Back Vowels Chen
vowels
Exercises P37-39 The Closing Diphthongs
Exercise 1:
No.13 No.14 No.15
No.16 No.17
[eI] tape bay name spade vague
[əu] toe boat nose spoke vote
[aI] tie buy night spy vice
An initial classification will divide the speech sounds in English into two broad categories: vowels and consonants. Here are two definitions of vowels:
monophthongs：单元音 ['mɔnəfθɔŋ]
① ② ③ ④
As in the production of vowels the air stream meets with no obstruction. Vowels are differentiated by the following factors: the position of the tongue the openness of the mouth the shape of the lips the length of the vowels
u & u:
P22
higher
ɔ: lower
ɔ &ɔ:
P21 P20
ɔ lowest æ & ɑ: ɑ:
Exercises P22-24 The Back Vowels
Exercise 1: Exercise 2: Exercise 3: Exercise 4: Exercise 5:
back vowels
l音节按重读可以分为重读音节和非重读音 节 l重读音节： 指在双音节或多音节词中有一 个发音特别响亮的音节，叫重读音节，用 重音符号“`”标于相应位置，其他音节为 非重读音节，如begin /bi’gin/; 单音节词作 重读处理，但不标重音符号.
/O/ & /O:/
Practice
Words, questions & answers (P29) Additional Pronunciation Drills (P34)
/u:/ & /U/l来自lll
/u:/ 发此音时双唇收圆，收小，并需 向前突出，发音时，口腔肌肉始终保持紧张，发 长音。 e.g. too, tooth, food, noon, moon, choose, blue, school, pupil, student, university /u/ 发此音时口腔肌肉放松，发短音。舌 位比/u:/稍低，口形稍大 e.g. put, cook, book, pull, bullet, a good woman, took a look, look at the cook
Practice
l Words,
Q & A, Dialogues (P39) Pronunciation Drills (43)
l Additional
英语中的四大音节
开音节 闭音节 -r音节 -re音节
开音节
l开音节：以发音的元音字母结尾，或以辅 音字母(r除外)加上不发音的元音字母e结 尾的重读音节。 l绝对开音节 以发音的元音字母结尾的重读音节 “辅+ 元”——此时元音字母的读音按其在英语 字母表中的读音来发音。 l相对开音节 “元+辅(r除外)+e(不发音)”重读音节—— 读音同上
Back vowel
• [a:] 发这个音的字母和字母组合a ar au ear • a: grass glass class plant dance fast father last • ar: car star arm March garden dark scarf • au: laugh aunt • ear: heart
Reading
Comparison
/ɔ/ / ɔ:/ /ɔ/ / ɔ:/
pot
cot not shot
port
caught nought short
pod
cod nod cock
poured
cord gnawed cork
Which of them sound with this long vowel /ɔ:/?
shirt book ox
(
) ⑥lost
ball
( ) ⑦ruler dog blue ( ) ⑧big ship
mooncake horse it
• 四. 写出单词或音标。
[bru:m] [dɔ:] [sit] [bә:d] • [fut] [wi:] [dɔg] [′sistә] • look do water good • too foot clock first • work sisnd map cut from bird her
• 五. 改变下列单词的一个字母,使它变成另一个单 词
• • • • •
like_______________ (交通工具) hat ________________(动物) lake ________________(食品) nice _______________(数字) hot _________________(用品) well _______________(用品)
back vowel1语音实践
[ u: ]
• [ u: ] blue
& [u]
noon
bullet
too do shoe food group beauty produce
cook bush pull manhood woman could-cooed foot-food sugar
• [ u ] put woollen • Pull-pool
[ ɔ: ]
& [ɔ]
• [ ɔ: ] saw bought talk story daughter almost forward quarter portrait • [ ɔ ] top lock watch cost coffee swallow property October tomorrow
Review
Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. Did Peter Piper pick a peck of pickled peppers? If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, Where’s the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked?
High, back, rounded vowels
• [ u ] This sound is produced with the tongue in a relaxed position. The lips are loosely rounded. • [ u: ] The back of the tongue is raised the highest. This sound is the most tense and most lip-rounded of the back vowels.
后元音back vowels
sentences
6. It will do lot of harm to the heart. 7. Mark is only whistling in the dark. 8. The dog keeps barking in the dark. 9. After class Mark will go to the garden. 10. He is driving very fast the catch the last train.
sentences
6. You must pull out the decayed tooth. 7. Have you read the book “Roots”? 8. It’s very rude of you to treat that group like that. 9. He bought some fruit for the group. 10. He told the dentist that he had a loose tooth.
phrases
9. a lofty job 10. go to see a doctor 11. have a lot of hobbies 12. at the bottom of the society 13. eat a hot dog 14. at the bus stop 15. at the top of the mountain 16. do tip-top (干得很棒)
Phrases and sentences on dog
phrases
13. a bookish scholar 14. reach womanhood 15. sugary fruit 16. pull through (度过危机) 17. a bit crooked (走了形的) 18. walk through the woods
英语音标 English Vowels and Consonants
[r]舌头向上卷起，舌头不要接触任何部位，双唇稍突出，声带振动。
[h]自然呵气，自然张开，声带不振动（像喘气）。
Affricate consonants
破擦音
[tʃ]双唇略微张开突出,舌尖抵住上齿龈,用力吐气,舌尖离开上龈,声带不振动。
[u]嘴张开，略向前突出，发短促音。
Central vowels中元音
[ʌ]嘴巴张开，伸向两边，舌尖轻触下齿。
[ə:]嘴巴呈扁平，上下齿微张开，舌身平放。（长）
[ə]嘴巴呈扁平，上下齿微张开，舌身平放。（短）
Diphthongs双元音
Rising diphthongs
[ei]相当于发“A”
[ai]由开到合，“I”。
Nasal consonants
鼻辅音
[m]双唇紧闭,舌头平放,声带振动,气流从鼻子里送出来(鼻音).
[n]双唇微开,舌尖抵上齿龈,声带振动,气流从鼻子里送出来(鼻音).
[ŋ]双唇张开,舌尖抵下齿龈,舌根向后抵住,声带振动,气流从鼻子里送出来(鼻音).
Lateral consonant
边辅音
[l]舌尖抵住上齿龈，舌尖轻微用力弯曲，声带振动
[b]双唇紧闭，然后快速张开，爆破音，声带振动。
[t]用舌尖发音，抵住上齿龈形成阻碍（短促有力），声带不振动。
[d]用舌尖发音，抵住上齿龈形成阻碍（短促有力），声带振动。
[k]声带不振动，气从喉咙里用力冲出，舌后部抵住软腭。
[g]声带振动，气从喉咙里用力冲出，舌后部抵住软腭。
Fricative consonants
[ɔi]前重后轻，由圆到扁，稍快。
[əu]口型有半开到小开，像发“O”，发“ə”时舌尖抵下齿。
back vowels
/ɔ:/
/ ɔ: / is a long, half-open, rounded back vowel.
Organic Formation 1. Open the mouth a little less than for /ɔ/. 2. Round the lips more energetically than for /ɔ/. 3. Raise the back of the tongue between “halfopen” and “half-close” position. Hold the tongue tenser and higher than for /ɔ/.
Phrases & Sentences
have a look a cook-book foot the bill （付账） by hook or by crook （不择手段地） book a room put the hood on the hook（把头巾挂在钩上） brook no distortion (事实不容歪曲)
/a:/ 和/ æ /发音口腔部位的异同
/a:/
舌 双唇 牙床 平躺在口腔内，后 舌靠前部分用力 中性形 近乎全开
/æ /
舌尖抵下齿，舌位中下 位 开口 近乎全开
长度 肌肉
长 放松
短 紧张
comparison
/a:/ Bark Cart park barn psalm harm /æ / duck cut luck bun sum hum
• [ʊ ]
是短元音，舌端离开下齿，舌后部向软腭抬 起；双唇圆而小，稍向前突出；极为短促 的气流从口腔中冲出，振动声带，发出此 音。 • e.g.: good(好的) could(能够) should(应该)
back vowels
Read the following words
• • • • war quart talk salt chalk bald halt false walk all ball call small tall fall hall cord horse born torn corn sword lord • before board roar • before more bore snore shore
Read the following words
• • • • put pull full sugar butcher book good took wood room woman wolf could should would
• [u:] 后元音5.mp4 p58 • 音标特征：后元音 高音 圆唇 长元音 • 发音要领：双唇成圆形，收得较[ u ]更圆 更小，双唇向前突出，牙床近于半合。舌 后部抬高，舌尖不触下齿，发长音[u: ]。 • 注意长度，不要发的太短，口腔肌肉要始 终保持紧张状态，自然而有力。 • 发音组合：oo o ou u ue • 代表单词：food fool boom cool hoop pool shoot tomb group blue rule truth • P60 p61
Read the following words
• • • • • four court your pour door floor law saw jaw lawn dawn yawn fault cause daughter sauce bougp47 • 音标特征：后元音 低音 圆唇 短元音 • 发音要领：口张大，舌身尽量降低并后缩 ，先发[ɔ:]音，然后将舌身稍稍后缩，双唇 稍稍收圆(不要突出)，即可发[ɒ ]。 • 发音组合：o • 代表单词：ox on not cop rot hot lot • 音标对比：[ɔ:] sort tort short • [ɒ] dog nod shop • P49 p50
英语学科知识与教学能力考点必背(语音部分)教师资格证
学科知识与教学能力笔记（英语）一、语音考点 （一）元音Vowels 考点1：元音的舌位图我们先来看看英语单元音的舌位图（P70）。
图的左方为口腔的前部，右方为其后部。
竖线把舌头分成前中后三个部分；横线表示牙床的开合程度，图中的圆点表示元音音素发音时舌头抬得最高的那一部分在口腔中的位置。
单元音可按发音时舌头前、中、后哪一部分抬得最高而分成三类：前元音，中元音，后元音（back vowels ）。
元音一般从四个方面进行描述：舌位（high, mid, low ），舌头最高部位的位置（front, central, back ），长度（long, short ）或紧张度（tense, lax ），唇的开口度（rounded, unrounded ）音标描述汇总：[i:] h igh front tense unrounded vowel [І] high front lax unrounded vowel [u:] high back tense rounded vowel [ʊ]即[u] high back lax rounded vowel [З:]或[ə:] central tense unrounded vowel [ə] central lax unroundedvowel[e] mid-high front lax unrounded vowel [æ] low front lax unrounded vowel[Λ] mid-low back lax unrounded vowel [ɔ:] mid-low back tense rounded vowel [ɒ] low back lax rounded vowel[ɑ:] low back tense unrounded vowel考点2：专有名词基本元音Cardinal Vowels纯元音Pure Vowels/单元音Monophthong Vowels滑元音Vowels glides：There is an audible change of quality. ——If a single movement of the tongue is involved, the glides are called双元音Diphthongs如：[eI] from mid-low front to high front[aI] [ɔI] [əʊ] [aʊ] [Iə] [eə] [ʊə] 略A double movement produces 三元音Triphthong例如：tower中[aʊə]（二）辅音ConsonantsConsonants are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.Vowels元音: produced without such obstruction so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.区别：the distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.阻塞气流。
Vowels-English Pronunciation and Intonation for Communication英语语音练习
/i:/1)Come to tea!Come to tea with me!Come to tea with me by the sea!If you’re free, come to tea with me!Do you agree, if you’re free, to come to tea with me by the sea?2) A short poemBlue is the sea,Green is the grass.White are the clouds,Black are the crows.Brown are the trees,Red are the sails.Of a ship in the breeze.3) A songOh how lovely is the evening, is the evening.When the bells are sweetly pealing, sweetly pealing.Ding dong. Ding dong. Ding dong./ I /1)He’s swimming in the river.He’s swimming in the river with Tim.Come in, he’s swimming in the river with Tim.Will you come in, he’s swimming in the river with Tim.2) A poem“Tick” the clock says, “tick, tick, tick!”What you have to do, do quick;Time is gliding fast away.For motherland let us do our bit.3) A song1 little,2 little,3 little Indians,4 little,5 little,6 little Indians,7 little, 8 little, 9 little Indians,10 little Indian children.10 little, 9 little, 8 little Indians,7 little, 6 little, 5 little Indians,4 little, 3 little, 2 little Indians,1 little Indian child./e/He sells eggs.He sells hen’s eggs.He sells the best hen’s eggs.He sells the best hen’s eggs every Wednesday.He sells the best hen’s eggs every Wednesday in the market.1) A poemGood, better, best,Never let it rest:Till good is better,And better best.2) A songThe more we get together, together, together.The more we get together, the happier we’ll be.For your friends are my friends,And my friends are your friends.The more we get together, the happier we’ll be./æ/1)He attacked the man.He attacked the man in the van.He attacked the man in the van with a hammer.He attacked the man in the van with a hammer which he held with both hands.2) A poemI met a little boy JackWho came from another land.I couldn’t speak his language,But I took him by the hand.3) A song…This land is my land.This land is your land.This land belongs to you and me./ɑ:/1)I shan’t.I shan’t sing.I shan’t sing at the garden party.I shan’t sing at the garden party at my aunt’s farm.I shan’t sing at the garden party at my aunt’s farm tomorrow afternoon.2) A poemPast barges and carts,Past harbors and farms,The cars go darting by;Till after dark their sparkling lightsStartle the starry sky.3) A songDonna DonnaOn a wagon bound for market,There’s a calf with a mournful eye.High above him there’s a swallow,Winging swiftly through the sky.Chorus:How the wings are laughing!They laugh with all their might.Laugh and laugh the whole day throughAnd half the summer’s night.Donna, donna, donna, donna, …/ɒ /Where’s the watch?Where’s the watch I put in my pocket?Where’s the watch I put in my pocket to take to the shop?Where’s the watch I put in my pocket to take to the shop because it had stopped?1) A poemFroggy-boggy sat on a rock;Froggy-boggy had a great shock!Froggy-boggy fell off the top;Into the pond he fell with a plop.2) A songYesterday Once MoreWhen I was young I listened to the radio,Waiting for my favorite songs.When they played I’d sing along,It makes me smile.Those were such happy times and not so long ago.How I wondered where they’d gone?But they’re back again just like a long lost friend.All the songs I love so well.Every sha la la la, every wo wu wo wu, still shines.Every shingle lingle ling that they started to sing, so fine.When they get to the part, where he’s breaking her heart.It can really make me cry just like before.It’s yesterday once more./ɔ:/1)Paul called.Paul called from the hall.Paul called from the hall that he’d slipped on the floor.Paul called from the hall that he’d slipped on the floor and couldn’t get to the door.2) A poemGood Morning to AllGood morning to all who walk,Good morning to all who crawl,Good morning to all who soar,Or swim, good morning I call,To broad and to small, to short and to tall,Good morning, good morning to all.3) A songLondon BridgeLondon Bridge’s falling down,Falling down, falling downLondon Bridge’s falling downMy fair lady./u/1)Have a look at this good book.Have a look at this good book which I found near a brook.Have a look at this good book which I found near a brook and gave to our cook.2) A poemWe should love if we could go to the woodAnd look for the crooked may,Where the cuckoo took the wood-lark’s nest,And pushed her eggs away.3) A songI’d rather be a sparrow than a snail.Yes I would, if I could, I surely would.I’d rather be a hammer than a nail.Yes I would, if I only could, I surely would./u:/I’d choose blue.I’d choose blue shoes.I’d choose blue shoes to take to school.I’d choose blue shoes to take to school to wear.1) A poemAt noon in June when the flowers droop,And the roofing sky is blue;When the doves croon through the gloom of the trees, What do we choose to do?Why, to troop to the pool where the water coolSeems far too good to be true./ʌ /1)You must come.You must come to supper.You must come to supper with us.You must come to supper with us and join in the fun.2) A poemThere’s a mutter and grumble in the groundWhen thundering comes the train;Then into the tunnel it rumbles onAnd another comes thundering again.3) A songOne Day When We Were YoungOne day when we were young,One wonderful morning in May,You told me, you loved me,When we were young one day.You told me, you loved meAnd held me close to your heart.We laughed then, we cried then,Then came the time to part.Remember you loved me,When we were young one day./з:/1)He searched and searched.He searched and searched for the bird.He searched and searched for the bird he heard.He searched and searched for the bird he heard in the church.2) A poemWorms squirm in the earthWhen first is heardThe murmur and chirpOf the early bird./ə/1)normal [ə]ago again among above agree about ahead admire abroad approve attempt asleep amuse affirm assist attach advance attend 2)lowered [ə]after fever doctor worker soldier daughter father mothercolor other never paper order danger sugar picture3)The girl at the counter.The girl at the counter is the doctor’s daughter.The girl at the counter is the doctor’s daughter, who is showing an old worker some sugar.The girl at the counter is the doctor’s daughter, who is showing an old worker some sugar and butter.4) A poemButter and sugar and eggs and flour,Beat them again for half an hour,Bake the cake for an hour or more,But you never must open the oven door.…A songTo everything, turn, turn, turn,There is a season turn, turn, turnAnd a time for every purpose under heaven.A time to be born, a time to dieA time to thank, a time to reapA time to be killed, a time to healA time to laugh, a time to weep.To everything, turn, turn, turn,There is a season turn, turn, turnAnd a time for every purpose under heaven./ei/1)No pains, no gains.（不劳无获）Call a spade a spade.（实事求是）A penny saved is a penny gained.（省一文是一文）Haste makes waste.（欲速则不达）2) A poemTo the RainRain, rain, go away.Come again another day.Little Johnny wants to play.Rain, rain, go to Spain.Never show your face again.Rain on the green grass.And rain on the tree.Rain on the house topBut not on me.3) A songRain, rain, go away, go away.Rain, rain, go away.Please come another day.Please come another day.Little Johnny wants to play.Wants to play, wants to play./əu/1)Little strokes fell great oaks.（滴水穿石）A rolling stone gathers no moss.（滚石不生苔，转行不聚财）As you sow you shall mow.（种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆）Roll my log and I’ll roll yours.（你捧我来我捧你，花花轿子人抬人）Home, home, sweet home, there is no place like home.2) A poemShow me where those roses grow,Closed and cold as frozen snow,Or slowly opening wide, and showingHow their golden hearts are glowing.3) A songRow, row, row your boat.Gently down the stream.Merrily, merrily, merrily, merrilyLife is interesting./ai/1)Strike while the iron is hot.（趁热打铁）Let bygones be bygones.（既往不咎）Great minds think alike.（英雄所见略同）Diamonds cut diamonds.（棋逢对手，将遇良才）Lightning never strikes twice in the same place.（事不过二。
英语语音教案第六单元后元音 unit6 back vowels
详细教学内容I．General introduction of Back vowelsIn this unit, we will learn the back vowels in English.There are six back vowels in English. Looking at the 舌位图, you’ll know why they are called back vowels.(The following is the description of the six English back vowels.) They are produced by shifted the body of the tongue back from its central position.II. Shows the correct methods of pronouncing these sounds./ u: /, /u / are both high, back, rounded vowels. The /u:/ marks the highest boundary for the back vowels, as /i:/ does for the front vowels. Therefore, the tongue is retracted from its rest position and raised toward the soft palate. This vowel is quite common in the languages of the world and appears without problem in most Chinese learners. 英语中最小的圆唇音，不要用力将嘴唇撅得老高loose food blue groupno moodbring food to schoolprove to be truerumor about the movie star/u / foot cook could goods开口比/ u: /大点Compare / u: / with / u /book a roomput in some sugarpull throughwalk through the woodsTo ensure correct pronunciation, it is important to make the following distinction between /u:/ and/ u /:1.the part of the tongue raised for / u / is not as back and as high as that for/u:/;2./u:/ has quite strong lip rounding while the lips are only slightly rounded for/u /./ ɔ:/, /ɔ /is a mid-back vowel. For its production, the tongue is retracted and almost flat in the mouth. The vowel is almost fully back and has quite strong lip-rounding. //ɔ / / is a low vowel. The lips are slightly rounded. /ɔ / is a difficult vowel for the Chinese learners. Many of them use a shortened version of/ ɔ:/as its substitution. To ensure correct pronunciation, it is important to make the following distinction between these two vowels:1./ɔ / is a low vowel while / :/ is a mid vowel, so the mouth is more open for /ɔ /,2./ ɔ:/ has quite strong lip rounding while the lips are only slightly rounded for /ɔ //ɒ /在发音时口的开张度大于/ ɔ:/，牙床近乎全开。
英语专业第二学期语音复习资料整理
综合复习1.元音元音的分类Cardinal vowels indicate the range of human vocal organs can make.It offers the ways of describing , classifying and comparing vowels.V owels: Monophthongs (12) Diphthongs (8)Monophthong: 1. The height of the raised part of the tongue:Close, half-close, half-open, open2. The part of tongue raised: front, central, back3. The length of the vowel: long, short4. The position of the lips: rounded, unrounded5. The degree of tenseness: tense, laxDiphthongs:Closing diphthongs /Centring diphthongs2.每一个单元音的语音特征（前中后、合闭口，圆唇，紧张松弛，长短）[i:]: long, close, front, unrounded, tense[i]: short, half-close, front, unrounded, lax[e]: short, half-open, unrounded, front, lax[æ ]: short, open, unrounded, front, lax[a:]: long, back, unrounded, tense, open[ɔ]: short, open, rounded, back[ɔ:]: long, half-open, rounded, back[u]: short, half-close, rounded, lax, back[u:]: long, close, rounded, tense, back[ә ]: short, half-open, unrounded, central[ә:]: long, half-close and half-open, unrounded, tense, central[Λ]: short, half-open, unrounded, lax, central前元音( Front vowels ) / i: /, / i /, / e /, / æ /后元音( Back vowels ) / ɑ: /, / ɔ /, / ɔ:/, / u /, / u: /,中元音( Central vowels ) / ә: / , / ә /,/ Λ /Closing diphthongsDiphthongs /au/, /әu / /ai/ /ɔi/ /ei/,Centring diphthongs/ i ә /, / εә /, / uә3.每一个元音在舌位图上的位置4.同化现象定义分类特点规律Assimilation: In connected speech, under the influence of the neighbors, sounds are replaced by another sound. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both the original sounds. It is called assimilation.---c f / c i ---if c f changes into c i , c i effects c f –Regressive assimilationif c i changes to c f , c f effects c i–Progressive assimilationThe two sounds influence each other, and then form a new one. —coalescent, double, reciprocal assimilationSound changes in connected speech1) liaison2) incomplete plosion3) strong and weak forms of wordsUnder the influence of the neighbor sounds, one sound changes to another.eg. news papernewspaper [nju:speip ]As the result of the neighboring sounds, there forms a new sound which is different from the original two.eg. miss you[s ]+[j]----[ ]Directions---cf / ci ---if cf changes into ci ,ci effects cfRegressive assimilation 逆同化used [d] [t] toused[t t] toif ci changes to cf , cf effects ci---cf / ci ---Progressive assimilation 顺同化the two sounds influence each other, and then form a new one. ----coalescent, double, reciprocalpicture situationlast year, next yearI’m glade to meet you./t/+/j/---/t /education ，schedulewould you, could you/d/+/j/---/d /Types of assimilationA. voiced voicelesshave /v/ /t/ to have to /haf tu/B. [n] [m] ten[tem `minits] minutes[t] [p] right place [raip pleis][d] [b] good-bye[gub bai]c. [s]+[j]–this year[z]+[j]–where’s yours/t/+/j/---/t //d/+/j/---/d /5. 省音现象：定义、分类、规律Elision is the omission of a sound or sounds.a. In one word, a sound can be omitted. (factory)b. At a junction of words under the influence of the context, some sounds willdisappear. lots o(f) moneyhistorical elision and contextual elisionTypes of elisionHistorical elision (稳定的省音）history [`hist ri]—[`histri]Loss of vowelsA extraordinaryE every interest studentI medicine businessO victory buttonU build [bild]B bomb doubt climbD handsome handkerchiefG assign foreignH ghost rhythmK knee knifel half talkN damn autumnS island viscountT catch fastenContextual elisionloss of vowel after [ p t k ]potato [p `teit u]—[p`teit u]today [t `dei]—---[t`dei]The aspiration of the initial plosive will take up the whole part of the syllable. loss of final [v] in “of ”before consonantlots of money3 plosives / 2 plosives+1 fricativethe middle sound will disappear.Looked back[luk tb k ]==[ lukb k] (3 plosives)Scripts [scripts]==[skrips] (2p+1f)从发音原理上来讲，省音分为：1）不完全爆破引起的省音but not every week [b Λ（t）n ɔt]2) 叠合引起的省音want to It`s strange.3）缩写引起的省音she doesn`t we`d prefer4）弱读引起的省音bread and butter give her5）发音相近的音引起的省音Is this [i(z) ð is]6.重音词汇重音、定义、分类、音节、音节的分类、划分音节、重音规律句子重音Stress: the degree of force with which a sound or a syllable is uttered.Word stress is concerned with the stressing of individual words of two or more syllables when they are pronounced in isolation.1.Primary (strongest)2. secondary(weaker)3.unstress(weakest)Sentence stress refers to the stress that falls on certain word or words semantically important in a sentence.The term primary stress refers to the strong emphasis a speaker puts on the most important syllable of a particular word.Secondary stress refers to a less strong emphasis on the next most important syllable.Zero stress refers to any syllable that receives no stress, and it is also called unstressed syllable. In other words, an unstressed syllable receives no intensity or loudness at all. The frequent occurrence of unstressed syllable is one of the fundamental characteristics of spoken English, and the one that most distinguishes English from Chinese.The loudest sound[au] can be heard clearly.In a stressed syllable ,the center which is a vowel should be produced in a loudest way. （重读发生在重读音节的元音之上）When a syllable is stressed, it is pronouncedlonger in durationhigher in pitchlouder in volumeSo, when you say a word more than one syllable, remember to make the stressed syllable（vowel sound）louder, longer, clearer, and higher pitched. Open s–ends at a vowel sound CV绝对开音节：以发音的元音字母结尾的音节be，he相对开音节：以辅音字母（r 除外）+不发音的e结尾的音节make，like 不论是绝对开音节还是相对开音节, 读音的规则就是发其中元音字母的名称音。
back vowels解析
Phrases & Sentences
clocks and watches cotton socks borrow a novel wash the mop cost a lot watch that small fox
公鸡 射击
shop 商店 hot
热
chock 垫块 cod
鳕鱼
/ʊ /
This sound is produced with the tongue in a relaxed position. The tip of the tongue is retracted from the back of the lower front teeth. The lips are loosely rounded and slightly protruded.
do June too you glue chew who rude food group true juice move lose
soon moon spoon soup through blue shoe
Phrases & Sentences
food and soup blue boots choose a good school at noon in June Stoop by a cool pool useful tools
/ɒ/
The sound is made with open jaws and slight open lip-rounding, the back of the tongue is kept very low and far back.
Unit06-Vowels-Back Vowels-English Pronunciation英语语音
Unit 6Lesson PlanVowels: Back VowelsDate: Oct. 21-25Class: Classes 1, 2 , Grade 2009Subject: English Pronunciation and Intonation for CommunicationPurpose:The students will learn back vowels in English.Objectives: Students will be able to:1.Define - in their own words a definition for back vowels;pare – based on the understanding of the basic concept, compare them withother vowels;3.Practice – imitate the sounds and do practice.Resources/Materials:1.Textbook: Wang, Guizhen, English Pronunciation and Intonation forCommunication, Higher Education Press, Beijing, 2005;2.Handouts: illustration of the phonemes in focus;3.Recordings of native speakersActivities and Procedures:1.Stimulating: Begin by asking the class to find out how much the students knowabout what they are required to learn. Make sure that it serves the purpose of stimulating the students to think about the issue and have the desire to find out the answers themselves.2.Display examples by playing the recording of the native speakers showing thetypical pronunciation in English.3.Ask the students to listen to the tapes to make a good discrimination of the soundsin focus.4.Have the students imitate the sound in focus.5.Have the students share what they have learned by reading out the practicematerials in pairs.6.Have the students listen to the conversations recorded by native speakers ofEnglish and try to get the sounds in focus correct in their pronunciation.7.Have the students practice the guided conversation. Ask them to pay specialattention to the sounds in focus in speech.8.Highlight the language function in the conversation in the practice.9.Have several pairs of the students present their conversation in the class.ment on the students’performance by highlighting the achievement of thestudents and the efforts they need for the improvement.11.Ask the students to do more practice after class and get ready for presentationduring the next session.Back VowelsIn this unit, we will learn the back vowels in English.There are six back vowels in English. The back vowels are produced by shifting the body of the tongue back from its central position. The tip of the tongue remains at the level of the lower teeth. The front and back vowels have several features in common as well as some differences. Unlike the front vowels that are made with a fairly neutral lip posture, four of the back vowels are rounded. The back vowels may also be subdivided into those that are high (/u:/ and / u /), mid (/ɒ:/ and /ɒ/), and low (/ɑ:/ and /^/). The following is the description of the six English back vowels./u:/ and / u //u:/ and / u / are both high, back, rounded vowels. The /u:/ marks the highest boundary for the back vowels, as /i:/ does for the front vowels. Therefore, the tongue is retracted from its rest position and raised toward the soft palate. This vowel is quite common in the languages of the world and appears without problem in most Chinese learners. Along with /u:/, / u / completes the vowels in the high back space on the vowels chart. Its corresponding front vowel is / u /. When making the sound, the tongue is retracted as for /u:/ but not elevated to the same extent. In addition, the / u / vowel is not made with as much tension in the root of the tongue as /u:/. The same tense/lax contrast is also seen for /i:/ and / u /. This sound is not found very frequently as a phoneme in the languages of the world, certainly not in Chinese Putonghua. In English, it is not very common despite the fact that it appears in some frequently used words, such as should, good, and book. /u:/ occurs at all the three positions of a word while / u / occurs only in the middle position of a word, like book and hook. To ensure correct pronunciation, it is important to make the following distinction between /u:/ and / u /:1./u:/ is the highest back vowel, so the raised part of the tongue for /u:/ is higher than that for / u /;2.the part of the tongue raised for / u / is not as back as that for /u:/;3./u:/ has quite strong lip rounding while the lips are only slightly rounded for / u /. /ɒ:/ & /ɒ//ɒ:/ is a mid-back vowel. For its production, the tongue is retracted and almost flat in the mouth. The vowel is almost fully back and has quite strong lip-rounding. /ɒ/ is a low vowel. The lips are slightly rounded. /ɒ/ is a difficult vowel for the Chinese learners. Many of them use a shortened version of /ɒ:/ as its substitution. To ensure correct pronunciation, it is important to make the following distinction between these two vowels:1./ɒ/ is a low vowel while /ɒ:/ is a mid vowel, so the mouth is more open for /ɒ/,2./ɒ:/ has quite strong lip rounding while the lips are only slightly rounded for /ɒ/. /ɑ:/ & / /The /ɑ:/ is made by lowering and flattening the tongue in the oral cavity. It is a low vowel, but not as back as other back vowels in English. /^/ is quite different from other vowels in this group in that it is more like a central vowel than a back vowel (see the vowel chart). /^/ is made with the tongue in the approximate middle of the mouth, perhaps shifted back slightly. It is lower than the other central vowels /з:/ and /^/. The lip position is neutral. It is important for the learners to make a clear distinction between /ɑ:/ and /^/ in their pronunciation.。
unit 2Back Vowels
(before t and d in the words)
butcher
book cook
hook
look took
shook
(before k in the words)
Chapter two The second period 第二章 第二学时
后元音 Back vowels:/ u / / u: /
Warning-up exercise
/u/ look for the cook / woolen socks / stood in the foot /u:/ a new rule / useful tools / stoop by a cool pool
/:/ // /:/ /u/ /u:/ There are five back vowels: /:/ // /:/ /u/ /u:/ For all of them the tip of tongue is withdrawn towards the soft palate, lip-rounding plays an important part in producing all the back vowels except for /:/
/u:/
The back of the tongue is raised the highest. This sound is the most tense and most lip-rounded of the back vowels.
/u:/ is usually read in the following letters and combined letters: o u oo ou ue ew oe
Unit06 Vowels：Back Vowels
Unit 6Lesson Plan(With Notes for Teachers)Back VowelsDate: Oct. 21-25Class: Classes 1, 2 & 3, Grade 2002Subject: English Pronunciation for CommunicationPurpose:The students will learn back vowels in English.Objectives: Students will be able to:1.Define - in their own words a definition for back vowels;pare –based on the understanding of the basic concept, compare them with othervowels;3.Practice – imitate the sounds and do practice.Resources/Materials:1.Textbook: Wang, Guizhen, An English Pronunciation Course, Higher Education Press,Beijing, 2000;2.Handouts: illustration of the phonemes in focus;3.Recordings of native speakersActivities and Procedures:1.Stimulating: Begin by asking the class to find out how much the students know about whatthey are required to learn. Make sure that it serves the purpose of stimulating the students to think about the issue and have the desire to find out the answers themselves.2.Display examples by playing the recording of the native speakers showing the typicalpronunciation in English.3.Ask the students to listen to the tapes to make a good discrimination of the sounds in focus.4.Have the students imitate the sound in focus.5.Have the students share what they have learned by reading out the practice materials in pairs.6.Have the students listen to the conversations recorded by native speakers of English and tryto get the sounds in focus correct in their pronunciation.7.Have the students practice the guided conversation. Ask them to pay special attention to thesounds in focus in speech.8.Highlight the language function in the conversation in the practice.9.Have several pairs of the students present their conversation in the class.ment on the students’ performance by highlighting the achievement of the students andthe efforts they need for the improvement.11.Ask the students to do more practice after class and get ready for presentation during the nextsession.Notes for TeachersBack VowelsIn this unit, we will learn the back vowels in English.There are six back vowels in English. The back vowels are produced by shifting the body of the tongue back from its central position. The tip of the tongue remains at the level of the lower teeth. The front and back vowels have several features in common as well as some differences. Unlike the front vowels that are made with a fairly neutral lip posture, four of the back vowels are rounded. The back vowels may also be subdivided into those that are high (/u:/ and /☺/), mid (/ :/ and /ɒ/), and low (/ :/ and /✈/). The following is the description of the six English back vowels./u:/ and /☺//u:/ and /☺/ are both high, back, rounded vowels. The /u:/ marks the highest boundary for the back vowels, as /i:/ does for the front vowels. Therefore, the tongue is retracted from its rest position and raised toward the soft palate. This vowel is quite common in the languages of the world and appears without problem in most Chinese learners. Along with /u:/, /☺/ completes the vowels in the high back space on the vowels chart. Its corresponding front vowel is /✋/. When making the sound, the tongue is retracted as for /u:/ but not elevated to the same extent. In addition, the /☺/ vowel is not made with as much tension in the root of the tongue as /u:/. The same tense/lax contrast is also seen for /i:/ and /✋/. This sound is not found very frequently as a phoneme in the languages of the world, certainly not in Chinese Putonghua. In English, it is not very common despite the fact that it appears in some frequently used words, such as should, good, and book. /u:/ occurs at all the three positions of a word while /☺/ occurs only in the middle position of a word, like book and hook. To ensure correct pronunciation, it is important to make the following distinction between /u:/ and /☺/:1./u:/ is the highest back vowel, so the raised part of the tongue for /u:/ is higher than that for /☺/;2.the part of the tongue raised for /☺/ is not as back as that for /u:/;3./u:/ has quite strong lip rounding while the lips are only slightly rounded for /☺/./ :/ & /ɒ// :/ is a mid-back vowel. For its production, the tongue is retracted and almost flat in the mouth. The vowel is almost fully back and has quite strong lip-rounding. /ɒ/ is a low vowel. The lips are slightly rounded. /ɒ/ is a difficult vowel for the Chinese learners. Many of them use a shortened version of / :/ as its substitution. To ensure correct pronunciation, it is important to make the following distinction between these two vowels:1./ɒ/ is a low vowel while / :/ is a mid vowel, so the mouth is more open for /ɒ/,2./ :/ has quite strong lip rounding while the lips are only slightly rounded for /ɒ/./ :/ & /✈/The / :/ is made by lowering and flattening the tongue in the oral cavity. It is a low vowel, but not as back as other back vowels in English. /✈/ is quite different from other vowels in thisgroup in that it is more like a central vowel than a back vowel (see the vowel chart). /✈/ is made with the tongue in the approximate middle of the mouth, perhaps shifted back slightly. It is lower than the other central vowels /з:/ and /✈/. The lip position is neutral. It is important for the learners to make a clear distinction between / :/ and /✈/ in their pronunciation.元音: 后元音在这个单元里，我们将学习英语的后元音。
后元音back vowels
短元音。发音时，舌后部抬起，舌身后缩，舌 尖离开下齿。双唇收圆，稍突出。
1. words
good look put book hook hood foot wood could push bookish booking footsy looker sugar sugary took crooked wool
phrases
9. the dog barking in the dark 10. make the mark 11.first-class management 12. do harm to the heart 13. very hard to start the car 14. come into the market 15. marble-hearted 16. for the most part
1. words
farm fast
far cart
car smart
park card
last bark hard heart
large parcel pardon pass class mark dark
2. phrases
1. managing a large farm 2. far from being smart 3. the last bus to town 4. a very hard job 5. in the National Park 6. the car running very fast 7. a very smart fellow 8. get home before dark
3. sentences
Back Vowels (1)
Mastery Pronunciation Four后元音Back Vowels [ɔ:] & [ɔ]Articulation manners：Warming-up: Listen carefully and try to underline the letters involve [ɔ:]& [ɔ] sounds.[ɔ:]almost north autumn war law floor four aboard daughter bought [ɔ]odd boss lock not pot top hot dog quality quarrel Summarize: Please summarize the letters make the [ɔ:] & [ɔ]sounds.[ɔ:]___________________________________________________________________ [ɔ]____________________________________________________________________Exercises: (※ Please recite the bold Words, Phrases and Sentences)Words:Compare:Phrases:Top talks 最高级会谈Hot water 热水Sports car 赛车Law and order 法律和秩序Drawing board 画桌Draw lots 抽签Coffee shop 咖啡店What’s more而且Cotton socks 棉袜Father-in-law 岳父As far as possible 尽可能Sentences:Come on! 来！Hard to tell.难说。
It’s a promise.我保证。
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Phrases
17. hear a knock on the door 18. mop the floor 19. according to a psychologist 20. in the teapot
Sentences
1.She is eating a hot dog at the door way. 2. Listen! Someone is knocking at the door. 3. This bottle is selling like hot cakes. 4. Who is going to mop the floor? 5. Bob has a lofty job and a lot of hobbies.
Phrases
17. true to life 18. school life 19. put on the shoes 20. have a toothache
Sentences
1. The news is too good to be true. 2. This is a once in blue moon chance 3. The manager is wearing a new blue suit. 4. They will soon move to a new house. 5. You must get his approval before using the tool.
Phrases
1. a very hot summer day 2. a famous psychologist 3. on a holiday 4. a very good shop 5. jolly foxy 6. do shopping 7. a crafty boss 8. a famous American scholar
/ɔ:/
/ɔ:/是长元音。发音时舌后部比/ɔ/高，双唇收得 更圆更小，并向前突出。
Words
form board reform talk fortune formal forward force corner door floor walk four lord corridor course
Phrases
7. brook no distortion (事实不容歪曲) 8. look out 9. have a look at the room 10. play footsy (搞秘密交易) 11. put in some sugar 12. dead wood
Phrases
Phrases
9. no tools to do it with 10. forks and spoons 11. go to see a movie 12. by moonlight 13. move to another place 14. Italian noodle 15. root out the evil 16. a loose life
Sentences
6. You must pull out the decayed tooth. 7. Have you read the book “Roots”? 8. It’s very rude of you to treat that group like that. 9. He bought some fruit for the group. 10. He told the dentist that he had a loose tooth.
u: bull bullet put sugar butcher push
Words
good look
put
book
hook hood foot
wood could push bookish booking footsy looker sugar sugary took crooked wool
(1) I got a job as a pop song singer. (2) Barking dogs do not bite. (3) ---What’s this? ---It’s a clock. (4) There are many hot dogs in the shop. (5) The dog stopped on the top of the hill.
Phrases
9. a lofty job 10. go to see a doctor 11. have a lot of hobbies 12. at the bottom of the society 13. eat a hot dog 14. at the bus stop 15. at the top of the mountain 16. do tip-top
Sentences
6. He pushed the car and it refused to move. 7. He understood what the woman wanted. 8. The woman took a look at the angry butcher and ran away. 9. That woman wrote a very good book. 10. They shook hands with the cook before going into the room.
loose moon move movie noodle shoe
Phrases
1. no mood 2. go to school 3. bring food to school 4. prove to be true 5. spread a rumor 6. very rude 7. to pull out a tooth 8.hard and fast rule
/ɔ/
/ɔ/短元音。发音时口张大，舌身尽量压低并后 缩，双唇双双收圆。
Words
hot dog bottom bottle foxy boss lot box got shop modest doctor lofty model knock often holiday stop got job
13. a bookish scholar 14. reach womanhood 15. sugary fruit 16. pull through (度过危机) 17. a bit crooked (走了形的) 18. walk through the woods
Sentences
Phrases
1. have a look 2. a cook-book 3. foot the bill （付账） 4. by hook or by crook （不择手段地） 5. put the hood on the hook（把头巾挂在钩上） 6. book a room
Tongue twisters
A good wife makes a good husband. Give two true tools to the troops. Mr. Cook said to a cook, “Look at this cook-book. It’s very good.” The classroom is full of books. She is a good-looking cook. More sugar should be put in the coffee. He is looking for a good book. I sometimes cook with a book near my right foot.
Phrases and sentences on dog
1. a lucky dog 2. a dead dog 3. a dog’s age (很长时间) 4. a sad dog (易闯祸的人) 5. a sly dog (暗地偷鸡摸狗的人)
Phrases and sentences on dog
/u:/
长元音。舌端离开下齿，舌后部尽量抬起，舌位 明显高于/u/音；双唇尽量收缩成圆而小，小于/u/ 的唇形，并稍向前突出；气流从口腔中冲出，振 动声带，发出此音。
Words
mood food
tool
root rumor
prove true tooth
school spoon
troop loot rg’s life (困苦的生活) 7. a dog’s death (潦倒而死) 8. go to the dogs (毁灭，破产) 9. Barking dogs do not bite. 10. Love me, love my dog.
More sentences
Back Vowels
The back vowels in English are the vowels that are articulated near the back of the oral cavity.
Five back vowels
英语中共有5个后元音， /a:, u, u:, ɔ, ɔ:/ 发音共同点是：舌身后缩，舌后部向软腭抬起，舌尖 不抵下齿，/u, u:, ɔ, ɔ :/ 圆唇，/a:/不圆唇。 TEXTBOOK INTRODUCTION p60