unit 15 wound care Microsoft Word 文档

Unit 15 wound careBreast CancerBreast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women. Breast cancer affects one in eight women during their lives. Men can have breast cancer too, but the number of cases is small. Breast cancer is the leading cause of death from all causes in women 40-44 years of age and is frequent in women of all ages over 30. No one knows why some women get breast cancer, but there are a number of risk factors. The women whose family members with breast or ovarian cancer are more likely to develop the disease. Risk is increased when when breast cancer has occurred before menopause, was bilateral, or was present in 2 or more first-degree relatives. Early menarche and late natural menopause are associated with a slight increase in risk of developing breast cancers. Other risks include being overweight, using hormone replacement therapy, taking birth control pills, drinking alcohol, not having children or having your first child after age 35 or having dense breasts.The earlier breast cancer is found and diagnosed, the better the chances of beating it. Women 20-40 years of age should have a breast examination as part of routine medical care every 2-3 years . If women are over 40 or at a high risk for the disease,they should have an annual radiography with molybdenum target tube and physical exam by a doctor.They may perform monthly breast self-exams to check for any change in their breasts. It is important to remember that changes can occur because of aging, your menstrual cycle,pregnancy, menopause, or taking birth control pills or other hormones. It is normal for breasts to feel a little lumpy and uneven. Also, it is common for the breasts to be swollen and tender right before or during their menstrual period. Breast self-exams cannot replace regular screening mammograms and clinical breast exams. Studies have not shown that breast self-exams alone reduce the number of deaths from breast cancer.The patient with breast cancer usually presents with a lump in the breast. The diagnosis of breast cancer is confirmed by biopsy. The presenting complaint in about 70% of patients with breast cancer is a lump (usually painless ) in the breast. About 90% of breast masses are discovered by the patient herself.Less frequent symptoms are breast pain,nipple discharge, erosion,retraction,enlargement, or itching of the nipple; and redness, generalized hardness,enlargement ,or shrinking of the breast.Inspection of the breast is the first step in physical examination and should be carried out with the patient sitting,arms at sides and then overhead..Palpation of the breast for masses or other changes should be performed with the patient both seated and supine with the arm abducted. Breast cancer usually consists of anon-tender, firm or hard lump with poorly delineated margins. Slight skin or nipple retraction is an important sign. Women with breast cancer have many treatment options. These include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy,and biological therapy. Treatment by segmental mastectomy plus axillary dissection and radiation therapy or by total mastectomy plus axillary dissection (modified radical mastectomy) is the best initial treatment for most patients with potentially curable carcinoma of the breast.Full discussion with the patient regarding the rationality for mastectomy and the manner of coping with the cosmetic and psychological effects of the operation is essential.Breast reconstruction should be discussed with the patient if this is a realistic possibility. Time spent preoperatively in educating the patient and her family is well spent.Post-operative care for the patient with mastectomy includes:(1) wound care and observation for bleeding.(2) promoting comfort by placing the patient in semi-Fowler’s position and elevating the operated arm.(3)providing the patient with a protein-rich diet.(4) giving the patient some advice on activity and exercises, such as climbing the wall or arm swinging.(5) observing and recording any change of the patient’s physiologic and psychologica l conditions.New wordsovarian [əu'vεəriən] adj. 卵巢的；子房的menopause ['menəupɔ:z] n. 更年期；活动终止期bilateral [baɪ'læt(ə)r(ə)l] adj. 双边的；有两边的menarche [me'nɑːkɪ] n. 初潮（少女的第一次月经来潮）hormone ['hɔ:məun] n. 激素，荷尔蒙radiography [,reidi'ɔɡrəfi] n. 放射线照相术；X光线照相术molybdenum [mə'lɪbdənəm] n. [化学] 钼（金属元素，符号Mo，原子序号42）menstrual ['menstruəl] adj. 月经的；每月的；一月一次的pregnancy ['preɡnənsi] n. 怀孕；丰富，多产；意义深长lumpy ['lʌmpi] adj. 粗笨的；波浪起伏的；多块状物的uneven [,ʌn'i:vən] adj. 不均匀的；不平坦的；奇数的swollen ['swəulən] adj. 肿胀的，浮肿的；浮夸的；激动兴奋的lump [lʌmp] n. 块，块状；肿块；瘤；很多；笨人vt. 混在一起；使成块状；忍耐；笨重地移动biopsy ['bai,ɔpsi] n. 活组织检查；活组织切片检查；切片检查法mass [mæs] n. 块，团；群众，民众；大量，众多adj. 群众的，民众的；大规模的，集中的nipple ['nipl] n. 乳头，奶头；奶嘴erosion [i'rəuʒən] n. 侵蚀，腐蚀retraction [ri'trækʃən] n. 撤回，撤销；收回enlargement [in'lɑ:dʒmənt] n. 放大；放大的照片；增补物itch [itʃ] n. 痒；渴望；vi. 发痒；渴望shrink [ʃriŋk] vi. 收缩；畏缩vt. 使缩小，使收缩margin ['mɑ:dʒin] n. 边缘；利润，余裕；页边的空白vt. 加边于；加旁注于segmental segmental [seɡ'mentəl] dj. 部分的axillary [æk'sɪlərɪ] n. [鸟] 腋羽adj. [植] 腋生的；腋窝的；叶腋的dissection [di'sekʃən] n. 解剖，切开；解剖体；详细查究cosmetic [kɔz'metik] adj. 美容的；化妆用的n. 化妆品；装饰品Phrases and Expressionsassociate somebody\something with somebody\something 联系cope with 处理，对付EXERCISESRead the passage aloud until you can say it from memory.Post-operative care for the patient with mastectomy includes:(1) wound care and observation for bleeding.(2) promoting comfort by placing the patient in semi-Fowler’s position and elevating the operated arm.(3)providing the patient with a protein-rich diet.(4) giving the patient some advice on activity and exercises, such as climbing the wall or arm swinging.(5) observing and recording any change of the patient’s physiologic and psychological conditions.Vocabulary ExercisesComplete the short dialogues by using the words from the passage.consist occur discuss replace carry initial replace likely perform present1. It’s not a good idea to miss meals and_________them with snacks2. It’s more than ________that the thieves don’t know how much i t is worth.3. On his birthday, his friend __________him with a new book.4.Make exercises a part of your daily___________5.This operation has never been __________in this country.6.My ___________reaction was to decline the offer.7.Have you_________the the problem with anyone?8.A lot of tests have been ___________out on the old man.9.When exactly did the incident_____________10.Their diet__________largely of vegetablesTranslating:Translate the following into Chinese1. Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women.2. No one knows why some women get breast cancer, but there are a number of risk factors.3. Breast cancer usually consists of anon-tender, firm or hard lump with poorly delineatedmargins4. The patient with breast cancer usually presents with a lump in the breast.5. Slight skin or nipple retraction is an important signTranslate the following into English.1. high risk 高风险2. breast cancer乳腺癌3. the number of 数量4. post-operative care术后护理5. protein-rich diet.高蛋白饮食参考译文乳腺癌乳腺癌是女性癌症中最常见的一种。