Stylistics中文文体学课件
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1 The Content of Stylistics
1.4 Language Varieties and Function
c.
Textual function is to create written or spoken TEXTs which cohere within themselves and which fit the particular situation in which they are used.
引言：文体学的发展史
50年代末以前
文体学的发展势头较为弱小，而且 主要是欧洲大陆展开（在英美盛行为新 批评）。俄国的形式主义布拉格学派和 法国的结构主义等均对文体学的发展作 出重要贡献。
引言：文体学的发展史
60-70年代：现代文体学的兴盛时期
在60和70年代，西方科学主要思潮 盛行，语言学和结构主义蓬勃发展，带 动了文体学的发展。现代文体学的兴盛， 表现在流派纷呈，如：“形式文体学”、 “功能文体学”、“话语文体学”、 “社会历史、文化文体学”、“文学文 体学”、“语言学文体学”。
1.4 Language Varieties and Function
Jacobson:
referential, emotive, poetic, conative, phatic, metalingual Informative, performative, interpersonal, emotive, phatic, recreational, metalingual
1.4 Language Varieties and Function
Language variety: different types of a language In all the varieties, language performs various communicative roles, i.e. functions. M A K Halliday: three metafunctions of language: ideational function interpersonal function textual function
文体学3(3)PPT课件
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Metaphor
➢ A metaphor, like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.
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Feminine:
➢ Nature—Mother Nature
➢ Earth--- Mother Earth
➢ morning– Aurora; daughter of the dawn;
➢ evening– the pale child, Eve
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➢ night– empress of silence, and the queen sleep; leading her mother
arms: part of the body; weapons.
row: to row a boat; a row of houses
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➢ There are also words which have more than one basic meaning, or have developed figurative meanings:
We stuck, nor breath nor
motion;
As idle as a painted ship
Upon a painted ocean.
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➢ And then the whining schoolboy, with his satchel and shining morning face, creeping like snail unwillingly to school… (W. Shakespeare: As You Like It)
stylistics
World-builders: t soon after they had left Ramandu’s country. l near the edge of the world c Edmund, Lucy, Drinian, Caspian and the crew o ship ,sun, birds, Aslan’s Table. Function- advancers they began to feel
Example of analysis by text world theory
A simple text: Very soon after they had left Ramandu’s country they began to feel that they had already sailed beyond the world. All was different. For one thing they all found that they were needing less sleep. One did not want to go to bed nor to eat much, nor even to talk except in low voices. Another thing was the light. There was too much of it. The sun when it came up each morning looked twice, if not three times, its usual size. And every morning (which gave Lucy the strangest feeling of all) the huge white birds, singing their song with human voices in a language no one knew, streamed overhead and vanished astern on their way to their breakfast at Aslan’s Table. A little later they came flying back and vanished into the east. (The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, C.S. Lewis)
Chapter 12 stylistics
Definition （2）
❖ Stylistics is the (linguistic) study of style, simply as an exercise in describing what use is made of language. Literary stylistics has, implicitly or explicitly, the goal of explaining the relation between language and artistic function.
❖ Aspects of style: the Text – style as Linguistic sameness （是语言统一的风格）
❖ Aspects of style: the Text – style as linguistic difference（是语言差异的风格）
1. Introduction:
❖ From the linguist’s angle, it is ‘why does the author here choose to express himself in this particular way?’
❖ From the critic’s viewpoint, it is ‘how is such-and-such an aesthetic effect achieved through language?’
To archaeologists
❖ A means of tracing relationships between schools of art; a manifestation of the culture To historians as a whole
Stylistics 中文
些）等。
IF: A wolf, after all, is a wolf though it has artful disguises. F: A wolf, after all, is a wolf in spite of (despite) it has artful disguises.
3. IF: He tried to prevent the marriage but it took place all the same. F: He endeavoured to prevent the marriage ; however, they married notwithstanding. 3. 非正式文体常用副词做状语；而正式文体常 用由介词和与该副词同根的词够成的介词短 语： IF: He spoke confidently. F: He spoke in a confident manner. F: He spoke with confidence.
Syntactically, more verb phrases are used in
informal style while single verbs of equivalent meaning are used in formal style. IF : The criminals finally turned themselves in. F: The criminals finally surrendered. IF: I can’t put up with your bad manners. F: I cannot tolerate your bad manners. IF: He tried to make good use of his abilities in the new job. F: He endeavoured to utilize his abilities in the new position.
Stylistics 1 文体学课件
English stylistics has developed on the basis of traditional rhetoric which may be traced back to Aristotle’s time. Nevertheless, it was the ‘three revolutions’ in social sciences (Lott, 1988) that brought it to the right track and brought about its present status.
Stylistics is an area of study which straddles two disciplines: literary criticism and linguistics. It takes literary discourse (text) as its object of study and uses linguistics as a means to that end.
One of the revolutions is the modernist movement in art and literature, lasting from 1890 to the beginning of World War II. To a great extent, the revolution was a break with tradition in the ways it influenced both the content and language of literature. From this movement onwards, creative writers exercise no restraints on the sort of language they use in their writings. In modernist literature, readers could find much to surprise them in respect of content as well as language.
1文体学与翻译PPT课件
1) register analysis (语域分析);
2) rhetorical and discourse analysis (修辞及篇 章分析);
3) functional and stylistic analysis (功能文体 分析);
4) genre analysis (体裁分析).
Chapter 1
A Brief Introduction of Stylistics and Translation
文体学与翻译概论
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1.1 What is Stylistics about?
Considering different communicative
environment, methods, objectives and purposes,
2) explaining the reason that a certain style has its own characteristics;
3) classifying these characters according to their language functiact, different writings have different linguistic characteristics in the aspect of vocabulary, syntax, rhetoric, structure, etc.
体或语体).
There are some diverse meanings of “style”. The origin of the world is stylus, Latin for “pen”. From this the word extended is meaning to mean “a way of writing”, and then became further refined to mean “a good way of writing”.
2) rhetorical and discourse analysis (修辞及篇 章分析);
3) functional and stylistic analysis (功能文体 分析);
4) genre analysis (体裁分析).
Chapter 1
A Brief Introduction of Stylistics and Translation
文体学与翻译概论
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1.1 What is Stylistics about?
Considering different communicative
environment, methods, objectives and purposes,
2) explaining the reason that a certain style has its own characteristics;
3) classifying these characters according to their language functiact, different writings have different linguistic characteristics in the aspect of vocabulary, syntax, rhetoric, structure, etc.
体或语体).
There are some diverse meanings of “style”. The origin of the world is stylus, Latin for “pen”. From this the word extended is meaning to mean “a way of writing”, and then became further refined to mean “a good way of writing”.
文体学批评(课堂PPT)
• 大致来看，出现了主要倾向于西方文体学研究 与中国传统文体学研究各胜擅场的局面。
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三、西方古代的文体学批评
• 古希腊时期：
• 古希腊智者派、柏拉图、亚里士多德
• 2、具有一定的整体性和开放性，注重文体 的文化功能和语言风格的必要联系，注重文 体研究在语体、风格、体裁多个层面的展开；
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中国古代文体学批评的特色
• 3、更侧重于写作层面的讨论。与当下文体 学批评侧重阅读和批评的视野之间正可以达 成某种互为补充的作用。中国古代文体学的 珍贵遗产值得我们不断深入研究和总结。
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内容导航
第一节、文体学批评概述 第二节、文体学批评的理论特征 第三节、文体学批评的操作方法 第四节、文体学批评评述
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第一节、文体学批评概述
一、中国古代的文体学批评 二、中国现代文体学的兴起与发展 三、西方古代的文体学批评 四、西方现代文体学批评的兴起与发展
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一、中国古代的文体学批评
先秦
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王世贞论文体
首尾开阖，繁简奇正，各极其度，篇 法也：抑扬顿挫，长短节奏，各极其 致，句法也；点缀关键，金石绮彩， 各极其造。字法也。篇有百尺之锦， 句有千钧之驽，字有百炼之金。
--徐师曾：《文体明辨序说·文章纲领》
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夫文章之有体裁，犹宫室之有制度， 器皿之有法式也。
---（明）徐师曾
文章之有体也，此陶冶之型范，而方 圆之规矩也。 ---（明）顾尔行
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中国古代文体学批评的主要内容
• 一、对语言或修辞的研究 • 二、文体辨析 • 1、文体类别辨析 • 2、文体风格辨析 • 3、文体源流辨析
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三、西方古代的文体学批评
• 古希腊时期：
• 古希腊智者派、柏拉图、亚里士多德
• 2、具有一定的整体性和开放性，注重文体 的文化功能和语言风格的必要联系，注重文 体研究在语体、风格、体裁多个层面的展开；
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中国古代文体学批评的特色
• 3、更侧重于写作层面的讨论。与当下文体 学批评侧重阅读和批评的视野之间正可以达 成某种互为补充的作用。中国古代文体学的 珍贵遗产值得我们不断深入研究和总结。
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内容导航
第一节、文体学批评概述 第二节、文体学批评的理论特征 第三节、文体学批评的操作方法 第四节、文体学批评评述
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第一节、文体学批评概述
一、中国古代的文体学批评 二、中国现代文体学的兴起与发展 三、西方古代的文体学批评 四、西方现代文体学批评的兴起与发展
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一、中国古代的文体学批评
先秦
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王世贞论文体
首尾开阖，繁简奇正，各极其度，篇 法也：抑扬顿挫，长短节奏，各极其 致，句法也；点缀关键，金石绮彩， 各极其造。字法也。篇有百尺之锦， 句有千钧之驽，字有百炼之金。
--徐师曾：《文体明辨序说·文章纲领》
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夫文章之有体裁，犹宫室之有制度， 器皿之有法式也。
---（明）徐师曾
文章之有体也，此陶冶之型范，而方 圆之规矩也。 ---（明）顾尔行
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中国古代文体学批评的主要内容
• 一、对语言或修辞的研究 • 二、文体辨析 • 1、文体类别辨析 • 2、文体风格辨析 • 3、文体源流辨析
stylistics文体学课堂展示
1.2Mixed use of direct and indirect speech
Such kind of mixed use of DS and IS can gives a feeling of authenticity ,vitality and objectivity.
1.2Mixed use of direct and indirect speech
Least important
Example
Five people have been found dead after a shooting in a town in northern Switzerland, including the suspected gunman, police said Sunday.Residents heard shots in the town of Wuerenlingen shortly after 11 pm Saturday, police said. Officers then found five bodies in a quiet residential neighborhood.The shooting appears to have been a "relationship crime," or the result of domestic dispute, Aargau canton (state) police chief Michael Leupold said at a news conference. Police "were able to rule out a terrorist background" or any other danger, he added.The suspected gunman first killed three people _ a 58-year-old man, a 57year-old woman and a 32-year-old man _ in a house,criminal police official Markus Gisin said. He is then believed to have killed a 46-year-old neighbor outside the house before shooting himself.The victims in the house were the parents-in-law and brother-in-law of the suspected gunman, a 36-year-old who lived in Schwyz canton (state), south of Zurich. (China Daily)
文体学chapt 9 Stylistic Analysis of Poetry
Attention: We can search for all or some of the above structural features and should try to comment on the effect of these forms.
iii. Semantic and grammatical features of the poem We should also check for literal and figurative uses of language, interesting uses of syntax, punctuation and register (formality of language), and for intertextual allusion.
Analysis based upon the above-described methods: 1) Relevant information Title: The Solitary Reaper Poet: William Wordsworth (1770-1850) Period: 1803 (early 19th century) Genre: lyric Topic: a poem describing vividly and sympathetically a young peasant girl working in the fields and singing as she works.
2) Structural features Layout: 4 stanzas of equal lengths (Cf. poems of unequal lengths) Number of lines: 32 lines Length of lines: most of the lines in each stanza are tetrameter / octosyllabics (four feet with 8 syllables) Regular metre: iambic End rhyme: the rime-scheme for each stanza is ababccdd (with the first stanza irregular as abcbddee) Other forms of sound patterning: no Comment on the effect of the above forms:
iii. Semantic and grammatical features of the poem We should also check for literal and figurative uses of language, interesting uses of syntax, punctuation and register (formality of language), and for intertextual allusion.
Analysis based upon the above-described methods: 1) Relevant information Title: The Solitary Reaper Poet: William Wordsworth (1770-1850) Period: 1803 (early 19th century) Genre: lyric Topic: a poem describing vividly and sympathetically a young peasant girl working in the fields and singing as she works.
2) Structural features Layout: 4 stanzas of equal lengths (Cf. poems of unequal lengths) Number of lines: 32 lines Length of lines: most of the lines in each stanza are tetrameter / octosyllabics (four feet with 8 syllables) Regular metre: iambic End rhyme: the rime-scheme for each stanza is ababccdd (with the first stanza irregular as abcbddee) Other forms of sound patterning: no Comment on the effect of the above forms:
文体学第三课PPT课件
Making sure of the denotative meaning of a word sometimes must depend on the context.
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e.g. : “It is your boy, my Lord.”
“是伺候你的小伙计， 大人”
“ It is your Lord, my boy”
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Contextualization requires proper words in proper situation and the texts of different styles demand different words which in their long time use acquire stylistic coloring.
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Connotation is much more complicated than denotation.
sun------ warm and bright
flower ------ beautiful
Connotation of a word is not fixed , but undergoes changes with the passage of time.
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e.g.
Hiroshima My spoon was lifted when the bomb came down That left no face, no hand , no spoon to hold. Two hundred thousand died in my home town. This came to pass before my soup was cold.
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e.g. : “It is your boy, my Lord.”
“是伺候你的小伙计， 大人”
“ It is your Lord, my boy”
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Contextualization requires proper words in proper situation and the texts of different styles demand different words which in their long time use acquire stylistic coloring.
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Connotation is much more complicated than denotation.
sun------ warm and bright
flower ------ beautiful
Connotation of a word is not fixed , but undergoes changes with the passage of time.
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e.g.
Hiroshima My spoon was lifted when the bomb came down That left no face, no hand , no spoon to hold. Two hundred thousand died in my home town. This came to pass before my soup was cold.
文体学stylistic feature of different texts部分
Stylistic feature: CONVERSATION
Grammatical feature:
• Preference for short and loose sentences • High incidence of elliptical and incomplete sentences • Frequency of interrogative sentences • Simple nonminal and verbal structure
Semantic features:
• Distinctive discourse pattern • Simple way of transition • Skillful headlining
Stylistic feature: Science & Technology
Grammatical features:
Grammatical features:
• Preference for short sentences • Combined use of various types of sentences • Use of simple verbal groups • Use of heavily modified nominal groups
Lexical features:
• Widw use of affirmative and commendatory words and expressions • Frequent use of personal pronouns • Extensive use of neologisms
Semantic features:
• More use of longer and statement-type sentences • Preference of impersonal sentence patterns • Wide use of non-finite structure and prepositional phrases • Use of expanded premodification • Tendency to nominalization • Wide use of the simple present tense • Incidence发生率 of subjunctive mood
1,2,3.Stylistics
1.3 Schools of Stylistic Studies Modern stylistic has evolved from ancient Greek rhetoric. According to Greek philosophers, it is not adequate to know what to say, but how to say it. Style deals with ―how to say what to say.‖
— the whole of writing is style — writing without style does not exist — a literary work – not a dualist structure of form and content, but a unity of various forms — There exists only forms, no content Shortcomings: too much emphasis of forms denial of theme and content
Idiolect: a variety characteristic of an individual Genre: discourse type traditionally a type of literature, art, music, sharing the same style or subject: epic, satire, poem, drama, novel, etc.
— concentrates on the emotive dimension (Aspect) of language, (words, phrases and grammatical structures that express emotions) — zero style text without expressions of emotion No.(non-stylistic) Not bloody likely.(stylistic) shortcomings: impressionistic lacking objective criteria
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Expectoration Is Forbidden! Please don’t spit!
3. I ‘m finding out that a lot of what I thought had been bonfired, Oxfam-ed, used for land-fill, has in fact been tidied away in sound archives, stills libraries, image banks, memorabilia mausoleums, tat troves, mug morgues.
Cf. A. The police are investigating the case of
murder. B. The police are looking into the case of
murder. (Lexically, Latin, French, Greek words are generally used in formal style; Words from old English are mostly used in informal style.)
F: He left early in order not to miss the train.
F: He left early in order that he would not miss the train.
6. 问句：
F: When are you going to do it?
IF: When
place all the same.
F: He endeavoured to prevent the marriage ; however, they married notwithstanding. 3. 非正式文体常用副词做状语；而正式文体常 用由介词和与该副词同根的词够成的介词短 语：
IF: He spoke confidently.
F: Whom are you talking about? IF: Who are you talking about? F: With what did you write it? IF: What did you write it with? 7. 虚拟语气： IF: If he was my friend, I would ask him for help. F: If were my friend, AI would ask him for help. IF: If it was to rain tomorrow, I would not go there. F: If it were to rain tomorrow, I would not go there. IF: I wish I was ten years younger.
IF: A wolf, after all, is a wolf though it has artful disguises.
F: A wolf, after all, is a wolf in spite of (despite) it has artful disguises.
3. IF: He tried to prevent the marriage but it took
It’s an odd experience to find yourself catalogued, card-indexed, museumised, a speck
of data for the information professionals to bounce around
It seems that as long as you’re in print or on film or a name on a buff envelope in an archive somewhere, you’re never truly dead now. You can be electonically colourised, emulsified, embellished, enhanced, coaxed towards some state of virtual reality.
F: She cooks turkey in the way her sister does .
IF: He prevented me going to the dance. 12.使用呼语（vocatives) 时， 在对方的姓名前加
Mr.或Miss等正式；Good morning (afternoon, evening), How are you? How do you do? 比Hi 正 式些。 It’s been nice meeting you 比 Good-bye, bye-bye, see you, so long, cheerio 显得正式些。
You can be reactivated reembodied;simulated and hologrammed. In just the last two years my
Байду номын сангаас
voice has been artificially reprocessed for stereo effect and reincarnated in half-speed remasterings and on digital compact-disc.
F: He spoke in a confident manner.
F: He spoke with confidence.
4. 表达因果关系时， 正式文体常用on account of , accordingly, thus, hence, consequently, owing to ( the fact that…)等词或词组，且较经常地运用 分词短语、独立主格结构等；非正式文体 常用 so , because 或其他形式的表示原因的重句。
2. Yet, however, nevertheless, in spite of
(despite), notwithstanding 表让步概念时，常 用于正式文体。 But, anyway，all the same, though, although (although 比 though 更正式 些）等。
The spare-parts that make this possible are housed in a proliferating number of noninvasive environments in London, where they may be viewed (fingered, sniffed, listened to ) by appointment.
1. Hale knew, before he had been in Brighton three hours, that they meant to murder him. (Brighton rock , Graham Green)
2. 1. My old man has kicked the bucket. 2. My dear father has passed away. 3. My father has died. 4. My beloved parent has joined the heavenly choir.
IF: Since the weather had improved, we decided to go swimming.
F: The weather having improved, we decided to go swimming.
IF: As he was a man of fixed views, he refused to listen to our arguments.
F: I wish I were ten years younger. IF: If I had known, I would have told you earlier. F: Had I known before, I would have told you earlier. IF: He looks as if he was (is) ill. F: He looks as if he were ill. 8. It 起始的句子（It is said that …)多见于正式文
9. 表请求某人做某事时， 被动语态多具有正式文 体色彩。
IF: Please gather at the gate of school. F: The students are requested to gather at the gate of
the school. 10. 不定代词 IF: Everybody should look after themselves. F: Everybody should look after himself.
the new job. F: He endeavoured to utilize his abilities in
the new position.
1. 主格—宾格 （f-if） IF: Bill speaks French more fluently than me. F: Bill speaks French more fluently than I.
F: Being a man of fixed views, he refused to listen to our arguments.
5. 构成目的状语时，用so as to 一般具有非正式色 彩；用in order to 则显得正式些，而 in order that …出现于正式文体中。
IF: He left early so as not to miss the train.
3. I ‘m finding out that a lot of what I thought had been bonfired, Oxfam-ed, used for land-fill, has in fact been tidied away in sound archives, stills libraries, image banks, memorabilia mausoleums, tat troves, mug morgues.
Cf. A. The police are investigating the case of
murder. B. The police are looking into the case of
murder. (Lexically, Latin, French, Greek words are generally used in formal style; Words from old English are mostly used in informal style.)
F: He left early in order not to miss the train.
F: He left early in order that he would not miss the train.
6. 问句：
F: When are you going to do it?
IF: When
place all the same.
F: He endeavoured to prevent the marriage ; however, they married notwithstanding. 3. 非正式文体常用副词做状语；而正式文体常 用由介词和与该副词同根的词够成的介词短 语：
IF: He spoke confidently.
F: Whom are you talking about? IF: Who are you talking about? F: With what did you write it? IF: What did you write it with? 7. 虚拟语气： IF: If he was my friend, I would ask him for help. F: If were my friend, AI would ask him for help. IF: If it was to rain tomorrow, I would not go there. F: If it were to rain tomorrow, I would not go there. IF: I wish I was ten years younger.
IF: A wolf, after all, is a wolf though it has artful disguises.
F: A wolf, after all, is a wolf in spite of (despite) it has artful disguises.
3. IF: He tried to prevent the marriage but it took
It’s an odd experience to find yourself catalogued, card-indexed, museumised, a speck
of data for the information professionals to bounce around
It seems that as long as you’re in print or on film or a name on a buff envelope in an archive somewhere, you’re never truly dead now. You can be electonically colourised, emulsified, embellished, enhanced, coaxed towards some state of virtual reality.
F: She cooks turkey in the way her sister does .
IF: He prevented me going to the dance. 12.使用呼语（vocatives) 时， 在对方的姓名前加
Mr.或Miss等正式；Good morning (afternoon, evening), How are you? How do you do? 比Hi 正 式些。 It’s been nice meeting you 比 Good-bye, bye-bye, see you, so long, cheerio 显得正式些。
You can be reactivated reembodied;simulated and hologrammed. In just the last two years my
Байду номын сангаас
voice has been artificially reprocessed for stereo effect and reincarnated in half-speed remasterings and on digital compact-disc.
F: He spoke in a confident manner.
F: He spoke with confidence.
4. 表达因果关系时， 正式文体常用on account of , accordingly, thus, hence, consequently, owing to ( the fact that…)等词或词组，且较经常地运用 分词短语、独立主格结构等；非正式文体 常用 so , because 或其他形式的表示原因的重句。
2. Yet, however, nevertheless, in spite of
(despite), notwithstanding 表让步概念时，常 用于正式文体。 But, anyway，all the same, though, although (although 比 though 更正式 些）等。
The spare-parts that make this possible are housed in a proliferating number of noninvasive environments in London, where they may be viewed (fingered, sniffed, listened to ) by appointment.
1. Hale knew, before he had been in Brighton three hours, that they meant to murder him. (Brighton rock , Graham Green)
2. 1. My old man has kicked the bucket. 2. My dear father has passed away. 3. My father has died. 4. My beloved parent has joined the heavenly choir.
IF: Since the weather had improved, we decided to go swimming.
F: The weather having improved, we decided to go swimming.
IF: As he was a man of fixed views, he refused to listen to our arguments.
F: I wish I were ten years younger. IF: If I had known, I would have told you earlier. F: Had I known before, I would have told you earlier. IF: He looks as if he was (is) ill. F: He looks as if he were ill. 8. It 起始的句子（It is said that …)多见于正式文
9. 表请求某人做某事时， 被动语态多具有正式文 体色彩。
IF: Please gather at the gate of school. F: The students are requested to gather at the gate of
the school. 10. 不定代词 IF: Everybody should look after themselves. F: Everybody should look after himself.
the new job. F: He endeavoured to utilize his abilities in
the new position.
1. 主格—宾格 （f-if） IF: Bill speaks French more fluently than me. F: Bill speaks French more fluently than I.
F: Being a man of fixed views, he refused to listen to our arguments.
5. 构成目的状语时，用so as to 一般具有非正式色 彩；用in order to 则显得正式些，而 in order that …出现于正式文体中。
IF: He left early so as not to miss the train.