英文学摘要
有关化学的英文摘要作文
有关化学的英文摘要作文英文：Chemistry is a fascinating subject that deals with the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. It is a branch of science that is closely related to our daily lives, from the food we eat to the air we breathe. As a chemistry enthusiast, I have always been intrigued by the way different substances interact with each other and the amazing reactions that take place.One of the most interesting topics in chemistry is the concept of chemical bonding. Chemical bonding is the process by which atoms combine to form molecules or compounds. There are different types of chemical bonds, such as ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds. For example, when sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) react, they form an ionic bond to create sodium chloride (NaCl), which is common table salt. Understanding chemical bonding is crucial in explaining the properties of differentsubstances and predicting how they will behave undercertain conditions.Another captivating aspect of chemistry is the study of chemical reactions. Chemical reactions occur when substances are mixed together and undergo a change to form new substances. For instance, when hydrogen gas (H2) reacts with oxygen gas (O2) in the presence of a catalyst, itforms water (H2O). This process, known as the synthesis of water, is a fundamental reaction that is essential for life. Chemical reactions play a vital role in various industries, such as pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and manufacturing.Furthermore, the field of organic chemistry is particularly intriguing as it focuses on the study ofcarbon compounds. Organic compounds are essential for life and are found in all living organisms. For example, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are organic compounds that are vital for the functioning of the human body. Understanding organic chemistry is crucial for developing new drugs, improving agricultural practices, and creating innovative materials.In addition to the theoretical aspects of chemistry, practical applications are also significant. For instance, analytical chemistry involves the identification and quantification of substances in various samples. This is essential in fields such as forensic science, environmental monitoring, and quality control in industries. Moreover, physical chemistry explores the principles and theories behind the behavior of matter and energy, leading to advancements in fields such as nanotechnology and materials science.In conclusion, chemistry is a diverse and captivating subject that has a profound impact on our daily lives. From understanding the composition of the air we breathe to developing new materials for technology, chemistry plays a crucial role in shaping the world around us.中文：化学是一个迷人的学科，涉及物质及其变化的研究。
医学论文英文摘要的写作
英文标题的写作-注意事项 英文标题的写作 注意事项
2.尽量选用特指词和关键词 尽量选用特指词和关键词 一个含意常有多种表达方式 肝癌：hepatocarcinoma, liver cancer/ carcinoma, 肝癌： hepatic cancer/ carcinoma, liver/ hepatic neoplasm 望文生义 ：congenital skin webbed fingers syndactyly of fingers
A postmortem study of 64 vagus nerves from 32 children up to 1 year of age was done to determine the incidence of ectopic parathyroid tissue. The segments of nerve (average length, 2.6 cm), including the entire ganglion nodosum, were examined using a combination of step and serial sectioning. Discrete solitary collections of ectopic parathyroid chief cells were seen in 6% of vagus nerves and ranged in diameter from 162 to 360 micron. Confirmation of the nature of the cells was based on the presence of abundant glycogen and positive immunoreactivity for chromogranin and parathormone. The possible significance of intravagal parathyroid tissue is briefly discussed.
学术论文英文摘要格式
学术论文英文摘要格式学术论文英文摘要格式英文题名和英文摘要是学术类和技术类科技期刊论文的重要组成部分,是国际间传播、学术交流与合作的桥梁和媒介,有其特殊的意义和作用。
好的英文题名和英文摘要对于增加期刊和论文的被检索和引用机会、吸引读者、扩大影响起着不可忽视的作用。
为了帮助读者撰写论文英文题名和英文摘要,本文总结了学术论文英文摘要格式的基本要求及注意事项,以给读者提供参考和指导。
学术论文英文摘要格式一、论文题名1.英文题名撰写的基本要求题名应简明、具体、确切,能概括文章的主旨,符合编制题录、索引和检索的有关原则并有助于选择关键词和分类号。
中文题名一般不超过20个汉字,必要时可加副题名。
题名中应避免使用非公知公用的缩略语、字符、代号以及结构式和公式。
英文题名的首字母及各个实词的首字母应大写。
2.英文题名撰写的注意事项除了以上基本要求,我们在写英文题名时还应注意以下几个问题。
(1)英文题名的结构。
英文题名以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语最常见,即题名基本由一个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。
短语型题名要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰,要注意采用正确的单词顺序,形容词应与其所修饰的名词紧密相邻。
(2)英文题名中的冠词有简化的趋势,凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。
英文题名开头第一个字不得用the, and, an和a。
(3)英文题名中的大小写有以下3种格式:全部字母大写;每个词的首字母大写,但3个或4个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写;题名第一个词的首字母大写,其余均小写。
(4)中英文题名的一致性。
同一篇论文,其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致,但不等于说词语要一一对应。
在许多情况下,个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。
总之,题名的用词十分重要,它直接关系到读者对文章的取舍态度,务必字字斟酌。
二、论文摘要1.摘要的定义摘要又称概要、内容提要。
摘要是论文主体的高度浓缩,它应该能提炼论文的主要观点,简明地描述论文的内容和范围,简短地进行概括和总结。
学术论文英文摘要模板
学术论文英文摘要模板AbstractSince Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writingstasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS 19.0. And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made bigprogress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.AbstractA large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。
学术英文摘要范文
学术英文摘要范文Title: Exploring the Role of Social Media in Shaping Public Perceptions of Climate Change Abstract:This study delves into the intricate relationship between social media platforms and the formation of public perceptions surrounding climate change. Amidst the escalating urgency of addressing global climate challenges, understanding how information disseminates and is interpreted on social media has become paramount. The research aims to identify key factors that influence how individuals perceive climate change through their engagement with social media content, as well as to assess the potential impact of these perceptions on individual behaviors and societal responses.Background and Motivation:Climate change, a pressing global issue, necessitates a profound transformation in societal attitudes, behaviors, and policies. Social media, with its unparalleled reach and influence, has emerged as a significant force in shaping public discourse and opinions on this matter. However, the complexity of information circulation on these platforms, coupled with the prevalence of misinformation and disinformation, poses challenges to effective communication and understanding of climate change.Research Objectives:To analyze the content of social media posts related to climate change, focusing on the prevalence of different narratives and perspectives.To investigate the factors that influence the formation of public perceptions of climate change through social media engagement, including information sources, credibility perceptions, and emotional responses.To assess the potential impact of these perceptions on individual behaviors related to climate change mitigation and adaptation, as well as on broader societal responses.Methodology:This study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative content analysis of social media posts with qualitative interviews of social media users. A random sample of social media posts related to climate change from major platforms (e.g., Twitter, Facebook) will be analyzed to identify common themes and narratives. Subsequently, a subset of users will be interviewed to gain deeper insights into their perceptions of climate change, their social media usage habits, and the influence of social media on their attitudes and behaviors.Expected Results:The study anticipates revealing patterns in the dissemination of climate change information on social media, as well as identifying key factors that shape public perceptions. It is expected that the findings will shed light on the role of social media in amplifying or mitigating the effects of misinformation and disinformation, and will offer insights into how to more effectively communicate about climate change to engage and mobilize the public.Implications and Contributions:The research has the potential to make significant contributions to the fields of environmental communication, social media studies, and climate change policy. By uncovering the mechanisms that drive public perceptions of climate change on social media, it can inform the development of more effective communication strategies and interventions aimed at fostering greater public awareness, engagement, and action on climate change.Keywords: Climate change, social media, public perceptions, information dissemination, communication strategies.。
学术论文英文摘要的结构要素及语言特点探讨论文
学术论文英文摘要的结构要素及语言特点探讨论文文章在阐明科技论文英文摘要的基本结构和语言特点的基础上,从写作要素、时态、句子结构和基本句型几个方面对英文摘要的特点进行了详细讨论 , 以下是店铺为大家精心准备的：学术论文英文摘要的结构要素及语言特点探讨相关论文。
内容仅供参考，欢迎阅读!学术论文英文摘要的结构要素及语言特点探讨全文如下：摘要：摘要是对一篇文献要点的总结和概括，是构成完整论文的不可或缺的部分。
它不仅为读者提供信息、帮助读者在最快时间内定位文献的基本内容、还为电子期刊的文献检索提供了便利。
因此，旨在对一些已发表论文摘要的结构要素及摘要的语言特点做出分析及评论，以便能为学术论文摘要写作的规范化提供一些建议。
关键词：学术论文;英文摘要;结构要素;语言特点一、摘要的结构要素摘要的结构要素，主要由以下几部分构成：(1)主题阐述;(2)背景信息;(3)目的陈述;(4)方法论和语料;(5)研究结果/发现;(6)研究所带来的启示/结论[1]。
我们发现中文摘要在译成英文时，描述往往所占篇幅更大。
因此，英文摘要应简洁明了，对资料进行精心筛选，做到简明扼要。
例1：摘要：在跨文化交际过程中，语言信息的编码综合和解码分析并不是绝对机械的反映和转换。
发话人传递的信息和受话人接收的信息不等值的现象时有发生，容易导致交际双方产生误解。
从交际过程中的信道干扰、交际双方的文化差异以及个体的认知差异等三个方面研究言语信息差产生的原因，有利于跨文化交际者的言语信息差的调控，从而达到交际语言准确、得体的目的。
Abstract：(1)The integrated encoding of language information and its decoding analysis cannot be mechanically reflected and transformed in inter - cultural communication.(2)Frequently，what the speaker says and what the receiver understands cannot be equalized in its intentional meaning，thus causing misunderstandings and conflicts. (3)Three causes for information gap have been analyzed：interference of the information channel，the different cultural factors，and the speakers’different cognitive ability，for the purpose of adjusting information gap to effectuate successful communication.这篇英文摘要中的“ information gap” 和“three causes”说明了该研究的领域是信息差及其产生的原因;句(1)中出现的“language information ”和“ intercultural communication” 则进一步补充说明了该研究的主题是在跨文化交际过程中，言语信息差的产生原因;前2句都是对该研究背景信息的描述;句(3)则点明了研究的方法并部分预示了语料的可能来源和该研究的目的;但是摘要结构要素的第五、六部分并未体现在摘要中。
学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型
学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型1. Introduction （引言）- This paper aims to...- The purpose of this study is to...- The objective of this research is to...- This paper addresses the issue/problem of...2. Background （背景）- In recent years, there has been increasing interest in...- With the growing importance of...- Despite the extensive research on...- The existing literature has largely focused on...3. Methods （方法）- This study utilized a quantitative/qualitative research design.- Data was collected through surveys/interviews/observations.- The sample consisted of...- Statistical analysis was conducted using...4. Results （结果）- The findings of this study indicate that...- The results suggest that...- The analysis revealed that...- There is a significant correlation between...5. Discussion （讨论）- These results provide insights into...- The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of...- The present study contributes to the understanding of...- These findings are consistent with previous research in the field of...6. Conclusion （结论）- In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of...- Based on the findings, it can be concluded that...- This study provides valuable information for...- Further research is needed to explore...7. Limitations （限制）- Although this study has provided significant insights, it is not without limitations.- One limitation of this study is the small sample size.- Another limitation is the reliance on self-reported data.- Future research should address these limitations by...8. Implications （意义）- The findings of this study have practical implications for...- These results have important implications for policymakers/practitioners.- The implications of this study extend beyond the specific context of...- This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of...9. Future Directions （未来方向）- Future research should explore...- Further investigation is needed to determine...- Future studies could examine...- This research sets the stage for future research on...。
关于学术论文英文摘要写作技巧
关于学术论文英文摘要写作技巧摘要,作为一篇学术论文中的部分,对一篇文章的成功有着举足轻重的作用.通过浏览一篇好的文章的摘要,能够让读者大致了解到本文所提出的问题,所采取的解决方法以及其结果.而国际性刊物一般都要求以国际性语言英语写作,就是在中国,现在很多重要的刊物也都要求必须有相应的英文摘要.现在在很多重要国际会议上,是先让你把英文摘要给完成,他们直接根据摘要来决定你的文章是不是可以考虑录用,英文摘要的好坏决定了学术论文能否顺利的进行国际的交流,由此可以看出英文摘要的重要性.从这个意义上,作为一名学者,应该掌握英文摘要的写作方法.下面作者结合两篇英文摘要对英文摘要的具体写作进行分析研究,并结合国际性学术刊物上发表论文所要求的英文摘要特点,谈谈英文摘要的写作方法.下面两篇摘要第一篇是摘自国外学者写的,第二篇是摘自一名国内在校博士写的.通过对这两篇摘要进行对比分析研究,让我们更加明确的了解英文摘要的写作规范.1(Written in original English)This paper describes a new “modifiedpulse arc evaporation process”which represents a combination of both d.c. And pulse cathodic arcs. The aim is to give a comparative overall view.The paper reports on measurements of spot movement on the target, arcvoltage response and ion current underdifferent electric conditions, suchas current magnitude, current changing rate and pulse duration. There arepossibilities to improve the target consumption; to reduce the upperstability limit; and to increase the spot velocity, the bias current densityin the pulse phase and the plasma power. For optical measurements ofspot movement a new high-speed video camera was used.2(Written by Chinese student in English) Every machining techniqueleads to distinguishing surface feature and precision characteristic. Thenon -traditional finish machining can improve the surface quality andprecision of parts. The improvement of these can advance the performanceand life of parts. The non-traditional machining has its superiority.英文摘要大体上包括四个部分:研究目的、方法、结果、结论.研究目的主要说明作者写此文章的目的或主要解决的问题,表明研究的范围和重要性;研究的方法主要是提出解决问题的方法以及主要工作过程;研究的结果则是作者在此研究过程最后得到的结果;结论是说明该研究结果的实际应用价值.文章的研究目的必须在英文摘要中体现出来.从摘要1中“Thispaper describes a new ”modified pulse arc evaporation process“whichrepresents a combination of bothd.c. And pulse cathodic arcs. The aim isto give a comparative overall view.”我们可以明显看到该文章的研究目的.鲜明的文章目的能够让读者一目了然的了解到这篇文章所要论述的内容,但是在实际写作中,有很多学者在整篇摘要里面都是一些一般性的论述,说来说去,最后让别人读了一半天,也不知道这篇文章是要解决什么问题.第二篇摘要从前到后都是在陈述光整加工技术,让人很迷惑,不知道这篇文章重点是要论述那一方面的内容.一篇没有目的性的文章自然也就没有可读性.研究的方法也应该在英文摘要中体现出来,这一点是很多中国学者很容易忽视的.从上面两篇摘要对比就可以发现:第一篇中的“measures”就告诉了读者本文作者是要通过什么方法来解决所提出的问题;而在第二篇,不但没有像“measure”,“method”等表达方法的词,而且从根本上忽视了这一点.解决的方法应该是一篇文章的核心,没有作者自己的解决思路的摘要,从某种意义上说,这是一篇很失败的文章摘要,那么这篇文章也不可能是一篇好文章.研究的结果作为摘要中一部分也是不可少的,也是作者所采用的解决方法是否合理的一个重要依据.没有研究的结果,就是你选择的方法再好,也只是在纸上谈兵,侃侃而论,没有自己的立论点.在第一篇中,我们可以从“There are possibilities to improve the target consumption;to reduce the upper stability limit; and to increase the spot velocity, thebias current density in the pulse phase and the plasma power.”中了解到作者可能得到的结果.而在第二篇中,结果不是很明显.研究的结论这一部分往往在研究的结果中体现出来,所以在一部分你可以结合研究的结果做出自己的见解.有时候作者可以根据目前的实验结果为了对以后的进一步工作的开展给出自己的结论.最后,在语言表达上也是很重要的一个方面.很多中国学者自己也清楚,一看人家外国学者写的英文摘要就是感觉很舒畅,而且句式结构多样,上下连接紧凑.但是一旦让自己写文章,就开始感觉自己的写的不地道,语句形式单一,给人一种感觉就是在勉强的中文英文之间互译.从第二篇英文摘要上我们就有这种体会,在摘要中几乎所有的语句采用主、谓、宾中国式英语结构,句式千篇一律,而且语句之间没有任何的连接,互相独立.其实,在英文摘要语言表达中,只要你稍微留心注意许多国外优秀的英文摘要,就可以很好的完成.比如在目的中你可以采用“The purpose of this paper is……”句型;在方法中可以采用“The method used in our study isknow……”;在结论中我们可以采用“In conclusion, we state that……”,这样下来既地道又相互连贯,而且层次分明,何乐而不为?另外还需要注意一些的就是英语语法方面.比如在时态上,英文摘要中习惯于一般现在时,能够突出文章内容的即时性和客观性.但也有时候为了便于说明论题发展背景而用过去时或现在完成时.在人称上,只能用第三人称,不能用第一人、第二人称如我、我们等.还有在标点、大小写、缩写等方面也需要留心注意.从上面对比分析,我们可以看到,只要我们认真领会写作规范,注意英语的语言表达特点,并积累一些常用的典型例句,完成一篇好的英文摘要其实很简单的.学术论文。
英文医学论文摘要翻译练习
摘要翻译练习1. 中药灯盏细辛注射液治疗急性缺血性脑卒中：随机对照试验的系统评价和荟萃分析Chinese herbal medicine Dengzhan Xixin injection for acute ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials目的评价中药灯盏细辛注射液治疗急性缺血性脑卒中的有效性和安全性。
方法在6个电子数据库中，使用计算机检索有关灯盏细辛注射用于急性缺血性脑卒中的随机对照试验，使用Cochrane偏倚风险工具评估随机对照试验的方法学质量。
使用RevMan 5.3进行数据合成，并给出平均差异或相对风险及其95％置信区间。
使用GRADEpro（版本3.6）生成研究发现结果的总结表。
结果共纳入25项随机对照临床试验，含有2498名参与者，所有试验均采用在双臂的常规治疗。
大多数研究具有较高的偏倚风险。
在治疗期间（14-35天），常规治疗合并灯盏细辛注射液没有明显改善死亡率（RR : 0.27，95％CI: 0.05至1.63），但是可以提高Barthel指数评分（MD: 10.20, 95％CI: 8.16至12.25），降低神经功能缺损评分（（MD: -3.99，95％CI：-5.68 至-2.30），根据NFDS方法; （MD: -1.67，95％CI：-2.59至-0.76），根据NIHSS方法），治疗失败率较低（RR: 0.40, 95％CI: 0.31至0.52）。
13项试验（52％）报告了不良事件的结果，但未报告严重不良事件。
结论低质量证据表明灯盏细辛注射夜似乎可改善急性缺血性卒中患者的神经功能。
但是，需要大规模和严格的临床试验来进一步研究这种可能的益处。
Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Chinese herbal medicine Dengzhan Xixin (Erigeron breviscapus) injection for acute ischemic stroke.Methods Six electronic databases were searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of Dengzhan Xixin (DZXX) injection for acute ischemic stroke. The methodological quality of RCTs was assessed by the Cochrane risk of bias tool.Data synthesis was performed using RevMan 5.3 and was presented with mean difference (MD) or relative risk (RR) and their 95% confidence interval (CI). A summary of finding table was generated by GRADEpro (version 3.6).Results Twenty-five RCTs with 2498 participants were included and all trials adopted conventional therapy (CT) in both arms. Most of the studies had high risk of bias.The addition of DZXX to CT showed no significant benefit on death (RR 0.27, 95% CI 0.05–1.63) within the treatment period (14–35 d), but showed higher Barthel index score (MD 10.20, 95% CI 8.16–12.25), lower neurological function deficit score (MD −3.99, 95% CI −5.68 to −2.30, by NFDS; MD −1.67, 95% CI −2.59 to −0.76, by NIHSS), and lower treatment failure (RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.31–0.52). Thirteen trials (52%) reported the outcome of adverse events, but no serious adverse events were reported.Conclusion Low quality evidence implied that DZXX injection appeared to improve neurological function in patients with acute ischemic stroke. However, this potential benefit should be further studied in large, rigorous trials.2. 目的运用Meta分析法评价中医药降低早期糖尿病肾病患者尿蛋白水平的疗效。
医学论文英文摘要部分的常用句型
01
Sleep disorder heredity
02
hormone level receptor levels
03
Sleep disorder is related to heredity, hormone level, central neurotransmitter and receptor levels, etc. By exploring the basic and clinical research of sleep and sleep disorder, this paper aims to study its causes and prevention and treatment.
Results: Delivery pain was markedly relieved in the laughing gas group; mild adverse reactions such as dizziness and drowsiness were reported in individual patients, but they subsided with(消失) the discontinuation of laughing gas inhalation.
疗效好：good therapeutic/curative effect
5）研究结果的表达
01
结果表明：The result showed that…
03
我们观察到：It was observed that/ we observed that…
02
（我们）发现：It was found that …/we found that…
摘要部分的常用句型
学术英文摘要写作要点
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英文摘要的内容XX理想的文摘通常应包括以下主要内容:目的和范围、方法和过程、结果和结论.1。
目的和范围XX多数文摘一开始便简明扼要地说明该研究或实验的目的和范围，或者陈述写这篇文章的原因，有的文摘同时又指出或暗示该项研究的特点、结果和意义。
目的和范围要写得具体，要能吸引读者,要给读者留下深刻的印象。
在表示目的和范围时，常用下列句型：Ｔhis papｅｒdｅvelｏps a ｔheｏreｔｉcａｌfrａｍework to evａｌuatｅｔhe benｅfits and cosｔｓof ｅｎeｒgｙｐｒｏjects in oil—produｃingdeveｌopiｎｇｃounｔrieｓ。
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(上传)学术论文英文摘要的写作-English
第8页，共35页。
Because of its importance, the Abstract has acquired a very rigid structure used by most writers.
In order to find out what this structure is, we look at an Abstract of a research paper from the Journal of Asian Pacific Communication and then ask a number of questions.
11
第11页，共35页。
(4) The study showed that, with proper training, Chinese students could quickly adapt to a student-centred approach, and also provide rich and useful feedback on the writing of their peers. (5) This study has promising implications for educational contexts where students are considered passive learners, teacher-centred learning is the norm, or the process approach to writing faces daunting challenges to its implementation.
4
第4页，共35页。
Because of its importance in academic writing, a research paper has a special form/format that has to be followed if one is to get a good grade from the instructor marking the paper or have the paper published/accepted.
10篇英文文献摘要学习
ABSTRACT1:Parent-mediated social communication therapy for young children with autism (PACT): long-term follow-up of a randomised controlled trial.01、针对自闭症幼儿的父母介导的社区沟通疗法（PACT）：随机对照试验的长期随访杂志（ THE LANCET ）发表年份（2016）期刊影响因子（53.254）Background: It is not known whether early intervention can improve long-term autism symptom outcomes. We aimed to follow-up the Preschool Autism Communication Trial (PACT), to investigate whether the PACT intervention had a long-term effect on autism symptoms and continued effects on parent and child social interaction.Methods: PACT was a randomised controlled trial of a parent-mediated social communication intervention for children aged 2–4 years with core autism. Follow-up ascertainment was done at three specialised clinical services centres in the UK (London, Manchester, and Newcastle) at a median of 5.75 years (IQR 5.42 –5.92) from the original trial endpoint. The main blinded outcomes were the comparative severity score (CSS) from the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) 自闭症诊断观察量表 , the Dyadic Communication Assessment Measure (DCMA) of the proportion of child initiatiations when interacting with the parent, and an expressive-receptive language composite. All analyses followed the intention-to-treat principle.Findings: 121 (80%) of the 152 trial participants (59 [77%] of 77 assigned to PACT intervention vs 62 [83%] of 75 assigned to treatment as usual) were traced and consented to be assessed between July, 2013, and September, 2014. Mean age at follow-up was 10.5 years (SD 0.8). Group difference in favour of 赞同 the PACT intervention based on ADOS CSS of log-odds effect size (ES) was 0.64 (95% CI 0 07 to 1 20)· at treatment endpoint and ES 0.70 (95% CI -0 .05 to 1.47) at follow-up, giving an overall reduction in symptom severity over the course of the whole trial and follow-up period (ES 0.55, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.91, p=0.004). Group difference in DCMA child initiations at follow-up showed a Cohen's d ES of 0.29 (95% CI -0.02 to 0.57) and was significant over the course of t he study (ES 0.33, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.57,p=0.004). There were no group differences in the language composite at follow-up (ES0.15, 95% CI -0 .23 to 0.53).Interpretation: The results are the first to show long-term symptom reduction after a randomised controlled trial of early intervention in autism spectrum disorder. They support the clinical value of the PACT intervention and have implications for developmental theory.02：Burden, risk factors, and comorbidities of behavioural and emotional problems inKenyan children: a population-based study02、肯尼亚儿童的行为和情绪问题的负担、危险因素以及合并症：一项基于人群的研究杂志（ LANCET PSYCHIATRY ）发表年份（ 2017）期刊影响因子（ 15.233）背景： Three-quarters of the burden of mental health problems 精神卫生问题occurs in low-and-middle-income countries, but few epidemiological studies of these problems in preschool children from sub-Saharan Africa撒哈拉以南have been published. Behavioural and emotional problems often start in early childhood, and this might be particularly important in Africa, where the incidence of perinatal围产期and early risk factors is high. We therefore aimed to estimate the prevalence and risk factors of behavioural and emotionalproblems in young children in a rural area on the Kenyan coast.方法： We did a population-based epidemiological study to assess the burden of behavioural and emotional problems in preschool children and comorbidities in the Kilifi Health and Demographic Surveillance System 基利菲健康和人口监测系统(KHDSS,a database formed of the population under routine surveillance linked to admissions to Kilifi County Hospital).We used the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) 儿童行为调查表to assess behavioural and emotional problems. We then determined risk factors and medical comorbidities associated with behavioural and emotional problems. The strength of associations between the risk factors and the behavioural and emotional problems was estimated using generalised linear models, with appropriate distribution and link functions.结果： 3539 families were randomly selected from the KHDSS. Of these, 3273 children were assessed with CBCL. The prevalence of total behavioural and emotional problems was 13% (95% CI 12 –14), for externalising problems 外化问题 was 10% (9–11), and for internalising problems was 22% (21–24). The most common CBCL syndrome was somatic problems 躯体问题 (21%, 20–23), whereas the most common DSM-IV-oriented scale 基于精神疾病诊断准则手册（第四版）was anxiety problems (13%, 12–14). Factors associated with total problems included consumption of cassava (risk ratio 5·68, 95% CI 3·22–10·03), perinatal complications (4 34,·3 21·–5·81), seizure disorders (2 90,·2 24·–3·77), and house status(0 11,·0·08–0·14). Seizure disorders 癫痫, burn marks 烧伤, and respiratory problems 呼吸道疾病 were important comorbidities of behavioural and emotional problems.理解：Behavioural and emotional problems are common in preschool children in this Kenyan rural area and are associated with preventable risk factors. Behavioural and emotional problems and associated comorbidities should be identified and addressed in young children.03： Effect of iodine supplementation in pregnant women on child neurodevelopment: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial03、孕妇补碘对儿童神经发育的影响：一项随机、双盲、安慰剂对照试验杂志（ Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology ）发表年份（ 2017）期刊影响因子（ 19.313）Background ： Iodine deficiency during pregnancy might be associated with reduced intelligence quotient (IQ) score in offspring. We assessed the effect of iodine supplementation in mildly iodine-deficient pregnant women 轻度碘缺乏孕妇 on neurodevelopment of their offspring in areas where schoolchildren were iodine sufficient .Methods： In this randomised, placebo-controlled trial, pregnant women in Bangalore 班加罗尔, India, and Bangkok 曼谷 , Thailand, were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive 200 μg iodine orally once a day or placebo until delivery. Randomisation was done with acomputer-generated sequence and stratified by site. Co-primary outcomes 主要结果were verbal and performance IQ scores on the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence 韦氏学前和小学儿童智力量表Third Edition (WPPSI-III)and the global executive composite score from the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool Version (BRIEF-P) in the children at age 5–6 years. The trial was double-blinded; some unmasking 揭盲 took place at age 2 years for an interim analysis中间分析 , but participants and nearly all investigators remained masked to group assignment until age 5–6 years. Analysis was by intention to treat using mixed-effects models.Findings：Between Nov 18, 2008, and March 12, 2011, 832 women entered the trial at a meangestational age of 10.7 weeks (SD 2. 7); median urinary iodine concentration was 131μ g/L(IQR 81 –213). Mean compliance with supplementation was 87%, assessed by monthly tabletcounts. 313 children (iodine group, n=159; placebo group, n=154) were analysed for verbaland performance IQ with WPPSI-III and 315 (iodine group, n=159; placebo group, n=156)for overall executive function with BRIEF-P. Mean WPPSI-III scores for verbal IQ were 89.5(SD 9 ·8) in the iodine group and 90. 2 (9 · 8) in the placebo group (difference -0· 7, 95% CI- 2·9 to 1 5;·p=0 77),· and for performance IQ were 97.5 (12 5) in the iodine· group and 99.1(13 · 4) in the placebo group (difference -1· 6, -4 · 5 to 1· 3; p=0-P global·44). The mean BRIEF executive composite score was 90.6 (26 2) in the·iodine group and 91.5 (270) in the ·placebogroup (difference -0·9, -6· 8 to 5· 0; p=0 · 74). The frequency of adverse events did not differ between groups during gestation or at delivery: 24 women in the iodine group and 28 in theplacebo group reported adverse events (iodine group: abortion, n=20; blighted ovum, and n=2;intrauterine death, n=2; placebo group: abortion, n=22; blighted ovum, n=1; intrauterine death,n=2; early neonatal death, n=1; and neonatal death, n=2).Interpretation ：Daily iodine supplementation in mildly iodine-deficient pregnant women hadno effect on child neurodevelopment at age 5–6 years.04： Incidence of and Factors Associated With Myopia and High Myopia in Chinese Children,Based on Refraction Without Cycloplegia.04、基于无睫状肌麻痹屈光度的中国儿童近视和高度近视的发生率及相关因素杂志（ JAMA Ophthalmol ）发表年份（ 2018）期刊影响因子（ 6.669）IMPORTANCE: Myopia has reached epidemic levels among children in regions of East andSoutheast Asia. High myopia 高度近视 is associated with myopic macular degeneration 近视性黄斑变性 , glaucoma 青光眼 , and retinal detachment 视网膜脱落 .OBJECTIVE : To determine the incidence of myopia and high myopia based on refractionwithout cycloplegia among children in primary and junior high schools in China.DESIGN , SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This observational cohort study was completed inGuangzhou, China. It consisted of a cohort from 19 primary schools , who were followedup from 2010 to 2015, and a cohort from 22 junior high schools , who were followed up from2010 to 2012. All schools were randomly chosen at rates proportional to the number ofschools in each of the city's 11 districts 所有学校都是按照与学校数量成比例的随机选择的.Students with or without myopia in grade 1 (primary school) or grade 7 (junior high school)were eligible for inclusion. Data analysis occurred from February 2017 to October 2017.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Myopia was defined as a spherical equivalentrefraction (SER)等效球镜度数of -0.50 diopters (D) or less, as measured by subjectiverefraction 主觉验光without cycloplegia 睫状肌麻痹 ; high myopia was defined as a SER of-6.0 D or less. Annual incidences were defined as the proportion of participants each yearfound to have myopia or high myopia who did not previously have the condition . Height,weight, axial length (AL) 轴长 , corneal radius of curvature (CRC) 角膜曲率半径 , and AL/CRCratio were examined to assess if these measures were associated with future myopia or highmyopia.RESULTS: A total of 4741 students with or without myopia in either grade 1 for the primaryschool cohort (mean [SD] age 7.2 [0.4] years; 932 of 1975 [47.2%] female) or grade 7 for thejunior high school cohort (mean [SD] age 13.2 [0.5] years; 1254 of 2670 [47.0%] female)were included. Baseline mean (SD) SER was 0.31 (0.86) D among 1975 students in grade 1 vs -1.60 (2.00) D among 2670 students in grade 7. Baseline prevalence of myopia was 12.0% in grade 1 students (n?=?237 of 1969) and 67.4% in grade 7 students (n?=?1795 of 2663).The incidence of myopia was 20% to 30% each year throughout both cohorts. The incidence of high myopia was initially less than 1% in the primary school cohort (grade 1:n?=?2 of 1825; 0.1% [95% CI, 0.0%-0.3%]), but incidence exceeded 2% in the junior high school cohort (in grade 9: n?=?48 of 2044; 2.3% [95% CI, 1.0%-3.7%]).CONCLUSIONS AND RELEV ANCE: The incidence of myopia among Chinese students based on refraction without cycloplegia is among the highest of any cultural or ethnic group.If confirmed with cycloplegic refraction, interventions to prevent myopia onset in Chinese populations should be initiated in primary schools. 基于无睫状肌麻痹屈光度的中国学生近视发生率是所有文化或民族中最高的。
学术论文英文摘要如何撰写
学术论文英文摘要如何撰写Writing an Academic Paper AbstractWriting an abstract for an academic paper is an essential task that helps summarize the content of the paper in a succinct and informative way. An abstract is typically written in English and is asked for by many journals, conferences, and academic institutions. It is usually limited to a specific word count, often around 1200 words or less. Here, we will explore the key elements and tips for writing an effective abstract.1. Background and Purpose: Begin the abstract by providing a brief introduction to the topic, explaining its significance, and stating the purpose or objective of the study. This background information should give readers an understanding of the context of the research.2. Methods: Describe the methods or approach used to conduct the study. This section should include relevant details such as the research design, participants or sample size, datacollection methods, and any statistical analyses used. Provide enough information for readers to understand how the study was conducted.4. Conclusion: Present a concise summary of the major conclusions drawn from the study. Explain how the findings contribute to or impact the existing knowledge within the field.Highlight the significance of the study and its implications for future research or practical applications.5. Keywords: Include a list of relevant keywords at the end of the abstract. Keywords provide a way for readers to easily find your paper when searching for related topics or content. Choose keywords that accurately reflect the focus and subject matter of the study.Tips for Writing an Effective Abstract:1. Be concise: Use clear and concise language to convey the purpose, methodology, results, and conclusions of the study. Avoid unnecessary details or jargon that may confuse readers.2. Use active voice: Write in an active voice to make the abstract engaging and direct. This helps in clearly stating the main findings and conclusions.4. Follow the guidelines: Make sure to adhere to thespecific guidelines provided by the journal or conference for abstract length, formatting, and structure. Failure to follow these guidelines may result in an abstract being rejected.6. Seek feedback: Have someone familiar with the topic or the field review and provide feedback on the abstract. They can help ensure that the abstract is accessible and understandable to a broader audience.。
医学论文英文摘要名词特点及用法探析
医学论文英文摘要名词特点及用法探析第一篇范文医学论文英文摘要名词特点及用法探析医学论文的英文摘要，作为医学研究成果的重要载体，其名词的准确运用对于医学研究的传播与发展具有重要意义。
本文将从医学论文英文摘要名词的特点、用法以及其在医学研究中的应用等方面进行探析。
一、医学论文英文摘要名词的特点1. 专业性强：医学论文英文摘要中的名词多为医学领域的专业术语，具有强烈的专业性。
这些名词反映了医学研究的最新动态和研究成果，对于医学专业人员来说具有很高的参考价值。
2. 准确性高：医学论文英文摘要中的名词具有很高的准确性，能够精确描述医学研究的对象、方法和结果。
这种准确性有利于医学研究者在交流和分享研究成果时避免误解和混淆。
3. 表达简洁：医学论文英文摘要中的名词表达简洁明了，避免了冗长的叙述。
这种简洁性使得读者能够快速了解医学研究的核心内容，提高阅读效率。
二、医学论文英文摘要名词的用法1. 名词单复数：医学论文英文摘要中的名词一般使用单数形式，表示特定的医学概念或事物。
在特定情况下，名词也可以使用复数形式，表示一类事物或现象。
2. 名词的限定与非限定：医学论文英文摘要中的名词通常有限定和非限定两种形式。
限定名词表示特定的个体或事物，非限定名词则表示一般概念或范畴。
在摘要中，合理使用限定和非限定名词有助于明确研究的具体对象和范围。
3. 名词的搭配与修饰：医学论文英文摘要中的名词常常与其他词性如形容词、副词、动词等搭配使用，以修饰和说明名词。
这种搭配和修饰有助于丰富医学概念的表达，提高摘要的准确性。
三、医学论文英文摘要名词在医学研究中的应用1. 明确研究对象：医学论文英文摘要中的名词能够明确指出研究的对象，如疾病、症状、治疗方法等，有助于读者快速了解研究的核心内容。
2. 描述研究方法：医学论文英文摘要中的名词能够精确描述研究方法，如实验设计、数据收集和分析等，有利于其他医学研究者借鉴和引用。
3. 阐述研究结果：医学论文英文摘要中的名词能够简洁明了地表达研究结果，如治疗效果、研究成果等，有助于医学界的交流与分享。
学术论文英文摘要写作要点
学术论文英文摘要写作要点英文摘要是科学家在现代科技交流中高速地输入和输出信息的重要手段。
本文讨论了优秀英文摘要的基本要素，包括文摘的功能，文摘的种类，文摘的内容和文摘的风格。
同时提供了简明的英文摘要写作指南。
文摘是长篇文献的缩影，它置于论文、技术报告、专论、和其他文献之前，概括总结和突出文献的要点.在科技文献急骤增加的信息时代，各种文献杂志和检索系统情报库应运而生，种类越来越多，覆盖面越来越广，信息量越来越大。
文摘已成为科技人员输人和输出信息的重要手段，成为科学交流中传递科技情报的重要方式.为了促进国际交流，各国科技出版物都附有英文摘要.本文拟从英文摘要的功能、种类、内容和文体风格等方面对英文摘要的写法进行探讨。
英文摘要的功能好的英文摘要应具备以下功能1. 提供足够的信息，让读者迅速准确地了解文献的基本内容，帮助该专业读者决定是否查阅原文，帮助相关专业读者毋需阅读原文就能获得所需要的信息;2. 帮助一次出版物的编辑人员缩短选稿进程，使他们一看文摘就能估计该文献的深度和创造性;3. 减轻文献杂志等二次出版物的编辑工作，供他们直接采用或稍作加工就使用;4. 帮助克服使用一次文献的语言障碍英文摘要的种类文摘可根据内容、目的、结构及作者等不同标准来分类。
短的文摘只有一句话，甚至只有一个短语，放在标题之前或之后，点出文献的最精彩部分，类似于一个副标。
例如：This paper describes results of research in process on the feasibility of Pre-Earthquake for Post-Earthquake Rebuilding (PEPER)长的文摘长达数百词，分成几段，类似一篇短的论文.有的文摘是由作者自己写的，置于一次出版物之前，称为作者文摘;有的则是由专门的文摘员或其他编辑人员写。
目前，普遍根据内容特征把文摘分成资料性文摘(Informative Abstract)、指示性文摘(Indicative Abstract)和资料-指示性文摘(Informative-Indicative Abstract) 3 种。
学习写作英文摘要(2021精选文档)
• Objective: To determine whether body mass index (BMI) in adulthood or childhood affects the reproductive health of women.
• Methods: Totally 36 children with MG were treated by thymectomy from 1984 to 1997. Their ages ranged from 4 to 14 years old, and symptom duration from 2 months to 8 years.
• 结果 本组治愈者占13.9%，改善69.4%， 有效率（治愈和改善）达83.3%， 无恶化 或住院死亡者。
• Results: Patients who were cured accounts for 13.9% and those who got improved for 69.4%. The rate of efficiency (including both cases) amounts to 83.3%, and no patient suffered exacerbated condition or died.
除术 thymectomy 病理类型 pathological types）
• Key Words: Myasthenia gravis; Thymectomy
• 目的 分析儿童重症肌无力的手术疗效
• Objective: To analyze the surgical effects of thymectomy on Myasthenia Gravis (MG) in children.
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Sonnet
• A 14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes. • Rhyme: abab cdcd efef gg 3 quatrains(3 four-line stanza )+ 1 couplet(2 lines)
The period of the English Bourgeois Revolution
• • → Historical background : two revolutions: puritan revolution and glorious revolution • the transition from the absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy • → 1. two literary schools of poets • ① the school of Metaphysical • ②the school of Cavaliers. • 2. the most important poet:John Milton
• ③2 long poems.
• But for such a great writer, we have very little definite knowledge about his life.
Shakespeare’s Tragedies
(1) Hamlet
(2) Othello
(3) King Lear (4) Macbeth
• Utopia (socialism) • The definition of Utopia is "no place."
Thomas More (1478-1535)
Edmund Spenser
(1552-1599)
• A poet’s poet • The Faerie Queene
Francis Bacon培根
⑴A progressive intellectual movement
⑵Enlighteners considered “Enlightenment” or “education” of
the people to be their chief objective. ⑶ They believed in the power of reason (the age of reason ) ⑷two groups: ① the moderate (Pope, Defoe, Addison)（温和派） → support the principles of the existing social order) ②the radical (Swift, Fielding, Sher 2.Sentimentalism (Gray\ Goldsmith\ Richardson\ Sterne:
discontent with the social reality “Heart”)
• 3.The beginning of modern novel • → Major novelists :Defoe\ Swift\Fielding \Richardson, • 4.Pre-romanticism in English poetry • 5.English Drama ( Sheridan: the school for Scandal)
• •
②the ode: a lyric poem of considerable length to
sing in honor a person or a thing. It is serious in subject and formal in style.
3.Dramatic poetry : dialogue in the drama
• Metaphysical Poetry（玄学派诗歌)
• It is the poetry of John Donne and other seventeenth-century poets who wrote in a similar style. • dislike traditional poem • Scholar, Highly abstract or theoretical;
→crisis →Sentimentalism（感伤主义）
• Complex: An age of prose( Addison’s essay \Swift’s satire\ Fielding’s novel) • 1. Neo-classicism新古典 • A revival interest in old classic works, order,logic • →(Pope\Addison\Steel: model themselves after Greek and Latin
poetry
• 1. Narrative poetry
①the epic
• ②the romance • ③popular ballads • 2.Lyric poetry
– ① the elegy: a lyric poem lamenting the death of an individual.
The Renaissance
• Renaissance (1485—1660) • → The Background: the society was in its transition
from the feudalism to capitalism. • → Revival or rebirth of classical arts, culture and philosophy after the dark ages of medieval • → The key word for it is humanism, emphasized secular concerns , express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie. • → Shakespeare, Spenser, and Marlowe are all famous literary figures in this period •
John Milton约翰· 弥尔顿
(1) the last great poems Paradise Lost失乐园 Paradise Regained复乐园 Samson Agonistes力士参孙 . →The two most essential things: Puritanism and his republicanism. <Paradise Lost> → the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. → the main idea of the poem is a revolt against God’s authority → Satan is the real hero of the poem. Satan led a rebellion against God with his unconquerable will.
John Bunyan (1628-1688)班扬
• Puritan author • His best known work, The Pilgrim's Progress天路历程 • a religious allegory
18世纪英国文学Cultural Background
1. Enlightenment Movement 启蒙运动
(1561-1626)
II.Bacon’s works 1. “Advancement of Learning”学术的推进: 2. “New Instrument” :新工具 the inductive method of reasoning 3. “New Atlantics” : an ideal society 新大西岛 4. “Essays” / 58 essays论说文集 A wide variety of subjects: love, truth, friendship, beauty, studies, riches… His style: clearness, brevity, force of expression
William Shakespeare
• the greatest English poet and dramatist
• ①154 sonnets,
• ②37 plays, including 14 comedies, 12 tragedies,
and 11 historical plays,
☆his
essays is an important landmark in the development of English prose
Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593)
1.University wits, the greatest pioneer of English drama 2. blank verse Verse consisting of unrhymed lines, usually of iambic pentameter. 无韵诗，素体诗 3. Doctor Faustus
• <The Merchant of Venice> to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, to expose the insatiable greed and brutality (Shylock) • <Hamlet> hesitate between fact and fiction, language and action • To be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take action • Soliloquy or monologue - fully reveal the inner conflict of the characters