2002 年北京大学博士研究生入学考试试题 及 参考答案及解析
博士2002年入学试题
博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：高等渗流力学适用专业：油气田开发工程1、 已知一流场的复势为：z z F 1)( 推导该流场的等势线和流线方程，并画出渗流场示意图。
（15分）2、 推导两分支裂缝井的等势线和流线方程以及产量计算公式。
（15分）3、 写出一维理想扩散渗流微分方程式，并说明方程中各项的物理意义。
（10分）4、 用保角变换方法推导圆形供给边界地层偏心井产量计算公式。
（10分）5、一维无限大排油坑道（水平、均质、等厚地层），以定压Pw 生产，设原始地层压力为Pi ，导压系数为χ，排油坑道渗流面积为A ：（1）建立渗流微分方程；（2）推导地层压力分布公式；（3）画出地层压力分布变化曲线。
（20分）6、一维油水两相渗流，当考虑重力和毛管力时，(1) 建立渗流微分方程；(2) 推导任一过水断面含水率计算公式；(3) 说明计算含水率的方法和步骤。
（15分）7、推导水平均质地层，单相刚性稳定渗流基本微分方程式。
∂∂∂∂∂∂2 22222P xPyPz++=（15分）博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：高等渗流力学适用专业：油气田开发工程1、已知一流场的复势为：z z F 1)( 推导该流场的等势线和流线方程，并画出渗流场示意图。
（15分）2、写出“双孔单渗”单相流的基本渗流微分方程式，并说明方程中各项的物义。
（10分）3、写出杜哈美积分公式的两种形式。
（10分）4、推导三分支裂缝井的等势线和流线方程以及产量计算公式。
（10分）5、一维无限大水平、均质、等厚地层平面径向流，以定产Q 生产，设原始地层压力为Pi ，导压系数为χ：（1）建立渗流微分方程；（2）推导地层压力分布公式；（3）画出地层压力分布变化曲线。
（20分）6、一维油水两相渗流，当考虑重力和毛管力时，(1) 建立渗流微分方程；(2) 推导任一过水断面含水率计算公式；(3) 说明计算含水率的方法和步骤。
（20分）7、推导一维水驱油等饱和度面移动方程。
北京大学2002年硕士研究生入学考试试题
北京大学2002年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：微观经济学 考试时间：1月27日下午 招生专业：国民经济学、产业经济学、金融学、管理科学工程、企业管理 试 题：（注意：答案一律写在答题纸，否则不记分） 一、（16分）假设某甲的效用函数为U ＝x 3y,x 表示他为别人提供的服务数量，每单位耗时2小时；y 表示他为自己提供的服务数量，每单位耗时1小时；他每天12小时休息而工作。
（1） 他将为别人和自己分别工作多少工作。
（2） 他的总效用、边际效用分别是多少？暖意的边际效用是多少？检验戈森第二定理是否成立。
（3） 如果他助人为乐，是一个彻底的利他主义者（即全部时间都用来为别人工人），给出一种可能的效用函数（修改原来的效用函数）。
（4） 如果某乙的效用函数为U ＝xy 3，你更愿意与某甲和某乙中的哪一个人共事？为什么?二、（10分）给定CES 生产函数ppp L K Q 1)(+=,Q 产出，K 、L 分别为资本和劳动的投入量。
（1） 证明该企业规模收益不变； （2） 资本和劳动的边际产量为多少？（3） 劳动对资本的边际技术替代率是多少？ （4） 证明资本和劳动的产出弹性之和等于1。
（5） 把这个企业分为两个相同的企业，分立之后的产出之和与原企业的产出有什么变化？详细写出演算过程。
三、（20分）假定一个企业的边际成本和平均成本相等，均为C ，需求曲线Q ＝P e ，（e<1<0），请解答下列问题：（1） 需求价格弹性是多少？（2） 如果市场是完全竞争的，产品价格如何？如果市场是垄断的，产品价格如何？ （3） 当价格为P 0时，消费者剩余是多少？（4） 垄断和完全竞争两种市场条件下的暑 剩余之比是多少？（5） 在e ＝-2和e 趋向于-1的情况下，上述（4）的比率分别为多少？请用微观经济学原理解释原因。
（6） 垄断市场条件下的垄断利润πm 为多少？与完全竞争条件下消费者剩余之比为多少？e ＝-2时这一比率为多少？经济学含义是什么？四、（12分）某甲拥有财富100万元，明年他有25%的可能性会丢失一辆价值20万元的小汽车，假设他的效用函数为V （W ）＝lnW ，W 为他的财富问题。
北京大学博士英语试题及答案
北京大学博士英语试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分，每题2分）1. The company has been ________ for over a century.A. establishedB. establishingC. to establishD. being established答案：A2. Despite the heavy rain, the match will be held as ________.A. planB. plannedC. planningD. to plan答案：B3. The professor suggested that we ________ a meeting to discuss the issue.A. arrangeB. arrangedC. arrangingD. will arrange答案：A4. The book is worth ________.A. to readB. readC. readingD. being read答案：C5. The problem is too difficult for us ________.A. to solveB. solvingC. solvedD. being solved答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分，每题3分）阅读以下短文，然后回答问题。
The rise of artificial intelligence has brought about significant changes in various industries. Companies are now using AI to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance customer experiences. However, with the rapid advancement of technology, there are concerns about job displacement and privacy issues.6. What is the main focus of the passage?A. The impact of AI on industriesB. The benefits of AIC. The concerns about AID. The advancement of technology答案：A7. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit of AI?A. Improved efficiencyB. Reduced costsC. Enhanced customer experiencesD. Increased job opportunities答案：D8. What is the concern associated with AI?A. Job displacementB. Increased efficiencyC. Reduced costsD. Enhanced customer experiences答案：A9. What can be inferred from the passage?A. AI is only used in certain industries.B. AI is a threat to privacy.C. AI is being embraced by companies.D. AI has no benefits.答案：C10. What is the purpose of the passage?A. To promote AIB. To criticize AIC. To inform about AID. To encourage debate about AI答案：C三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）In the past, people used to believe that the world was flat. However, with the discovery of new lands and the development of navigational tools, this belief was gradually __11__.11. A. changedB. alteredC. modifiedD. transformed答案：A12. The explorers' voyages led to a __12__ understanding of the world.A. clearB. distinctC. preciseD. accurate答案：D13. As a result, the concept of a spherical Earth became__13__.A. acceptedB. acknowledgedC. recognizedD. known答案：A14. Today, we take for granted the fact that the Earth is round, but in the past, it was a __14__ idea.A. revolutionaryB. radicalC. groundbreakingD. innovative答案：A15. The __15__ of the Earth's shape has had a profound impact on science and exploration.A. realizationB. perceptionC. understandingD. comprehension答案：A四、翻译（共30分，每题10分）16. 随着互联网的普及，人们获取信息的方式发生了巨大变化。
北师大历年博士入学考试题
北师大历年专业博士入学考试试题教育学原理2008（A）1. 从现代教育的基本价值和功能分析教育对个人发展的意义（25 分）2. 试论教学过程的特殊性及对教学工作的意义（25 分）3. 互联网对青少年交往行为的影响并就学校教育由此面临的问题等谈谈你的看法。
（20 分）剩下的一题为各个方向规定选择的试题。
（30 分）今年实行的是3+1 模式。
2008 （B）（其中第2,3两题与教育学A卷一样，希望后来者有借鉴）1. 论述义务教育的基本特征以及政府应该承担的责任.（35 分）0 a O9 H\&d9L#F C'q"e（d4R2. 试论教学过程的特殊性及对教学工作的指导意义（35分）2……3. 论述互联网对青少年学生交往行为的影响并就学校教育由此面临的问题等谈谈你的对策。
（30 分）2007（A）1、试论现代教育的基本价值和功能及其对个人发展的意义。
（35 分）2、谈谈近年来教育研究方法论方面的若干变化及其意义。
（30 分）3、要求根据材料写篇小文章。
材料太长，我的准考证实在抄不下来哦，但是出自《发展教育学年鉴2 00 3 》，首都师大出版社2003 版。
具体内容是关于现代德育方面的。
（35 分）2007（B）1. 现代教育的价值取向以及与人美好生活的关系2. 评析基础教育课程改革的价值取向3. 有关网络道德教育插入：2007 年教育政治学与教育法真题1、怎样理解法律上的权利与义务的概念及分类。
2、试述教育与法律的关系。
（ ?（h8u-u4o7U'n8|4B3、高校与学生的法律关系辨析。
2007 经管学院的博士考试1. 教育财政公平与效率关系；2. 大学生就业难成因与对策分析；3. 各级教育中“市场化”问题分析；4. 择校问题成因分析；5. 分析人力资本理论与筛选理论关于教育作用的观点。
2006（B）1、从教育的本质属性角度，评析“教育产业化”。
2、现在德育概念有泛化的趋势，广义的德育包括（思想政治教育、道德品质教育、法制教育、心理健康教育等）以及狭义的德育（道德品质教育）概念的各自内涵及相互关系。
北京大学研究生入学考试历年真题及答案
2015年北京大学702数学基础全套资料点击蓝色字体查看原文按住Ctrl+H搜索所需科目本专业课考试科目的全套资料主要包括：1．历年真题本全套资料提供北京大学1996—2001、2005—2010年数学分析考研真题，供参考。
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各个专业博士入学考试试题整理
各个专业博士入学考试试题整理--------------------------------------------------------------------------------【考试试题】各个专业博士入学考试试题整理各个专业博士入学考试试题整理给出目录索引，方便大家查找北京大学——英语2000年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm北京大学——英语2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm河北师范大学——英语2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm华东师范大学——英语2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm华东政法大学——英语2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm理工大学工程兵工程学院——英语2000年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt南京大学——英语2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt清华大学——英语2000年5月博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国科学院——英语2001年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院——英语2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国科学院——英语2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国科学院——英语2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国人民大学——英语2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京师范大学——高级生态学、景观生态学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京体育大学——运动生物力学、教学论2003年博士研究生入学考试.txt复旦大学——广播电视理论与实务2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt复旦大学——新闻传播理论与历史2003～2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt复旦大学——新闻传播实务2003～2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt复旦大学——新闻业务2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt华东师范大学——景观生态学2000～2001年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt华东师范大学——种群生态学2000～2001年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt清华大学——材料科学基础专业2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院化学所——高分子化学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院化学所——高分子物理2003～2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心——电动力学2001年博士研究生入学考试试题.mht中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心——电动力学2002年度春博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心——电动力学2003年度春博士研究生入学考试试题.mht中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心——电动力学2003年度秋博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国科学院水生生物研究所——植物生理学2000年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院遥感所——RS，GIS试题2000～2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业大学——动物营养学1997～2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业大学——饲料学1996年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 中国农业大学——饲料学1997年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 北京大学——比较文学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京大学——古代文学魏晋隋唐方向2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京大学——汉语言文字学部分小综合2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京大学——汉语言文字学专业2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京大学经济学院——经济计量学2005博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京大学——历史文化2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京大学——魏晋隋唐2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京大学——哲学专业博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京大学——中文当代文学专业1999年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt复旦大学——古代文学魏晋南北朝方向2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt复旦大学——金融学2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt复旦大学经济学院——经济学基础2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt复旦大学——文史哲综合2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 复旦大学——文史哲综合2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 复旦大学——哲学综合知识2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 南京大学——历史系中国古代史2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt南京大学——社会学理论与方法2001～2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt南京大学——政治经济学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 南开大学——古代文学考试文学史2004年博士研究生入学考试南开大学——古代文学专业批评史2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt山东大学——中国文学史试题2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt上海财经大学——经济学2004博士研究生入学考试试题.txt上海财经大学——2000博士研究生入学考试试题.txt武汉大学——比较文学与世界文学专题2001年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt西北大学——西方经济学2004年年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 浙江大学——西方经济学2003年秋博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 浙江大学——政治经济学2003年春、秋博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院自然科学史研究所——科技通史2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国科学院自然科学史研究所——科技通史2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国科学院自然科学史研究所——科技通史2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国科学院自然科学史研究所——科学技术概论2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国科学院自然科学史研究所——科学技术概论2005年度春博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国科学院自然科学史研究所——科学技术史2005年度春博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国科学院自然科学史研究所——自然科学知识综合试卷2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm中国人民大学——民法2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国人民大学——民诉1993～2004年博士研究生入学考试试北京大学医学部——病理学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 北京大学医学部——生物化学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt北京大学医学部——外科学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 北京大学医学部——影像学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 第三军医大学——心内2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt第三军医大学——影像1999～2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt河北医科大学——神经病学2001年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 华东师范大学——生理生态学2000年、生态学原理2001年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt华中科技大学同济医学院——骨科2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt吉林大学——神经科2003博士研究生入学考试试题.txt解放军总医院——泌尿外科2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 军事医学科学院——细胞生物学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt南方医科大学——免疫学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 南方医科大学——细胞生物学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt山东大学医学院——病理生理学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt山东大学医学院——病理学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 山东大学医学院——妇产科学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt山东大学医学院——内分泌学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt山东大学医学院——普通外科学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt山东大学医学院——消化内科2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt上海第二医科大学——分子生物学（专业基础）2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt上海第二医科大学——考试口腔颌面外科2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt上海第二医科大学——考试口腔解剖生理2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt上海第二医科大学——生化2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 上海第二医科大学——心内科专业2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt上海交通大学——内科学、病生2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt四川大学华西医学部——解剖学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt四川大学华西医学部——局部解剖学2001～2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt四川大学华西医学部——普外2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt苏州大学——外科学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt天津医科大学——眼科学2002～2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt同济大学——儿科学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt同济大学——脑外2001～2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 同济大学——普外、骨外、神外、泌外、儿外、器移、胸心外2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt同济大学——心内2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt同济大学——诊断学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt同济大学——专业基础病理2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 武汉大学——分子生物学（专业基础）2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt武汉大学——消化内科、病生2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt协和医科大学——耳鼻喉（专业基础）2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt协和医科大学——免疫（专业基础）2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt浙江大学医学院——病理学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 浙江大学医学院——免疫学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 浙江大学医学院——神经外科2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt浙江大学医学院——外科学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 浙江大学医学院——消化内科2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt浙江大学医学院——肿瘤学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 浙江大学——遗传学2001年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt浙江大学——遗传学2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt浙江大学——遗传学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院发育生物学所——分子生物学2000年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院发育所——分子生物学2000年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院上海药物研究所——药理学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国科学院上海药物研究所——药理学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业大学——分子遗传学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——分子遗传学1994年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——分子遗传学1995年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——分子遗传学1996年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——分子遗传学1997年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——分子遗传学1998年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——分子遗传学2001年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——分子遗传学2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——基因工程概论1995年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——基因工程概论1998年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——基因工程概论1999年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——基因工程概论2001年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——基因工程概论2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中国农业科学院——基因工程概论2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中南大学——精神病学基础2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 中南大学湘雅医学院——骨科2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中南大学湘雅医学院——泌尿外科2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中南大学湘雅医学院——神经解剖1999～2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中山大学医学院——病理生理学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中山大学医学院——内科学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 中山大学医学院——神经病学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中山大学医学院——眼科学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 中山大学医学院——药理学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt 中山大学医学院——肿瘤学2003～2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt中山大学医学院——肿瘤学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt。
2002年度博秋季士研究生入学考试试题——电动力学
中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心 2002 年度秋季博士生入学考试试题 考试科目：电动力学
一.名词解释：(30 分) 1．写出介质中的麦克斯韦方程组 (5 分) 2．写出电磁场的边值关系（5 分） 3．狭义相对论理论下在不同惯性系中电场和磁场的变换关系式(5 分) 4．写出电磁场的能量和动量密度（5 分） 5．写出电磁波在导体的达郎贝尔方程（5 分） 6．写出电偶极矩的电势表达式（5 分） 二．已知一静电场的电势为＝A(x2 +y2),其中 A 是实数。设某一时刻，在(x0, y0, z0)点沿 z 轴方向把带电粒子注入到这电场中， 带电粒子的质量为 m， 电荷量为 q,注入的初速度为 v0(远小于光速)，求粒子运动方程的解，并说明所得解的物理意义 (15 分) 三．一无穷大导体平面外有一电偶极矩为 P 的电偶极子， P 与导体平面平行， 到导体表面的 距离为 a, 已知导体的电势为零。试求(1)导体外的电场强度；(2) P 受导体上电荷的作用 力； (3)P 与导体的相互作用能。(20 分)
四．一对无限大平行的理想导体板，相距为 d，电磁波沿平行于板面的 z 轴方向传播，设波 在 x 方向是均匀的，求可能传播的波形和相应的截止频率。(20 分) 五．能量为 11015 eV 的太阳高能质子，来到地面，进入 B= 20,000 nT 的磁场，它的速度 v 与 B 垂直，问这质子感受到的电场强度有多大。 已知质子的静止能量为 938MeV。(15 分)
2003-2005年北京大学博士研究生入学英语考试真题解析
北京大学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语考试时间：2003年3月Part One Structure and Written ExpressionDirection: In each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of yourchoice in the ANSWER SHEET.（20%）1. Recognizing the shortage of time available to spend with their children, working motherssometimes take ______ in the concept of “quality time”.A. refugeB. prideC. placeD. action2. The term “New Australians” came into vogue in the 50s and 60s, which implied that the goalof immigration was assimilation and that migrants would place their new-found Australian identity ahead of the _______ context from which they had come.A. athleticB. ethicC. aestheticD. ethnic3. Scholarships are too few to _______ the high-school graduates who deserve a collegeeducation.A. meetB. accommodateC. compromiseD. adopt4. The study shows that laying too much emphasis on exams is likely to _______ students’enthusiasm in learning English.A. hold backB. hold offC. hold downD. adopt5. The robber tried to _______the stolen goods from the house he had broken into, but wascaught by the guards.A. make away withB. make off forC. get outD. get through6. The editors said they must report to the world how Beijing has _______ pollution andimproved the quality of the environment.A. cut upB. cut offC. cut downD. cut out7. If drug abuse, prostitution, pollution, environmental decay, social inequality, and the like_______, more is required than an increased police presence or a fresh coat of paint.A. are to eliminateB. are eliminatedC. are to be eliminatedD. are being eliminated8. This toothed whale has a large, square head with _______ the so-called spermaceti.A. cavity to containB. cavity containingC. the cavity for containingD. a cavity that contains9. _______, the market will have to overcome some of the highest hurdles it’s seen in a longtime.A. But to happen in that orderB. But for that in order to happenC. But in order that to happenD. But in order for that to happen10. With its anti-terrorism campaign taking _______ over anything else, the government isextending its job and running in more affairs.A. superiorityB. priorityC. majorityD. polarity11. The gap between those at the lowest level and those at the highest level of income hadincreased_______, and is continuing to increase.A. substantiallyB. successfullyC. succinctlyD. sufficiently12. China’s economic reform is aimed at separating enterprises from the government. It hasbeen implemented for almost 20 years, but breakthroughs _______.A. have been made yetB. have yet to makeC. have yet to be madeD. to have yet made13. Several trial efforts in the 1980s proved that it was financially _______ to restore oldbuildings.A. feasibleB. probableC. beneficiaryD. passable14. Unloved and unwanted youngsters may be tempted to run away from home to escape theirproblem, _______ bigger ones in cities plagued with crime, drugs, and immorality.A. have only foundB. only findingC. only foundD. only to find15. If the struggle for a sustainable society _______, we must have some vision of what we areaiming for.A. is to succeedB. has succeededC. succeedsD. succeeded16. A trap _______ disguise is what has come to be called a Trojan Horse, from the ancientstory of the gift of the wooden horse from the Greeks.A. offered as a gift inB. offers a gift inC. offering a gift toD. offered a gift of17. Telecommuting is a new form of work _______ to work, such as fathers with children, thechance to work while remaining at home.A. that affording those unable previouslyB. affords those who were previously unableC. affording those previously unableD. afforded those previously unable18. ______ the passage of light, many new plastics are processed using technologies rivalingthose used in the manufacture of computer chips.A. For the better ofB. Permitting betterC. To better permitD. It is better for19. The Flower Market in San Francisco is ______, and it was established in the 1930’s.A. home of the second largest flower market in the countryB. home to the country’s second largest flower marketC. the second flower market in the country’s homeD. the home to the second country’s large flower market20. The loyalty of dogs to their masters has earned _____ “man’s best friend.”A. the nickname ofB. them the nicknameC. a nicknameD. nicknamesPart Two Reading ComprehensionⅠ. Direction: Each of the passages is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answerto each question. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. （10%）Passage One（1）Gerald Feinberg, the Columbia University physicist, once went so far as to declare that “everything possible will eventually be accomplished.”Well, that of course left only the impossible as the one thing remaining for daring intellectual adventurers to whittle away at. Feinberg, for one, thought that “they’d succeed even there.”（2）It was a point worth considering. How many times in the past had certain things been said to be impossible, only to have it turn out shortly thereafter that the item in question had alreadybeen done or soon would be. What greater cliché was there in the history of science than the comic litany of false it-couldn’t-be-dones; the infamous case of Auguste Comte saying in 1844 that it would never be known what the stars were made of, followed in a few years by the spectroscope being applied to starlight to reveal the stars’chemical composition; or the case of Lord Rutherford, the man who discovered the structure of the atom, saying in 1933 that dreams of controlled nuclear fission were “moonshine.” And those weren’t even the worst examples. No, the huffiest of all it-couldn’t-be-done claims centered on the notion that human beings could actually fly, either at all, or across long distance, or to the moon, the stars, or wherever else.（3）There had been so many embarrassments of this type that about mid-century Arthur C. Clarke came out with a guideline for avoiding them, which he termed Clarke’s Law: “When a distinguished but elderly scientist states that something is possible, he is almost certainly right. When he states that something is impossible, he is very probably wrong.”（4）Still, one had to admit there were lots of things left that were really and truly impossible, even if it took some ingenuity in coming up with a proper list of examples. Such as: “A camel cannot pass through the eye of a needle.”（Well, unless of course it was a very large needle.）Or:“It is impossible for a door to be simultaneously open and closed.”（Well, unless of course it was a revolving door.）（5）Indeed, watertight examples of the really and truly impossible were so exceptionally hard to come by that paradigm cases turned out to be either trivial or absurd. “I know I will never play the piano like Vladimir Horowitz,” offered Milton Rothman, a physicist,“no matter how hard I try.”Or, from Scott Lankford, a mountaineer; “Everest on roller skates.”21. The false it-couldn’t-be-dones in science are comic because ______ .A. they are clichés, repeated too often by scientistsB. they are almost always proved to be wrong by later scientific researchC. they are mocked at by later generationsD. they provide material for good comedies22. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. The author uses the case of a camel passing through the eye of a needle to prove his point that there are things impossible to accomplish.B. That a scientist cannot play the piano like one of the best pianists is not a proper illustration to prove that in science there are things impossible to accomplish.C. Scott Lankford challenges the idea that mountaineers can never climb the Everest on roller skates.D. People now laugh at their predecessors for denying the possibility of human flight.23. Through this passage, the author wants to ______.A. show us that scientists in the past years have made a lot of misjudgmentsB. praise those scientists who dared to challenge the impossibleC. emphasize the great potential of the scientific research made by human beingsD. analyze what is possible and what is impossible through scientific effortsPassage Two（1）Since the lineage of investigative journalism is most directly traceable to the progressive era of the early 1900’s, it is not surprising that the President of the United States at the time wasamong the first to articulate its political dimensions. Theodore Roosevelt called investigative reporters “muckrakers, ” after a character from John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress who humbly cleaned “the filth off the floor.” Despite the misgivings implied by the comparison, Roosevelt saw the muckrakers as “often indispensable to the well-being of society”.（2）There are in the body politic, economic and social, many and grave evils, and there is urgent necessity for the sternest war upon them. There should be relentless exposure of and attack upon every evil man, whether politician or businessman.（3）Roosevelt recognized the value-laden character of investigative journalism. He perceived correctly that investigative reporters are committed to unearthing wrongdoing. For these journalists, disclosures of morally outrageous conduct maximize the opportunity for the forces of “good” to recognize and do battle with the forces of “evil.”（4）So, the current folklore surrounding investigative reporting closely resembles the American ideal of popular democracy. Partly a product of its muckraking roots, this idealized perspective is also an outgrowth of the commonly perceived effects of exposés published in the early 1970’s. The most celebrated of these exposés were the news stories that linked top White House officials to Watergate crimes. These stories were widely held responsible for the public’s loss of confidence in the Nixon administration, ultimately forcing the President’s resignation.24. When the author talks about the political dimensions of the investigative journalism he refersto __________.A. John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress and one of its characters “Muckrakers”B. its function of cleaning the dirt off the floor in public placesC. its relentless exposures of political and social evilsD. its indispensable status to the well-being of society25. Roosevelt’s comparison of investigative reporters to“muckrakers”shows his view that thesereporters ______.A. were treated lowly in the societyB. reduced journalism to a humble jobC. should be praised highly for their contributions to the societyD. did unpleasant but necessary work26. By using the word “folklore”, the author suggests that ______.A. people tend to romanticize what is thought to be American popular democracyB. investigative journalism enhances democracy and freedomC. people often circulate the stories they read from investigative reportsD. investigative reports have difficulty in convincing people as truth27. The Watergate incident is mentioned to show ______.A. journalism has a tangible effect on politicsB. the Watergate incident is an abuse of the political powerC. journalism subverts legitimate political powerD. the victory of American freedom of speechPassage Three（1）Viewed from a star in some other corner of the galaxy, Earth would be a speck, a faint blue dot hidden in the blazing light of our sun. While our neighbors Venus and Mars would reflecta fairly even glow, Earth would put on a little show. Earth’s light would brighten and dim as it spins, because oceans, deserts, forests and clouds－which are all too small to be seen from such a distance－reflect varying amounts of sunlight. The variations, it turns out, are so strong and distinctive that surprising amount of information could be taken from a simple ebb and flow of light. Scientists at Princeton University and the Institute for Advanced Study conducted a detailed study of Earth’s reflections as a way for human scientists to learn about distant planets that may be like our own.（2）“If you looked at our solar system from far away, and you looked at the terrestrial planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars—one of the quickest ways to see that Earth is unique is by looking at the light curve,” said Ed Turner, professor of astrophysics and a co-author of the study. “Earth has by far the most complicated light curve,” The standard thinking in the field had been that most of the information about an Earth-like planet would come from spectral analysis, a static reading of the relative component of different colors within the light, rather than a reading of changes over time. Spectral analysis would reveal the presence of gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide and oxygen, in the planet’s atmosphere. Looking at the change in light over time does not replace spectral analysis, but it could greatly increase the amount of information scientists could learn, said Turner. It may indicate, for example, the presence of weather, oceans, ice or even plant life.28. “Earth would put on a little show” means: as it spins, __________.A. Earth is a more active planet than Venus and MarsB. Earth reflects a brighter light curve than Venus and MarsC. Earth shows oceans, deserts, forests and clouds, while Venus and Mars don’tD. Earth reflects sunlight in an ebb-and-flow manner29. Spectral reading of the light reflected by an Earth-like planet _________.A. can tell us the components of that planet’s atmosphereB. can locate oceans and forests on that planetC. can show what the weather on that planet is likeD. is the quickest way to study its light curve30. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. Scientists at the Princeton University want to find that distant planets are like our Earth.B. Among all the terrestrial planets Earth’s light curve is the most complicated.C. Spectral study of the light will see no development of itself because it is static.D. Spectral reading is used as a supplementary method to the study of the change in light over time.Ⅱ. Direction: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answers in the ANSWER SHEET.（31）A couple of months ago, Singaporean officials unintentionally made cinematic history. They slapped an NC-17 rating on a film—which means children under 17 cannot see it—not because of sex or violence of profanity, but because of bad grammar. Despite its apparently naughty title, Talking Cock, the movie is actually an innocuous comedy comprising four skitsabout the lives of ordinary Singaporeans. The censors also banned a 15-second TV spot promoting the flick.（32）All this is because of what the authorities deemed “excessive use of Singlish.”（33）Given the tough crackdown, you would expect Singlish to be a harmful substance that might corrupt our youth, like heroin or pornography. But it’s one of Singapore’s best-loved quirks, used daily by everyone from cabbies to CEOs.（34）Singlish is simply Singaporean slang, whereby English follows Chinese grammar and is liberally sprinkled with words from the local Chinese, Malay and Indian dialects.I like to talk cock, and I like to speak Singlish. It’s inventive, witty and colorful.（35）Singlish is especially fashionable these days among the younger generation, in part because it gives uptight Singapore a chance to laugh—at itself. But the government is not amused. It doesn’t like Singlish because it thinks it is bad language and bad for Singapore’s image as a commercial and financial center.Part Three: Cloze TestDirection: Fill in each numbered blank in the following passage with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answer in the ANSWER SHEET.（10%）It is a dream world, where chemists can turn a sow’s ear into a silk purse, where bioengineers can put a little bit of a sheep into a wolf—or vice versa—and where the life-styles of the rich are beamed by satellite _____（36）every upwardly mobile village on the planet. Thanks to science and technology, more people are consuming a more amazing array of worldly goods than at any time in history.But beneath the surface all is not well. Like Oscar Wilde’s fictional creation Dorian Gray, who stayed forever ______（37）while a portrait of him in the attic aged horribly, the modern economy masks a disfigured planet. The engine of consumption has scarred the land and stained the sea,_____（38）away at the foundations of nature and threatening to destroy humanity’s only means of survival. Today’s elderly, born at the beginning of last century, started life in a world ______（39）about 50% of its ancient forests still standing. Though far from pristine, it was a world of oceans and land masses teeming with all kinds of life. But those who will be born after the turn of the millennium will _____（40）of age to find that previous generations have squandered and defiled their inheritance, foreclosing some potions even as new ones were created. Our grandchildren may have _____（41）to conveniences that further reduce the drudgery of everyday life, but they will also inherit a planet with less than 20% of its original forests ______（42）, with most of the readily available freshwater already spoken for and much of the arable ______（43）under plough. They will inherit a stressed atmosphere and an unwanted legacy of toxic waste in the soil and water. Missing from the estate will be countless species, most _____（44）out before even _____（45）catalogued by scientist.Part Four ProofreadingDirections: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each underlined sentence or part of a sentence. You may have to change a word, add a word or just delete a word. If you change a word, write the missing word with a slash（\）and write the correct word near it. If you add a word, write the missing wordwith a slash（\）and write the correct word near it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words（in brackets）immediately before and after it. If you delete aword, cross it out with a slash（\）. Put your answers in the ANSWER SHEET.（10%）eg. 1.（46）The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction in the ANSWET SHEET: （46） begun beganeg.2. （47）Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET:（47）（Scarcely）had （they）eg.3. （48）Never will I not do it again.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET:（48）not（46）Clonaid, a company associated by a group that believes extraterrestrials created mankind, announced Friday that it had produced the first clone of a human being. According to the spokeswoman, it is a baby girl who appears to have been born healthy.（47）As we know, cattle, mice, sheep and other animals have been cloned in the past years with mixing success.（48）All cloned animals have displayed defects later in life.（49）Scientists fear same could happen with cloned humans.（50）The company Clonaid is viewed skeptical by most scientists, who doubt the group’s technical ability to clone a human being.（51）But the Clonaid spokeswoman said an dependent expert was going to confirm the baby’s clone status through DNA testing.（52）Clonaid is lead by Brigitte Boisselier, a former deputy director of research at the Air Liquide Group, a French producer of industrial and medical gases.（53）Clonaid is also linked to a sect called the Raelians, whose founder, Claude Vorihon, describes himself for a prophet and calls himself Rael. （54）The group believes cloning could extend human life for hundred of years. In fact, Clonaid has been racing the Italian fertility doctor Severion Antinori to produce the first cloned baby.（55）Antinori said in last month he expected one of his patients to give birth to a cloned baby in January.Part Five: WritingDirection: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below.（15%）Topic: Comment on the Development of the Internet北京大学2003年博士研究生入学考试英语试题详解Part One Structure and Written Expression1. A take refuge in求助于…；take pride in以…为傲；take place in在（某处）发生；take action采取行动。
北京大学医学部生物化学试题(博士)2004年(部分),2003年,2002年,2000年-
北京大学医学部生物化学试题（博士）2004年（部分）,2003年,2002年,2000年-北京大学医学部2004生物化学（博士）论述题（不全）（8选5）1、果汁含柠檬酸丰富,问体内能转化为哪些有机物?2、原癌基因的类型及抑癌基因3、生物氧化与生物转化区别\联系4、一种基因编码的DNA跑带出既有单条、又有双条，问为何解释？5、DNA Tm的意义及加离子后有何变化北京大学医学部2003年博士入学考试生物化学试题1、结合实例说明“生物信息大分子”的概念。
都包括哪些类物质分子。
简要说明其执行“信息功能”的要素。
2、何谓“基本转录因子”，写出6个以上的名称。
根据你的理解，判断“类固醇激素受体属于基本转录因子”是否正确，为什么？请简要说明类固醇激素受体调节基因表达的机制。
3、解释“同工酶”概念，简要说明严格区分同工酶策略。
写出设计酶活性测定体系的注意事项。
4、解释“维生素”概念，丙酮酸脱氢酶系中包括那些维生素？各以何种形式参加酶系组成。
写出维生素D在体内主要代谢过程。
5、写出胆固醇合成的原料，限速酶，在血液内主要运输形式，以及6中以上在体内重要转化物的名称。
6、以填空形式考苯丙氨酸和落氨酸的分解代谢过程。
7、端粒，端粒酶的概念，其特殊的生物学功能。
8、肝脏生物转化的概念，特点，反应类型。
胆红素在肝内转化后的产物，以何种形式排出体外。
9、血浆蛋白质主要成分及生理功能。
端粒与端粒酶；同工酶；血浆蛋白的种类及功能；肝脏的生物转化；苯丙氨酸的代谢；基本转录因子；胆固醇的代谢。
北京医科大学博士入学考试试题生物化学2002年1.人类基因组的概念，内容和意义。
2.transgene的概念，如何重组，定位，筛选，检测？3.图示PKA.PKC.TPK在信号传导中的作用。
4.蛋白质变性与DNA变性的区别与应用。
5.肝脏在生物代谢中的作用，如果肝脏发生严重损伤，可能会发生什么改变？6.比较酶的别构调节与化学修饰调节的异同，及各自在代谢中的作用。
人大02考博
人大０２－０５年经济学的考博试题，
科目：经济学
时间：2002年
1、论市场经济理论与实践（50分）
2、入世与我国产业结构调整（50分）
时间：2003年
1、分析通货紧缩的成因及治理对策（40分）
2、试析中国大陆对外开放政策的经济含义（30分）
3、试论国有经济管理体制改革与经济发展的关系（30分）
时间：2004年
1、论述经济活动中边际效益递增的条件和选择策略（25分）
2、试述技术变革对市场结构的影响（25分）
3、试分析我国经济高速增长下劳动工资趋向（25分）
4、试分析我国生产要素总供给和总需求及当前经济情况（25分）
时间：2005年
1、试分析周期理论主要流派（25分）
2、试用结构—行为—绩效框架分析我国市场经济结构及其效应（25分）
3、试用社会成本、企业成本（私人成本）和政府矫正外部性政策原理，论述循环经济与可持续发展的关系（25分）
4、试用规模经济理论，分析企业兼并或收购的经济效应（25分）。
(完整)全国部分名校考博生物化学真题大全,推荐文档
2004年中山大学医学院博士生入学考试－生物化学一、名词解释1、端粒酶2、嘌呤核苷酸循环3、断裂基因4、模序5、抑癌基因6、RT-PCR7、密码子摆动性8、核心酶9、解偶联机制10、顺式作用元件二、简答题1、血红蛋白氧离曲线为何呈S形？2、DNA双螺旋结构的特点？3、酶促反应的机制4、维生素B12为何能导致巨幼红细胞性贫血？5、IP3、DAG是什么？其在信号传导中的作用是什么？三、问答题1、试述蛋白质一级结构和空间结构与蛋白质功能的关系。
2、试述人类基因组计划的内容、意义，以及后基因组计划的研究方向。
3、以操纵子理论说明：细菌如何利用乳糖作为碳源？当葡萄糖与乳糖共存时，如何调节？4、1分子葡萄糖子体内完全氧化生成38个ATP：（1）各个途径以及其中的能量生成？（2）NADH进入线粒体的途径？（3）NADH的呼吸链组成？5、试述血浆脂蛋白分类及作用，载脂蛋白的含义，作用。
LDL升高、HDL降低为何导致动脉粥样硬化？2003年中山大学医学院博士生入学考试－生物化学一、选择题1、限制性内切酶识别的序列是A、粘性末端B、回文结构C、TATAATD、聚腺苷酸E、AATAA2、由氨基酸生成糖的过程称为A、糖酵解B、糖原分解作用C、糖异生作用D、糖原合成作用3、四氢叶酸不是下列哪种基团或化合物的载体？A、-CHOB、CO2C、-CH=D、-CH3E、-CH=NH ;4、细胞色素aa3的重要特点是A、可使电子直接传递给氧分子的细胞色素氧化酶B、以铁卟啉为辅基的递氢体C、是递电子的不需氧脱氢酶D、是分子中含铜的递氢体E、含有核黄素5、转氨酶的辅酶含有哪种维生素？A、Vit B1B、Vit B2C、Vit PPD、Vit B6E、Vit B126、下列哪种成分的含量高，则双螺旋DNA的溶解温度也增高？A、G+GB、C+TC、A+TD、A+GE、A+C7、胆红素在肝脏中的转变主要是A、转变成胆绿素B、受加单氧化酶体系氧化C、与葡萄糖醛酸结合D、与清蛋白结合E、直接排除8、密度最低的血浆脂蛋白是A、VLDLB、C、MDLD、HDLE、CM9、操纵子的基因表达调控系统属于A、复制水平调节B、转录水平调节C、翻译水平调节D、逆转录水平调节E、翻译后水平调节10、关于DNA复制，下列哪项叙述是错误的？A、原料是4种dNTPB、链的合成方向是C、以DNA链为模板D、复制的DNA与亲代的DNA完全相同E、复制的DNA需要剪切加工二、名词解释1、酮体2、基因3、肽链4、锌指5、核酶6、糖异生7、胆色素8、复制叉9、Km 10、一碳单位三、简答题1、什么是反式作用因子？2、简述脂蛋白的种类。
2014—2016年北京大学博士研究生入学考试考博英语试题及参考答案
2014—2016年北京大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题及参考答案高清版2014真题02年部分II. Reading Comprehension (25 points)Directions: There are five passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1There is a new type of small advertisement becoming increasingly common in newspaper classified columns. It is sometimes placed among “situations vacant”, although it does not offer anyone a job; and sometimes it appears among “situations wanted”, although it is not placed by someone looking for a job either. What it does is to offer help in applying for a job. “Contact us before writing application”, or “Make use of our long experience in preparing your curriculum vitae, or job history”, is how it is usually expressed. The growth and apparent success of such a specialized service is , of course, a reflection on the current high levels of unemployment. It is also, an indication of growing importance of the curriculum vitae.(or job history), with the suggestion that it may now qualify as an art form in its own right.There was a time when job seekers simply wrote letters of application. “JustA. there is lack of jobs available for artistic peopleB. there are so many top-level jobs availableC. there are so many people out of workD. the job history is considered to be a work of art .18. In the past it was expected that first-job hunters would .A. write an initial letter giving their life historyB. pass some exams before applying for a jobC. have no qualifications other than being able to read and writeD. keep any detailed information until they obtained an interview19. Later, as one went on to apply more important jobs, one was advised to include in the letter.something that would attract attention to one’s applicationa personal opinion about the organization one was trying to join something that would offered that person reading ita lie that one could easily get with telling20. The job history has become such an important document because .A. there has been a decrease in the number of jobs advertisedB. there has been an increase in the number of “qualified” job huntersC. jobs are becoming much more complicated nowadaysD. the other processes of applying for jobs are more complicated2Pity those who aspire to put the initials PhD after their names. After 16 years of closely supervised education, prospective doctors of philosophyare left more or less alone to write the equivalent of a large book. Most social-science postgraduates have still not completed their theses by the time their grant runs out after three years. They must then get a job and finish in their spare time, which can often take a further three years. By then , most new doctors are sick to death of the narrowly defined subject which has blighted their holidays and ruined their evenings.The Economic and Social Research Council, which gives grants to postgraduate social scientists, wants to get better value for money by cutting short this agony. It would like to see faster completion rates: until recently, only about 25% of PhD candidates were finishing within four years. The ESRC’s response has been to stop PhD grants to all institutions where the proportion taking less than four years is below 10%; in the first year of this policy the national average shot up to 39%. The ESRC feels vindicated in its toughness, and will progressively raise the threshold to 40% in two years. Unless completion rates improve further, this would exclude 55 out of 73 universities and polytechnics-including Oxford University, the London School of Economics and the London Business School.Predictably, howls of protest have come from the universities, who view the blacklisting of whole institutions as arbitrary and negative. They point out that many of the best students go quickly into jobs where they can apply their research skills, but consequently take longer to finis their theses. Polytechnics with as few as two PhD candidates complain that they are penalized by random fluctuations in student performance. The colleges say there is no hard evidence to prove that faster completion rates result fromgreater efficiency rather than lower standards or less ambitious doctoral topics.The ESRC thinks it might not be a bad thing if PhD students were more modest in their aims. It would prefer to see more systematic teaching of research skills and fewer unrealistic expectations placed on young men and women who are undertaking their first piece of serious research. So in future its grants will be given only where it is convinced that students are being trained as researchers, rather than carrying out purely knowledge-based studies.The ESRC can not dictate the standard of thesis required by external examiners, or force departments to give graduates more teaching time. The most it can do is to try to persuade universities to change their ways. Recalcitrant professors should note that students want more research training and a less elaborate style of thesis, too.21. By time new doctors get a job and try to finish their theses in spare time, .A. most of them died of some sicknessB. their holidays and evenings have been ruined by their jobsC. most of them are completely tired of the narrowly defined subjectD. most of their grants run out22. Oxford University would be excluded out of those universities that receive PhD grants from ESRC, because the completion rate of its PhD students’ theses within four years is lower than.A. 25%B. 40%C. 39%D. 10%23. All the following statements are the arguments against ESRC’s policy except .A. all the institutions on the blacklist are arbitrary and negativeB. there is no hard evidence to prove that faster completion rates result from greater efficiency rather than lower standards or less ambitious doctoral topics.C. many of the best students go quickly into jobs where they can apply their research skills, but consequently take longer to finish their theses.D. some polytechnics are penalized by random fluctuations in student performance24. The ESRC would prefer .A. that the students were carrying out purely knowledge-based studies rather than being trained as researchers.B. to see higher standards of PhD students’ theses and more ambitious doctoral topicsC. more systematic teaching of research skills to fewer unrealistic expectations placed on inexperienced young PhD students.D. that PhD students were less modest in their aims25. what the ESRC can do is to .A. force departments to give graduates more teaching timeB. try to persuade universities to change their waysC. dictate the standard of thesis required by external examinersD. note that students want more research training and less elaborate styleof thesis3Influenza should not be dismissed as a trivial disease. It kills thousands of people every year at a very high cost to the economy, hits hardest the young and the elderly, and is most dangerous for people over the age of 65. influenza is mainly a seasonal illness of the winter months, though in tropical and subtropical areas of Asia and the Pacific it can occur all the year round.The damaging effects of influenza can be prevented by immunization, but constant changes of antigenic specificity of the virus necessitate a different composition of the vaccine from one year to another. The network of WHO Collaborating Centers for Influenza and national institutes carries out influenza surveillance activities to monitor the evaluation of influenza virus strains, and WHO hold an annual consultation at the end of February to recommend the composition of the vaccine for the forthcoming epidemiological season. These recommendations are published immediately in the Weekly epidemiological record.Vaccination each year against influenza is recommended for certain high-risk populations. In closed or semi-closed settings, maximum benefit from immunization is likely to be achieved when more than three-quarters of the population are vaccinated so that the benefit of “herd immunity” can be exploited. Special care should be taken of the following groups:--adults and children with chronic disorders of the pulmonary or cardiovascular systems requiring regular medical follow-up or who had beenhospitalized during the previous year, including children with asthma; --residents of nursing homes and other establishments for patients of any age with chronic medical conditions;--all people over the age of 65.Physicians, nurses, and other personal in primary and intensive care units, who are potentially capable of transmitting influenza to high risk persons, should be immunized; visiting nurses and volunteer workers providing home care to high-risk persons should also be included.26. This passage .A. concerns the damaging effects of influenzaB. mentions the steps of fighting against the harmful effects of influenzaC. emphasizes the worry expressed by all age groupsD. both A and B27. That a different component part of the vaccine is necessary is principally due to the variable change of .A. virusB. strainC. antigenD. immunization28. Which has been done by World Health Organization in combating the bad effects of influenza?A. supervising the assessment of influenza virus strains.B. Holding meetings twice a year to provide the latest data concerning the composition of the vaccines.C. Publishing the related information in a WHO almanac.D. Stressing the importance of preventing influenza for people living in tropical areas of Asia.29. According to the passage, high-risk persons exclude which of thefollowing kinds of people ?A. Children suffering from asthma.B. The elderly with chronic pulmonary diseases.C. Middle aged people with chronic heart diseases.D. Nurses taking special care of the sick.30. In which of the following publications would this passage most likely be printed?A. A surgery book.B. A psychology bookC. An epidemiology book.D. An obstetrics book4In science the meaning of the word “explain”suffers with civilization’s every step in search of reality. Science can not really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effects can be measured and predicted, but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than to Thales who first speculated on the electrification of amber. Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what these mysterious forces “really”are. Electricity, Bertrand Russell says, “is not a thing, like St. Paul’s Cathedral; it is a way in which things behave. When we have told how things behave when they are electrified, we have told all thee is to tell.”Until recently scientists would have disapproved of such an idea. Aristotle, for example, whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles. He felt, for example, that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has itsproper place, hence one can conclude that objects fall to the ground because that is where they belong, and smoking goes up because that is where it belongs. The goal of Aristotelian science was to explain why things happen. Modern science was born when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation.31. The aim of controlled scientific experiments is .A. to explain why things happenB. to explain how things happenC. to describe self-evident principlesD. to support Aristotelian science32. what principles most influenced scientific thought for two thousand years?A. The speculations of ThalesB. The forces of electricity, magnetism, and gravityC. Aristotle’s natural scienceD. Galileo’s discoveries33. Bertrand Russell’s notion about electricity is .A. disapproved of by most modern scientistsB. in agreement with Aristotle’s theory of self-evident principlesC. in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “how”things happenD. in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “why ”things happen34. The passage says that until recently scientists disagreed with the idea .A. that there are mysterious forces in the universeB. that man can not discover what forces “really” areC. that there are self-evident principlesD. that we can discover why things behave as they do35. Which of the following is the topic most likely to be discussed right after the passage?A. The most recent definition of “explain”B. The relationship between science and religionC. The limitations of scienceD. Galileo and the birth of modern science. 5Some weeks ago, riding in a cab from Boston to Cambridge, my driver turned and asked me what I did for a living . “Teach English”, I said. “Is that so? ”The young man continued. “I was an English major”But then, instead of chatting idly about Joyce or dropping the subject altogether, this driver caught me short. “You guys,”he said, turning back so that his furry face pressed into the glass partition, “ought to be shot”I think he meant it . The guilty party in this present state of affairs is not really the academic discipline. It is not the fault of English and philosophy and biology that engineering and accounting and computer science afford students better job opportunities and increased flexibility in career choice. Literature and an understanding of, say, man’s evolutionary past are as important as ever. They simply are no longer perceived in today’s market as salable. That is a harsh economic fact. And it is not only true in the United States. Employment prospects for liberal arts graduates in Canada, for example, aresaid to be the worst since the 1930s.What to do? I think it would be shortsighted for colleges and universities to advise students against majoring in certain subjects that do not appear linked (at least directly) to careers. Where our energies should be directed instead is toward the development of educational programs that combine course sequences in the liberal arts with course in the viable professions. Double majors---one for enrichment, one for earning one’s bread---have never been promoted very seriously in our institutions of higher learning, mainly because liberal arts and professional-vocational faculties have long been suspicious or contemptuous of one another. Thus students have been directed to one path or the other, to the disadvantage of both students and faculty.A hopeful cue could be taken, it seems to me, from new attempts in the health profession(nursing and pharmacy, for example), where jobs are still plentiful, to give the humanities and social sciences a greater share of the curriculum. Why could not the traditional history major in the college of arts and sciences be pointed toward additional courses in the business school, or to engineering, or to physical therapy? This strategy requires a new commitment from both the institution and the student and demands a much harder look at the allocation of time and resources. But in an age of adversity, double majors are one way liberal arts students can more effectively prepare for the world outside.36. What is the chief purpose of double majors?A. To help graduates of history major become successful businessmen.B. To provide liberal arts graduates with a method of meeting effectively the challenge in employment.C. To extend their knowledge learnt in the college.D. To moderate the tension between liberal arts and vocational faculties.37. In paragraph 1, the sentence “You guys ought to be shot” shows that at heart the driver .A. felt greatly regretted about the major he had chosenB. felt a deep hatred for all the English teachers in his former collegeC. complained that his teachers hadn’t taught him how to survive in this competitive society.D. held a deep contempt in the author because of his scholastic manner38. It can be inferred from the passage that the blame for the present state of affairs lies in the fact that .A. the course sequences themselves are unreliable.B. more and more students start to select science majorsC. almost none of the specialties the students major in might be salable in today’s marketD. the opportunities of employment are scarce for graduates of non-science majors39. The obstacles in course sequences in academic schooling are indicated in all of the following EXCEPT .A. the misguidance of major-selection in some of the institutions of higher learningB. the current curriculum couldn’t keep up with the development of thesocietyC. the inharmonious relation among the teaching facultiesD. the authorities of higher learning attach only little importance to course sequences40. This passage can best be titled as .A. Harsh Economic FactB. Double Majors, a Way OutC. Careers, Schooling fro BetterD. Market for Graduates6Does an unborn baby know his mother’s voice? psychology professor Anthony DeCasper advised an ingenious experiment to find out. He placed padded earphones over a newborn’s ears and gave him a bottle nipple attached to a closed rubber tube. Changes in pressure in the tube switched channels on a tape recorder. If the baby paused extra long between bursts of sucking, he heard on channel; if he paused shorter than average, he heard the other. The baby now had the ability, in effect to change channels.DeCasper found that newborns choose the recording of their mother’s voice over that of another woman’s. The baby, however, has no innate interest in his father’s voice, which is heard in the womb only from time to time, while the mother’s voice is ever present. Within two weeks after birth, however, the baby can recognize Dad’s voice too.A newborn is even attuned to the cadence and rhythm of his native language. In a French study using a setup similar to DeCasper’s, French babies given the choice between French and Russian words responded more to the sound of French.Brian Satt, a research specialist in clinical psychology, has parents sing a lullaby-like “womb song”to their babies. The unborn baby often develops a specific, consistent movement pattern when its song is sung. According to Satt, most parents can calm a fussy newborn with the song most of the time, which is a prize worth more than rubies to a new parent.He is roused by a heavy jolt. His mother has tripped and fallen heavily on one hip. He is much too well cushioned to experience any injury, but her pain and the fear that she may have hurt him floods both their bodies with adrenaline and other stress-related hormones. He cries and kicks vigorously, a cry never heard because there is no air to make sound. As she recovers the stress hormones ebb away, and he calms down too.41. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about the unborn baby in the passage?A. An unborn baby can occasionally hear his father’s voice.B. Dc. Casper’s approach proved absolutely effective in a French experiment.C. An unborn baby is able to identify the tone and rhythm of his native language.D. Parents are able to soothe a fussy newly-born baby.42. According to the author, an unborn baby .A. is unable to identify his mother’s lullaby after birthB. is able to identify his mother’s voice rather than that of others’C. is able to help release adrenaline and other stress-related hormonesD. is able to distinguish French accent from Russian accent43. It is known from the passage that .A. mother’s stress, anger, shock or grief might not hurt the unborn baby in the wombB. an unborn baby’s cry might never be heard because of the particular condition of the womb.C. lullabies are the most precious means to young parentsD. an unborn baby has to move at intervals in the womb44. The author believes that the reaction of an unborn baby to his mother’s voice .A. belongs to one of the natural tendenciesB. is an indication which shows an unborn baby can use all his senses after birthC. is but a physiological circulation of any human beingD. is the most important factor which leads an unborn baby to the survival in the womb45. It can be assumed that the paragraph preceding the passage most probably discussed .A. the development of the baby in his mother’ s wombB. the well-developed taste buds of the babyC. the fact that the baby remains motionless just as what he performs in the first month of his mother’s pregnancyD. the fact that the baby can start to use some of his senses by the last few weeks of pregnancyⅢ. Translation and Writing (55 points)Part A TranslationTranslate the following into Chinese (30 points):Engineering is the professional art of applying science to the optimum conversion of the resources of nature to the uses of humankind. Engineering has been defined as the creative application of “scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination.” The term engineering is sometimes more loosely defined, especially in Great Britain, as the manufacture or assembly of engines, machine tools, and machine parts. Associated with engineering is a great body of special knowledge; preparation for professional practice involves extensive training in the application of that knowledge. The function of the scientist is to know, while that of the engineer is to do. The scientist adds to the store of verified, systematized knowledge of the physical world; the engineer brings this knowledge to bear on practical problems. Engineering is based principally on physics, chemistry, and mathematics and their extensions into materials science, solid and fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and systems analysis.2Although for the purpose of this article English literature is treated as being confined to writings in English by natives or inhabitants of the British Isles, it is to a certain extent the case that literature---and this is particularly true of the literature written in English---knows nofrontiers. Thus, English literature can be regarded as a cultural whole of which the mainstream literatures of the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada and important elements in the literatures of other commonwealth countries are parts. It can be argued that no single English novel attains the universality of the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace. Yet in the Middle ages the Old English literature was influenced and gradually changed by the Latin and French writings, eminently foreign in origin in which the churchmen and the Norman conquerors expressed themselves. From this combination emerged a flexible and subtle linguistic instrument exploited by Geoffrey Chaucer and brought to supreme application by William Shakespeare.Translate the following into English (10 points):从二十世纪中叶起，名国政府对科学技术的重视引起了各级教育机构的响应，理论科学和应用科学的巨大进步也激起了人们学习自然科学的兴趣，科学技术因此有了飞速的发展。
博士研究生入学考试试题及答案解析
中南大学2005 博士研究生入学考试试题答案及解析Entrance English Test for PhD Programs (2005)Paper OneDirections:There are 20 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1．Sometimes very young children have trouble ______ fact from fiction and may believe that such things actually exist.A．separating B．having separatedC．to separate D．of separating2．Anthropology is a science______ anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to document observations that can be checked by others.A．in that B．now thatC．since that D．no that3．With all these exacerbating tensions of the 19th and 20th centuries, it was too much to expect that lawmakers, prime ministers, and presidents could understand, ______agree on , how to obtain this explosive mixture.A．even if B．so as toB．even more D．much less4．After every guest _______, the host had the dishes served.A．was sitting B．was seatedC．was seating D．was sat5．_______traffic delays, you had better start earlier if you want to catch 818 for New York city.A．Regardless of B．Attributing toC．Allowing for D．Under the spell of6．Now a paper in science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from____ on earth than bacteria on Mars.A．configuration B．constitutionC．condemnation D．contamination7．Many people are naturally distrustful of ambition, feeling that it represents something _____ in human nature.A．blatant B．philanthropicC．distressful D．intractable8．Most people believe that the study of another nation, its society and culture, not only can be fascinating but also_____.A．primeval B．legitimateC．newfangled D．beneficent9．In nature we know that wild creatures sometimes exhaust their vital sources and suffer thenatural _______; drastic population reductions.A．capacity B．erosionC．remedy D．amenity10．The chairman gave me a hint that he would like me to think of some ready way of stopping Tom from ______ the proposal.A．lining up B．lying behindC．chiming in D．drifting into11．Monetary Union is a huge economic undertaking ---but it is not just about economics. It is a step with _____political implications-----but it is not just politics.A．stupendous B．bruisingC．tectonic C．internecine12．Since _____firms are more fragile than most other traditional ones, they are even more vulnerable to economy-wide swings.A．inconsistent B．moderateC．nascent D．weird13．To the cynic, there are no wholly altruistic, unselfish acts; every human deed is _____ an ulterior selfish motive.A．independent of B．emulated byC．disguised as D．founded upon14．He keeps his petrol receipts because petrol is one of the expenses that he can ______ against taxes.A．dazzle B．offsetC．circumvent D．impartial15．A university training enables a graduate to see things as they are, to go right to the point, to disentangle a ______of thought.A．line B．strandC．mass D．plethora16．New technologies have often brought with them complex and ______ moral and social difficulties.A．vexing B．psychicC．alienated D．somatic17．The Lewis and Clark expedition left St. Louis in 1804 and traveled 7,700 miles_____ the Pacific Coast.A．on way to B．on route toC．returning to D．in line to18．The Bessemer process was once the most common method of making steel, but today this process is considered______.A．obsolete B．ellipticalC．oval D．eligible19．The other worry is that the entrepreneur will be forced to go public too early, so the venture capitalist can _____ his investment.A．deflate B．pad aroundC．recoup D．cash out20．In almost every country, drug abuse, child abuse and alcohol abuse _______most challenging social problems.A．preoccupied with B．displaced to beC．lend credence to D．loom as1．A．句意：有时小孩在分清现实和虚幻方面存在困难，他们可能认为那样的事情真正存在。
北京大学哲学专业博士研究生入学考试试题
北京大学哲学专业博士研究生入学考试试题北京大学哲学专业博士研究生入学考试试题北大中国哲学专业博士入学试题招生专业：中哲（国内）一、简论《易传》与《老子》思想之异同（30分）二、试论支遁与郭象对庄子逍遥义的不同解释（30分）三、简述先秦时期儒、道、法三家对春秋以来百家争鸣的评论与总结（40分）考试科目：中国哲学史招生专业：中国哲学（国内）（共五题，任选四题每题25分）一、荀子对先秦诸子的评论二、张载的心性论三、程颢的生之谓性说四、王畿的良知异见说五、康有为与谭嗣同仁思想之异同考试科目：中国哲学史招生专业：中哲一、分析并比较《老子》与《庄子》对道、有、无的论述（25分）二、解释分析《坛经》中的三科法门（25分）三、论述并比较《大乘起信论》和《成唯识论》中的阿赖耶识（阿黎耶识）概念（25分）四、论述分析《传习录》中的四句教说（25分）考试科目：中国哲学史招生专业：非中哲专业（共四题，每题25分）一、孟子人性论及其论证二、张载的气一元论三、罗钦顺的心性论四、方以智哲学中的辨证思想考试科目：中国哲学史招生专业：中哲（国内）一、简论《易传》与《老子》思想之异同（30分）二、试论支遁与郭象对庄子逍遥义的不同解释（30分）三、简述先秦时期儒、道、法三家对春秋以来"百家争鸣"的评论与总结（40分）考试科目：中国哲学史招生专业：中国哲学（国内）（共五题，任选四题每题25分）一、荀子对先秦诸子的评论二、张载的心性论三、程颢的生之谓性说四、王畿的良知异见说五、康有为与谭嗣同"仁"思想之异同考试科目：中国哲学史招生专业：中哲一、分析并比较《老子》与《庄子》对道、有、无的论述（25分）二、解释分析《坛经》中的"三科法门"（25分）三、论述并比较《大乘起信论》和《成唯识论》中的阿赖耶识（阿黎耶识）概念（25分）四、论述分析《传习录》中的"四句"教说（25分）考试科目：现代中国哲学史招生专业：中哲（胡军）研究方向：现代中国哲学（共五题，每题20分）一、评述胡适的实验主义方法论二、谈谈你对梁漱溟前期文化理论的看法三、金岳霖共相理论的意义及评价四、贺麟知行观的内容及意义五、冯友兰在中国哲学史研究方面的贡献是什么。
全国各大高校博士研究生入学考试英语作文试题
3. Conclusion. 上海交通大学2002年春季博士研究生入学考试试题 Part ⅣWriting (25%) Directions: For this part, you are required to write a composition of at least 20 words according to the following instruction. “Some people say that it is right to offer college admission to every high school graduate. Others say that admission to college should be offered by examination only.” Which point of view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. On College Admission 上海交通大学2002年秋季博士研究生入学考试试题 Part ⅣWriting (25%) Directions: Write an essay of 250 words, on the Answer Sheet, discussing the influence that advertising has had on your life or the lives of your friends. 上海交通大学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题 Part ⅣWriting (25%) Directions: In this part, please write an essay of about 300 words on the topic “China in the 21st Century and Her Returning Scholars”. You should base your essay on the following outline: 1. Today, many countrymen are returning after they finish their study abroad 2. Reasons for their returning 3. Significance of their returning both to China and to themselves Please write your essay on the back of the Answer Sheet. 复旦大学２００２年博士研究生入学考试试题 Part ⅣWriting (15%) Directions: Some people prefer to plan activities for their free time very carefully. Others choose not to make any plans at all for their free time. Compare the benefits of planning free time activities with the benefits of not making plans. Which do you preferplanning or not planning for your leisure time? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice. You should write about 180 words and put your composition on Answer Sheet Ⅱ. 复旦大学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题 Part ⅥWriting (15%) Directions: Write a composition of about 180 words on the following topic. Your composition should be written on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.
北京大学考研考博人类学理论与方法考试历年真题
★北京大学人类学理论与方法考试历年真题大全★北大01年人类学【理论试题】一. 概念解释1.马林诺斯基2.新进化论3.文化相对论4.《江村经济》5.结构人类学6.社区研究法7.中华民族多元一体格局8.田野工作二.简述题1试论功能主义和结构-功能主义的异同。
2.试论50年代至70年代(二战后)英,法,美国人类学的基本变化情况。
3.简述解释人类学的基本观点。
三. 论述题1.试从社会文化人类学分支领域(亲属制度,宗教人类学,经济人类学,政治人类学)之一论述本学科的研究特色。
2.举例说明民族志对于社会人类学的重要性。
3.略析人类学者在研究中国中面临的认识论挑战。
北大01年人类学【方法试题】一. 概念解释1.民族志2.参与观察3.跨文化比较研究4.“浓厚的描述”5.整体论二. 简述题1.简述社会人类学研究的方法论特征。
2.简述"主位法"和"客位法"的方法论差异。
三. 论述题1.试比较社会文化人类学研究中的共时方法和历时方法的结合。
2.论述经验事实与理论阐述之间的关系。
四.问答题1.《古代社会》的作者是： (1)泰勒 (2)摩尔根 (3)马林诺斯基2.结构人类学的代表人物是：(1)格尔茨(2)列维_斯特劳斯(3)埃文思_普里查德3.弗里德曼是：(1)汉学人类学家 (2)非洲人类学家 (3)美洲印地安人类学家4.田野工作是指：(1)实地社会实习 (2)地理学实地测量工作 (3)民族志研究的核心过程(4)社会学的整体论方法北大02年人类学【理论试题】一. 概念解释1.进化论2.博厄斯3.米德4.结构主义5.利奇二. 简述题1.简述功能主义的基本观点。
2.简述宗教人类学的主要研究内容。
3.简述政治人类学的主要研究内容。
三. 论述题1.试述马林诺斯基的《文化论》的基本内容。
2.试述20世纪初期西方人类学的主要内容。
3.试述二战以后西方人类学的主要变化。
北大02年人类学【方法试题】一. 概念解释1.田野工作2.民族志3.跨文化研究4.人类学5.民族中心主义二. 简述题1.简述社会人类学与历史学的差别。
北京大学博士英语试题及答案
北京大学博士英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分）阅读下列短文，然后回答1-5题。
The rise of digital technology has transformed the way welive and work. It has also changed the way we communicate. In the past, people mainly relied on face-to-face communicationor letters to convey messages. However, with the advent ofthe internet and smartphones, instant messaging and social media have become the primary means of communication for many.1. What is the main topic of the passage? (4分)A. The impact of digital technology on communication.B. The history of communication methods.C. The importance of face-to-face communication.D. The disadvantages of social media.2. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a communication method mentioned? (4分)A. Face-to-face communication.B. Letters.C. Instant messaging.D. Radio broadcasts.3. What does the passage imply about the future of communication? (4分)A. It will become more personal.B. It will rely more on digital technology.C. It will return to traditional methods.D. It will become less frequent.4. What is the purpose of the passage? (4分)A. To inform readers about new communication technologies.B. To persuade readers to use traditional communication methods.C. To describe the history of communication methods.D. To analyze the effects of digital technology on communication.5. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? (4分)A. The passage argues that digital technology has had a negative impact on communication.B. The passage suggests that digital technology has made communication more efficient.C. The passage states that people no longer use face-to-face communication.D. The passage claims that the internet and smartphones have replaced all other communication methods.二、词汇与语法（共30分）Choose the correct answer to complete the sentence. Write the letter of the correct answer in the blank.6. The company has decided to ________ its employees with the latest technology.A. equipB. qualifyC. supplyD. provide7. Despite the heavy rain, they ________ the mountain successfully.A. climbedB. ascendedC. roseD. lifted8. The new policy will ________ a significant impact on the economy.A. haveB. takeC. makeD. get9. She is ________ to be the best candidate for the job.A. likelyB. probableC. possibleD. potential10. The book is ________ interesting that I can hardly put it down.A. soB. veryC. tooD. quite三、翻译（共20分）Translate the following sentence into English.11. 随着人工智能的发展，许多传统行业正在经历转型。
2002年 磁学真题2
2002年第二期博士生入学考试专业基础试卷导师姓名： 考生姓名：说明：本试卷共1页12题，每题10分，可任选10题。
另外2题作为附加题，参考加分。
1. 简述顺磁性、抗磁性、铁磁性、反磁性的物理特征，并比较它们的磁化率的温度关系有何不同。
2. 孤立原子的磁矩由几部分组成？以Fe 26为例，试用洪德法则分析：当铁（Fe 26）组成晶体时有轨道角动量冻结现象，试简述轨道角动量冻结的本质及其对磁距的影响。
3. 何谓铁磁性物质的自发磁化和居里温度？（不考虑反铁磁和亚铁磁情况）4. 什么是磁晶各向异性？并说明其物理来源。
5. 退磁场是如何产生的？如何确定退磁场的方向？6. 什么是磁畴？从物理上如何决定磁畴结构？从实验又如何观察？7. 对于畴壁，请简述布洛赫（Bloch ）壁及奈尔(Neel)壁的特性。
8. 起始磁化过程的大致阶段和基本方式是什么？（辅以M-H 曲线说明）9. 剩磁、矫顽力、最大磁能积是如何定义的？ 10.简述你所知道的两种铁磁材料的磁性特征。
11.设有n 个原子在分子场)(T M H m⋅=λ的作用下，其磁距为)()(y B J ng T M J B J μ= ,其中，)(y B J 为布里渊函数，而m B B J H TK Jg y μ=.试推证出：（1）居里—外斯定律；（2）居里温度λμ⋅+=BB J CK J J ng T 3)1(22。
()(y B J :当∞→y ，1)(→y B J ；y <<1，yJJ y BJ⋅+=31)()。
12.对于单轴晶体内的180o 畴壁，已知磁晶各向异性能密度为θ2sin K ，畴壁单位表面的交换能为dxdx d A ⋅⎰2)(θ，试证明：平衡时畴壁的表面能密度为AK4。
（请合理考虑边界条件）。