this fell short of the 7,000 Chinese characters required for practical use by those who us e Chinese daily. Faced with this limitation, the team began ercating new characters by mixing and matching existing components, adjusting line thickness, and modifying radicals (部首). For instance, when they couldn' t locate the Chinese character for“prison” on any existing signs, they designed one from scratch. This process英语测试题第2页 (共10页)involved extensive trial and error.After six years of dedicated effort, Yau found motivation in the constant enthusiasm of his follower s. “They’ ve been cagerly anticipating this project for as long as l' ve been working on it,” he remarked. “O ne even expressed that he had been waiting for this font since his first year of secondary school. Now, as a sixth grader, his wait is finally over.Yau is thrilled to witness how his followers will use this digital font.“I cannot own a road sign. but what I can do is digitize it,” Yau said. “I did not want to just document it but develop it into something we can use in daily life. This is a way to preserve Hong Kong's visual cultural memory.”4. What inspired Yau to design a font?A. His interest in road signs.B. His popularity with his fans.C. His desire to restore history.D. His passion for city planning.5. Why did Yau's team create new characters?A. To combine the components.B. To meet the need of daily use.C. To set limitation to the characters.D. To replace the traditional road signs.6. Why did the writer mention Yau's followers?A. To highlight their dedicated cfYort.B. To show their support to the project.C. To explain their role in digitizing the font.D. To indicate their passion to share his posts.7. Which of the following can best describe Yau?A. Practical and efficient.B. Confident and resourceful.C. Determined and innovative.D. Ambitious and competitive.CThe field of anti-ageing medicine has exploded in recent years due to discoveries about the fundamen tal biology of ageing which are translated into experimental therapies (疗法). The latest fountain of youth to pour from the lab comes in the form of vaccines (疫苗) against age-related conditions—— cancer, heart dise ase, dementia and more. The first of these could be available by the end of the decade. All-purpose anti-agei ng injections are also in development.The upsides of such vaccines are clear. Anything that limits the impact of age-related conditions on people who live into old age— not to mention on the loved ones who often end up caring for them— has to be welcomed. They also promise to lessen effect on the increasingly societal and economic costs of these dis eases.英语测试题第3页 (共10页)But as with all anti-ageing interventions, there are potential downsides too. If millions of people livesignificantly longer, we risk a population explosion on a planet whose resources are already overstretched. If t he vaccines merely delay the beginning of age-related conditions, they will only postpone the burden on peopl e and society. And as Nobcl prizewinner Venki Ramakrishnan told us carlier this year. a long-lived society islikely to be an unmoving one. These are familiar fears. The common answer is that the goal is increased healt hspan. That means people living for longer. free from the diseases of old age, then suddenly declining anddying.We wońt know the-outcome until : the therapies have been widely used, at which point it will be too late to put the genie back in the bottle. But there is really no turning back anyway. If vaccines and other anti-ageing therapies work and are affordable, they will be used. Besides, nɔbody would argue that innovation s like antibiotics, vaccines and advanced diagnostics were a bad idea even though they marked the beginning of our era of age-related diseases. Similarly, we shouldn't fear life-saving medical advances on the basis of un intended consequences. If we can make lives longer and less painful, the downsides are a price worth paying.8. Why is the field of anti-ageing medicine growing rapidly?A. The biology of ageing is better applied.B. The trend of healthy lifestyle is rising.C. The demand for longer life is increasing.D. The number of elderly is rising globally.9. How do anti-ageing vaccines benefit society?A. By increasing the workforce.B. By curing people of diseases.C. By boosting economic growth.D. By reducing healthcare expense.10. What does the underlined phrase“put the genie back in the bottle” mean?A. To stop the process of ageing.B. To erase the impact of the therapics.C. To create a new medical breakthrough.D. To delay the development of technology.11. What is the best title for this article?A. Can Anti-Ageing Medicine Really Work?B. What Is the Risk of Anti-Ageing Medicine?C. How to Stay Young with Anti-Ageing Medicine?D. Is It Worthwhile Using Anti-Ageing Medicine?英语测试题第4页 (共10页)DFranz Katka (卡夫卡) died 100 years ago with his literary works unnoticed. He had instructed his friend Max Brod to burn his unpublished works. Brod did not: he believed Kafka to be a literary genius and publishe d his late friend's writing. In other words, Brod decided that Kafka's stories belonged not to the late author, but to the public.Brod's dilemma echoes today. People generate' more data than ever, which, unlike physical bodies, does not disappear. According to Carl Ohman, a Swedish political scientist. this condition makes the modern world“post-mortal”(死后的).“Living in the post-mortał condition is to constantly find oneself in the shoes of Max Brod", he observes.The digital era has reshaped humans’ relationship with the dead—— as seen in social media reminders for birthdays of dead individuals. Such reminders are to grow more common: Mr. Ohman's research has foun d that on Facebook the dead may well outnumber the living within 40 years. Advanced technology enables a continued relationship with the dead, such as Amazon's development of a feature for Alexa, virtual assistant, to speak in the voice of a lost relative. Startups have used data to make chatbots of the dead-to strengthen use rs’ commercial relationship, Mr. Ohman points out.At the root of Ohman's book The Aftorlife of Data is various complex philosophical questions. To whom do the dead's data belong? Are data something people create, or a digital analogue (类比) to a physical body? If data are a digital form of the body, what responsibilities does the living have? These are not merel y questions for individuals but for society. After all, historians often study the diaries of the dead. Their write rs may have preferred to keep them private, but the light that such documents can shine on humanity's past outweighs the late owner's wishes. Mr. Ohman: notes that data constitute“the biggest database of human behavioùr in the history of our species”. And he urges that the social media firms should think twice in terms of how they handle digital remains.12. What is the function of paragraph 1?A. To emphasize Kafka's literary talent.B. To lead to the discussion on data handling.C. To praise the act to publish Kafka's works.D. To write an introduction for Ohman's book.13. Why do people buy Alexa, the virtual assistant?A. To create a digital database.B. To control devices by voice.C. To access information quickly.D. To communicate with the dead.14. What problem will people face in post-mortal world according to the passage?A. How to manage the dead's data.B. How to realize the dead's wishes.C. How to protect the dead's privacy.D. How to restore the dead's. belongings.15. Which of the following will Mr. Ohman probably agree with?A. Data should be in the possession of individuals.B. Historians should control access to digital remains.C. Data's historical value is more important than the dead's will.D. Social media firms should be fined for misuse of digital remains.第二节 (共5小题; 每小题2.5分, 满分12.5分)在后面的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

通风中英文对照

采暖通风与空气调节术语标准中英文对照2009-11-29 11:37AA-weighted sound pressure level A声级absolute humidity绝对湿度absolute roughness绝对粗糙度absorbate 吸收质absorbent 吸收剂absorbent吸声材料absorber吸收器absorptance for solar radiation太阳辐射热吸收系数absorption equipment吸收装置absorption of gas and vapor气体吸收absorptiong refrige rationg cycle吸收式制冷循环absorption-type refrigerating machine吸收式制冷机access door检查门acoustic absorptivity吸声系数actual density真密度actuating element执行机构actuator执行机构adaptive control system自适应控制系统additional factor for exterior door外门附加率additional factor for intermittent heating间歇附加率additional factor for wind force高度附加率additional heat loss风力附加率adiabatic humidification附加耗热量adiabatic humidiflcation绝热加湿adsorbate吸附质adsorbent吸附剂adsorber吸附装置adsorption equipment吸附装置adsorption of gas and vapor气体吸附aerodynamic noise空气动力噪声aerosol气溶胶air balance风量平衡air changes换气次数air channel风道air cleanliness空气洁净度air collector集气罐air conditioning空气调节air conditioning condition空调工况air conditioning equipment空气调节设备air conditioning machine room空气调节机房air conditioning system空气调节系统air conditioning system cooling load空气调节系统冷负荷air contaminant空气污染物air-cooled condenser风冷式冷凝器air cooler空气冷却器air curtain空气幕air cushion shock absorber空气弹簧隔振器air distribution气流组织air distributor空气分布器air-douche unit with water atomization喷雾风扇air duct风管、风道air filter空气过滤器air handling equipment空气调节设备air handling unit room空气调节机房air header集合管air humidity空气湿度air inlet风口air intake进风口air manifold集合管air opening风口air pollutant空气污染物air pollution大气污染air preheater空气预热器air return method回风方式air return mode回风方式air return through corridor走廊回风air space空气间层air supply method送风方式air supply mode送风方式air supply (suction) opening with slide plate插板式送（吸）风口air supply volume per unit area单位面积送风量air temperature空气温度air through tunnel地道风air-to-air total heat exchanger全热换热器air-to-cloth ratio气布比air velocity at work area作业地带空气流速air velocity at work place工作地点空气流速air vent放气阀air-water systen空气—水系统airborne particles大气尘air hater空气加热器airspace空气间层alarm signal报警信号ail-air system全空气系统all-water system全水系统allowed indoor fluctuation of temperature and relative humidity室内温湿度允许波动范围ambient noise环境噪声ammonia氨amplification factor of centrolled plant调节对象放大系数amplitude振幅anergy@angle of repose安息角ange of slide滑动角angle scale热湿比angle valve角阀annual [value]历年值annual coldest month历年最冷月annual hottest month历年最热月anticorrosive缓蚀剂antifreeze agent防冻剂antifreeze agent防冻剂apparatus dew point机器露点apparent density堆积密度aqua-ammonia absorptiontype-refrigerating machine氨—水吸收式制冷机aspiation psychrometer通风温湿度计Assmann aspiration psychrometer通风温湿度计atmospheric condenser淋激式冷凝器atmospheric diffusion大气扩散atmospheric dust大气尘atmospheric pollution大气污染atmospheric pressure大气压力（atmospheric stability大气稳定度atmospheric transparency大气透明度atmospheric turblence大气湍流automatic control自动控制automatic roll filter自动卷绕式过滤器automatic vent自动放气阀available pressure资用压力average daily sol-air temperature日平均综合温度axial fan轴流式通风机azeotropic mixture refrigerant共沸溶液制冷剂Bback-flow preventer防回流装置back pressure of steam trap凝结水背压力back pressure return余压回水background noise背景噪声back plate挡风板bag filler袋式除尘器baghouse袋式除尘器barometric pressure大气压力basic heat loss基本耗热量hend muffler消声弯头bimetallic thermometer双金属温度计black globe temperature黑球温度blow off pipe排污管blowdown排污管boiler锅炉boiller house锅炉房boiler plant锅炉房boiler room锅炉房booster加压泵branch支管branch duct(通风) 支管branch pipe支管building envelope围护结构building flow zones建筑气流区building heating entry热力入口bulk density堆积密度bushing补心butterfly damper蝶阀by-pass damper空气加热器〕旁通阀by-pass pipe旁通管Ccanopy hood 伞形罩capillary tube毛细管capture velocity控制风速capture velocity外部吸气罩capturing hood 卡诺循环Carnot cycle串级调节系统cascade control system铸铁散热器cast iron radiator催化燃烧catalytic oxidation 催化燃烧ceilling fan吊扇ceiling panelheating顶棚辐射采暖center frequency中心频率central air conditionint system 集中式空气调节系统central heating集中采暖central ventilation system新风系统centralized control集中控制centrifugal compressor离心式压缩机entrifugal fan离心式通风机check damper(通风〕止回阀check valve止回阀chilled water冷水chilled water system with primary-secondary pumps一、二次泵冷水系统chimney(排气〕烟囱circuit环路circulating fan风扇circulating pipe循环管circulating pump循环泵clean room洁净室cleaning hole清扫孔cleaning vacuum plant真空吸尘装置cleanout opening清扫孔clogging capacity容尘量close nipple长丝closed booth大容积密闭罩closed full flow return闭式满管回水closed loop control闭环控制closed return闭式回水closed shell and tube condenser卧式壳管式冷凝器closed shell and tube evaporator卧式壳管式蒸发器closed tank闭式水箱coefficient of accumulation of heat蓄热系数coefficient of atmospheric transpareney大气透明度coefficient of effective heat emission散热量有效系数coficient of effective heat emission传热系数coefficient of locall resistance局部阻力系数coefficient of thermal storage蓄热系数coefficient of vapor蒸汽渗透系数coefficient of vapor蒸汽渗透系数coil盘管collection efficiency除尘效率combustion of gas and vapor气体燃烧comfort air conditioning舒适性空气调节common section共同段compensator补偿器components(通风〕部件compression压缩compression-type refrigerating machine压缩式制冷机compression-type refrigerating system压缩式制冷系统compression-type refrigeration压缩式制冷compression-type refrigeration cycle压缩式制冷循环compression-type water chiller压缩式冷水机组concentratcd heating集中采暖concentration of narmful substance有害物质浓度condensate drain pan凝结水盘condensate pipe凝结水管condensate pump凝缩水泵condensate tank凝结水箱condensation冷凝condensation of vapor气体冷凝condenser冷凝器condensing pressure冷凝压力condensing temperature冷凝温度condensing unit压缩冷凝机组conditioned space空气调节房间conditioned zone空气调节区conical cowl锥形风帽constant humidity system恒湿系统constant temperature and humidity system恒温恒湿系统constant temperature system 恒温系统constant value control 定值调节constant volume air conditioning system定风量空气调节系统continuous dust dislodging连续除灰continuous dust dislodging连续除灰continuous heating连续采暖contour zone稳定气流区control device控制装置control panel控制屏control valve调节阀control velocity控制风速controlled natural ventilation有组织自然通风controlled plant调节对象controlled variable被控参数controller调节器convection heating对流采暖convector对流散热器cooling降温、冷却（、）cooling air curtain冷风幕cooling coil冷盘管cooling coil section冷却段cooling load from heat传热冷负荷cooling load from outdoor air新风冷负荷cooling load from ventilation新风冷负荷cooling load temperature冷负荷温度cooling system降温系统cooling tower冷却塔cooling unit冷风机组cooling water冷却水correcting element调节机构correcting unit执行器correction factor for orientaion朝向修正率corrosion inhibitor缓蚀剂coupling管接头cowl伞形风帽criteria for noise control cross噪声控频标准cross fan四通crross-flow fan贯流式通风机cross-ventilation穿堂风cut diameter分割粒径cyclone旋风除尘器cyclone dust separator旋风除尘器cylindrical ventilator筒形风帽Ddaily range日较差damping factot衰减倍数data scaning巡回检测days of heating period采暖期天数deafener消声器decibel(dB)分贝degree-days of heating period采暖期度日数degree of subcooling过冷度degree of superheat过热度dehumidification减湿dehumidifying cooling减湿冷却density of dust particle真密度derivative time微分时间design conditions计算参数desorption解吸detecting element检测元件detention period延迟时间deviation偏差dew-point temperature露点温度dimond-shaped damper菱形叶片调节阀differential pressure type flowmeter差压流量计diffuser air supply散流器diffuser air supply散流器送风direct air conditioning system 直流式空气调节系统direct combustion 直接燃烧direct-contact heat exchanger 汽水混合式换热器direct digital control (DDC) system 直接数字控制系统direct evaporator 直接式蒸发器direct-fired lithiumbromide absorption-type refrigerating machine 直燃式溴化锂吸收式制冷机direct refrigerating system 直接制冷系统direct return system 异程式系统direct solar radiation 太阳直接辐射discharge pressure 排气压力discharge temperature 排气温度dispersion 大气扩散district heat supply 区域供热district heating 区域供热disturbance frequency 扰动频率dominant wind direction 最多风向double-effect lithium-bromide absorption-type refigerating machine 双效溴化锂吸收式制冷机double pipe condenser 套管式冷凝器down draft 倒灌downfeed system 上分式系统downstream spray pattern 顺喷drain pipe 泄水管drain pipe 排污管droplet 液滴drv air 干空气dry-and-wet-bulb thermometer 干湿球温度表dry-bulb temperature 干球温度dry cooling condition 干工况dry dust separator 干式除尘器dry expansion evaporator 干式蒸发器dry return pipe 干式凝结水管dry steam humidifler 干蒸汽加湿器dualductairconing ition 双风管空气调节系统dual duct system 双风管空气调节系统duct 风管、风道dust 粉尘dust capacity 容尘量dust collector 除尘器dust concentration 含尘浓度dust control 除尘dust-holding capacity 容尘量dust removal 除尘dust removing system 除尘系统dust sampler 粉尘采样仪dust sampling meter 粉尘采样仪dust separation 除尘dust separator 除尘器dust source 尘源dynamic deviation动态偏差Eeconomic resistance of heat transfer经济传热阻economic velocity经济流速efective coefficient of local resistance折算局部阻力系数effective legth折算长度effective stack height烟囱有效高度effective temperature difference送风温差ejector喷射器ejetor弯头elbow电加热器electric heater电加热段electric panel heating电热辐射采暖electric precipitator电除尘器electricradian theating 电热辐射采暖electricresistance hu-midkfier电阻式加湿器electro-pneumatic convertor电—气转换器electrode humidifler电极式加湿器electrostatic precipi-tator电除尘器eliminator挡水板emergency ventilation事故通风emergency ventilation system事故通风系统emission concentration排放浓度enclosed hood密闭罩enthalpy焓enthalpy control system新风〕焓值控制系统enthalpy entropy chart焓熵图entirely ventilation全面通风entropy熵environmental noise环境噪声equal percentage flow characteristic等百分比流量特性equivalent coefficient of local resistance当量局部阻力系数equivalent length当量长度equivalent[continuous A] sound level等效〔连续A〕声级evaporating pressure蒸发压力evaporating temperature蒸发温度evaporative condenser蒸发式冷凝器evaporator蒸发器excess heat余热excess pressure余压excessive heat 余热cxergy@exhaust air rate排风量exhaust fan排风机exhaust fan room排风机室exhaust hood局部排风罩exhaust inlet吸风口exhaust opening吸风口exhaust opening orinlet风口exhaust outlet排风口exaust vertical pipe排气〕烟囱exhausted enclosure密闭罩exit排风口expansion膨胀expansion pipe膨胀管explosion proofing防爆expansion steam trap恒温式疏水器expansion tank膨胀水箱extreme maximum temperature极端最高温度extreme minimum temperature极端最低温度Ffabric collector袋式除尘器face tube皮托管face velocity罩口风速fan通风机fan-coil air-conditioning system风机盘管空气调节系统fan-coil system风机盘管空气调节系统fan-coil unit风机盘管机组fan house通风机室fan room通风机室fan section风机段feed-forward control前馈控制feedback反馈feeding branch tlo radiator散热器供热支管fibrous dust纤维性粉尘fillter cylinder for sampling滤筒采样管fillter efficiency过滤效率fillter section过滤段filltration velocity过滤速度final resistance of filter过滤器终阻力fire damper防火阀fire prevention防火fire protection防火fire-resisting damper防火阀fittings(通风〕配件fixed set-point control定值调节fixed support固定支架fixed time temperature (humidity)定时温（湿）度flame combustion热力燃烧flash gas闪发气体flash steam二次蒸汽flexible duct软管flexible joint柔性接头float type steam trap浮球式疏水器float valve浮球阀floating control无定位调节flooded evaporator满液式蒸发器floor panel heating地板辐射采暖flow capacity of control valve调节阀流通能力flow characteristic of control valve调节阀流量特性foam dust separator泡沫除尘器follow-up control system随动系统forced ventilation机械通风forward flow zone射流区foul gas不凝性气体four-pipe water system四管制水系统fractional separation efficiency分级除尘效率free jet自由射流free sillica游离二氧化硅free silicon dioxide游离二氧化硅freon氟利昂frequency interval频程frequency of wind direction风向频率fresh air handling unit新风机组resh air requirement新风量friction factor摩擦系数friction loss摩擦阻力frictional resistance摩擦阻力fume烟〔雾〕fumehood排风柜fumes烟气Ggas-fired infrared heating 煤气红外线辐射采暖gas-fired unit heater 燃气热风器gas purger 不凝性气体分离器gate valve 闸阀general air change 全面通风general exhaust ventilation (GEV) 全面排风general ventilation 全面通风generator 发生器global radiation总辐射grade efficiency分级除尘效率granular bed filter颗粒层除尘器granulometric distribution粒径分布gravel bed filter颗粒层除尘器gravity separator沉降室ground-level concentration落地浓度guide vane导流板Hhair hygrometor毛发湿度计hand pump手摇泵harmful gas andvapo有害气体harmful substance有害物质header分水器、集水器（、）heat and moisture热湿交换transfer热平衡heat conduction coefficient导热系数heat conductivity导热系数heat distributing network热网heat emitter散热器heat endurance热稳定性heat exchanger换热器heat flowmeter热流计heat flow rate热流量heat gain from lighting设备散热量heat gain from lighting照明散热量heat gain from occupant人体散热量heat insulating window保温窗heat(thermal)insuation隔热heat(thermal)lag延迟时间heat loss耗热量heat loss by infiltration冷风渗透耗热量heat-operated refrigerating system热力制冷系统heat-operated refrigetation热力制冷heat pipe热管heat pump热泵heat pump air conditioner热泵式空气调节器heat release散热量heat resistance热阻heat screen隔热屏heat shield隔热屏heat source热源heat storage蓄热heat storage capacity蓄热特性heat supply供热heat supply network热网heat transfer传热heat transmission传热heat wheel转轮式换热器heated thermometer anemometer热风速仪heating采暖、供热、加热（、、）heating appliance采暖设备heating coil热盘管heating coil section加热段heating equipment采暖设备heating load热负荷heating medium热媒heating medium parameter热媒参数heating pipeline采暖管道heating system采暖系统heavy work重作业high-frequency noise高频噪声high-pressure ho twater heating高温热水采暖high-pressure steam heating高压蒸汽采暖high temperature water heating高温热水采暖hood局部排风罩horizontal water-film syclonet卧式旋风水膜除尘器hot air heating热风采暖hot air heating system热风采暖系统hot shop热车间hot water boiler热水锅炉hot water heating热水采暖hot water system热水采暖系统hot water pipe热水管hot workshop热车间hourly cooling load逐时冷负荷hourly sol-air temperature逐时综合温度humidification加湿humidifier加湿器humididier section加湿段humidistat恒湿器humidity ratio含湿量hydraulic calculation水力计算hydraulic disordeer水力失调hydraulic dust removal水力除尘hydraulic resistance balance阻力平衡hydraulicity水硬性hydrophilic dust亲水性粉尘hydrophobic dust疏水性粉尘Iimpact dust collector冲激式除尘器impact tube皮托管impedance muffler阻抗复合消声器inclined damper斜插板阀index circuit最不利环路indec of thermal inertia (valueD)热惰性指标（D值）indirect heat exchanger表面式换热器indirect refrigerating sys间接制冷系统indoor air design conditions室内在气计算参数indoor air velocity室内空气流速indoor and outdoor design conditions室内外计算参数indoor reference for air temperature and relative humidity室内温湿度基数indoor temperature (humidity)室内温（湿）度induction air-conditioning system诱导式空气调节系统induction unit诱导器inductive ventilation诱导通风industral air conditioning工艺性空气调节industrial ventilation工业通风inertial dust separator惯性除尘器infiltration heat loss冷风渗透耗热量infrared humidifier红外线加湿器infrared radiant heater红外线辐射器inherent regulation of controlled plant调节对象自平衡initial concentration of dust初始浓度initial resistance of filter过滤器初阻力imput variable输入量insulating layer保温层integral enclosure整体密闭罩integral time积分时间interlock protection联锁保护intermittent dust removal定期除灰intermittent heating间歇采暖inversion layer逆温层inverted bucket type steam trap倒吊桶式疏水器irradiance辐射照度isoenthalpy等焓线isobume等湿线isolator隔振器isotherm等温线isothermal humidification等温加湿isothermal jet等温射流Jjet射流jet axial velocity射流轴心速度jet divergence angle射流扩散角jet in a confined space受限射流katathermometer卡他温度计Llaboratory hood排风柜lag of controlled plant调节对象滞后large space enclosure大容积密闭罩latent heat潜热lateral exhaust at the edge of a bath槽边排风罩lateral hoodlength of pipe section侧吸罩length of pipe section管段长度light work轻作业limit deflection极限压缩量limit switch限位开关limiting velocity极限流速linear flow characteristic线性流量特性liquid-level gage液位计liquid receiver贮液器lithium bromide溴化锂lithium-bromide absorption-type refrigerating machine溴化锂吸收式制冷机lithium chloride resistance hygrometer氯化锂电阻湿度计load pattern负荷特性local air conditioning局部区域空气调节local air suppiy system局部送风系统local exhaustventilation (LEV)局部排风local exhaust system局部排风系统local heating局部采暖local relief局部送风local relief system局部送风系统local resistance局部。

名词解释ap元素

名词解释ap元素
Ap元素（AP element）是指在网页中使用的一种HTML元素，全称是“附加属性”（Additional Properties），通过Ap元素可以给网页的元素添加一些额外的属性和行为。

例句：
1. This webpage uses the Ap element to add a hover effect to the links.
这个网页使用Ap元素为链接添加了一个悬停效果。

2. The Ap element allows you to add custom styles to your website's elements.
Ap元素允许您向网站元素添加自定义样式。

3. By using the Ap element, you can create interactive and dynamic webpages.
使用Ap元素，您可以创建交互式和动态的网页。

4. The Ap element provides web developers with greater flexibility and control over their designs.
Ap元素为Web开发者提供了更大的灵活性和对设计的控制。

5. With the Ap element, you can easily add animations and other effects to your website's content.
使用Ap元素，您可以轻松地向网站内容添加动画和其他效果。

江西省抚州市金溪县第一中学2024-2025学年高三上学期11月联考英语试卷(含答案)

江西省2025届高三11月阶段检测考高三英语试卷试卷共8页，67小题，满分150分。

考试用时120分钟。

注意事项：1．考查范围：高中全部内容。

2．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号等填写在答题卡指定位置上。

3．回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。

写在本试卷上无效。

4．考生必须保持答题卡的整洁。

考试结束后，请将答题卡交回。

第一部分听力（共两节，满分30 分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上，录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

例：How much is the shirtA．19.15. B．9.18. C．9.15.答案是C。

1．What kind of beefsteak would the man likeA．Medium rare one. B．Medium one. C．Well done one. 2．What is the man doing nowA．Making a call. B．Making a bid. C．Applying a bid. 3．What’s the woman’s last nameA．Nangong qing. B．Qing. C．Nangong.4．What does the man want to doA．Make a reservation. B．Buy a restaurant. C．Change a room. 5．What will the man probably wearA．Blue pants. B．White coat. C．Shorts.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白，每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

制冷空调专业名词英语词汇解译

AA-weighted sound pressure level||A声级absolute humidity||绝对湿度absolute roughness||绝对粗糙度absorbate 吸收质absorbent 吸收剂absorbent||吸声材料absorber||吸收器absorptance for solar radiation||太阳辐射热吸收系数absorption equipment||吸收装置absorption of gas and vapor||气体吸收absorptiong refrige rationg cycle||吸收式制冷循环absorption-type refrigerating machine||吸收式制冷机access door||检查门acoustic absorptivity||吸声系数actual density||真密度actuating element||执行机构actuator||执行机构adaptive control system||自适应控制系统additional factor for exterior door||外门附加率additional factor for intermittent heating||间歇附加率additional factor for wind force||高度附加率additional heat loss||风力附加率adiabatic humidification||附加耗热量adiabatic humidiflcation||绝热加湿adsorbate||吸附质adsorbent||吸附剂adsorber||吸附装置adsorption equipment||吸附装置adsorption of gas and vapor||气体吸附aerodynamic noise||空气动力噪声aerosol||气溶胶air balance||风量平衡air changes||换气次数air channel||风道air cleanliness||空气洁净度air collector||集气罐air conditioning||空气调节air conditioning condition||空调工况air conditioning equipment||空气调节设备air conditioning machine room||空气调节机房air conditioning system||空气调节系统air conditioning system cooling load||空气调节系统冷负荷air contaminant||空气污染物air-cooled condenser||风冷式冷凝器air cooler||空气冷却器air curtain||空气幕air cushion shock absorber||空气弹簧隔振器air distribution||气流组织air distributor||空气分布器air-douche unit with water atomization||喷雾风扇air duct||风管、风道air filter||空气过滤器air handling equipment||空气调节设备air handling unit room||空气调节机房air header||集合管air humidity||空气湿度air inlet||风口air intake||进风口air manifold||集合管air opening||风口air pollutant||空气污染物air pollution||大气污染air preheater||空气预热器air return method||回风方式air return mode||回风方式air return through corridor||走廊回风air space||空气间层air supply method||送风方式air supply mode||送风方式||air supply (suction) opening with slide plate||插板式送（吸）风口||air supply volume per unit area||单位面积送风量||air temperature||空气温度air through tunnel||地道风||air-to-air total heat exchanger||全热换热器air-to-cloth ratio||气布比air velocity at work area||作业地带空气流速air velocity at work place||工作地点空气流速air vent||放气阀air-water systen||空气—水系统airborne particles||大气尘air hater||空气加热器airspace||空气间层alarm signal||报警信号ail-air system||全空气系统all-water system||全水系统allowed indoor fluctuation of temperature and relative humidity||室内温湿度允许波动范围ambient noise||环境噪声ammonia||氨amplification factor of centrolled plant||调节对象放大系数amplitude||振幅anergy||@||angle of repose||安息角ange of slide||滑动角angle scale||热湿比angle valve||角阀annual [value]||历年值annual coldest month||历年最冷月annual hottest month||历年最热月anticorrosive||缓蚀剂antifreeze agent||防冻剂antifreeze agent||防冻剂apparatus dew point||机器露点apparent density||堆积密度aqua-ammonia absorptiontype-refrigerating machine||氨—水吸收式制冷机aspiation psychrometer||通风温湿度计Assmann aspiration psychrometer||通风温湿度计atmospheric condenser||淋激式冷凝器atmospheric diffusion||大气扩散atmospheric dust||大气尘atmospheric pollution||大气污染atmospheric pressure||大气压力（atmospheric stability||大气稳定度atmospheric transparency||大气透明度atmospheric turblence||大气湍流automatic control||自动控制automatic roll filter||自动卷绕式过滤器automatic vent||自动放气阀available pressure||资用压力average daily sol-air temperature||日平均综合温度axial fan||轴流式通风机azeotropic mixture refrigerant||共沸溶液制冷剂Bback-flow preventer||防回流装置back pressure of steam trap||凝结水背压力back pressure return余压回水background noise||背景噪声back plate||挡风板bag filler||袋式除尘器baghouse||袋式除尘器barometric pressure||大气压力basic heat loss||基本耗热量hend muffler||消声弯头bimetallic thermometer||双金属温度计black globe temperature||黑球温度blow off pipe||排污管blowdown||排污管boiler||锅炉boiller house||锅炉房boiler plant||锅炉房boiler room||锅炉房booster||加压泵branch||支管branch duct||(通风) 支管branch pipe||支管building envelope||围护结构building flow zones||建筑气流区building heating entry||热力入口bulk density||堆积密度bushing||补心butterfly damper||蝶阀by-pass damper||空气加热器）旁通阀by-pass pipe||旁通管Ccanopy hood ||伞形罩capillary tube||毛细管capture velocity||控制风速capture velocity||外部吸气罩capturing hood ||卡诺循环Carnot cycle||串级调节系统cascade control system||铸铁散热器cast iron radiator||催化燃烧catalytic oxidation ||催化燃烧ceilling fan||吊扇ceiling panelheating||顶棚辐射采暖center frequency||中心频率central air conditionint system ||集中式空气调节系统central heating||集中采暖central ventilation system||新风系统centralized control||集中控制centrifugal compressor||离心式压缩机entrifugal fan||离心式通风机||check damper||(通风)止回阀||check valve||止回阀||chilled water||冷水chilled water system with primary-secondary pumps||一、二次泵冷水系统chimney||(排气)烟囱circuit||环路circulating fan||风扇circulating pipe||循环管circulating pump||循环泵clean room||洁净室cleaning hole||清扫孔cleaning vacuum plant||真空吸尘装置cleanout opening||清扫孔clogging capacity||容尘量close nipple||长丝closed booth||大容积密闭罩closed full flow return||闭式满管回水closed loop control||闭环控制closed return||闭式回水closed shell and tube condenser||卧式壳管式冷凝器closed shell and tube evaporator||卧式壳管式蒸发器closed tank||闭式水箱coefficient of accumulation of heat||蓄热系数coefficient of atmospheric transpareney||大气透明度coefficient of effective heat emission||散热量有效系数coficient of effective heat emission||传热系数coefficient of locall resistance||局部阻力系数coefficient of thermal storage||蓄热系数coefficient of vapor||蒸汽渗透系数coefficient of vapor||蒸汽渗透系数coil||盘管collection efficiency||除尘效率combustion of gas and vapor||气体燃烧comfort air conditioning||舒适性空气调节common section||共同段compensator||补偿器components||(通风〕部件compression||压缩compression-type refrigerating machine||压缩式制冷机compression-type refrigerating system||压缩式制冷系统compression-type refrigeration||压缩式制冷compression-type refrigeration cycle||压缩式制冷循环compression-type water chiller||压缩式冷水机组concentratcd heating||集中采暖concentration of narmful substance||有害物质浓度condensate drain pan||凝结水盘condensate pipe||凝结水管condensate pump||凝缩水泵condensate tank||凝结水箱condensation||冷凝condensation of vapor||气体冷凝condenser||冷凝器condensing pressure||冷凝压力condensing temperature||冷凝温度condensing unit||压缩冷凝机组conditioned space||空气调节房间conditioned zone||空气调节区conical cowl||锥形风帽constant humidity system||恒湿系统constant temperature and humidity system||恒温恒湿系统constant temperature system 恒温系统constant value control 定值调节constant volume air conditioning system||定风量空气调节系统continuous dust dislodging||连续除灰continuous dust dislodging||连续除灰continuous heating||连续采暖contour zone||稳定气流区control device||控制装置control panel||控制屏control valve||调节阀control velocity||控制风速controlled natural ventilation||有组织自然通风controlled plant||调节对象controlled variable||被控参数controller||调节器convection heating||对流采暖convector||对流散热器cooling||降温、冷却（、）cooling air curtain||冷风幕cooling coil||冷盘管cooling coil section||冷却段cooling load from heat||传热冷负荷cooling load from outdoor air||新风冷负荷cooling load from ventilation||新风冷负荷cooling load temperature||冷负荷温度cooling system||降温系统cooling tower||冷却塔cooling unit||冷风机组cooling water||冷却水correcting element||调节机构correcting unit||执行器correction factor for orientaion||朝向修正率corrosion inhibitor||缓蚀剂coupling||管接头cowl||伞形风帽criteria for noise control cross||噪声控频标准cross fan||四通crross-flow fan||贯流式通风机cross-ventilation||穿堂风cut diameter||分割粒径cyclone||旋风除尘器cyclone dust separator||旋风除尘器cylindrical ventilator||筒形风帽Ddaily range||日较差damping factot||衰减倍数data scaning||巡回检测days of heating period||采暖期天数deafener||消声器decibel(dB)||分贝degree-days of heating period||采暖期度日数degree of subcooling||过冷度degree of superheat||过热度dehumidification||减湿dehumidifying cooling||减湿冷却density of dust particle||真密度derivative time||微分时间design conditions||计算参数desorption||解吸detecting element||检测元件detention period||延迟时间deviation||偏差dew-point temperature||露点温度dimond-shaped damper||菱形叶片调节阀differential pressure type flowmeter||差压流量计diffuser air supply||散流器diffuser air supply||散流器送风direct air conditioning system 直流式空气调节系统direct combustion 直接燃烧direct-contact heat exchanger 汽水混合式换热器direct digital control (DDC) system 直接数字控制系统direct evaporator 直接式蒸发器direct-fired lithiumbromide absorption-type refrigerating machine 直燃式溴化锂吸收式制冷机direct refrigerating system 直接制冷系统direct return system 异程式系统direct solar radiation 太阳直接辐射discharge pressure 排气压力||discharge temperature 排气温度dispersion 大气扩散district heat supply 区域供热district heating 区域供热disturbance frequency 扰动频率dominant wind direction 最多风向double-effect lithium-bromide absorption-type refigerating machine 双效溴化锂吸收式制冷机double pipe condenser 套管式冷凝器down draft 倒灌downfeed system 上分式系统downstream spray pattern 顺喷drain pipe 泄水管drain pipe 排污管droplet 液滴drv air 干空气dry-and-wet-bulb thermometer 干湿球温度表dry-bulb temperature 干球温度dry cooling condition 干工况dry dust separator 干式除尘器dry expansion evaporator 干式蒸发器dry return pipe 干式凝结水管dry steam humidifler 干蒸汽加湿器dualductairconing ition 双风管空气调节系统dual duct system 双风管空气调节系统duct 风管、风道dust 粉尘dust capacity 容尘量dust collector 除尘器dust concentration 含尘浓度dust control 除尘dust-holding capacity 容尘量dust removal 除尘dust removing system 除尘系统dust sampler 粉尘采样仪dust sampling meter 粉尘采样仪dust separation 除尘dust separator 除尘器dust source 尘源dynamic deviation||动态偏差Eeconomic resistance of heat transfer||经济传热阻economic velocity||经济流速efective coefficient of local resistance||折算局部阻力系数effective legth||折算长度effective stack height||烟囱有效高度effective temperature difference||送风温差ejector||喷射器ejetor||弯头elbow||电加热器electric heater||电加热段electric panel heating||电热辐射采暖electric precipitator||电除尘器electricradian theating 电热辐射采暖electricresistance hu-midkfier||电阻式加湿器electro-pneumatic convertor||电—气转换器electrode humidifler||电极式加湿器electrostatic precipi-tator||电除尘器eliminator||挡水板emergency ventilation||事故通风emergency ventilation system||事故通风系统emission concentration||排放浓度enclosed hood||密闭罩enthalpy||焓enthalpy control system||新风)焓值控制系统enthalpy entropy chart||焓熵图entirely ventilation||全面通风entropy||熵environmental noise||环境噪声equal percentage flow characteristic||等百分比流量特性equivalent coefficient of local resistance||当量局部阻力系数equivalent length||当量长度equivalent[continuous A] sound level||等效〔连续A〕声级evaporating pressure||蒸发压力evaporating temperature||蒸发温度evaporative condenser||蒸发式冷凝器||evaporator||蒸发器excess heat||余热excess pressure||余压excessive heat ||余热cxergy||@exhaust air rate||排风量exhaust fan||排风机exhaust fan room||排风机室exhaust hood||局部排风罩exhaust inlet||吸风口exhaust opening||吸风口exhaust opening orinlet||风口exhaust outlet||排风口exaust vertical pipe||排气〕烟囱exhausted enclosure||密闭罩exit||排风口expansion||膨胀expansion pipe||膨胀管explosion proofing||防爆expansion steam trap||恒温式疏水器expansion tank||膨胀水箱extreme maximum temperature||极端最高温度extreme minimum temperature||极端最低温度Ffabric collector||袋式除尘器face tube||皮托管face velocity||罩口风速fan||通风机fan-coil air-conditioning system||风机盘管空气调节系统fan-coil system||风机盘管空气调节系统fan-coil unit||风机盘管机组fan house||通风机室fan room||通风机室fan section||风机段feed-forward control||前馈控制feedback||反馈feeding branch tlo radiator||散热器供热支管fibrous dust||纤维性粉尘fillter cylinder for sampling||滤筒采样管fillter efficiency||过滤效率fillter section||过滤段filltration velocity||过滤速度final resistance of filter||过滤器终阻力fire damper||防火阀fire prevention||防火fire protection||防火fire-resisting damper||防火阀fittings||(通风〕配件fixed set-point control||定值调节fixed support||固定支架fixed time temperature (humidity)||定时温（湿）度flame combustion||热力燃烧flash gas||闪发气体flash steam||二次蒸汽flexible duct||软管flexible joint||柔性接头float type steam trap||浮球式疏水器float valve||浮球阀floating control||无定位调节flooded evaporator||满液式蒸发器floor panel heating||地板辐射采暖flow capacity of control valve||调节阀流通能力flow characteristic of control valve||调节阀流量特性foam dust separator||泡沫除尘器follow-up control system||随动系统forced ventilation||机械通风forward flow zone||射流区foul gas||不凝性气体four-pipe water system||四管制水系统fractional separation efficiency||分级除尘效率free jet||自由射流free sillica||游离二氧化硅free silicon dioxide||游离二氧化硅freon||氟利昂frequency interval||频程frequency of wind direction||风向频率fresh air handling unit||新风机组resh air requirement||新风量friction factor||摩擦系数friction loss||摩擦阻力frictional resistance||摩擦阻力fume||烟〔雾〕fumehood||排风柜fumes||烟气Ggas-fired infrared heating 煤气红外线辐射采暖gas-fired unit heater 燃气热风器gas purger 不凝性气体分离器gate valve 闸阀general air change 全面通风general exhaust ventilation (GEV) 全面排风general ventilation 全面通风generator 发生器global radiation||总辐射grade efficiency||分级除尘效率granular bed filter||颗粒层除尘器granulometric distribution||粒径分布gravel bed filter||颗粒层除尘器gravity separator||沉降室ground-level concentration||落地浓度guide vane||导流板Hhair hygrometor||毛发湿度计hand pump||手摇泵harmful gas andvapo||有害气体harmful substance||有害物质header||分水器、集水器（、）heat and moisture||热湿交换transfer||热平衡heat conduction coefficient||导热系数heat conductivity||导热系数heat distributing network||热网heat emitter||散热器heat endurance||热稳定性heat exchanger||换热器heat flowmeter||热流计heat flow rate||热流量heat gain from lighting||设备散热量heat gain from lighting||照明散热量heat gain from occupant||人体散热量heat insulating window||保温窗heat(thermal)insuation||隔热heat(thermal)lag||延迟时间heat loss||耗热量heat loss by infiltration||冷风渗透耗热量heat-operated refrigerating system||热力制冷系统heat-operated refrigetation||热力制冷heat pipe||热管heat pump||热泵heat pump air conditioner||热泵式空气调节器heat release||散热量heat resistance||热阻heat screen||隔热屏heat shield||隔热屏heat source||热源heat storage||蓄热heat storage capacity||蓄热特性heat supply||供热heat supply network||热网heat transfer||传热heat transmission||传热heat wheel||转轮式换热器heated thermometer anemometer||热风速仪heating||采暖、供热、加热（、、）heating appliance||采暖设备heating coil||热盘管heating coil section||加热段heating equipment||采暖设备heating load||热负荷heating medium||热媒heating medium parameter||热媒参数heating pipeline||采暖管道heating system||采暖系统heavy work||重作业high-frequency noise||高频噪声high-pressure ho twater heating||高温热水采暖high-pressure steam heating||高压蒸汽采暖high temperature water heating||高温热水采暖hood||局部排风罩horizontal water-film syclonet||卧式旋风水膜除尘器hot air heating||热风采暖hot air heating system||热风采暖系统hot shop||热车间hot water boiler||热水锅炉hot water heating||热水采暖hot water system||热水采暖系统hot water pipe||热水管hot workshop||热车间hourly cooling load||逐时冷负荷hourly sol-air temperature||逐时综合温度humidification||加湿humidifier||加湿器humididier section||加湿段humidistat||恒湿器humidity ratio||含湿量hydraulic calculation||水力计算hydraulic disordeer||水力失调hydraulic dust removal||水力除尘hydraulic resistance balance||阻力平衡hydraulicity||水硬性hydrophilic dust||亲水性粉尘hydrophobic dust||疏水性粉尘Iimpact dust collector||冲激式除尘器impact tube||皮托管impedance muffler||阻抗复合消声器inclined damper||斜插板阀index circuit||最不利环路indec of thermal inertia (valueD)||热惰性指标（D值）indirect heat exchanger||表面式换热器indirect refrigerating sys||间接制冷系统indoor air design conditions||室内在气计算参数indoor air velocity||室内空气流速indoor and outdoor design conditions||室内外计算参数indoor reference for air temperature and relative humidity||室内温湿度基数indoor temperature (humidity)||室内温（湿）度induction air-conditioning system||诱导式空气调节系统induction unit||诱导器inductive ventilation||诱导通风industral air conditioning||工艺性空气调节industrial ventilation||工业通风inertial dust separator||惯性除尘器infiltration heat loss||冷风渗透耗热量infrared humidifier||红外线加湿器infrared radiant heater||红外线辐射器inherent regulation of controlled plant||调节对象自平衡initial concentration of dust||初始浓度initial resistance of filter||过滤器初阻力imput variable||输入量insulating layer||保温层integral enclosure||整体密闭罩integral time||积分时间interlock protection||联锁保护intermittent dust removal||定期除灰intermittent heating||间歇采暖inversion layer||逆温层inverted bucket type steam trap||倒吊桶式疏水器irradiance||辐射照度isoenthalpy||等焓线isobume||等湿线isolator||隔振器isotherm||等温线isothermal humidification||等温加湿isothermal jet||等温射流Jjet||射流jet axial velocity||射流轴心速度jet divergence angle||射流扩散角jet in a confined space||受限射流Kkatathermometer||卡他温度计Llaboratory hood||排风柜lag of controlled plant||调节对象滞后large space enclosure||大容积密闭罩latent heat||潜热lateral exhaust at the edge of a bath||槽边排风罩lateral hoodlength of pipe section||侧吸罩length of pipe section||管段长度light work||轻作业limit deflection||极限压缩量limit switch||限位开关limiting velocity||极限流速linear flow characteristic||线性流量特性liquid-level gage||液位计liquid receiver||贮液器lithium bromide||溴化锂lithium-bromide absorption-type refrigerating machine||溴化锂吸收式制冷机lithium chloride resistance hygrometer||氯化锂电阻湿度计load pattern||负荷特性local air conditioning||局部区域空气调节local air suppiy system||局部送风系统local exhaustventilation (LEV)||局部排风local exhaust system||局部排风系统local heating||局部采暖local relief||局部送风local relief system||局部送风系统local resistance||局部阻力local solartime||地方太阳时local ventilation||局部通风||local izedairsupply for air-heating||集中送风采暖local ized air control||就地控制loop||环路louver||百叶窗low-frequencynoise||低频噪声low-pressure steam heating||低压蒸汽采暖lyophilic dust||亲水性粉尘lyophobic dust||疏水性粉尘Mmain ||总管、干管main duct||通风〕总管、〔通风〕干管main pipe||总管、干管make-up water pump||补给水泵manual control||手动控制mass concentration||质量浓度maximum allowable concentration (MAC)||最高容许浓度maximum coefficient of heat transfer||最大传热系数maximum depth of frozen ground||最大冻土深度maximum sum of hourly colling load||逐时冷负荷综合最大值mean annual temperature (humidity)||年平均温（湿）度mean annual temperature (humidity)||日平均温（湿）度mean daily temperature (humidity)||旬平均温（湿）度mean dekad temperature (humidity)||月平均最高温度mean monthly maximum temperature||月平均最低温度mean monthly minimum temperature||月平均湿（湿）度mean monthly temperature (humidity)||平均相对湿度mean relative humidity||平均风速emchanical air supply system||机械送风系统mechanical and hydraulic||联合除尘combined dust removal||机械式风速仪mechanical anemometer||机械除尘mechanical cleaning off dust||机械除尘mechanical dust removal||机械排风系统mechanical exhaust system||机械通风系统mechanical ventilation||机械通风media velocity||过滤速度metal radiant panel||金属辐射板metal radiant panel heating||金属辐射板采暖micromanometer||微压计micropunch plate muffler||微穿孔板消声器mid-frequency noise||中频噪声middle work||中作业midfeed system||中分式系统minimum fresh air requirmente||最小新风量minimum resistance of heat transfer||最小传热阻mist||雾mixing box section||混合段modular air handling unit||组合式空气调节机组moist air||湿空气||moisture excess||余湿moisure gain||散湿量moisture gain from appliance and equipment||设备散湿量||moisturegain from occupant||人体散湿量motorized valve||电动调节阀motorized (pneumatic)||电（气）动两通阀-way valvemotorized (pneumatic)-way valve||电（气）动三通阀movable support||活动支架muffler||消声器muffler section||消声段multi-operating mode automtic conversion||工况自动转换multi-operating mode control system||多工况控制系统multiclone||多管〔旋风〕除尘器multicyclone||多管〔旋风〕除尘器multishell condenser||组合式冷凝器Nnatural and mechanical combined ventilation||联合通风natural attenuation quantity of noise||噪声自然衰减量natural exhaust system||自然排风系统natural freguency||固有频率natural ventilation||自然通风NC-curve[s]||噪声评价NC曲线negative freedback||负反馈neutral level||中和界neutral pressure level||中和界neutral zone||中和界noise||噪声noise control||噪声控制noise criter ioncurve(s)||噪声评价NC曲线noisc rating number||噪声评价NR曲线noise reduction||消声non azeotropic mixture refragerant||非共沸溶液制冷剂non-commonsection||非共同段non condensable gas ||不凝性气体non condensable gas purger||不凝性气体分离器non-isothermal jet||非等温射流nonreturn valve||通风〕止回阀normal coldest month||止回阀normal coldest month||累年最冷月normal coldest -month period||累年最冷三个月normal hottest month||累年最热月（３）normal hottest month period||累年最热三个月normal three summer months||累年最热三个月normal three winter months||累年最冷三个月normals||累年值nozzle outlet air suppluy||喷口送风number concentration||计数浓度number of degree-day of heating period||采暖期度日数Ooctave||倍频程/ octave||倍频程octave band||倍频程oil cooler||油冷却器oill-fired unit heater||燃油热风器one-and-two pipe combined heating system||单双管混合式采暖系统one (single)-pipe circuit (cross-over) heating system||单管跨越式采暖系统one(single)-pipe heating system||单管采暖系统pne(single)-pipe loop circuit heating system||水平单管采暖系统one(single)-pipe seriesloop heating system||单管顺序式采暖系统one-third octave band||倍频程on-of control||双位调节open loop control||开环控制open return||开式回水open shell and tube condenser||立式壳管式冷凝器open tank||开式水箱operating pressure||工作压力operating range||作用半径opposed multiblade damper||对开式多叶阀organized air supply||有组织进风organized exhaust||有组织排风organized natural ventilation||有组织自然通风outdoor air design conditions||室外空气计算参数outdoor ctitcal air temperature for heating||采暖室外临界温度outdoor design dry-bulb temperature for summer air conlitioning||夏季空气调节室外计算干球温度outdoor design hourly temperature for summer air conditioning||夏季空气调节室外计算逐时温度outdoor design mean daily temperature for summer air conditioning||夏季空气调节室外计算日平均温度outdoor design relative humidityu for summer ventilation||夏季通风室外计算相对湿度outdoor design relative humidity for winter air conditioning||冬季空气调节室外计算相对湿度outdoor design temperature ture for calculated envelope in winter冬季围护结构室外计算温度outdoor design temperature ture for heating||采暖室外计算温度outdoor design temperature for summer ventilation||夏季通风室外计算温度outdoor design temperature for winter air conditioning||冬季空气调节室外计算温度outdoor design temperature for winter vemtilation||冬季通风室外计算温度outdoor designwet-bulb temperature for summer air conditioning夏季空气调节室外计算湿球温度outdoor mean air temperature during heating period||采暖期室外平均温度outdoor temperature(humidity)||室外温（湿）度outlet air velocity||出口风速out put variable||输出量overall efficiency of separation||除尘效率overall heat transmission coefficient||传热系数ouvrflow pipe||溢流管overheat steam||过热蒸汽overlapping averages||滑动平均overshoot||超调量Ppackaged air conditioner||整体式空气调节器packaged heat pump||热泵式空气调节器packed column||填料塔packed tower||填料塔panel heating||辐射采暖parabolic flow character||抛物线流量特性isticparallel multiblade damperin||平行式多叶阀parameter detection||参数检测part||通风〕部件partial enclosure||局部密闭罩partial pressure of water vapor||水蒸汽分压力particle||粒子particle counter||粒子计数器particle number concentration||计数浓度particle size||粒径particle size distribution||粒径分布particulate||粒子particulate collector||除尘器particulates||大气尘passage ventilating duct||通过式风管penetration rate||穿透率percentage of men，women and children||群集系数and childrenpercentage of possible sunshine||日照率percentage of return air ||回风百分比cerforated ceiling air suppyl||孔板送风perforated plate tower||筛板塔periodic dust dislodging||定期除灰piece||(通风〕部件pipe fittings||管道配件pipe radiator||光面管散热器pipe section||管段pipe coil||光面管放热器pitot tube||皮托管plate heat exchanger||板式换热器plenum chamber||静压箱plenum space||稳压层plug||丝堵plume||烟羽plume rise height||烟羽抬升高度PNC-curve[s]||噪声评价PNC曲线pneumatic conveying||气力输送pueumatic transport||气力输送pneumatic valve||气动调节阀pneumo-electrical convertor||气-电转换器positioner||定位器positive feedback||正反馈powerroof ventilator||屋顶通风机preferred noise criteria curve[s]||噪声评价PNC曲线pressure drop||压力损失pressure enthalpy chart||压焓图pressure gage||压力表pressure of steam supply||供汽压力pressure reducing valve||减压阀pressure relief device||泄压装置pressure relief valve||安全阀pressure thermometer||压力式温度计pressure volume chart||压容图primary air fan-coil system||风机盘管加新风系统primary air system||新风系统primary retirn air||一次回风process air conditioning||工艺性空气调节program control||程序控制proportional band||比例带proportional control||比例调节proportional-integral (PI)control||比例积分调节proportional-integralderivative(PID)control||比例积分微分调节protected(roof)monitor||避风天窗psychrometric chart||声级计pulvation action||干湿球温度表push-pull hood||焓湿图pulvation action||尘化作用push-pull hood||吹吸式排风罩Qquick open flow characteristic||快开流量特性Rradiant heating||辐射采暖radiant intensity||辐射强度sadiation intensity||辐射强度radiator||散热器radiator heating||散热器采暖radiator heating system||散热器采暖系统radiator valve||散热器调节阀rating under air conditioning condition||空调工况制冷量rcactive muffler||抗性消声器receiver||贮液器receiving hood||接受式排风罩reciprocating compressor||活塞式压缩机recirculation cavety||空气动力阴影区recording thermometer||自记温度计reducing coupling||异径管接头reducing valve||减压阀reentrainment of dust ||二次扬尘refrigerant||制冷剂[refrigerating] coefficient of performance (COP)||(制冷)性能系数refrigerating compressor||制冷压缩机refrigerating cycle||制冷循环refrigerating effect||制冷量refrigerating engineering||制冷工程refrigerating machine||制冷机refrigerating medium||载冷剂refrigerating planttoom||制冷机房refrigerating station||制冷机房refrigerating system||制冷系统refrigeration ||制冷regenerative noise||再生噪声register||百叶型风口regulator||调节器reheat air conditioning system||再热式空气调节系统relative humidity||相对湿度relay||继电器remote control||遥控resistance of heat transfer||传热阻resistance thermometer||电阻温度计resistance to water vapor permeability蒸汽渗透阻resistance to water vapor permeation||蒸汽渗透阻resistive muffler||阻性消声器resistivity||比电阻resonance||共振resonant frequency||共振频率response curve of controlled plant||调节对象正升曲线teturn air||回风return air inlet||回风口return branch of radiator||散热器回水支管return fan||回风机return flow zone||回流区return water temperataure||回水温度reverse Carnot cycle||逆卡诺循环reversed return system||同程式系统reversible cycle||可逆循环rim exhaust||槽边排风罩rim ventilation||槽边通风riser||立管roof ventilator||筒形风帽room absorption||房间吸声量room air conditioner||房间空气调节器rotameter||转子流量计rotary dehumidifier||转轮除湿机rotary heat exchanger||转轮式换热器rotary supply outlet||旋转送风口rotating air outlet with movable guide vanes||旋转送风口roughness factor||相对粗糙度rubber shock absorber||橡胶隔振器running means||滑动平均Ssafety valve||安全阀samling hole||测孔sampling port||测孔saturated steam||饱和蒸汽saturation humidity ratio||饱和含湿量screw compressor||螺杆式压缩机screwnipple||丝对screwed plug||丝堵scondary refrigerant||载冷剂secondary return air||二次回风selective control system||选择控制系统selector||选择器self-contained cooling unit||冷风机组self learning system||自学习系统sensible cooling||等湿冷却sensible heat||显热sensible heating||等湿加热sensing element||敏感元件sensor||传感器sequence control||程序控制set point||给定值settling chamber||沉降室setting velocity||沉降速度shading coefficient||遮阳系数shell and coil condenser||壳管式冷凝器shell and tube condenser ||壳管式冷凝器shell and tube evaporator||壳管式蒸发器sholder nipple||长丝shutter||百叶窗sidehood||侧吸罩sidewall air supply||侧面送风sieve-plate column||筛板塔single duct air conditioning system||单风管空气调节系统single duct system||单风管空气调节系统single-effect lithiumbromide absorption-type refrigerating machine||单效溴化锂吸收式制冷机。

英文翻译第二章

The understanding of heat treatment is embraced by the broader study of metallurgy. Metallurgy is the physics, chemistry, and engineering related to metals from ore extraction to the final product.Heat treatment is the operation of heating and cooling a metal in its solid state to change its physical properties. According to the procedure used, steel can be hardened to resist cutting action and abrasion, or it can be softened to permit machining.With the proper heat treatment internal stresses may be removed, grain size reduced, toughness increased, or a hard surface produced on a ductile interior. The analysis of the steel must be known because small percentages of certain elements, notably carbon, greatly affect the physical properties.Alloy steel owe their properties to the presence of one or more elements other than carbon, namely nickel, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, silicon, vanadium, and copper. Because of their improved physical properties they are used commercially in many ways not possible with carbon steels.The following discussion applies principally to the heat treatment of ordinary commercial steels known as plain carbon steels. With this process the rate of cooling is the controlling factor, rapid cooling from above the critical range results in hard structure, whereas very slow cooling produces the opposite effect.• A Simplified Iron-carbon DiagramIf we focus only on the materials normally known as steels, a simplified diagram is often used.Those portions of the iron-carbon diagram near the delta region and those above 2% carbon content are of little importance to the engineer and are deleted. A simplified diagram, such as the one in Fig.2.1, focuses on the eutectoid region and is quite useful in understanding the properties and processing of steel.The key transition described in this diagram is the decomposition of single-phase austenite(γ) to the two-phase ferrite plus carbide structure as temperature drops.Control of this reaction, which arises due to the drastically different carbon solubility of austenite and ferrite, enables a wide range of properties to be achieved through heat treatment.To begin to understand these processes, consider a steel of the eutectoid composition, 0.77% carbon, being slow cooled along line x-x’ in Fig.2.1. At the upper temperatures, only austenite is present, the 0.77% carbon being dissolved in solid solution with the iron. When the steel cools to 727℃(1341℉), several changes occur simultaneously.The iron wants to change from the FCC austenite structure to the BCC ferrite structure, but the ferrite can only contain 0.02% carbon in solid solution.The rejected carbon forms the carbon-rich cementite intermetallic with composition Fe3C. In essence, the net reaction at the eutectoid is austen ite 0.77%C→ferrite 0.02%C+cementite 6.67%C.Since this chemical separation of the carbon component occurs entirely in the solid state, the resulting structure is a fine mechanical mixture of ferrite and cementite. Specimens prepared by polishing and etching in a weak solution of nitric acid and alcohol reveal the lamellar structure of alternating plates that forms on slow cooling.This structure is composed of two distinct phases, but has its own set of characteristic properties and goes by the name pearlite, because of its resemblance to mother- of- pearl at low magnification.Steels having less than the eutectoid amount of carbon (less than 0.77%) are known as hypo-eutectoid steels. Consider now the transformation of such a material represented by cooling along line y-y’ in Fig.2.1.At high temperatures, the material is entirely austenite, but upon cooling enters a region where the stable phases are ferrite and austenite. Tie-line and level-law calculations show that low-carbon ferrite nucleates and grows, leaving the remaining austenite richer in carbon.At 727℃(1341℉), the austenite is of eutectoid composition (0.77% carbon) and further cooling transforms the remaining austenite to pearlite. The resulting structure is a mixture of primary or pro-eutectoid ferrite (ferrite that formed above the eutectoid reaction) and regions of pearlite.Hypereutectoid steels are steels that contain greater than the eutectoid amount of carbon. When such steel cools, as shown in z-z’ of Fig.2.1 the process is similar to the hypo-eutectoid case, except that the primary or pro-eutectoid phase is now cementite instead of ferrite.As the carbon-rich phase forms, the remaining austenite decreases in carbon content, reaching the eutectoid composition at 727℃(1341℉). As before, any remaining austenite transforms to pearlite upon slow cooling through this temperature.t should be remembered that the transitions that have been described by the phase diagrams are for equilibrium conditions, which can be approximated by slow cooling. With slow heating, these transitions occur in the reverse manner.However, when alloys are cooled rapidly, entirely different results may be obtained, because sufficient time is not provided for the normal phase reactions to occur, in such cases, the phase diagram is no longer a useful tool for engineering analysis.•HardeningHardening is the process of heating a piece of steel to a temperature within or above its critical range and then cooling it rapidly.If the carbon content of the steel is known, the proper temperature to which the steel should be heated may be obtained by reference to the iron-iron carbide phase diagram. However, if the composition of the steel is unknown, a little preliminary experimentation may be necessary to determine the range.A good procedure to follow is to heat-quench a number of small specimens of the steel at various temperatures and observe the result, either by hardness testing or by microscopic examination. When the correct temperature is obtained, there will be a marked change in hardness and other properties.In any heat-treating operation the rate of heating is important. Heat flows from the exterior to the interior of steel at a definite rate. If the steel is heated too fast, the outside becomes hotter than the interior and uniform structure cannot be obtained.If a piece is irregular in shape, a slow rate is all the more essential to eliminate warping and cracking. The heavier the section, the longer must be the heating time to achieve uniform results. Even after the correct temperature has been reached, the piece should be held at that temperature for a sufficient period of time to permit its thickest section to attain a uniform temperature.he hardness obtained from a given treatment depends on the quenching rate, the carbon content, and the work size. In alloy steels the kind and amount of alloying element influences only the hardenability (the ability of the workpiece to be hardened to depths) of the steel and does not affect the hardness except in unhardened or partially hardened steels.Steel with low carbon content will not respond appreciably to hardening treatment. As the carbon content in steel increases up to around 0.60%, the possible hardness obtainable also increases.Above this point the hardness can be increased only slightly, because steels above the eutectoid point are made up entirely of pearlite and cementite in the annealed state. Pearlite responds best to heat-treating operations; and steel composed mostly of pearlite can be transformed into a hard steel.As the size of parts to be hardened increases, the surface hardness decreases somewhat even though all other conditions have remained the same. There is a limit to the rate of heat flow through steel.No matter how cool the quenching medium may be, if the heat inside a large piece cannot escape faster than a certain critical rate, there is a definite limit to the inside hardness. However, brine or water quenching is capable of rapidly bringing the surface of the quenched part to its own temperature and maintaining it at or close to this temperature.Under these circumstances there would always be some finite depth of surface hardening regardless of size. This is not true in oil quenching, when the surface temperature may be high during the critical stages of quenching.•TemperingSteel that has been hardened by rapid quenching is brittle and not suitable for most uses. By tempering or drawing, the hardness and brittleness may be reduced to the desired point for service conditions．As these properties are reduced there is also a decrease in tensile strength and an increase in the ductility and toughness of the steel. The operation consists of reheating quench-hardened steel to some temperature below the critical range followed by any rate of cooling.Although this process softens steel, it differs considerably from annealing in that the process lends itself to close control of the physical properties and in most cases does not soften the steel to the extent that annealing would. The final structure obtained from tempering a fully hardened steel is called tempered martensite.Tempering is possible because of the instability of the martensite, the principal constituent of hardened steel. Low-temperature draws, from 300℉ to 400℉ (150℃~205℃), do not cause much decrease in hardness and are used principally to relieve internal strains.As the tempering temperatures are increased, the breakdown of the martensite takes place at a faster rate, and at about 600℉(315℃) the change to a structure called tempered martensite is very rapid. The tempering operation may be described as one of precipitation and agglomeration or coalescence of cementite.A substantial precipitation of cementite begins at 600℉(315℃), which produces a decrease in hardness. Increasing the temperature causes coalescence of the carbides with continued decrease in hardness.In the process of tempering, some consideration should be given to time as well as totemperature. Although most of the softening action occurs in the first few minutes after the temperature is reached, there is some additional reduction in hardness if the temperature is maintained for a prolonged time.Usual practice is to heat the steel to the desired temperature and hold it there only long enough to have it uniformly heated.Two special processes using interrupted quenching are a form of tempering. In both, the hardened steel is quenched in a salt bath held at a selected lower temperature before being allowed to cool. These processes, known as austempering and martempering, result in products having certain desirable physical properties.•AnnealingThe primary purpose of annealing is to soften hard steel so that it may be machined or cold worked.This is usually accomplished by heating the steel too slightly above the critical temperature, holding it there until the temperature of the piece is uniform throughout, and then cooling at a slowly controlled rate so that the temperature of the surface and that of the center of the piece are approximately the same.This process is known as full annealing because it wipes out all trace of previous structure, refines the crystalline structure, and softens the metal. Annealing also relieves internal stresses previously set up in the metal.The temperature to which a given steel should be heated in annealing depends on its composition; for carbon steels it can be obtained readily from the partial iron-iron carbide equilibrium diagram. When the annealing temperature has been reached, the steel should be held there until it is uniform throughout.This usually takes about 45min for each inch(25mm) of thickness of the largest section. For maximum softness and ductility the cooling rate should be very slow, such as allowing the parts to cool down with the furnace. The higher the carbon content, the slower this rate must be.The heating rate should be consistent with the size and uniformity of sections, so that the entire part is brought up to temperature as uniformly as possible.•Normalizing and SpheroidizingThe process of normalizing consists of heating the steel about 50℉to 100℉(10℃~40℃) above the upper critical range and cooling in still air to room temperature.This process is principally used with low- and medium-carbon steels as well as alloy steels to make the grain structure more uniform, to relieve internal stresses, or to achieve desired results in physical properties. Most commercial steels are normalized after being rolled or cast.Spheroidizing is the process of producing a structure in which the cementite is in a spheroidal distribution. If steel is heated slowly to a temperature just below the critical range and held there for a prolonged period of time, this structure will be obtained.The globular structure obtained gives improved machinability to the steel. This treatment is particularly useful for hypereutectoid steels that must be machined.•Surface HardeningCarburizingThe oldest known method of producing a hard surface on steel is case hardening or carburizing. Iron at temperatures close to and above its critical temperature has an affinity for carbon.The carbon is absorbed into the metal to form a solid solution with iron and converts the outer surface into high-carbon steel. The carbon is gradually diffused to the interior of the part. The depth of the case depends on the time and temperature of the treatment.Pack carburizing consists of placing the parts to be treated in a closed container with some carbonaceous material such as charcoal or coke. It is a long process and used to produce fairly thick cases of from 0.03 to 0.16 in.(0.76~4.06mm) in depth.Steel for carburizing is usually a low-carbon steel of about 0.15% carbon that would not in itself responds appreciably to heat treatment. In the course of the process the outer layer is converted into high-carbon steel with a content ranging from 0.9% to 1.2% carbon.A steel with varying carbon content and, consequently, different critical temperatures requires a special heat treatment.Because there is some grain growth in the steel during the prolonged carburizing treatment, the work should be heated to the critical temperature of the core and then cooled, thus refining the core structure. The steel should then be reheated to a point above the transformation range of the case and quenched to produce a hard, fine structure.The lower heat-treating temperature of the case results from the fact that hypereutectoid steels are normally austenitized for hardening just above the lower critical point. A third tempering treatment may be used to reduce strains.CarbonitridingCarbonitriding, sometimes known as dry cyaniding or nicarbing, is a case-hardening process in which the steel is held at a temperature above the critical range in a gaseous atmosphere from which it absorbs carbon and nitrogen.Any carbon-rich gas with ammonia can be used. The wear-resistant case produced ranges from 0.003 to 0.030 inch(0.08~ 0.76mm) in thickness. An advantage of carbonitriding is that the hardenability of the case is significantly increased when nitrogen is added, permitting the use of low-cost steels.CyanidingCyaniding, or liquid carbonitriding as it is sometimes called, is also a process that combines the absorption of carbon and nitrogen to obtain surface hardness in low-carbon steels that do not respond to ordinary heat treatment.The part to be case hardened is immersed in a bath of fused sodium cyanide salts at a temperature slightly above the Ac1 range, the duration of soaking depending on the depth of the case. The part is then quenched in water or oil to obtain a hard surface.Case depths of 0.005 to 0.015in. (0.13~0.38mm) may be readily obtained by this process. Cyaniding is used principally for the treatment of small parts.NitridingNitriding is somewhat similar to ordinary case hardening, but it uses a different material and treatment to create the hard surface constituents.In this process the metal is heated to a temperature of around 950℉(510℃) and held there for a period of time in contact with ammonia gas. Nitrogen from the gas is introduced into the steel, forming very hard nitrides that are finely dispersed through the surface metal.Nitrogen has greater hardening ability with certain elements than with others, hence, special nitriding alloy steels have been developed.Aluminum in the range of 1% to 1.5% has proved to be especially suitable in steel, in that it combines with the gas to form a very stable and hard constituent. The temperature of heating ranges from 925℉ to 1,050℉(495℃~565℃).Liquid nitriding utilizes molten cyanide salts and, as in gas nitriding, the temperature is held below the transformation range. Liquid nitriding adds more nitrogen and less carbon than either cyaniding or carburizing in cyanide baths.Case thickness of 0.001 to 0.012in.(0.03~0.30mm) is obtained, whereas for gas nitriding the case may be as thick as 0.025 in.(0.64mm). In general the uses of the two-nitriding processes are similar.Nitriding develops extreme hardness in the surface of steel. This hardness ranges from 900 to 1,100 Brinell, which is considerably higher than that obtained by ordinary case hardening.Nitriding steels, by virtue of their alloying content, are stronger than ordinary steels and respond readily to heat treatment. It is recommended that these steels be machined and heat-treated before nitriding, because there is no scale or further work necessary after this process.Fortunately, the interior structure and properties are not affected appreciably by the nitriding treatment and, because no quenching is necessary, there is little tendency to warp, develop cracks, or change condition in any way. The surface effectively resists corrosive action of water, saltwater spray, alkalies, crude oil, and natural gas.对热处理的理解包含于对冶金学较广泛的研究。

2023年高中英语会考试题及答案

2023年高中英语会考试题()1.—Have you been wasting time on computer games again?—.I’ve been studying a lot and I need a break.A.No wayB.Not reallyC.I don’t agreeD.I couldn’t agree more()2.—Are you all right?—.A.That’s OKB.I think soC.Take it easyD.It’s very kind of you()3.—I have some big news for you.You’ve been accepted as a member of our club.—That’s great!A.Have I?B.Pardon?C.Congratulations!D.Good idea!()4.—Bob,can you spare me a few minutes right now?I have to ask you some questions.—.A.It’s a pleasureB.Ask,pleaseC.Help yourselfD.Yes,go ahead()5.—Mike,would you mind not wearing those old jeans?They look terrible.—A.Ok,I’ll put on another pairB.Srue,I will do it right awayC.Sorry,I won’t be aloneD.Alright,I’ll do them in a minuteⅡ.阅读理解(共15小题,每小题2分,满分30分)阅读下列短文,掌握其大意,然后从每题所给的A,B,C和D项中选出最佳选项。

AWhile exciting for many,the holidays are stressful for the thousands of families who are struggling in our community.Therefore,our holiday programs coordinate(使协调)food collections and donations to aid the low-income mothers,children and senior citizens.Those who wish to join the challenge can send financial donations to our office:1355Oakman Boulevard,Detroit48238.Other ways you can get involved are:Collect fresh or packaged food or donations for senior citizens.Many schools and business coordinate food drives to support this effort.The donation will be distributed in a massive effort on December12at the Rashid Ground.Call3134944401.Adopt a senior citizen.We will randomly select senior citizens and provide their contact information for donors.We encourage donors to provide fresh food for a holiday meal,and small gifts,if possible.Donors are responsible for purchasing and distributing the gifts and food.Call313 4944424.Adopt a family.Donors can request the names and addresses of families that are enrolled in our food program to provide gifts and food for the holiday season.They can indicate the size of the family they wish to adopt.All families will be selected randomly.Call3134944413.Participate in our Special Holiday Delivery.Different from past years,when delivery took place at the Gathering Center,volunteers are now expected to meet at the Campus Hall on December12to pick up boxes of food and deliver them to senior citizens.Contact Volunteer Outreach Department at3134944270to sign up for this special event.()1.This passage is written mainly to.A.explain how holiday—makers can make their life meaningfulB.show what lonely and miserable lives poor citizens are leadingC.advertize for a company located in Oakman Boulevard,DetroitD.introduce several ways of joining a program for charity work()2.If you want to adopt an elderly man and send gifts and food to him,you shouldcall.A.3134944401B.3134944424C.3134944413D.3134944270()3.As a volunteer in Special Holiday Delivery,where should you go to distribute food to the old this year?A.The Campus Hall.B.The Gathering Center.C.The Rashid Ground.D.The office of Volunteer Outreach Department.BI went to the Tsavo National Park in northern Kenya for a film.We set off early for a distant water hole.A huge elephant covered with dry mud,drank calmly and deeply.He might have traveled50km to reach the water.He wasn’t going to hurry now.He’d drink a while and rest in the shade,and then drink again or so we thought.What actually happened was that he drank deeply and stepped away.Then he suddenly fell down.Within minutes he was dead.We called animal doctor Jeremiah Poghon immediately.He removed the head of a poisoned arrow from the elephant’s body,and let out over100liters of pus(脓)—the result of the elephant’s meeting with a poacher(偷猎者)months before.Today’s poacher shoots from a blind.He fires an arrow,covered with poison,into the body of an elephant.If the poacher is lucky,the elephant might die in an hour or two;if not,he might have to follow the elephant for days before it dies.Often the arrow head fails to kill the elephant at once-it doesn’t mean the poison won’t finally kill the elephant,but it will be a slow death.Living in Tsavo through these times,I could see the results of poaching from time to time.When I think about the death of that elephant,what stays with me is the extraordinary silence after the shocking sound of his body hitting the ground.I took some comfort from the knowledge that as the dead body returned to the soil,some animals would benefit—but I couldn’t escape the feeling that with the death of such a large animal,the world seemed to be a poorer and emptier place.()4.While filming near the water hole,the author and his team.A.knew the elephant was injuredB.found the elephant acted violentlyC.tried their best to save the elephantD.thought the elephant was in good condition()5.Further examination showed that the dead elephant.A.had suffered an hour or twoB.was killed by a poisonous needleC.had suffered a lotD.had had a good fight with a poacher()6.How does the author feel when thinking about the elephant’s death?A.Empty.fortable.C.Upset.D.Relieved.()7.Why did the author write the text?A.To introduce African elephants.B.To show the cruelty of poaching.C.To describe his filming experience.D.To ask readers to protect wild animals.CForeign drivers will have to pay on-the-spot fines of up to￡900for breaking the traffic law to be carried out next month.If they do not have enough cash or a working credit card,their vehicles will be clamped(扣留)until they pay—and they will face an additional fee of￡80for getting back their vehicles.The law will also apply to British citizens.The fines will be described officially as“deposits”when the traffic law takes effect,because the money would be returned if the driver went to court and was found not guilty.In practice,very few foreign drivers are likely to return to Britain to deal with their cases.Foreign drivers are rarely charged because police cannot take action against them if they fail to appear in court.Instead,officers often merely give warnings.Three million foreign-registered vehicles enter Britain each year.Polish vehicles make up36 percent,French vehicles10percent and German vehicles9percent.Foreign vehicles are30percent more likely to be in a crash than British-registered vehicles.The number of crashes caused by foreign vehicles rose by47percent between2003and 2008.There were almost400deaths and serious injuries and3,000slight injuries from accidents caused by foreign vehicles in2008.The new law is partly intended to settle the problem of foreign lorry drivers ignoring limits on weight and hours at the wheel.Foreign lorries are three times more likely to be in a crash than British lorries.Recent spot checks found that three quarters of lorries that failed safety tests were registered overseas.The standard deposit for a careless driving offence—such as driving too close to the vehicles in front or reading a map at the wheel—will be￡300.Deposits for speeding offences and using mobile phones will be￡60.Foreign drivers will not get points as punishment added to their licenses,while British drivers will.()8.The first paragraph serves as a(n).A.explanationB.introductionmentD.background()9.The foreign drivers who break the traffic law and do not pay on the spot are likely to be fined up to.A.￡60B.￡300C.￡900D.￡980()10.We can learn from the passage that.A.many foreign drivers have been fined by British policeB.300,000German vehicles enter Britain every yearC.25percent of foreign vehicles entering Britain have failed safety testsD.British drivers will be punished with points and fines for breaking the traffic law()11.The new traffic law is mainly intended to.A.limit the number of foreign vehicles entering BritainB.increase British government’s additional incomeC.lower the rate of traffic accidents and injuriesD.get foreign drivers to appear in courtDI would always remember that day.When I was14,all I wanted was a unique necklace with my name carved.It was the“in”thing and it seemed every girl except me had one.On my15th birthday,my Mum gave me a beautiful necklace with my initials(姓名首字母)carved into it.I was in heaven.What made it even more special was that it was about the only thing that wasn’t being “replaced”.We’d been burnt out in fires that swept through our area earlier that year and had lost everything—so most of the“new”stuff(东西)we got was really just to replace what we’d lost.But not my necklace.My necklace was new.Then,only one month later,I lost it.I took it off before bed and it was missing in the morning.I was sad and searched everywhere for it.But it seemed to have disappeared.Eventually,I gave up and stopped looking for it.And two years later,we sold the house and moved away.Years passed,and a couple of moves later,I was visiting my parents’when Mum told me that she had something for me.It wasn’t my birthday,nor was it Easter or Christmas or any other gift-giving occasion.Mum noticed my questioning look.“You’ll recognize this one,”she said,smiling.Then she handed me a small ring box.I took it from her and opened it to find my beautiful necklace inside.The family who had bought our house13years earlier had recently decided to do some redecorations,which included replacing the carpets.When they pulled the carpet up in my old bedroom,they found the necklace.As it had my initials carved into it,they realized who owned the necklace.They’d had it professionally cleaned up by a jeweler before sending it to my mother.And it still fits me.()12.The underlined word“in”in the first paragraph probably means“”.A.availableB.fashionableC.practicalD.renewable()13.When she got the necklace back,the writer was about.A.30years oldB.28years oldC.15years oldD.14years old()14.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A.The writer lost her necklace in the morning when she took it off.B.The writer finally stopped looking for her necklace.C.The writer’s necklace was cleaned up by the new house owner.D.The writer’s family moved several times during her growth.()15.What would be the best title for the passage?A.My New NecklaceB.Lost and ReplacedC.Lost and FoundD.A Beautiful NecklaceⅢ.完形填空(共15小题,每小题2分,满分30分)阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从每题所给的A,B,C和D项中选出最佳选项。

Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and

Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of extruded ZM61 magnesium alloyF.G.Qi1,2,D.F.Zhang*1,2,Z.T.Zhu1,2,X.X.Xu1,2and G.L.Shi3The effects of T5and T6heat treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of extruded Mg–6Zn–1M n alloy were investigated in the present study.The results showed that T5 and T6treatments could markedly improve the strengths of extruded ZM61alloy,and the precipitate strengthening effect of double aging was better than that of single aging.The precipitates formed in the T6treatment were much finer and more dispersive than the ones in the T5treatment,resulting in stronger precipitation strengthening effect.However,due to additional grain size refinement strengthening effect,the T5treatment could improve ductility without sacrificing strength over the T6treatment.Scanning electron microscopy observation and tensile test indicated that different cooling methods after extrusion,such as air cooling and water quenching,had no obvious influence on the microstructure and strengths of extruded and subsequent heat treated Mg–6Zn–1Mn alloys.In addition,the Mn element mainly existed as fine Mn phase particles,which were well dispersed in the matrix.Dispersed Mn particles could be found in rod-like b’1precipitates,but not in the disc shaped b’2precipitates.Keywords:Mg–Zn–Mn,Heat treatment,Precipitate,Microstructure,Mechanical propertiesIntroductionAs the lightest structure metal materials with high speciﬁc strength and stiffness,good damping capacity, excellent machinability and good castability,magnesium alloy is the most attractive material in aerospace, transportation and mobile electronics.1–4However,due to limited strength,poor formability and high cost of expensive composition elements used,the application of magnesium alloy is still limited.5–8Therefore,it is pressing to develop some new wrought magnesium alloys with high strength and low cost.Mg–Zn alloys are the most widely used wrought magnesium alloy.9,10 Owing to the problems with hot shortness and coarse and uneven grain size in binary Mg–Zn alloy,commer-cially Mg–Zn alloys are always grain reﬁned by the addition of Zr.11In addition,RE and Cu have been added to improve both casting characteristics and mechanical properties at elevated temperature.12–15 However,the additions of these elements also increase the alloy’s cost.Mg–6Zn–1Mn(ZM61)alloy is a new promising alloy, which is developed to meet the above requirements. Zhang et al.16,17reported that the mechanical properties of ZM61alloy with solution and aging treatment can achieve the level of the commercial wrought ZK60A alloy.16Recently,Park et al.18,19investigated the effect of the Al addition on the microstructure and tensile properties of ZM61alloy and found that ZM61–1Al alloy exhibited excellent tensile properties as a result of reﬁned precipitates by Al addition.More recently,the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Mg–x Zn–1Mn alloy have been reported.20According to the reports,the Mg–6Zn–1Mn(ZM61)alloy had the best comprehensive mechanical properties.It is well known that strengthening via grain size control is particularly effective in magnesium alloys because of the higher Hall–Petch coefﬁcient.21,22For the most part of Mg–Zn series alloys,solution treatment after plastic deformation can signiﬁcantly coarsen the grain so that the mechanical properties of T6aged alloys are worse than T5aged alloys.23,24It was reported that the hardness and strength of extruded ZK60alloy under T5condition were higher than those under T6condition because the second phase precipitated during the aging process wasﬁner and more dispersive under T5 condition than that under T6condition.23The micro-structure and mechanical properties of forged ZK60-Y alloy under various heat treatments have been reported.24The results showed that T5treated alloy had superior tensile strength and plasticity compared with T4and T6treated alloys.1College of Materials Science and Engineering,Chongqing University, Chongqing400045,China2National Engineering Research Center for Magnesium Alloys,Chongqing University,Chongqing400044,China3State Key Laboratory for Fabrication and Processing of Non-Ferrous Metals,General Research Institute for Non-Ferrous Metals,Beijing 100088,China*Corresponding author,email zhangdingfei@1426ß2012Institute of Materials,Minerals and MiningPublished by Maney on behalf of the InstituteReceived15May2012;accepted27July2012DOI10.1179/1743284712Y.0000000095Materials Science and Technology2012VOL28NO12Although some researches on the microstructure of ZM61alloy have been carried out,no systematical study was focused on heat treatment of extruded ZM61alloy.In the present study,the effect of T5and T6heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical proper-ties of extruded ZM61alloy were investigated.This study also aims to investigate the relationship between precipitations and mechanical properties and to opti-mise the heat treatment parameters.ExperimentalThe nominal composition (in wt-%)of the alloy used in the present study is Mg–6Zn–1Mn.The experimental alloy was prepared from commercial high purity Mg (.99?9%),Zn (.99?95%)and Mg–4?1%Mn master alloy by melting in an electrical resistance furnace under a SO 2z CO 2protective gas and then casting them into a steel mould.The actual composition of alloy was analysed by XRF-800CCDE X-ray ﬂuorescence spec-trometer,and the result is Mg–5?9300Zn–1?0200Mn–0?0094Al–0?0049Fe–0?0058Si–0?0015Cu–0?0005Ni (wt-%).Experimental detail is schematically presented in Fig.1.First,cast ingots were homogenised at 330u C for 24h with air cooling.Before the ingots were extruded,the ingots and extrusion die were heated to 420u C for 90min.To study the effect of the preheating treatment on the microstructure,small samples for microstructure observation were also heat treated with the same heating regime and then quenched in water to retain the high temperature microstructures.Then,the homogenised ingots were hot extruded into bars 16mm in diameter at 420u C.The extrusion ratio was 25:1,and the ram speed was set at 3m min 21during extrusion.To investigate the effect of cooling methods after extrusion on the microstructure and mechanical proper-ties of extruded and subsequent heat treated alloys,different cooling methods of air cooling and water quenching were used.Following this,the samples were given T5or T6heat treatment.In the case of T5treatment,the extruded bars were merely single aged (180u C for 16h)and double aged (90u C for 24h followed by 180u C for 16h)respectively.In the case of T6treatment,the extruded bars were solution treated at 420u C for 2h followed by water quenching and thenimmediately single aged (180u C for 16h)and double aged (90u C for 24h followed by 180u C for 16h)respectively.Cylindrical tensile samples,50mm in gauge length and 5mm in gauge diameter,were machined from the extruded and aged bars along the extrusion direction.Tensile tests were conducted on a Sans CMT-5105electronic universal testing machine at room tempera-ture with a displacement rate of 3mm min 21.Each test condition was repeated at least three times for repeat-ability and accuracy.Microstructure was observed by an optical microscope (NEOPHOT30),a scanning electron microscope (SEM)(TESCAN VEGAII)equipped with an Oxford INCA Energy 350energy dispersive X-ray (EDS)spectrometer.Precipitates were examined using a transmission electrical microscope (Zeiss LIBRA 200FE)operating at 200kV.Phase constitutions were determined by a Rigaku D/max 2500PC X-ray diffractometer with the use of Cu K a radiation and a scanning rate of 4u min 21.Results and discussionMicrostructure of as cast and as homogenised alloysFigure 2shows the microstructures of the as cast and as homogenised ZM61alloys.As shown in Fig.2a and c ,the as cast microstructure of the experiment alloy consists of a -Mg matrix and eutectic compounds.The eutectic com-pounds are Mg 7Zn 3phase by X-ray diffraction (XRD)analysis as shown in Fig.3a .Mn exists as pure a -Mn.The average grain size of as cast alloy is y 160m m.After homogenisation at 330u C for 24h,some of the eutectic compounds in the grain boundary dissolve into the matrix as shown in Fig.2b and d .Figure 3b shows the XRD pattern of the as homogenised ZM61alloy.It is clearly seen that the peaks of the Mg 7Zn 3phase become weaker,and some peaks of the MgZn 2phase are detected,indicating that MgZn 2is precipitated during the Zn diffusion.Microstructure of extruded and solution treated alloysThe preheating microstructures of ZM61alloy at 420u C for 90min and quenching in water is shown in Fig.4.1Extrusion and heat treatment scheduleQi et al.Effect of heat treatment on extruded ZM61magnesium alloyMaterials Science and Technology 2012VOL28NO121427After homogenisation at 330u C for 2h (Fig.3),some of the Mg–Zn eutectic compounds in the grain boundary cannot dissolve completely into the matrix.These undissolved compounds,however,are found to dissolve into the matrix during the preheating of the ingots before extrusion,indicating a low thermal stability of these Mg–Zn compounds.Microstructural changes after hot extrusion with air cooling and water quenching are shown in Fig.5a and b .Owing to the deformation and the occurrence of dynamic recrystallisation during the hot extrusion process,equiaxed grain microstructure is formed,and the average grain size is y 9m m.The effect of preheating treatment at 420u C on the microstructure has already been studied.As is stated above,almost all the eutectic compounds are solutionised into the matrix aftera ,b optical micrographs;c ,d SEM images2Microstructures of a ,c as cast and b ,d as homogenised ZM61alloys3X-ray diffraction patterns of a as cast and b as homo-genised ZM61alloys 4Preheating microstructure of ZM61alloy at 420u C for90min and quenching in waterQi et al.Effect of heat treatment on extruded ZM61magnesium alloy1428Materials Science and Technology 2012VOL28NO12homogenisation and preheating treatment at 420u C.Therefore,little second phase particles are retained,and the complete dynamic recrystallisation happens during extrusion at 420u C,resulting in equiaxed grain.In addition,it is found that there is no difference on the microstructure of extruded ZM61alloys with different cooling methods including air cooling and water quenching.Figure 5c presents an SEM image of ZM61alloy after solution treatment at 420u C for 2h.The average grain size of the solution treated is y 25m m.The dynamic recrystallised grains of the investigated alloy grew up sharply,and all the broken particles dissolved into the matrix,resulting in a high Zn solid solution concentration.The phase evolution was further determined by XRD analysis.Figure 6shows XRD patterns of the extruded and solution treated samples.It is obvious that the diffraction patterns of extruded specimens mainly contain a -Mg matrix,Mn and MgZn 2phase.However,the weak diffraction patterns of the MgZn 2precipitates in the extruded alloy signiﬁcantly broadened.According to the Scherrer formula,25peak broadening qualitatively illustrates a decrease in grain5a ,b images (SEM)of ZM61alloy after extrusion with a air cooling and b water cooling and c SEM and d TEM imagesof ZM61alloy after solution treated at 420u C for 2h6X-ray diffraction patterns of ZM61alloy after extrusionwith a air cooling and b water cooling and c X-ray dif-fraction patterns of ZM61alloy after solution treated at 420u C for 2hQi et al.Effect of heat treatment on extruded ZM61magnesium alloyMaterials Science and Technology 2012VOL28NO121429size in the corresponding phase,implying that some nanosized MgZn 2precipitates form during the cooling after extrusion.After solution treatment at 420u C for 2h,the diffraction patterns show that the MgZn 2phase disappears,which suggests that a uniform solid–solution structure is produced,as shown in Fig.5c .In addition,the detailed microstructure inside the a -Mg after solution treatment is shown in Fig.5d .From the TEM image,only one spherical phase can be observed.No other phases are detected after solution treatment.Based on the XRD result and previous studies,19,20we can preliminarily conclude that the spherical phase is pure Mn particle.Microstructure of aged alloysFigure 7shows the SEM images of ZM61alloy in the T5(single aging)and T6(single aging)state.Since the SEM images of single aged alloys are very similar to those of double aged alloys,one of them is displayed here.By comparing Figs.5a and 7a ,the alloy in the T5(single aging)state shows the similar microstructure to the extruded alloy.The average grain size of the T5aged alloy is y 11m m.As shown in Figs.5c and 7c ,there is little difference on microstructure between T4treated and T6aged alloys under the SEM observation.In fact,many nanosized Mg–Zn precipitates that are formed during the aging treatment are observed in Fig.8c .Figure 7a and b shows the SEM microstructures of ZM61alloy in the T5(single aging after extrusion with air cooling and water quenching respectively)state.It can be found that there is no obvious change on microstructures under SEM between the two.It is well known that magnesium metal and its alloys have high thermal diffusivity,high thermal conductivity and high efﬁciency of heat release.26The diameter of extruded bars is only 16mm,so the extruded alloys with air cooling and water quenching have same macrostruc-tures.In addition,the average grain size of the T5treated alloy is much ﬁner than that of the T6treated alloy due to high temperature solution treatment in the latter.Figure 8shows TEM images of ZM61alloy in the T5and T6treatment states.It is observed that two kinds of precipitates formed during aging treatments.Based on previous studies,27–30we can conclude that the two precipitates are rod-like b ’1and disc shaped b ’2phases respectively.The interface between b ’1and the matrix is coherent,while semicoherent between b ’2and the matrix.b ’1phases,which formed as rods with their long axis parallel to the [0001]a direction of the a -Mg matrix,can act as a more enormous impediment to the motion of dislocations than b ’2formed as plates on (0001)a ,as reported in previous studies.27–30In all samples,the precipitates after double aging (Fig.8b and d )are much ﬁner and more dispersed than those after single aging (Fig.8a and c ).It is because the nanosized G.P.zones,which formed during the preaging at 90u C for 24h,could provide more effective nuclei for b ’1phase during the second aging.On the other hand,b ’1and b ’2precipitates in T5treated alloys are relatively less than those in T6states.This is because the Zn solid solubility in T6states is slight higher than that in T5states,and a few broken particles formed after extrusion are grown and retained after T5treatment.In addition,it is observed that many spherical phases are well dispersed in the matrix,which are found in thea ,b T5(single aging after extrusion with a air cooling and b water quenching);c T6(single aging)7Images (SEM)of ZM61alloy at different single agingtreatments conditionsQi et al.Effect of heat treatment on extruded ZM61magnesium alloy1430Materials Science and Technology 2012VOL28NO12rod-like b ’1precipitates but not found in disc shaped b ’2precipitates.As mentioned above,the spherical phase for the solution treated alloy is initially speculated to Mn.Figure 9shows a high angle annular dark ﬁeld scanning TEM image of ZM61alloy in the T6(double aging)state and the typical EDS result of a spherical phase.It can be seen that the spherical phase is pure a -Mn particle,which can further illustrate the existence form of Mn element.As mentioned above,there are only Mn particles observed in the solution treated alloy,suggesting that Mn particles have a higher thermal stability than MgZn bined with Figs.5d and 8,it is observed that some rod-like b ’1precipitates nucleate on the pre-existing Mn particles.Mechanical properties of ZM61alloyThe mechanical properties of ZM61alloy in different conditions are shown in Fig.10.Figure 10a shows the effect of heat treatment conditions on mechanical properties of extruded ZM61alloy.On one hand,it is noted that double aging could result in a signiﬁcantincrease in tensile and yield strength as compared with single aging.This is because large amount of G.P.zones,which could act as nuclei for b ’1precipitates,formed during the pre-aging at 90u C for 24h.Therefore,it results in ﬁner and more dispersed b ’1and b ’2precipitates in the second step aging at 180u C for 16h.On the other hand,it is interesting to note that there is no obvious difference in the strengths between T5and T6treated alloys,and the elongations of T5treated alloys are higher than T6treated alloys,as shown in Fig.10a .The strengths of the aged alloys are determined by the combined contributions of grain size reﬁnement strengthening and precipitation strengthening.As the precipitate size is ﬁner and the volume fraction and distribution is larger in the T6treated sample,the precipitation strengthening effect is stronger.However,the average grain size of T5treated alloys is much ﬁner than that of T6treated alloy due to high temperature solution treatment of T6treatment.Therefore,T5treatment can improve ductility without sacriﬁcinga T5(single aging);b T5(double aging);c T6(single aging);d T6(double aging)8Images (TEM)of ZM61alloy at different aging treatments conditionsQi et al.Effect of heat treatment on extruded ZM61magnesium alloyMaterials Science and Technology 2012VOL28NO121431strength over T6treatment due to additional grain size reﬁnement strengthening effect,although precipitation strengthening effect is marginally lower compared to T6treated samples.Figure 10b shows the effect of cooling methods after extrusion on the mechanical properties of extruded and subsequent heat treated alloys.There is no difference in strengths of extruded and subsequent heat treated ZM61alloys with different cooling methods including air cooling and water quenching.As mentioned above,magnesium alloys have high thermal diffusivity,high thermal conductivity and high efﬁciency of heat release,so the extruded and heat treated ZM61alloys with air cooling and water quenching have same microstructures observed under a scanning electron microscope.There-fore,there are no difference in strengths of extruded and subsequent heat treated ZM61alloys with air cooling and water quenching.ConclusionsThe effects of T5and T6heat treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of extruded Mg–6Zn–1Mn alloy have been investigated.The main conclusions can be summarised as follows.1.T5and T6treatments can markedly improve the strengths of extruded ZM61alloy,and T5treatment can improve ductility without sacrificing strength over T6treatment.The precipitates formed in T6treatment are finer and more dense than in T5treatment,resulting in stronger precipitation strengthening effect.However,the grain size of T5treated alloy is much finer compared to T6treated alloy.2.Scanning electron microscopy observation and tensile test reveal that different cooling methods after extrusion,such as air cooling and water quenching,have no obvious influence on microstructure and strengths of extruded and subsequent heat treated ZM61alloys.3.Mn element mainly exists as fine Mn phase particle,which are well dispersed in the matrix.Some rod-like b ’1precipitates nucleate on the Mn dispersoid particles.AcknowledgementsThis work was sponsored by the National Great Theoretic Research Project (grant no.2007CB613700),the National Science and Technology Support Project (grant no.2011BAE22B01-3),the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no.50725413),the International Cooperation Project (grant nos.2010DFR50010and 2008DFR50040),the Chongqing Science and Tech-nology Project (grant no.2010CSTC-HDLS)and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (grant no.CDJXS10132202).ReferencesD.Eliezer,E.Aghion andF.H.Froes:‘Magnesium science,technology and applications’,Adv.Perform.Mater.,1998,5,(3),201–212.X.Cao,M.Jahazi,J.P.Immarigeon and W.Wallace:‘A review of laser welding techniques for magnesium alloys’,J.Mater.Process.Technol.,2006,171,(2),188–204.9a high angle annular dark ﬁeld scanning TEM image ofZM61alloy after T6(double aging)and b corresponding EDS results of point A indicated in aa 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Metall.Mater.Trans.A,2008,39A,(9),2259–2273.L.Y.Wei,G.L.Dunlop and H.Westengen:‘Precipitation hardening of Mg–Zn and Mg–Zn–RE alloys’,Metall.Mater.Trans.A,1995,26A,(7),1705–1716.14.W.Unsworth:‘New magnesium alloy for automobile application’,Light.Met.Age.,1987,45,(7–8),10–13.J.H.Jun,J.M.Kim,B.K.Park,K.T.Kim and W.J.Jung:‘Effects of rare earth elements on microstructure and high temperature mechanical properties of ZC63alloy’,J.Mater.Sci., 2005,40,(9–10),2659–2661.D.-F.Zhang,G.-L.Shi,Q.-W.Dai,W.Yuan and H.-L.Duan:‘Microstructures and mechanical properties of high strength Mg–Zn–Mn alloy’,Trans.Nonferrous Met.Soc.,2008,18,(1),s59–s63.17.Q.-W.Dai,D.-F.Zhang,W.Yuan,G.-L.Shi and H.-L.Duan:‘Researches on extrusion,microstructure and mechanical proper-ties of new Mg–Zn–Mn alloy’,Cailiao Gongcheng,2008,4,38–42.S.S.Park,G.T.Bae,D.H.Kang,I.-H.Jung,K.S.Shin and N.J.Kim:‘Microstructure and tensile properties of twin-roll cast Mg–Zn–Mn–Al 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暖通中英文对照

AA-weighted sound pressure level A声级absolute humidity绝对湿度absolute roughness绝对粗糙度absorbate吸收质absorbent 吸收剂absorbent吸声材料absorber吸收器absorptance for solar radiation太阳辐射热吸收系数absorption equipment吸收装置absorption of gas and vapor气体吸收absorptiongrefrigerationg cycle吸收式制冷循环absorption-type refrigerating machine吸收式制冷机access door检查门acoustic absorptivity吸声系数actual density真密度actuating element执行机构actuator执行机构adaptive control system自适应控制系统additional factor for exterior door外门附加率additional factor for intermittent heating间歇附加率additional factor for wind force高度附加率additional heat loss风力附加率adiabatic humidification附加耗热量adiabatic humidiflcation绝热加湿adsorbate吸附质adsorbent吸附剂adsorber吸附装置adsorption equipment吸附装置adsorption of gas and vapor气体吸附aerodynamic noise空气动力噪声aerosol气溶胶air balance风量平衡air changes换气次数air channel风道air cleanliness空气洁净度air collector集气罐air conditioning空气调节air conditioning condition空调工况air conditioning equipment空气调节设备air conditioning machine room空气调节机房air conditioning system空气调节系统air conditioning system cooling load空气调节系统冷负荷air contaminant空气污染物air-cooled condenser风冷式冷凝器air cooler空气冷却器air curtain空气幕air cushion shock absorber空气弹簧隔振器air distribution气流组织air distributor空气分布器air-douche unit with water atomization喷雾风扇air duct风管、风道air filter空气过滤器air handling equipment空气调节设备air handling unit room空气调节机房air header集合管air humidity空气湿度air inlet风口air intake进风口air manifold集合管air opening风口air pollutant空气污染物air pollution大气污染air preheater空气预热器air return method回风方式air return mode回风方式air return through corridor走廊回风air space空气间层air supply method送风方式air supply mode送风方式air supply (suction) opening with slide plate插板式送（吸）风口air supply volume per unit area单位面积送风量air temperature空气温度air through tunnel地道风air-to-air total heat exchanger全热换热器air-to-cloth ratio气布比air velocity at work area作业地带空气流速air velocity at work place工作地点空气流速air vent放气阀air-water systen空气—水系统airborne particles大气尘air hater空气加热器airspace空气间层alarm signal报警信号ail-air system全空气系统all-water system全水系统allowed indoor fluctuation of temperature and relative humidity室内温湿度允许波动范围ambient noise环境噪声ammonia氨amplification factor of centrolled plant调节对象放大系数amplitude振幅anergy@angle of repose安息角ange of slide滑动角angle scale热湿比angle valve角阀annual [value]历年值annual coldest month历年最冷月annual hottest month历年最热月anticorrosive缓蚀剂antifreeze agent防冻剂antifreeze agent防冻剂apparatus dew point机器露点apparent density堆积密度aqua-ammonia absorptiontype-refrigerating machine氨—水吸收式制冷机aspiationpsychrometer通风温湿度计Assmann aspiration psychrometer通风温湿度计atmospheric condenser淋激式冷凝器atmospheric diffusion大气扩散atmospheric dust大气尘atmospheric pollution大气污染atmospheric pressure大气压力（atmospheric stability大气稳定度atmospheric transparency大气透明度atmospheric turblence大气湍流automatic control自动控制automatic roll filter自动卷绕式过滤器automatic vent自动放气阀available pressure资用压力average daily sol-air temperature日平均综合温度axial fan轴流式通风机azeotropic mixture refrigerant共沸溶液制冷剂Bback-flow preventer防回流装置back pressure of steam trap凝结水背压力back pressure return余压回水background noise背景噪声back plate挡风板bag filler袋式除尘器baghouse袋式除尘器barometric pressure大气压力basic heat loss基本耗热量hendmuffler消声弯头bimetallic thermometer双金属温度计black globe temperature黑球温度blow off pipe排污管blowdown排污管boiler锅炉boiller house锅炉房boiler plant锅炉房boiler room锅炉房booster加压泵branch支管branch duct(通风) 支管branch pipe支管building envelope围护结构building flow zones建筑气流区building heating entry热力入口bulk density堆积密度bushing补心butterfly damper蝶阀by-pass damper空气加热器〕旁通阀by-pass pipe旁通管Ccanopy hood 伞形罩capillary tube毛细管capture velocity控制风速capture velocity外部吸气罩capturing hood 卡诺循环Carnot cycle串级调节系统cascade control system铸铁散热器cast iron radiator催化燃烧catalytic oxidation 催化燃烧ceilling fan吊扇ceiling panelheating顶棚辐射采暖center frequency中心频率central air conditionint system 集中式空气调节系统central heating集中采暖central ventilation system新风系统centralized control集中控制centrifugal compressor离心式压缩机entrifugal fan离心式通风机check damper(通风〕止回阀check valve止回阀chilled water冷水chilled water system with primary-secondary pumps一、二次泵冷水系统chimney(排气〕烟囱circuit环路circulating fan风扇circulating pipe循环管circulating pump循环泵clean room洁净室cleaning hole清扫孔cleaning vacuum plant真空吸尘装置cleanout opening清扫孔clogging capacity容尘量close nipple长丝closed booth大容积密闭罩closed full flow return闭式满管回水closed loop control闭环控制closed return闭式回水closed shell and tube condenser卧式壳管式冷凝器closed shell and tube evaporator卧式壳管式蒸发器closed tank闭式水箱coefficient of accumulation of heat蓄热系数coefficient of atmospheric transpareney大气透明度coefficient of effective heat emission散热量有效系数coficient of effective heat emission传热系数coefficient of locall resistance局部阻力系数coefficient of thermal storage蓄热系数coefficient of vapor蒸汽渗透系数coefficient of vapor蒸汽渗透系数coil盘管collection efficiency除尘效率combustion of gas and vapor气体燃烧comfort air conditioning舒适性空气调节common section共同段compensator补偿器components(通风〕部件compression压缩compression-type refrigerating machine压缩式制冷机compression-type refrigerating system压缩式制冷系统compression-type refrigeration压缩式制冷compression-type refrigeration cycle压缩式制冷循环compression-type water chiller压缩式冷水机组concentratcd heating集中采暖concentration of narmful substance有害物质浓度condensate drain pan凝结水盘condensate pipe凝结水管condensate pump凝缩水泵condensate tank凝结水箱condensation冷凝condensation of vapor气体冷凝condenser冷凝器condensing pressure冷凝压力condensing temperature冷凝温度condensing unit压缩冷凝机组conditioned space空气调节房间conditioned zone空气调节区conical cowl锥形风帽constant humidity system恒湿系统constant temperature and humidity system恒温恒湿系统constant temperature system 恒温系统constant value control 定值调节constant volume air conditioning system定风量空气调节系统continuous dust dislodging连续除灰continuous dust dislodging连续除灰continuous heating连续采暖contour zone稳定气流区control device控制装置control panel控制屏control valve调节阀control velocity控制风速controlled natural ventilation有组织自然通风controlled plant调节对象controlled variable被控参数controller调节器convection heating对流采暖convector对流散热器cooling降温、冷却（、）cooling air curtain冷风幕cooling coil冷盘管cooling coil section冷却段cooling load from heat传热冷负荷cooling load from outdoor air新风冷负荷cooling load from ventilation新风冷负荷cooling load temperature冷负荷温度cooling system降温系统cooling tower冷却塔cooling unit冷风机组cooling water冷却水correcting element调节机构correcting unit执行器correction factor for orientaion朝向修正率corrosion inhibitor缓蚀剂coupling管接头cowl伞形风帽criteria for noise control cross噪声控频标准cross fan四通crross-flow fan贯流式通风机cross-ventilation穿堂风cut diameter分割粒径cyclone旋风除尘器cyclone dust separator旋风除尘器cylindrical ventilator筒形风帽Ddaily range日较差damping factot衰减倍数data scaning巡回检测days of heating period采暖期天数deafener消声器decibel(dB)分贝degree-days of heating period采暖期度日数degree of subcooling过冷度degree of superheat过热度dehumidification减湿dehumidifying cooling减湿冷却density of dust particle真密度derivative time微分时间design conditions计算参数desorption解吸detecting element检测元件detention period延迟时间deviation偏差dew-point temperature露点温度dimond-shaped damper菱形叶片调节阀differential pressure type flowmeter差压流量计diffuser air supply散流器diffuser air supply散流器送风direct air conditioning system 直流式空气调节系统direct combustion 直接燃烧direct-contact heat exchanger 汽水混合式换热器direct digital control (DDC) system 直接数字控制系统direct evaporator 直接式蒸发器direct-fired lithiumbromide absorption-type refrigerating machine 直燃式溴化锂吸收式制冷机direct refrigerating system 直接制冷系统direct return system 异程式系统direct solar radiation 太阳直接辐射discharge pressure 排气压力discharge temperature 排气温度dispersion 大气扩散district heat supply 区域供热district heating 区域供热disturbance frequency 扰动频率dominant wind direction 最多风向double-effect lithium-bromide absorption-type refigerating machine 双效溴化锂吸收式制冷机double pipe condenser 套管式冷凝器down draft 倒灌downfeed system 上分式系统downstream spray pattern 顺喷drain pipe 泄水管drain pipe 排污管droplet 液滴drv air 干空气dry-and-wet-bulb thermometer 干湿球温度表dry-bulb temperature 干球温度dry cooling condition 干工况dry dust separator 干式除尘器dry expansion evaporator 干式蒸发器dry return pipe 干式凝结水管dry steam humidifler干蒸汽加湿器dualductairconingition双风管空气调节系统dual duct system 双风管空气调节系统duct 风管、风道dust 粉尘dust capacity 容尘量dust collector 除尘器dust concentration 含尘浓度dust control 除尘dust-holding capacity 容尘量dust removal 除尘dust removing system 除尘系统dust sampler 粉尘采样仪dust sampling meter 粉尘采样仪dust separation 除尘dust separator 除尘器dust source 尘源dynamic deviation动态偏差Eeconomic resistance of heat transfer经济传热阻economic velocity经济流速efective coefficient of local resistance折算局部阻力系数effective legth折算长度effective stack height烟囱有效高度effective temperature difference送风温差ejector喷射器ejetor弯头elbow电加热器electric heater电加热段electric panel heating电热辐射采暖electric precipitator电除尘器electricradiantheating电热辐射采暖electricresistancehu-midkfier电阻式加湿器electro-pneumatic convertor电—气转换器electrode humidifler电极式加湿器electrostatic precipi-tator电除尘器eliminator挡水板emergency ventilation事故通风emergency ventilation system事故通风系统emission concentration排放浓度enclosed hood密闭罩enthalpy焓enthalpy control system新风〕焓值控制系统enthalpy entropy chart焓熵图entirely ventilation全面通风entropy熵environmental noise环境噪声equal percentage flow characteristic等百分比流量特性equivalent coefficient of local resistance当量局部阻力系数equivalent length当量长度equivalent[continuous A] sound level等效〔连续A〕声级evaporating pressure蒸发压力evaporating temperature蒸发温度evaporative condenser蒸发式冷凝器evaporator蒸发器excess heat余热excess pressure余压excessive heat 余热cxergy@exhaust air rate排风量exhaust fan排风机exhaust fan room排风机室exhaust hood局部排风罩exhaust inlet吸风口exhaust opening吸风口exhaust opening orinlet风口exhaust outlet排风口exaust vertical pipe排气〕烟囱exhausted enclosure密闭罩exit排风口expansion膨胀expansion pipe膨胀管explosion proofing防爆expansion steam trap恒温式疏水器expansion tank膨胀水箱extreme maximum temperature极端最高温度extreme minimum temperature极端最低温度Ffabric collector袋式除尘器face tube皮托管face velocity罩口风速fan通风机fan-coil air-conditioning system风机盘管空气调节系统fan-coil system风机盘管空气调节系统fan-coil unit风机盘管机组fan house通风机室fan room通风机室fan section风机段feed-forward control前馈控制feedback反馈feeding branch tlo radiator散热器供热支管fibrous dust纤维性粉尘fillter cylinder for sampling滤筒采样管fillter efficiency过滤效率fillter section过滤段filltration velocity过滤速度final resistance of filter过滤器终阻力fire damper防火阀fire prevention防火fire protection防火fire-resisting damper防火阀fittings(通风〕配件fixed set-point control定值调节fixed support固定支架fixed time temperature (humidity)定时温（湿）度flame combustion热力燃烧flash gas闪发气体flash steam二次蒸汽flexible duct软管flexible joint柔性接头float type steam trap浮球式疏水器float valve浮球阀floating control无定位调节flooded evaporator满液式蒸发器floor panel heating地板辐射采暖flow capacity of control valve调节阀流通能力flow characteristic of control valve调节阀流量特性foam dust separator泡沫除尘器follow-up control system随动系统forced ventilation机械通风forward flow zone射流区foul gas不凝性气体four-pipe water system四管制水系统fractional separation efficiency分级除尘效率free jet自由射流free sillica游离二氧化硅free silicon dioxide游离二氧化硅freon氟利昂frequency interval频程frequency of wind direction风向频率fresh air handling unit新风机组resh air requirement新风量friction factor摩擦系数friction loss摩擦阻力frictional resistance摩擦阻力fume烟〔雾〕fumehood排风柜fumes烟气Ggas-fired infrared heating 煤气红外线辐射采暖gas-fired unit heater 燃气热风器gas purger不凝性气体分离器gate valve 闸阀general air change 全面通风general exhaust ventilation (GEV) 全面排风general ventilation 全面通风generator 发生器global radiation总辐射grade efficiency分级除尘效率granular bed filter颗粒层除尘器granulometric distribution粒径分布gravel bed filter颗粒层除尘器gravity separator沉降室ground-level concentration落地浓度guide vane导流板Hhair hygrometor毛发湿度计hand pump手摇泵harmful gas andvapo有害气体harmful substance有害物质header分水器、集水器（、）heat and moisture热湿交换transfer热平衡heat conduction coefficient导热系数heat conductivity导热系数heat distributing network热网heat emitter散热器heat endurance热稳定性heat exchanger换热器heat flowmeter热流计heat flow rate热流量heat gain from lighting设备散热量heat gain from lighting照明散热量heat gain from occupant人体散热量heat insulating window保温窗heat(thermal)insuation隔热heat(thermal)lag延迟时间heat loss耗热量heat loss by infiltration冷风渗透耗热量heat-operated refrigerating system热力制冷系统heat-operated refrigetation热力制冷heat pipe热管heat pump热泵heat pump air conditioner热泵式空气调节器heat release散热量heat resistance热阻heat screen隔热屏heat shield隔热屏heat source热源heat storage蓄热heat storage capacity蓄热特性heat supply供热heat supply network热网heat transfer传热heat transmission传热heat wheel转轮式换热器heated thermometer anemometer热风速仪heating采暖、供热、加热（、、）heating appliance采暖设备heating coil热盘管heating coil section加热段heating equipment采暖设备heating load热负荷heating medium热媒heating medium parameter热媒参数heating pipeline采暖管道heating system采暖系统heavy work重作业high-frequency noise高频噪声high-pressure ho twater heating高温热水采暖high-pressure steam heating高压蒸汽采暖high temperature water heating高温热水采暖hood局部排风罩horizontal water-film syclonet卧式旋风水膜除尘器hot air heating热风采暖hot air heating system热风采暖系统hot shop热车间hot water boiler热水锅炉hot water heating热水采暖hot water system热水采暖系统hot water pipe热水管hot workshop热车间hourly cooling load逐时冷负荷hourly sol-air temperature逐时综合温度humidification加湿humidifier加湿器humididier section加湿段humidistat恒湿器humidity ratio含湿量hydraulic calculation水力计算hydraulic disordeer水力失调hydraulic dust removal水力除尘hydraulic resistance balance阻力平衡hydraulicity水硬性hydrophilic dust亲水性粉尘hydrophobic dust疏水性粉尘Iimpact dust collector冲激式除尘器impact tube皮托管impedance muffler阻抗复合消声器inclined damper斜插板阀index circuit最不利环路indec of thermal inertia (valueD)热惰性指标（D值）indirect heat exchanger表面式换热器indirect refrigerating sys间接制冷系统indoor air design conditions室内在气计算参数indoor air velocity室内空气流速indoor and outdoor design conditions室内外计算参数indoor reference for air temperature and relative humidity室内温湿度基数indoor temperature (humidity)室内温（湿）度induction air-conditioning system诱导式空气调节系统induction unit诱导器inductive ventilation诱导通风industral air conditioning工艺性空气调节industrial ventilation工业通风inertial dust separator惯性除尘器infiltration heat loss冷风渗透耗热量infrared humidifier红外线加湿器infrared radiant heater红外线辐射器inherent regulation of controlled plant调节对象自平衡initial concentration of dust初始浓度initial resistance of filter过滤器初阻力imput variable输入量insulating layer保温层integral enclosure整体密闭罩integral time积分时间interlock protection联锁保护intermittent dust removal定期除灰intermittent heating间歇采暖inversion layer逆温层inverted bucket type steam trap倒吊桶式疏水器irradiance辐射照度isoenthalpy等焓线isobume等湿线isolator隔振器isotherm等温线isothermal humidification等温加湿isothermal jet等温射流Jjet射流jet axial velocity射流轴心速度jet divergence angle射流扩散角jet in a confined space受限射流Kkatathermometer卡他温度计Llaboratory hood排风柜lag of controlled plant调节对象滞后large space enclosure大容积密闭罩latent heat潜热lateral exhaust at the edge of a bath槽边排风罩lateral hoodlength of pipe section侧吸罩length of pipe section管段长度light work轻作业limit deflection极限压缩量limit switch限位开关limiting velocity极限流速linear flow characteristic线性流量特性liquid-level gage液位计liquid receiver贮液器lithium bromide溴化锂lithium-bromide absorption-type refrigerating machine溴化锂吸收式制冷机lithium chloride resistance hygrometer氯化锂电阻湿度计load pattern负荷特性local air conditioning局部区域空气调节local air suppiy system局部送风系统local exhaustventilation (LEV)局部排风local exhaust system局部排风系统local heating局部采暖local relief局部送风local relief system局部送风系统local resistance局部。

eCTD 文件的编写与递交

eCTD 介绍eCTD Template
The ICH Web site (/eCTD) includes an empty eCTD folder template as an example of an eCTD submission folder structure. It shows all of the possible Module 2-5 and can be populated with the applicant data and edited as appropriate (i.e., adding additional subfolders or removing unnecessary folders). The applicant should still add the relevant regional Module 1 folders and content, add the appropriate utility folders and content, and create the XML index files to complete a valid eCTD submission.
Application-set Element

Application-information Element
Application-number element <application-number application-type="fdaat1 ">456789</application-number> Cross-reference-application-number element … <application-number application-type="fdaat1">456789</application-number> <cross-reference-application-number application-type="fdaat5">012345</crossreference-application-number>

2025届安徽省宣城市八校高三二诊模拟考试英语试卷含解析

2025届安徽省宣城市八校高三二诊模拟考试英语试卷考生请注意：1．答题前请将考场、试室号、座位号、考生号、姓名写在试卷密封线内，不得在试卷上作任何标记。

2．第一部分选择题每小题选出答案后，需将答案写在试卷指定的括号内，第二部分非选择题答案写在试卷题目指定的位置上。

3．考生必须保证答题卡的整洁。

考试结束后，请将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．A firm from New Zealand has revealed a set of robotic legs which they claim will soon allow ________wheelchair-bound people to walk again.A．extremely B．previously C．actually D．eventually2．________Wuhu with Shanghai, to be frank, and you'll find it's more convenient to live in the former.A．To compare B．ComparingC．Compare D．Compared3．You have a big mouth,Tom. You have told everybody the secret.A．shouldn’t B．mustn’t C．can’t D．mightn’t4．The news came as no surprise to me. I ______ for some time that the factory was going to shut down.A．had known B．knewC．have known D．know5．Please ________ your ashes before it fails on the carpet.A．cut off B．knock offC．get off D．drop off6．The old road is indeed less direct and a bit longer. We won’t take the new one, _______, as we don’t feel safe on it. A．somehow B．otherwise C．therefore D．though7．The bus would not have run into the river ________ for the bad tempered lady.A．if it were not B．had it not beenC．if it would not be D．should it not be8．James Smith and his girlfriend went to Chenyi Square to celebrate the New Y ear, never _________.A．returned B．to returnC．returning D．having returned9．I ______ have worried before I came to the new school, for my classmates here are very friendly to me. A．mightn’t B．mustn’tC．needn’t D．couldn’t10．—I was informed that you won the lottery?—Are you kidding? Maybe I will win a lottery when______.A．you cry for the moon B．pigs flyC．all good things come to an end D．you get a new lease on life11．—I'm going to order chicken and salad．What about you?—.I'll have the same.A．I'm afraid not B．It's up to youC．That sounds good to me．D．That depends12．—Alice, why aren’t you at work today?—I a day off．A．have given B．have been given C．gave D．was given13．for years of hard training, she would not be standing on the stage, receiving huge cheers and applause. A．It were not B．It had not beenC．Were it not D．Had it not been.14．—I got beaten in the first round in the contest. I am feeling depressed.—Cheer up! You have to ________ yourself ________ to have the last laugh.A．open; up B．pick; up C．knock; up D．do; up15．—Shall we turn to the boss for a longer holiday?—He’ll probably say no, ________ it’s worth asking.A．so B．whileC．unless D．though16．________ work and creative activities have been important drivers of human progress is deeply rooted in our social values.A．How B．WhetherC．That D．Why17．In the forest, sound is the best means of communication over distance ________ in comparison with light, it won't be blocked by trees when travelling.A．while B．becauseC．when D．though18．After _______ had happened he could not continue to work there.A．which B．howC．what D．having19．It is usually thought a little child says is truth.A．What that B．that what C．which D．that20．Although values may be ____, it’s helpful to share them with your partner for additional support.A．terminal B．personalC．crucial D．practical第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

effects of alloying elements

but to a lesser degree than does carbon; the amount of increase depends on the carbon content. Manganese has a strong effect on increasing the hardenability of a steel. Manganese has less of a tendency toward macrosegregation than any of the common elements. Steels with more than 0.60% Mn cannot be readily rimmed. Manganese is beneficial to surface quality in all carbon ranges (with the exception of extremely low-carbon rimmed steels.
Mechanical Properties of Carbon and Alloy Steels
q q q q
Introduction -> Effects of Alloying Elements Effects of Residual Elements Properties of Carbon and Alloy Steels
Manganese is normally present in all commercial steels. It is important in the manufacture of steel because it deoxidizes the
melt and facilitates hot working of the steel by reducing the susceptibility to hot shortness. Manganese also combines with sulfur to form manganese sulfide stringers, which improve the machinability of steel. It contributes to strength and hardness,

制冷空调专业英语

coefficient of effective heat emission||散热量有效系数
coficient of effective heat emission||传热系数
coefficient of locall resistance||局部阻力系数
coefficient of thermal storage||蓄热系数
air conditioning machine room||空气调节机房
air conditioning system||空气调节系统
air conditioning system cooling load||空气调节系统冷负荷
air contaminant||空气污染物
air-cooled condenser||风冷式冷凝器
air manifold||集合管
air opening||风口
air pollutant||空气污染物
air pollution||大气污染
air preheater||空气预热器
air return method||回风方式
air return mode||回风方式
air return through corridor||走廊回风
center frequency||中心频率
central air conditionint system ||集中式空气调节系统
central heating||集中采暖
central ventilation system||新风系统
centralized control||集中控制
centrifugal compressor||离心式压缩机
closed shell and tube condenser||卧式壳管式冷凝器

Alloying Effects

Alloying and Its Effects on the Critical Temperature,Hardness and Tensile StrengthAlloying elements have significant effecton the iron-iron carbide equilibriumdiagram. The addition of some of these alloying elements will widen the temperature range through whichaustenite (y -iron) is stable while otherelements will constrict the temperaturerange. What this means is that someelements will raise and some elementswill lower the critical temperature of steel.Manganese, cobalt, and nickel increasethe temperature range through whichaustenite is stable. This also means thatthe lower critical temperature of steel willbe lowered by these alloying elements.Other alloying elements that lower thecritical temperature of steel are carbon, copper and zinc. The alloying elements that are used to reduce the critical temperature are highly soluble in thegamma iron (austenite). Figure 1 shows theeffect of manganese on the critical temperatureof steel.Figure 1. The effect of alloying with manganese on the critical temperature of steel and austenite (γ-iron) phase transformation zone on the iron-iron carbide diagram. Alloys such as aluminum, chromium,molybdenum, phosphorus, silicon, tungsten tendto form solid solutions with alpha iron (ferrite).This constricts the temperature region throughwhich gamma iron (austenite) is stable. Asshown in Figure 2, chromium at differentpercentages constricts the critical temperaturerange which results in a marked reduction of theregion where austenite is stable.The elements shown in Figure 3 have thegreatest solubility in ferrite and also influence the harden-ability of iron when in the presence of carbon. With a slight increase in the carbon content, they respond markedly to heat treating,because carbon acts as a ferrite strengthener. As indicated in Figure 3, Phosphorus will improve the hardness of the ferrite significantly by adding only a very small percentage of Phosphorus, while Chromium will not strengthen the ferrite that well even at very high percentage of Chromium addition to the steelFigure 2. Effect of alloying with chromium on the critical temperature of steel and austenite (γ-iron) phase transformation zone on the iron-iron carbide diagram.Figure 4 shows the effect offurnace cooling vs. air coolingon the tensile strength of steelfor three different percentagesof carbon in the presence ofchromium. As this figureindicates, furnace cooling hasvery little effect on the tensilestrength of the material.Figure 3. The effect of various alloying elements on the hardness of steel.Figure 4. Effect of different percentages of carbon on the tensile strength of steel in the presence of chromium. The addition of chromium doesnot change the tensile strengthproperties when the steel iscooled in the furnace. If thesame steels are air cooled at thesame rate, the slope of thecurves increases significantlywhich means that a slightincrease in the chromiumcontent increases the strengthdrastically when air-cooling isapplied.。

碳素氧化放热量英文

碳素氧化放热量英文Carbon Oxidation and Its Heat Release.Carbon, a fundamental element in the periodic table, plays a pivotal role in various chemical reactions, one of which is oxidation. Oxidation, simply put, is the loss of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion. When carbon oxidizes, it typically reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide, depending on the conditions and the availability of oxygen. This process is accompanied by the release of heat.Carbon Oxidation Processes.1. Combustion of Carbon to Carbon Dioxide:Carbon combustion is a common example of carbon oxidation, occurring when carbon reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide. This reaction is exothermic, meaning it releases heat. The balanced chemical equation for thisreaction is:C(s) + O₂(g) → CO₂(g) + ΔH.where ΔH represents the heat released during the reaction. The actual amount of heat released depends on the mass of carbon involved in the reaction and the specific conditions under which it occurs.2. Incomplete Combustion to Carbon Monoxide:If there is a limited supply of oxygen during the combustion process, carbon can react to form carbon monoxide instead of carbon dioxide. This reaction is also exothermic, but it releases less heat than the complete combustion of carbon to carbon dioxide. The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is:2C(s) + O₂(g) → 2CO(g) + ΔH'。

福特项目节点名词解释

GPDS Milestone Description<MR>ManagementReview AlignmentManagement Review (<MR>) presents and secures cross-functional SeniorManagement alignment regarding the Program's fundamentalBusiness/Marketing/Technical assumptions (including initial content, scale,timing, investment, etc.) and agreement on the Program's role in supporting keycorporate strategic/business needs (e.g. role in portfolio, vision, etc.).Remaining key issues & workplans are to be resolved prior to <PS> andagreement on any additional alternative studies to be conducted between <MR>& <PS>.<PS>Program Start The focus of <PS> is to further refine output of the MR Review into a prime strategy that defines the starting point for the Program (e.g. program assumptions, financial targets/status, product vision, manufacturing strategy, etc) This task is the responsibility of a small cross-functional team taking into account customer, business, technical and manufacturing perspectives.<PSC>Program StrategyConfirmedComplete 1st Engineering Concepts, Attachment C's and AttributeSystem Requirements (Attachment D's) to provide multiple sets offeasible hardware concepts for System Selection. Review Attachment C'sto agree on Prime Alternative and Targets. Study hardware alternativesfor the product concept and prepare Program Direction Letter (PDL) andBill of Material (BOM) for <PSC>. All manufacturing long- leadfunding (if required) is requested at this time.<PTCC>Program TargetCompatibilityCheckpointAll system/subsystems are selected & reconfirmed as compatible withQCWF targets and the Bill of Process (BOP). The major Marketingtargets & attributes are confirmed and work continues in preparation for<PTC> (Program Target Compatibility). For commodities with SupplierEngineering- On-Board (EOB) date at <PTCC> (per Key CommodityPlan) Sourcing Agreement Letters (SAL's) are signed.<PTC>Program TargetCompatibilityThe focus of <PTC> is to use the output from the target alignmentsystem selection and further refine programs targets. This task is theresponsibility of a small cross-functional team taking into accountcustomer, business, technical and manufacturing perspectives.<PA>Program Approval At <PA/AA2> ABS, QCWF targets and market equation are confirmed compatible and become objectives, Commercial and Program Agreements are signed, program objectives are approved, preliminary activities for mass production are initiated, the second of three Appearance Approval Process events (AA2) is completed, the final Interior / Exterior design is approved, the design data is released, and the Upper Body V2 activities are completed.<FDJ>Final Data Judgment At <FDJ> all engineering designs are completed, and data readiness for VP prototype tooling, build, test and production tooling is judged by Senior Engineering Management based on verification/validation during Upper Body V0/V1/V2 and <M-1DC> results.Vehicle Milestone Names and Descriptions GPDS Milestone Names<VP>VerificationPrototypeThe VP builds are production intent for all Underbody and Upper Bodycontent, including UP electrical, and P/T calibration. The VP ProgramPDL (Feature/Options Summary) is defined at <PTC>. The VP Prototypecontent is defined to efficiently satisfy specific DV test requirements.The VP Digital Pre-Assembly (DPA) prototype variants are aligned tophysical builds. DPA ensures vehicle compatibility and designcompleteness. A VP Electrical Engineering Breadboard build is required,and the Electrical Design Completion timing is identified on programVPP. GPDS v2.2 maximizes production / hard tooling for the VP andlater builds phases.<PEC>PreliminaryEngineeringCompletionThe Preliminary Engineering Completion (PEC) event includes all the documentationand signatory elements described within FAP 03-201. Preliminary EngineeringCompletion is an engineering gateway where Senior Engineering Management assessesthe status of Program versus attribute and financial objectives. The intent of PEC is toidentify shortfalls to objectives and to confirm work plans are in place to successfullyachieve Final Engineering Completion (FEC). Success criteria are described in FAP 03-201.<FEC>Final EngineeringCompletionAt <FEC> Final Engineering Completion is authorized by SeniorManagement based upon the successful completion of all designvalidation testing and confirmation of no major open issues/risks.<LR>Launch Readiness At <LR> all Verification Prototype (VP) issues are resolved, all cross-functional activities' readiness to proceed to Body Construction / Assembly Tooling Trial is confirmed, and final approval to proceed to Tooling Trial is obtained.<LS>Launch Sign-off Pilot Production (PP) Approval is the approval to proceed to the PP build. Approval is obtained at the Launch Sign-Off Meeting, in which the following should occur: determine the readiness of internal & external tooling/equipment and operator training etc. for each relevant department; forecast the achievement level of quality targets; and Confirm and provide External Supplier APQP/PPAP Readiness –Element Summary Report (Schedule B). All data previously stated is required to proceed to PP.<J1>Job #1The physical product / process functional evaluation is conducted; homologation /self certification (excluding US Emissions) is performed, body & vehicle pilot production (PP) is completed, and approval to proceed to MP1 is obtained.<OKTB>Okay To Buy Okay-To-Buy confirms MP2 quality confirmation results, & vehicle static/drive evaluations. The Okay-To-Buy meeting is held at the Assembly Plant. The meeting should be held around the product with a follow up discussion of the measurables from the Okay-to-Buy scorecard. The discussion of the measurables will be given by the responsible launch team/assembly plant members who will present the recommendations and the decision/facts that are reported on the Okay-to-Buy scorecard.Prototype Builds Final Status ReportAn initial summary is prepared after MP (Mass Production) team events. The ProgramManagement team confirms program objective achievement status, identifies countermeasures, documents final results/lessons learned (financials, sales & market share,quality surveys, campaigns, field actions, etc.) and obtains approval for the final report.DescriptionPrototype BuildsFC0FeasibilityCheckpoint 0The Studio Feasibility Process is a subset of GPDS deliverables and astep by step guide for Design & surface development. Prior to <FC0>,Annual Process and Advanced (pre PS) activities are taking place tosupport the initial program assumptions. At FC0, only a small team ofdesigners and engineers are working on the project to establish a set ofhigh level program assumptions. Resulting from the outputs of pre PSactivities, at <FC0> the Concept Design is decided.FC1FeasibilityCheckpoint 1The Studio Feasibility Process is a subset of GPDS deliverables and astep by step guide for Design & surface development. At FC1,Functional Engineering and Design Studio completes benchmarking.Additionally, mechanical & occupant package parameters are beingestablished. The Studio Design Theme alternatives are evaluated againstprogram assumptions and attribute strategies. Representations of selectedStudio Design Theme alternatives are prepared to support the plannedPackage & Concept Clinic.FC2FeasibilityCheckpoint 2The Studio Feasibility Process is a subset of GPDS deliverables and astep by step guide for Design & surface development. At FC2, the threeStudio Design alternatives are matured along with the programassumptions. Functional Engineering completes Attachment C/Dreconciliation allowing provisional upper body system selection. StudioDesign Theme alternatives are assessed to attribute target ranges.FC3FeasibilityCheckpoint 3The Studio Feasibility Process is a subset of GPDS deliverables and astep by step guide for Design & surface development. At FC3, the threeStudio Design alternatives are matured and further refined until Themesare narrowed down to 2 with Character Feasibility completed (+/-10mmto +/-20mm).FC4FeasibilityCheckpoint 4The Studio Feasibility Process is a subset of GPDS deliverables and a step by step guidefor Design & surface development. At FC4, along with the results from the Theme &Package Clinic, the Studio Design Theme is evaluated against program assumptions andattribute point targets. Cost checkpoint to collect supplier data has been added forversion 2.2.FC5FeasibilityCheckpoint 5The Studio Feasibility Process is a subset of GPDS deliverables and a step by step guidefor Design & surface development. From FC4 to FC5, the Single Design Theme isfurther refined with additional feasibility inputs incorporated. Preliminary upper bodygeometry is available for program team evaluation. Exterior and interior math surfacedata reflecting Design intent is provided to the program team. FC5 represents the end ofDesign led change.AA1AppearanceApproval 1At <AA1> the first of three Appearance Approval Process events iscompleted, approval for Interior and Exterior Design feasible surfaces isobtained, and the transfer of production intent surfaces and the start ofUpper Body V2 activities is initiated.AA2AppearanceApproval 2From AA1 to AA2, all surface data files are released from the DesignStudio to the program team. Digital Pre Assembly activity continues.AA1 marks the beginning of surface release. <AA2> represents the endof surface release. Releases are phased depending on part ranking.FAA Final AppearanceApprovalAt <FAA> the final event in the Appearance Approval process iscompleted, Interior / Exterior surface final refinements and highlights areapproved, and supporting design data is updated.DescriptionX-1X-1 Prototype First Drivable X-1 Prototype Vehicle build is completed and ready to be delivered to the customer.M-1M-1 Prototype First Drivable M-1 Prototype Vehicle build is completed and ready to be delivered to the customer. M-1 vehicles are used to verify key specifications in the Under Body area.DescriptionUNV0Underbody V0DevelopmentDuring this phase engineers collect information and develop Under Bodybase mechanical package work plan. Information includes: <PSC>program paper, pre-V0 mechanical package data, 1st engineeringconcept, Attachment C and preliminary vehicle & system attribute targetranges (Attachment D), and then develop mechanical package work plan.UNV1Underbody V1DevelopmentDuring this phase engineers update the Underbody V1 Geometric 2D/3Dprogram intent CAD data, non-geometric data, and engineering databased upon latest 3D data, digital pre-assembly reviews,system/component CAE assessments, Campaign Prevention actions andVO resolution actions.UNV2Underbody V2DevelopmentDuring this phase engineers confirm and refine V2 UnderbodySystem/Component designs and Mechanical Package to achieve allapplicable vehicle level engineering requirements and PMT targets. ForAgreed Exception ‘Long Lead’ tools, tool order may be placed prior toUNV2 and rough cutting of tools may start at the completion of UNV2(not before).M-1DJ M-1 Data Judgment At M1-DJ all Underbody engineering designs are completed, and the data is ready for release for M1 prototype tooling, build and test. Final cutting of tools may start at the completion of M1DJ (not before). The goal is to complete supplier testing by M-1 MRD. On an exception basis for agreed ‘long lead’ parts some aspects of component testing may be allowed to complete post MRD provided the integrity of the vehicle build and test plan is not judged to be compromised. Each commodity team must define the critical component testing which must be completed prior to M1 MRD and get signed off as part of the M1DJ sign-offUPV0Upperbody V0DevelopmentDuring this phase engineers collect information and develop Upper Bodybase mechanical package work plan. Information includes: <PSC>program paper, pre-V0 mechanical package data, 1st engineeringconcept, Attachment C and preliminary vehicle & system attribute targetranges (Attachment D), and then develop mechanical package work plan.Prototype Builds Engineering GatewaysUPV1Upperbody V1DevelopmentDuring this phase engineers update the Upperbody V1 Geometric 2D/3Dprogram intent CAD data, non-geometric data, and engineering databased upon latest 3D data, digital pre-assembly reviews,system/component CAE assessments, Campaign Prevention actions andVO resolution actions.UPV2Upperbody V2DevelopmentDuring this phase engineers confirm and refine V2 UpperbodySystem/Component designs and Mechanical Package to achieve allapplicable vehicle level engineering requirements and PMT targets. ForAgreed Exception ‘Long Lead’ tools, tool order may be placed prior toUPV2 and rough cutting of tools may start at the completion of UPV2(not before).M-1DC M-1 DevelopmentCompleteCompile the <M-1DC> Engineering Sign Off Report (targetdemonstration versus status). All Program risks for Quality, Cost,Weight, & Functional Targets assessed and countermeasures developed.Identify and select the M-1 Drive Vehicle. Prepare M-1 Drive Vehicleand schedule the M-1 SME Drive. Conduct the attribute characterizationof the M-1 Drive Vehicle. Develop work plan and countermeasures toclose issues identified during <M-1DC> testing and M-1 Drive VehiclePreparation.DescriptionTT Tooling Trial –Build StartThe Tooling Trial (TT) Vehicles Built per Pre-Launch Control Plan is abuild conducted at the production location utilizing production tooling,process, and hard-tooled production parts at the required PPAP level(LQOS Standard G06). The build is conducted per the Pre-ProductionControl Plan to verify capability of assembly production tools,equipment, facilities & processes to ensure readiness for Pilot Production(PP).PP Pilot Production –Build StartThe readiness and the ability to proceed for Pilot Production is assessed,the start of Pilot Production is authorized, the MP1 readiness isreviewed, and Pre-production builds are conducted to verify thecapability of the production tools, equipment, facilities, systems andprocesses with hard-tooled production parts.MP1Mass Production 1MP1 Vehicles Built per Production Control Plan is a build verifying the compatibility of production process, facilities, and tooling with material at the required PPAP level (LQOS Standard G06). MP1 Build Review Meeting, in which the following should occur: confirm the readiness of internal & external tooling/equipment and operator training etc. for each relevant department is complete; confirm the achievement level of quality to targets Confirm and provide External Supplier APQP/PPAP Readiness –Element Summary Report (Schedule B). All data previously stated is required to proceed to MP2.MP2Mass Production 2MP2 Vehicles Built to Production Control Plan is a build verifying the compatibility of production process, facilities, and tooling with material at the required PPAP level (Standard G06).Assembly Plant Build Starts。

P3210HEATTRANSFERBENCHINCLUDINGCROSS…p3210传热台包括交叉…

HEAT TRANSFER EQUIPMENTP3210 HEAT TRANSFER BENCH INCLUDING CROSS FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER[1] Determines the relationship between Nusselt’s and Reynold’s numbers applied to a single heated tube positioned transversely to a stream of air.[2] Determines the effect of change of diameter on the heat transfer coefficient to a single tube in cross flow.[3] Determines the effect of change of position of the heated tube within a cross flow tube bundle.[4] The basis air flow bench consists of a welded steel frame, mounted on castors, and to provide two work surfaces for experiments and integral storage space.[5] A tangential fan . fitted with a narrow chord centrifugal impellor), directly driven from a single phase induction motor, provides the necessary air flow for experiments.[6] The fan is capable of providing a flow of 500 litres/second at a static pressure rise of 800 pascals.[7] Instrumentation supplied with the bench comprises a dual multi-slope manometer with dial type barometer, a conical inlet flow measuring device, a pitot static tube for traversing the duct.[8] The test section affords a means of simulating a cross flow heat exchanger, a series of blank tubes being inserted transversely within the section.[9] Various configuration can be achieved, comprising a single tube or, up to four tube blanks.[10] An electrically heated tube complete with surface mounted thermocouple is provided, to replace any of the blank tubes within the test section.[11] A low voltage power source complete with wattmeter indicates the power dissipated by the electrical heater.[12] The unit comes complete with two heated tubes of different diameters, each of which can be used individually or within the tube banks.[13] Natural convection studies for single tubes is also catered for by the unit, the fan being switched off for these tests.[14] Experiments on forced convective external heat transfer from cylinders and tube bundles and apparatus can also be used to investigate the pressure drop across the tube bundles and natural convection from a single horizontal tube.P3212 PARALLEL FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER[1] Determines the relationship between Nusselt’s and Reynold’s numbers for a stream of air f lowing around and parallel to a heated tube.[2] The unit consists of a conical inlet flow measuring device, followed by a 60 mm flow tube having a short heated section, which is then followed by an annular section comprising a heated inner tube. [3] The two heated sections, outer tube and inner tube, sized to minimise the temperature rise of the air flowing in the tube. The convection heat transfer coefficient is thus determined utilising the readings of power input and surface temperature along with the value of heated surface area.[4] The heat transfer rate for each heater can then be determined giving values of heat transfer coefficient for both inside and outside of the tubes.[5] The unit is made from clear acrylic, thus affording a visual appreciation of the experiment.[6] Facility for temperature readout and power indication provided by heat transfer bench.P3213 MIXED FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER[1] Determines the heat transfer coefficient from tube wall to shell side within a tube bundle.[2] The outer wall (shell side) of the exchanger to consist of a perspex tube of nominal bore 100mm, which is positioned at the inlet to the fan of the Air Flow Bench.[3] The flow of air is determined by the use of the conical inlet device supplied with the basic bench and 20mm and 50mm orifices in the inlet.[4] The tube bundle consists of a number of blank tubes and a single heated tube, positioned in a series of baffle plates that are free to slide along the tubes, enabling the baffle pitch to be varied.[5] The heated tube, positioned centrally in the tube bundle, contains a built in, wall mounted thermocouple.[6] Facility for temperature readout and power indication provided by heat transfer bench.P3300 RADIATION AND CONVECTION APPARATUS[1] Self-contained bench mounted unit.[2] Demonstrates radiation and convection by various heating elements under different ambient pressure and element surface temperatures.[3] Variable heater orientation.[4] Uses different gases allowing comparative heat transfer tests to be conducted.[5] Instrumentation includes a temperature indicator, +1 to -1 bar Bourdon tube gauge, a high vacuum 0 - 200 mbar McLeod gauge, 0 - 30V digital/analogue Voltmeter, 0 - 400 mA digital/analogue Ammeter. [6] Vacuum pump to achieve conditions down to less than mbar.P3301 ADDITIONAL HEATING ELEMENTS[1] Cylindrical element of larger diameter[2] Cylindrical element of low emissivity value (chromed).[3] Flat plate element.P3302 PRESSURE TEST COVER WITH 'O' RING AND CLAMPING DEVICE[1] Pressure vessel cap with 'O' ring seal and 'V' band clamp.P5687 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY APPARATUS[1] Determines temperature gradients and heat flows in various specimens of high conductivity and across thin sections of insulation.[2] Self-clamping specimen stack assembly with electrically heated source, calorimeter base, Dewar vessel enclosure, constant head cooling water supply tank and multi-point thermocouple switch mounted on steel cabinet base.[3] Variable voltage power supply incorporating variable auto-transformer and digital ammeter housed in steel case.[4] Two mercury and glass thermometers (5 to 50ºC) for water temperature readings, four Ni Cr/Ni Al thermocouples for metal temperature readout via digital meter.[5] Six specimens of various sizes in mild steel, copper, aluminium and stainless steel.P5697 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER APPARATUS[1] Determines heat transfer from the solid to the liquid state under conditions of convection and nucleate boiling.[2] Demonstrates the effect of film boiling.[3] Instrument case containing all controls and electrical circuits and carrying observation vessel fitted electrodes, nickel filament and auxiliary heating element.[4] Vessel for second arm with water cooling.[5] Magnetic stirrer.[6] Electric circuit incorporating variable transformer and isolating mains transformer.[7] AC bridge circuit.[8] Instrument panel carrying rectifier instruments for measurement of heater current and voltage, switchgear and socket for connections for oscilloscope (oscilloscope not included).[9] Supplied complete with spare nickel wire.WORK TRANSFER EQUIPMENTP5689 THERMO ELECTRIC ENGINE[1] Demonstrates conversion of heat into electricity and hence into useful work.[2] Suitable for bench top use.[3] Semi-conductor pile with laboratory spirit burner heater source and cooled sink.[4] Electric motor and cooling fan.[5] -10 to 250ºC high temperature thermometer.[6] -10 to 50ºC low temperature thermometer.P5700 MARCET BOILER[1] Suitable for bench top use.[2] Fabricated steel boiler shell fitted with pressure immersion heater and furnished with safety valve, 0-25 bar pressure gauge.[3] -10 to 250ºC thermometer and steel lagging jacket.[4] Water quantity approx. 3 litres.[5] Maximum working pressure 17 bar (250 lb/in²).[6] Tested hydraulically to bar (425 lb/in²) and tested under steam before despatch.P5631 MECHANICAL EQUIVALENT OF HEAT APPARATUS[1] Determines the relationship between mechanical energy and heat energy.[2] Suitable for bench top use.[3] Electric motor driven rotating drum calorimeter variable between 60-120 rpm.[4] Brake bands furnished with mass hanger and masses.[5] 0-200 gms spring balance torque weighting system.[6] -5 to 50ºC thermometer.[7] Revolution counter and variable speed controller for motor.P5691 STIRLING CYCLE HOT AIR ENGINE[1] Demonstrates conversion of heat energy into work.[2] Suitable for bench top use.[3] Engine to have one working and one transfer cylinder.[4] Working cylinder to have single acting piston.[5] Transfer cylinder to have double acting displacer piston.[6] Low voltage electrical element heat source.[7] Output measured by 0-200 gm spring dynamometer.[8] Integral power pack, incorporating a variable voltage heater control and ammeter.[9] Complete with hanger and masses.SOLAR ENERGY EQUIPMENTP9060 PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR POWER UNIT[1] Investigates the performance of a photovoltaic unit.[2] Enables solar energy to be collected, stored and measured.[3] Comprises six module photovoltaic cell array for mounting externally with maximum output about9W.[4] Bench top control unit for use in laboratory, comprising switching circuit, load resistors (2 banks), ammeters (2), voltmeter, 0-200gm dynamometer system and tachometer.[5] Large capacity lead acid battery supplied in dry charge condition.[6] Supplied complete with 30m of external quality cable.P7130 SOLAR DISTILLATION APPARATUS - BASIN TYPE[1] Measures output and efficiency against solar input, amount of base insulation, brine depth etc.[2] Can be used with thin film type for direct comparison.[3] Flat tray of surface area 1 sq. m made from self-coloured glass fibre re-inforced polyester resin, covered and sealed by a clear glass sheet.[4] The tray is covered by a removable solar radiation mat, and furnished with variable thermal insulation material beneath.[5] Water condensing on the inside of the cover, fed to a measuring cylinder.[6] Temperature measurement at eight different points provided by a thermocouple instrument, which is included.[7] Mounted on mobile frame.P7135 SOLAR DISTILLATION APPARATUS - THIN FILM TYPE[1] Measures output and efficiency against input, amount of base insulation, moving film evaporation surface.[2] Inclinable and rotable basin.[3] Evaporating basin of surface area 1 sq. m made from self-coloured glass fibre re-inforced polyester resin, covered and sealed by a clear glass sheet.[4] Mounted for variable inclination of flow bed and cover glass and horizontal rotation through 180°.[5] Furnished with reservoir and mains powered feed circulating pump delivering approx. litres/sec, providing moving film evaporation surface feeding into drains arranged for return of feed to reservoir.[6] Provided with flow control valve and feed and flow measurement by drowned orifice flow meter.[7] Temperature measurement at eight different points to be provided by a thermocouple instrument, which is included.[8] Mounted on mobile frame.P7140 SOLAR ENERGY APPARATUS[1] Apparatus for the demonstration and determination of total heat capture of a solar energy unit and determination of relative efficiency.[2] To determine the effects of changing the flow rate and angle of incidence on the energy collection performance.[3] Flat heat collection tray in GRP construction, covered and sealed by clear glass sheet. Tray to be rotated through 180 degrees.[4] Tray to be covered by removable solar radiation mat, upon which heat transferring water pipes are laid, and variable thermal insulation material to be furnished under mat.[5] Temperature measurement at eight different points to be provided by thermocouple instrument.[6] Water reservoir with built in heat exchanger coil, mains powered feed water circulating pump, flow control valve and feed flow measurement.P7141 DATA ACQUISITION FOR SOLAR ENERGY APPARATUS[1] USB data logger for encoding the measured temperatures, flow rates and pressures on P7140.[2] To include current production personal computer and software for some analysis of the recorded data P7131 SOLARIMETER[1] Measures the total radiation of the sun and sky.[2] For use with both basin and thin film type solar distillation apparatus.P7132 ANEMOMETER[1] For wind speeds 50-1000 m/min.[2] For use with both basin and thin film type solar distillation apparatus.P7133 INCLINOMETER[1] For use with both basin and thin film type solar distillation apparatus.P7134 MULTI-CHANNEL PEN RECORDER[1] For use with both basin and thin film type solar distillation apparatus.[2] Twelve point electronic pen type.[3] Includes spare inks fuse and tools.GAS TURBINE & AIR COMPRESSOR EQUIPMENTP9005 TWO SHAFT GAS TURBINE[1] Enables a comprehensive programme of experiments in gas turbine technology to be carried out.[2] Two shaft gas turbine on self-contained movable stand.[3] Single shaft compressor/turbine unit.[4] Combustion chamber for operation on propane or propane/butane mixture.[5] Power turbine.[6] Calibrated electrical machine for torque and power measurement.[7] Ignition system.[8] Oil tank with circulating pump, cooler and filter.[9] Five colour instrument panel with flow diagram.[10] Inlet air flow meter.[11] Fuel flow meter.[12] Tachometers (2).[13] Multipoint pyrometer[14] Thermistor instrument.[15] Thermocouple instrument.[16] Sensitive pressure gauges (3).[17] Manometer.[18] Oil pressure gauge.[19] Fuel pressure gauge.[20] Complete with starting air compressor set and all controls.[21] Gas bottle and connecting pipe not included.For 220/240V, 50Hz mains supply.Dimensions: long x wide x high. Nett weight 350kg.P9008 DATA LOGGING OPTION FOR P9005[1] Factory fitted option to provide signals for 15 measured variables, comprising additional dc power supply, 4 pressure transducers, 3 differential pressure transducers, fuel orifice, rms voltage and current sensing modules and an additional printed circuit board, plus all necessary wiring, piping and connections.P9014 A/D CONVERTER CARDS AND SOFTWARE[1] Two 16-channel 12-bit A/D converter PCB's suitable for fitting into IBM compatible personal computer.[2] Software to enable display and logging of measured parameters.P9050 TWO STAGE AIR COMPRESSOR SET[1] Enables a comprehensive programme of experiments to be carried out on the performance of reciprocating air compressors and compressed air plant.[2] Comprises DC swinging field dynamometer motor, AC solid state control unit, two independent reciprocating air-cooled air compressors with facility for uncoupling hp stage, air circuit incorporating two receivers connectable in series, water cooled inter cooler, four relief valves, high pressure by-pass, delivery pressure 14 bar (200 lb/in).[3] Instrumentation includes five pressure gauges, air flow orifice, manometer, thermometer points, digital speed and torque measurement, and electrical meters.[4] Provision for indicating equipment.P9053 HARWARE, SOFTWARE AND PC DIAGRAM GENERATIONCussons P9053 Computer interface for use with a P9050 comprises of a half length expansion board which plugs into an expansion slot in the PC, a termination box, 3 pressure transducers (one for each cylinder) 2 rotary encoders (one for each compressor) and the relevant software. The software allows the pressure and cylinder position data to be acquired and stored onto disk, and also allows it to be entered into a spreadsheet where various calculations can be performed, and the PV Diageam plotted.P9080 ENERGY BALANCE APPARATUS[1] To determine energy balance and the first law of thermodynamics.[2] To determine entropy and the second law of thermodynamics.[3] Rotary vane compressor coupled to a trunnion mounted electric motor supported in a bench mounted metal frame.[4] Air flow intake with filter, flow adjustment, plenum chamber and vacuum gauge scaled – to 0 bar.[5] Air outlet pressure chamber with 0-4 bar pressure gauge, pressure relief valve and exhaust silencer.[6] Type K thermocouples to measure air inlet and outlet temperatures.[7] Instrumentation to measure speed, temperature, torque and speed.。