牛津高二英语Module 7Unit 1 Grammar and usage
译林牛津高二英语Module 7 Unit 1 短语和句子
Module 7 Unit 1 短语和句子1.make a list of the advantages anddisadvantages of列出……的利弊2.in black and white黑白的3.in color彩色的4.over time随着时间的推移5.shortly afterwards不久以后6.contribute to 有助于；导致；促成…的原因；contribute five articles to the magazine 投稿contribute ＄5,000 to a local charity 捐献5000美元给一个当地的慈善机构make contributions to 对…作出贡献7.make important breakthroughs in…在…取得重大突破8.be used to do sth./ be used for doing sth.被用来做某事9.be broadcast live现场直播10.make sth. accessible to sb.让某人能够使用某物11.wind up上发条12.by hand手工13.make the first CDs available第一批CD激光唱片出现了14.with the development of digital technology随着数码技术的发展15.obtain some specific information获得一些具体的信息16.over a long distance远距离17.send electrical signals through theatmosphere 通过空气发送电信号18.rely on依靠；信赖rely on sb. to do sth.指望某人做某事rely on it that… 相信…19.have many drawbacks 有很多缺点20.make some adaptations做出适应性改变21.be skeptical that… 怀疑be skeptical of/ about sth. 怀疑22.a small percentage of… 少量的23.have access to 可接近；可使用；24.start with从…开始25.for entertainment/ fun为了娱乐（消遣）26.a large amount of educational software大量的教育软件﹡electronic goods电子产品﹡household appliances家用电器﹡audio and video devices音像设备﹡digital camera数码照（摄）相机﹡mobile phone移动电话﹡electric cooker电饭锅﹡microware oven微波炉﹡washing machine洗衣机﹡vacuum cleaner吸尘器27.at the dentist’s在牙医疹所28.have a casual conversation闲聊29.answer for your behavior因你的行为承担责任30.benefit from this agreement受益于这个协议31.decide against the plan决定反对这个计划32.take a part-time job打零工33.adjust to the development of computertechnology适应计算机技术的发展34.in particular特别be particular about 对…挑剔35.above all最重要的是36.be of little importance不重要37.be meant to do sth旨在做某事38.be suitable for 适合；适用于39.be shaped like 像in good shape情况良好in the shape of以…形式get into shape强身健体40.on sale廉价出售for sale 待售41.in order to do sth.为了做某事42.in order of按…顺序43.be clear and to the point 简明扼要44.in other words换句话说45.keep/ bear sth. in mind 牢记46.in a polite way = politely礼貌地47.in truth事实上48.vote on对…进行表决49.dislike dealing with strangers不喜欢跟陌生人打交道50.value doing sth.珍惜；重视做某事51.face to face面对面face-to-face communication 面对面交流52.oppose doing sth. = be opposed to doing sth.= object to doing sth.反对做某事53.be convenient to/ for sb. 对某人方便(合适)54.to one's convenience对某人方便(合适)55.at one's convenience在方便的时候= whenit is convenient to/ for sb.56.have a valid point有合理的观点a valid passport 有效的护照valid evidence 确凿的证据57.over the phone在电话里58.not really that important不是真的那么重要59.be absorbed in (doing) sth.专心于（做）某事60.dial the wrong number拨错号码61.for some reason由于某种原因62.so… as to如此…以致于…so as to 为了63.focus on (doing) sth. 致力于；聚焦（做）某事(concentrate on)64.in general总的来说65.along with和…一道；连同66.for good measure额外take measures to do sth.采取措施做某事make sth. to one’s o wn measure照某人的尺寸做…67.rid sb/oneself of使某人（自己）摆脱某物get rid of摆脱或去除某物68.to some/ a certain degree/ extent达到某种程度to what degree 达到什么程度the degree of Master of Arts 文学硕士学位69.out of date 过时的up to date 现代的，时新的，新式的up-to-date clothes 时新的衣服（作定语时中间加连词符号）70.up to sb 由某人决定up to 200 people 多达，高达up to now 直到up to sth/ doing sth 忙于做某事71.weigh the desk 称桌子weigh 60 kg 称得60kgweigh the advantages and disadvantages 权衡利弊weigh up the idea 仔细考虑这个想法lose weight/ put on weight 减肥/ 增加体重72.guarantee sth/ sb sth 保证，担保…（A goodeducation doesn’t guarantee you a good job.）guarantee that-clauseguarantee to do sth 保证做某事be guaranteed to do sth 必定做某事，一定做某事under guarantee 在保质期内，在保修期内73.It was not until 1938 that the first colour TV programme was broadcast.直到1938年第一个彩色电视节目才播出。
牛津版高二英语模块七unit1知识讲解
牛津版高二英语模块七Unit1知识讲解Part I: Overview本单元主要介绍了如何描述历史时期中人们生活的方式、社会文化和思想以及它们对于历史的演进所产生的影响。
学习内容包括了英语语言学习、听力、口语、阅读和写作方面的知识。
Part II: Vocabulary1.rural: 农村的，乡下的2.urban: 城市的，都市的3.spiritual: 精神的，心灵的4.innovation: 创新，革新5.democracy: 民主，民主制度6.emperor: 帝王，皇帝7.philosophy: 哲学8.status: 地位，身份9.liberty: 自由10.nationality: 国籍，民族Part III: Grammar1.表示过去发生的某一行为或事件，常使用过去式和过去进行时。
–过去式的构成：动词加“ed”或不规则动词变形–过去进行时的构成：was/were + 动词的现在分词（-ing形式）2.表示过去某一时间内反复发生的动作，常使用过去简单时和used to。
–过去简单时的构成：动词过去式–used to + 动词原形表示过去习惯性、反复或长期的动作或情况。
Part IV: Reading Comprehension本单元阅读理解主要涉及三篇文章，分别为“The Influence of Rural Life”，“Urban Life in the Industrial Age”和“Out of the Labyrinth”。
下面对每篇文章的重点进行梳理：The Influence of Rural Life本文主要介绍了农村生活对于历史影响的重要性。
文章中提到，很多现代的科技创新都是在农村地区开始发展的，例如纺织、农业、制造业等。
此外，农村文化中的许多传统艺术、手工艺和食品也对于社会的发展和演进产生了积极的影响。
Urban Life in the Industrial Age本文主要介绍了工业时代中城市生活的变化。
牛津高中英语模块七unit1语法
牛津高中英语模块七unit1语法及物动词和不及物动词英语中的实义动词，有及物动词（transitive verb）和不及物动词（intransitive verb）之分，缩写形式分别为vt.和vi. 。
一、及物动词及物动词是指后面可直接跟宾语，并且必须跟宾语才能使其意义完整的动词。
大部分及物动词有被动语态。
及物动词常用于以下三种结构中：（1）“主语+谓语+宾语”结构此时的宾语可以是一个名词、代词、不定式、动名词或者从句。
如：Mary enjoys music .(名词)He loves her.（代词）I want to get your help.(不定式短语)I don’t know what to do.(疑问词+不定式)The old man enjoys living in the countryside.(动名词短语)I don’t think that he’s right.(宾语从句)学法点拨：常接不定式作宾语的动词有：attempt, dare, decide, desire, expect, hope, intend, learn, need, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wishi等。
可以接“疑问词+不定式”作宾语的动词有：ask, consider(考虑)，decide, discover, explain, forget, guess, know, learn, remember, see, tell , think, understand, wonder等。
常接动名词作宾语的动词有：advise, avoid, ban , delay, enjoy, finish, imagine, mind , miss , practice, risk等。
接不定式和接动名词作宾语意义差别很大的动词有：forget, remember, regret, mean等。
Grammar+and+usage Integrated+skills英汉互译讲义高中英语牛津译林版
Unit 1 grammar and usage & Integrated skills英汉互译(Page 6)Past perfect tenseA Exploring the rulesBelow is the short life story of Joseph Pulitzer. Find the sentences that use the past perfect tense and fill in the box below. The first one has been done for you.Joseph Pulitzer was born on April 10, 1847, in Hungary. He moved to America and became an American citizen in the 1860s. He had a number of different jobs after he moved to America. He regularly visited the library and studied English and law—by then he had learned very little English. While in the library one day, he began chatting约瑟夫·普利策于1847年4月10日出生于匈牙利。
19世纪60年代，他移居美国，成为美国公民。
他移居美国后做过许多不同的工作。
他经常去图书馆，学习英语和法律，那时他几乎没有学过英语。
一天，在图书馆里，他开始和一家德语报纸的两位编辑聊天。
他们给了他一份工作。
Pulitzer quickly became a successful journalist and by the age of 25, he had become a publisher. In 1878, he founded the newspaper the St Louis Post-Dispatch. Pulitzer worked tirelessly, from early in the morning until midnight. His paper published articles about politics and social issues, accusing government officials of dishonesty and wealthy people of not paying their taxes. Sales of the newspaper shot up. In 1883, Pulitzer bought the New York World. He used the same business strategy he had employed at the St Louis Post-Dispatch and sales of the newspaper mounted up普利策很快成为一名成功的记者，25岁时，他成为了一名出版商。
牛津高二英语Module 7Unit 1 Grammar and usage(1)课件
★ through 表示“以(方法、手段) ”“经由”。
• Read the dialogue on page 8 and do the exercise in pairs. Answers:
(1) for (4) by
(2) at (3) until (5) during (6) to
Prepositional phrases
Arrange
the prepositional phrases listed into three types: prepositional phrases with nouns/adjectives/verbs
cautious
about, look at, look after, different from, run into, hear from, in other words, meet with, in return, on a large scale, fit for, stand for, to some extent, by hand
across 表示“从这一边到一边”；穿过物体表面,或横过 by 表示“从人或事物旁边经过”，意义与past相似 over 表示“从人或事物上空经过、越过” past 表示“从人或事物旁边经过”，意义与by相似 through 表示“从事物的里面穿过”或“从长形物的一头 到另一头”。
Choose the best answer. A the gate and you’ll find the entrance ___ the park 1. ____
prepositional phrases with verbs
• • • • • •
run into hear form stand for meet with look for look at
Unit1GrammarandUsage句子成分和结构课件高中英语牛津译林版(2020)
基本句型一 主+谓
① The sun rises. ② Time flies. ③ The man smokes heavily. ④ They stopped when the phone was ringing. ⑤ They talked for half an hour. Conclusion: 这类动词叫做 不及物动词 , 后面不跟宾语，但 是可以带状语。
系动词分类
1) 表状态的be动词：be,is,am,are,was,were 2)表感官的动词: look, sound, taste, smell, feel, 3)表变化的动词: 4)表持续的动词： remain, stay, keep, continue 5)表表像的动词: seem, appear (似乎，好像) 6)表终止的动词： prove, turn out（证明 always makes his parents angry.
A
D定
状 频率
B
定
C
补
英语中一共两种修饰成分：
修饰名词的叫“定语” 修饰名词以外的其他成分的统统叫“状语”
Leona
Practice 学法P26-30
Leona
P6 A Exploring the rules： 1. I agree. 2. Setting goals gives you a focus. 3. These habits will be helpful. 4. Setting goals makes you more confident. 5. You will live a happy life.
现在分词 doing
They found the house broken in.
牛津译林版高中英语模块7：Unit1 Grammar and usage
需要注意的一点是：少数不及物动词 唯一可跟的宾语是同源宾语。 如：I dreamed a dream last night.
易误用作及物动词的9个不及物动词：
误：deal a problem 正：deal with a problem 处理问题 误：depend sb. 正：depend on sb. 依靠（依赖）某人 误：insist doing sth. 正：insist on doing sth. 坚持要做某事
既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动 词，其意义不变。 如begin 都是作“开始”讲。 Everybody, our game begins. Let us begin our game. 类似的还有：start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve...
类似的还有：buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell...
误：knock the door 正：knock on [at] the door 敲门 误：operate sb. 正：operate on sb. 为某人做手术 误：participate sth. 正：participate in sth. 参加某事 误：refer sth. 正：refer to sth. 查阅（参考)某物
不及物动词（vi. ）：不及物动词后不能 直接跟有动作的对象（即宾语）。若要 跟宾语，必须先在其后加上某个介词。 如：look (看) 即不能直接加宾语
Unit1 单词讲解-高二英语牛津译林版选择性必修第二册
Grammar and usage---Integrated skills 单词详解1.citizen n.公民；市民，居民(6)She's Italian by birth but is now an Australian citizen.她生于意大利，但现在是澳大利亚公民2.found vt.创建，创办；建立，兴建(6) (近义词establish)found a club/company 创办俱乐部╱公司Their marriage was founded on love and mutual respect.他们的婚姻建立在爱情和互相尊重的基础上。
3.politics n. 政治，政治事务；（个人的）政治观点，政见(6)a major figure in British politics 英国政坛的风云人物He's thinking of going into politics. 他打算步入政坛。
Politics is his main subject at university.他在大学主修政治。
His politics are extreme. 他的政治观点偏激。
注：politics单复数同行形，指政治学、政治制度时视为单数，指政治见解时常用复数。
拓展：political adj. 政治的，政治上的politician n. 政治家，政客policy n. 政策4.accuse vt. 谴责，控诉(6)She accused him of lying. 她指责他说谎。
The government was accused of incompetence. 政府被指责无能。
短语：accuse sb of sth 控告某人某事（be accused of=be charged with）拓展：accusation n.accusing adj. 谴责的，指责的an accusing look 谴责的目光accusingly adv.accusatory adj. 谴责的，指责的accused adj. 被控告的the accused 被告5.tax n. 税，税款vt. 对…征税，使纳税(6)to raise/cut taxes 增加╱削减税收to pay over ￡1 000 in tax 缴纳1 000多英镑的税款profits before/after tax 税前╱税后利润a tax on cigarettes 香烟税His declared aim was to tax the rich. 他宣布他的目的是向富人征税。
Grammar+and+usage+语法练习题 高中英语牛津译林版(2020)选择性必修第二册
Unit 2 语法练习题I 判断下列句子是否存在时态使用问题，若有不当之处，找出后并加以改正1.That was the first time I have been to such a big city. It's so impressive.2.Yesterday I didn’t drive him to the airport because my car was fixed at that time.3.He kept the children out of the room because it was being cleaned.4.I didn’t attend the meeting because I hadn’t told about it.5.The room is being decorated when the man came in.6.I hoped to send her a gift, but I didn’t manage it.7.Up to now, he had not been very hard-working.8.How many buildings had been destroyed when the hurricane ended?9.By the time he got to the school, the first period has been finished.10.As of last week, no trial date had been set.【答案】1. have been 改为had been; 2. was fixed 改为was being fixed; 3. 正确；4. hadn’t told 改为hadn’t been told; 5. is being decorated 改为was being decorated; 6. hoped 改为had hoped; 7. had not been 改为have not been; 8. 正确；9. has been finished 改为had been finished; 10. 正确II单句语法填空1.The old house __________ (repair), and the garden was being tended to.2.What __________ (discuss) during this time at meeting yesterday?3.One day when I came home, I find a book called Pride and Prejudice ___________on the desk. (leave)4.A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who __________ (trap) in the mountains for two days.5.—Did you see Jack in the teacher's office earlier today?—Yes. He ____________ (question) by his class teacher at that time.6.When asked about the cause of the accident, the man in charge didn’t reveal anything and said it _________ (investigate)7.He asked me not to worry too much as the injured man __________ (send) to hospital.8.The poem written by John Keats _________ (read) smoothly.9.By the end of last week dozens of cases __________. (settle)10.– Why didn’t you bring your computer here yesterday?– Oh, it __________ (check) by my neighbour then.【答案】1. was being repaired; 2. was being discussed; 3. had been left; 4. had been trapped; 5. was being questioned; 6. was being investigated; 7. had been sent; 8. reads;9. had been settled; 10. was being checkedIII 按照要求完成下列句子A.根据汉语提示补全句子1.在被问到事故发生原因时，负责人表示正在调查中。
M7-Unit-1-及物和不及物动词的用法
M7 Unit 1 Grammar and usage （1)Transitive verbs ＆intransitive verbsLearning objectives：1。
Learn about the use of the transitive verbs and the intransitive verbs。
2。
Master the differences between them。
Learning keys：Learn the functions of the transitive verbs and intransitive verbs.Learning difficulties:Master how to use the transitive verbs and intransitive verbs.Learning procedures:Step 1 IntroductionTrue or False1. He is listening the teacher carefully。
( ）2. They always want a cup of tea after lunch。
( )3。
He is sending now. ( )4. If you work hard, you will succeed in passing the exam. （)5. Our children are taught to serve for the people wholeheartedly。
( ）6。
The pen is written well。
( ）Conclusion：英语中按动词后可否直接跟________可把动词分成及物动词(transitive verbs/vt.）和不及物动词(intransitive verbs/vi。
)，主要用法区别如下:1、及物动词后必须跟宾语意义才能完整。
Unit1Grammarandusage课件高中英语牛津译林版(2020)
2.谓语（verb/predicate）
说明主语的动作、状态和特征 （“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”）
情态动词
动词的分类
助动词 系动词 实义动词
及物动词 不及物动词
（1）简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成 He practices running every morning.
（2）复合谓语：由情态动词或助动词加动词原形构成 You may keep the book for two weeks.
(1) She has lunch happily. (2) He arrived in London yesterday..
SVP 主语+系动词+表语
此类型的句子，谓语动词不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加 上一个表明主语性质或状态的表语，才能表达完整的意思。
常见的系动词： be动词类: am, is , are , was, were 感官动词类：look, sound, smell, taste, feel
可接“双宾语”的动词 （1）V.+sb.+sth.=V. +sth. + to + sb.
give, tell, lend, sell, teach, send, bring, write, take, offer, pass, return, promise, show, throw, hand, award等
5.定语（attributive) 修饰或限制名词或代词，翻译成
“……的”
由名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、V-ing、Ved、不定式、定语从句等充当。
This is an apple tree.
（名词）
He is our friend.
2019年Book7_U1_课件课时5Grammarandusage精品教育.ppt
pay for
pay for sth. Mum paid for my driving lessons. pay sb. for sth. He didn't even offer to pay me for the ticket.
search for
search for An RAF plane searched for the missing men. I've searched everywhere for my glasses. search sth./sb. for sth. Detectives are searching the yard for clues. He was searched by the guards for weapons. search for to try to find an explanation or solution Scientists are still searching for a cure. She paused, searching for inspiration.
allow for
to consider the possible facts, problems, costs etc. involved in something when making a plan, calculation, or judgment Allowing for inflation, the cost of the project will be $2 million. You should always allow for the possibility that it might rain.
• Many verbs can be both transitive and intransitive.
(2021年整理)牛津版高二英语模块七unit1知识讲解
（完整）牛津版高二英语模块七unit1知识讲解编辑整理：尊敬的读者朋友们：这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（（完整）牛津版高二英语模块七unit1知识讲解）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。
同时也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈，这将是我们进步的源泉，前进的动力。
本文可编辑可修改，如果觉得对您有帮助请收藏以便随时查阅，最后祝您生活愉快业绩进步，以下为（完整）牛津版高二英语模块七unit1知识讲解的全部内容。
高二英语教学案(Book 7）Unit1 Welcome to the unit；TV and audio devices: a reviewand Word power --—-朱巧云一record n。
记录；成绩；履历v。
记录，记载；录音，录象recording n. 录音，录音制品recorder n. 录音机record player 电唱机练练吧！1. the score in a notebook.A. kept a record B。
kept the record C。
recorded D. kept the record of2.The police keep record of all the traffic accidents.(改错）3.She (保持着世界记录） for the 100 meters。
4.You should （记录) how much you spend。
5。
I’m fond of listening to r of famous singers ,such as CoCo Lee's and Sun Yanzi’s。
6。
She took her Sony tape r out of her bag and placed it down.7.It all began in 1877 when Thomas Edison made the first r of a human voice。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2. The old man died ____ cold ____ a cold night.
A. from; at C of; on C.
3. The railway was opened ____ traffic ____ April 4, 1985.
A. to; on A C. by; on B. to; in D. for; on
conclusion: 表时间的介词
The prepositions (at / by / on / for ) we filled in just now are used to express_______ . time
prepositions of time
Hale Waihona Puke How to use prepositions to express time?
1. His father will be back from London ____ a few days. A. since B in C. on D. after B. 2. --- How long has the bookshop been in business? --- _____ 1987. A. After B. In C. From D. Since D 3. The touch they had both kept in ____ many years broke. A A. for B. on C. into D. with
at in on for by since during after before between from until
used before a point of time indicating ‘no later than a time’ used before a period of time ‘from a time in the past until a later time or now’ indicating ‘in the period of time separating two dates, events; etc’ indicating the time at which sth starts ‘earlier than the time when’ ‘up to the time of (a specified event) used before a particular day to show how long something continues ‘throughout or within a period of time’ indicating ‘later in time’
e.g. …it is useful for keeping our house clean.
Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions.
I am an English teacher in a middle school. Since I was in Junior High, I have been At interested in English. ___that time, I usually at got up ___5.30 a.m. reading English aloud. On ___15 September 1998, I got the first prize in an English speech contest in my school, which made me work even harder at English. By ____now, I have been learning English for ____more than 14 years and I will never stop learning it.
二.表方位的介词in, on, to, off的区别 B Guangdong lies ___ the south of China and Fujian is ___ the east of it. Hainan is _____ the coast of the mainland. A. in; in; on B. in; on; off C. on; to; on D. in; to; away
conclusion: 表地点的介词
The prepositions (at / by / on / in / behind / between / opposite / near / across, etc ) we place used just now are used to express_______ .
on at 10:00___ the morning of March, 1998 in at 10:00___ the morning on April 1st, 1998
since, for, in, after 二.表持续时间的_________________的区别 ★ since 接过去的某时间点, 常用于完成时. ★ for 接一段具体的时间, 常用于完成时. ★ in + 一段时间与非延续性动词连用,表一段时间 以后,多用于将来时; 与延续性动词连用,表一段时 间内,时态不限. ★ after + 一段时间,常用于过去时.
Unit 1 Living with technology The fifth period
Prepositions and prepositional phrases
Complete the article with the following prepositions.
on in to into for after before
on in to into for after
before
We first bought a fridge and an electric rice cooker. My parents suggested we buy a microwave oven so that we can save a lot of time reheating food. After Then we bought a washing machine. _____that, into a vacuum cleaner came ____our package as it is for useful ____keeping our house clean. We had a tiring but happy day.
三.在……期间，常用介词 during, for, over, within, throughout, from...to 等 e.g. during the summer holiday. for four years I’ll be back within an hour. from 6 to 8 从6点到8点
to My family will move ___a new flat. We need a lot before of new household appliances _______we can move___. Last Saturday, we went ___a in to department store. The household appliances section is ___the fifth floor. on
五.在时间状语中，有两种情况不用介词
1）表示“去年”“上个月” “今年”“这个月”“本 周”“明年”“下个月”“每年”“每月”“每周”等概 念时。 last year (month, week); this year (month, week); next year (month, week) My family are going to Hangzhou next month. Every summer she goes to visit her parents. 2）用all来表示整个“年、月、星期、天”等概念时, 如： We worked there all afternoon. She has lived in the village all her life.
四.表示其它时间概念的介词: before\until\till\between\by\up to等
1）before “在…之前，早于…” before supper 晚饭前 before class 上课前 before long 不久 2）until\till “直到” The meeting will last till 5:00 3）by表示“到…为止”， by the end by the end of last term
1.The train leaves ___ 6:00pm, so I have to be at the station _____ 5:40 at the latest.
A. at; until C C. at; by B. for; after
D. before; around B. of; in
prepositions of place
at, in, on, above，against, behind, between, by, near, opposite, under, below, off, over, inside, outside, etc.
一.表示地点时 at, in, on 的区别
at
at at at at at 8 o’clock noon night midnight the end of at at at at at that time the beginning of the age of Christmas New Year
in in in in in in