symbols
Five famous symbols of American culture美国文化的五大象征
野牛镍币 Buffalo Nickel
Buffalo Nickel
• 1911年，由美国著名艺术家詹姆斯 弗雷泽(James Fraser)设 计，1913-1938年间成产的一种硬币。 美国传统硬币上刻 画的主要是历届总统。 但是野牛镍币，没有循规蹈矩，而 是将在美国西进运动中遭破坏几近灭绝的两种形象----美国 野牛以及土著印第安人的形象印为纪念。
Five famous symbols of American culture
美国文化的五大象征
芭比娃娃
Statue of Liberty
自由女神像
自由女神像，又称“自由照耀 世界,是法国赠送给美国独立 100周年礼物，位於美国纽约 市自由岛上。 .
• 女神右手高举长达12米的火炬， 左手捧着《独立宣言》，脚下是 打碎的手铐、脚镣和锁链。她象 征着自由、挣脱暴政的约束。
十字架上的自由女
神像
Barbie
American Gothic
• 无论我们见过与否，毫无疑问地，它 是美国众多画作中唯一的一个成为文 化标签的。其主要原因是，画中农民 夫妻二人的表情深刻的体现了美国人 民的民族精神----勇于探索，坚强不 屈！
• Whether we see it or not, there is no doubt that it is the only one which has been cultural label in many American paintings.The major reason is that the peasant man and wife’expression strongly reflect the American national spirits ---dare to explore and stand buffer!
中国象征英语作文
中国象征英语作文China, with its rich history and diverse culture, is a land of many symbols. Here are some of the most iconic symbols of China that are often used to represent the country and its traditions:1. The Great Wall: This architectural marvel is not only a symbol of China's historical strength and ingenuity but also a testament to its endurance and resilience. It stretches over 13,000 miles and is visible from space.2. The Dragon: In Chinese culture, the dragon is a symbol of power, strength, and good luck. It is often associated with imperial authority and is a central figure in Chinese mythology and folklore.3. The Panda: The giant panda is a beloved national treasure of China. Known for its black and white fur, it is a symbol of peace and friendship, often used in diplomatic exchanges.4. The Red Envelope (Hongbao): Traditionally given during Chinese New Year and other special occasions, red envelopes contain money and symbolize good luck and prosperity.5. The Chinese Knot: These intricate knots are not only decorative but also carry deep cultural significance. They represent unity, harmony, and good fortune.6. Tea: Tea culture is an integral part of Chinese society.It symbolizes hospitality, relaxation, and the art of living.7. The Terracotta Army: This collection of terracotta sculptures depicting the armies of Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China, is a symbol of the country's ancient military might.8. The Pagoda: Pagodas are architectural structures often found in Buddhist temples. They symbolize spiritual enlightenment and are a common sight across China.9. The Chinese Fan: A traditional accessory, the fan is not only a tool for cooling but also a symbol of elegance and refinement.10. Calligraphy: The art of Chinese calligraphy is a symbol of culture and education. It is considered a high form of artistic expression, reflecting the harmony and balance of nature.11. The Yin and Yang: This symbol represents the balance of opposites in nature and is a fundamental concept in Chinese philosophy and cosmology.12. The Chinese Zodiac: With twelve animal signs based on a repeating twelve-year cycle, the Chinese zodiac is a cultural identifier that reflects personality traits and fortunes.These symbols are deeply embedded in Chinese culture and are often used to express the spirit and identity of the country.They are not only recognized within China but also around the world, showcasing the rich heritage and uniquecharacteristics of Chinese civilization.。
symbols
The Comprehensive L A T E X Symbol ListScott Pakin<pakin@>∗29September2003AbstractThis document lists2826symbols and the corresponding L A T E X commands that produce them.Some of these symbols are guaranteed to be available in every L A T E X2εsystem;others require fonts and packagesthat may not accompany a given distribution and that therefore need to be installed.All of the fontsand packages used to prepare this document—as well as this document itself—are freely available from theComprehensive T E X Archive Network().Contents1Introduction61.1Document Usage (6)1.2Frequently Requested Symbols (6)2Body-text symbols7 Table1:L A T E X2εEscapable“Special”Characters (7)Table2:L A T E X2εCommands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode (7)Table3:Predefined L A T E X2εText-mode Commands (7)Table4:Non-ASCII Letters(Excluding Accented Letters) (8)Table5:Letters Used to Typeset African Languages (8)Table6:Punctuation Marks Not Found in OT1 (8)Table7:pifont Decorative Punctuation Marks (8)Table8:wasysym Phonetic Symbols (8)Table9:tipa Phonetic Symbols (8)Table10:wsuipa Phonetic Symbols (10)Table11:phonetic Phonetic Symbols (10)Table12:Text-mode Accents (11)Table13:tipa Text-mode Accents (11)Table14:wsuipa Text-mode Accents (12)Table15:phonetic Text-mode Accents (13)Table16:wsuipa Diacritics (13)Table17:textcomp Diacritics (13)Table18:textcomp Currency Symbols (13)Table19:marvosym Currency Symbols (14)Table20:wasysym Currency Symbols (14)Table21:eurosym Euro Signs (14)Table22:textcomp Legal Symbols (14)Table23:textcomp Old-style Numerals (14)Table24:Miscellaneous textcomp Symbols (15)Table25:Miscellaneous wasysym Text-mode Symbols (15)Table26:A M S Commands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode (15)∗The original version of this document was written by David Carlisle,with several additional tables provided by Alexander Holt.See Section7.6on page69for more information about who did what.13Mathematical symbols16 Table27:Binary Operators (16)Table28:A M S Binary Operators (16)Table29:stmaryrd Binary Operators (17)Table30:wasysym Binary Operators (17)Table31:txfonts/pxfonts Binary Operators (17)Table32:mathabx Binary Operators (18)Table33:ulsy Geometric Binary Operators (18)Table34:mathabx Geometric Binary Operators (18)Table35:Variable-sized Math Operators (18)Table36:A M S Variable-sized Math Operators (19)Table37:stmaryrd Variable-sized Math Operators (19)Table38:wasysym Variable-sized Math Operators (19)Table39:mathabx Variable-sized Math Operators (19)Table40:txfonts/pxfonts Variable-sized Math Operators (20)Table41:esint Variable-sized Math Operators (20)Table42:Binary Relations (21)Table43:A M S Binary Relations (21)Table44:A M S Negated Binary Relations (21)Table45:stmaryrd Binary Relations (21)Table46:wasysym Binary Relations (21)Table47:txfonts/pxfonts Binary Relations (22)Table48:txfonts/pxfonts Negated Binary Relations (22)Table49:mathabx Binary Relations (22)Table50:mathabx Negated Binary Relations (23)Table51:trsym Binary Relations (23)Table52:trfsigns Binary Relations (23)Table53:Subset and Superset Relations (23)Table54:A M S Subset and Superset Relations (23)Table55:stmaryrd Subset and Superset Relations (24)Table56:wasysym Subset and Superset Relations (24)Table57:txfonts/pxfonts Subset and Superset Relations (24)Table58:mathabx Subset and Superset Relations (24)Table59:Inequalities (24)Table60:A M S Inequalities (24)Table61:wasysym Inequalities (25)Table62:txfonts/pxfonts Inequalities (25)Table63:mathabx Inequalities (25)Table64:A M S Triangle Relations (25)Table65:stmaryrd Triangle Relations (25)Table66:mathabx Triangle Relations (25)Table67:Arrows (26)Table68:Harpoons (26)Table69:textcomp Text-mode Arrows (26)Table70:A M S Arrows (26)Table71:A M S Negated Arrows (26)Table72:A M S Harpoons (26)Table73:stmaryrd Arrows (27)Table74:txfonts/pxfonts Arrows (27)Table75:mathabx Arrows (27)Table76:mathabx Negated Arrows (27)Table77:mathabx Harpoons (28)Table78:chemarrow Arrows (28)Table79:ulsy Contradiction Symbols (28)Table80:Extension Characters (28)Table81:stmaryrd Extension Characters (28)Table82:txfonts/pxfonts Extension Characters (28)2Table83:mathabx Extension Characters (28)Table84:Log-like Symbols (29)Table85:A M S Log-like Symbols (29)Table86:Greek Letters (29)Table87:A M S Greek Letters (29)Table88:txfonts/pxfonts Upright Greek Letters (30)Table89:upgreek Upright Greek Letters (30)Table90:txfonts/pxfonts Variant Latin Letters (30)Table91:A M S Hebrew Letters (30)Table92:Letter-like Symbols (30)Table93:A M S Letter-like Symbols (31)Table94:txfonts/pxfonts Letter-like Symbols (31)Table95:mathabx Letter-like Symbols (31)Table96:trfsigns Letter-like Symbols (31)Table97:A M S Delimiters (31)Table98:stmaryrd Delimiters (31)Table99:mathabx Delimiters (31)Table100:nath Delimiters (31)Table101:Variable-sized Delimiters (32)Table102:Large,Variable-sized Delimiters (32)Table103:Variable-sized stmaryrd Delimiters (32)Table104:mathabx Variable-sized Delimiters (32)Table105:nath Variable-sized Delimiters(Double) (33)Table106:nath Variable-sized Delimiters(Triple) (33)Table107:textcomp Text-mode Delimiters (33)Table108:Math-mode Accents (34)Table109:A M S Math-mode Accents (34)Table110:yhmath Math-mode Accents (34)Table111:trfsigns Math-mode Accents (34)Table112:Extensible Accents (35)Table113:overrightarrow Extensible Accents (35)Table114:yhmath Extensible Accents (35)Table115:A M S Extensible Accents (35)Table116:chemarr Extensible Accents (36)Table117:chemarrow Extensible Accents (36)Table118:mathabx Extensible Accents (36)Table119:esvect Extensible Accents (37)Table120:undertilde Extensible Accents (37)Table121:Dots (37)Table122:A M S Dots (37)Table123:mathdots Dots (38)Table124:yhmath Dots (38)Table125:Miscellaneous L A T E X2εSymbols (38)Table126:Miscellaneous A M S Symbols (38)Table127:Miscellaneous wasysym Symbols (38)Table128:Miscellaneous txfonts/pxfonts Symbols (38)Table129:Miscellaneous mathabx Symbols (39)Table130:Miscellaneous textcomp Text-mode Math Symbols (39)Table131:mathcomp Math Symbols (39)Table132:gensymb Symbols Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode (39)Table133:mathabx Mayan Digits (39)Table134:marvosym Math Symbols (39)Table135:Math Alphabets (40)34Science and technology symbols41 Table136:wasysym Electrical and Physical Symbols (41)Table137:ifsym Pulse Diagram Symbols (41)Table138:ar Aspect Ratio Symbol (41)Table139:textcomp Text-mode Science and Engineering Symbols (41)Table140:wasysym Astronomical Symbols (41)Table141:marvosym Astronomical Symbols (42)Table142:mathabx Astronomical Symbols (42)Table143:wasysym Astrological Symbols (42)Table144:marvosym Astrological Symbols (42)Table145:mathabx Astrological Symbols (42)Table146:wasysym APL Symbols (42)Table147:wasysym APL Modifiers (42)Table148:marvosym Computer Hardware Symbols (43)Table149:ascii Control Characters(IBM) (43)Table150:marvosym Communication Symbols (43)Table151:marvosym Engineering Symbols (43)Table152:wasysym Biological Symbols (43)Table153:marvosym Biological Symbols (43)Table154:marvosym Safety-related Symbols (44)5Dingbats45 Table155:bbding Arrows (45)Table156:pifont Arrows (45)Table157:marvosym Scissors (45)Table158:bbding Scissors (45)Table159:pifont Scissors (45)Table160:dingbat Pencils (45)Table161:bbding Pencils and Nibs (46)Table162:pifont Pencils and Nibs (46)Table163:dingbat Hands (46)Table164:bbding Hands (46)Table165:pifont Hands (46)Table166:bbding Crosses and Plusses (46)Table167:pifont Crosses and Plusses (46)Table168:bbding Xs and Check Marks (46)Table169:pifont Xs and Check Marks (47)Table170:wasysym Xs and Check Marks (47)Table171:pifont Circled Numbers (47)Table172:wasysym Stars (47)Table173:bbding Stars,Flowers,and Similar Shapes (47)Table174:pifont Stars,Flowers,and Similar Shapes (48)Table175:wasysym Geometric Shapes (48)Table176:ifsym Geometric Shapes (48)Table177:bbding Geometric Shapes (49)Table178:pifont Geometric Shapes (49)Table179:universa Geometric Shapes (49)Table180:manfnt Dangerous Bend Symbols (49)Table181:skull Symbols (49)Table182:Non-Mathematical mathabx Symbols (49)Table183:marvosym Information Symbols (49)Table184:Miscellaneous dingbat Dingbats (50)Table185:Miscellaneous bbding Dingbats (50)Table186:Miscellaneous pifont Dingbats (50)46Other symbols51 Table187:textcomp Genealogical Symbols (51)Table188:wasysym General Symbols (51)Table189:wasysym Musical Notes (51)Table190:wasysym Circles (51)Table191:Miscellaneous manfnt Symbols (51)Table192:marvosym Navigation Symbols (52)Table193:marvosym Laundry Symbols (52)Table194:Other marvosym Symbols (52)Table195:Miscellaneous universa Symbols (52)Table196:ifsym Weather Symbols (53)Table197:ifsym Alpine Symbols (53)Table198:ifsym Clocks (53)Table199:Other ifsym Symbols (53)Table200:skak Chess Informator Symbols (54)7Additional Information557.1Symbol Name Clashes (55)7.2Where can Ifind the symbol for...? (55)7.3Math-mode spacing (64)7.4Bold mathematical symbols (65)7.5ASCII and Latin1quick reference (66)7.6About this document (69)References69 Index7151IntroductionWelcome to the Comprehensive L A T E X Symbol List!This document strives to be your primary source of L A T E X symbol information:font samples,L A T E X commands,packages,usage details,caveats—everything needed to put thousands of different symbols at your disposal.All of the fonts covered herein meet the following criteria:1.They are freely available from the Comprehensive T E X Archive Network().2.All of their symbols have L A T E X2εbindings.That is,a user should be able to access a symbol by name,not just by\char number .These are not particularly limiting criteria;the Comprehensive L A T E X Symbol List contains samples of2826 symbols—quite a large number.Some of these symbols are guaranteed to be available in every L A T E X2εsystem; others require fonts and packages that may not accompany a given distribution and that therefore need to be installed.See /cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=instpackages+wherefiles for help with installing new fonts and packages.1.1Document UsageEach section of this document contains a number of font tables.Each table shows a set of symbols,with the corresponding L A T E X command to the right of each symbol.A table’s caption indicates what package needs to be loaded in order to access that table’s symbols.For example,the symbols in Table23,“textcomp Old-Style Numerals”,are made available by putting“\usepackage{textcomp}”in your document’s preamble.“A M S”means to use the A M S packages,viz.amssymb and/or amsmath.Notes below a table provide additionalinformation about some or all the symbols in that table.One note that appears a few times in this document,particularly in Section2,indicates that certain symbols do not exist in the OT1font encoding(Donald Knuth’s original,7-bit font encoding,which is the default font encoding for L A T E X)and that you should use fontenc to select a different encoding,such as T1 (a common8-bit font encoding).That means that you should put“\usepackage[ encoding ]{fontenc}”in your document’s preamble,where encoding is,e.g.,T1or LY1.To limit the change in font encoding to the current group,use“\fontencoding{ encoding }\selectfont”.Section7contains some additional information about the symbols in this document.It shows which symbol names are not unique across packages,gives examples of how to create new symbols out of existing symbols, explains how symbols are spaced in math mode,presents a L A T E X ASCII and Latin1tables,and provides some information about this document itself.The Comprehensive L A T E X Symbol List ends with an index of all the symbols in the document and various additional useful terms.1.2Frequently Requested SymbolsThere are a number of symbols that are requested over and over again on comp.text.tex.If you’re looking for such a symbol the following list will help youfind it quickly.,as in“Spaces significant.” (7)´ı,`ı,¯ı,ˆı,etc.(versus´i,`i,¯i,andˆi) (11)¢ (13)e (14)©,®,and™ (14)‰ (15) (20)∴ (21)and (22)and (24)... (38)°,as in“180°”or“15℃” (39)L,F,etc (40)N,Z,R,etc (40)−R (58)´¯a,`ˆe,etc.(i.e.,several accents per character)60 <,>,and|(instead of¡,¿,and—) (66)ˆand˜(or∼) (67)62Body-text symbolsThis section lists symbols that are intended for use in running text,such as punctuation marks,accents, ligatures,and currency symbols.Table1:L A T E X2εEscapable“Special”Characters$\$%\%\_∗}\}&\&#\#{\{∗The underscore package redefines“_”to produce an underscore in text mode(i.e.,itmakes it unnecessary to escape the underscore character).Table2:L A T E X2εCommands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode$\$\_‡\ddag{\{¶\P c○©\copyright...\dots}\}§\S†\dag£\poundsWhere two symbols are present,the left one is the“faked”symbol that L A T E X2εprovides by default,and the right one is the“true”symbol that textcomp makesavailable.Table3:Predefined L A T E X2εText-mode Commandsˆ\textasciicircum<\textless˜\textasciitilde aª\textordfeminine∗\textasteriskcentered oº\textordmasculine\\textbackslash¶\textparagraph|\textbar·\textperiodcentered{\textbraceleft¿\textquestiondown}\textbraceright“\textquotedblleft•\textbullet”\textquotedblrightc○©\textcopyright‘\textquoteleft†\textdagger’\textquoteright‡\textdaggerdbl r○®\textregistered$\textdollar§\textsection...\textellipsis£\textsterling—\textemdash TM™\texttrademark–\textendash\textunderscore¡\textexclamdown\textvisiblespace>\textgreaterWhere two symbols are present,the left one is the“faked”symbol that L A T E X2εprovides by default,and the right one is the“true”symbol that textcomp makesavailable.7Table4:Non-ASCII Letters(Excluding Accented Letters)˚a\aaÐ\DH∗ L\Lø\oß\ss˚A\AAð\dh∗ l\lØ\O SS\SSÆ\AEÐ\DJ∗Ŋ\NG∗Œ\OEÞ\TH∗æ\aeđ\dj∗ŋ\ng∗œ\oeþ\th∗∗Not available in the OT1font e the fontenc package to select analternate font encoding,such as T1.Table5:Letters Used to Typeset African LanguagesÐ\B{D}°\m{c}¤\m{f}¨\m{k}»\M{t} \m{Z}\B{d} \m{D} \m{F} \m{N} \M{T}Â\T{E}\B{H}ð\M{d} \m{G}\m{n}º\m{t}â\T{e}§\B{h}Ð\M{D}¦\m{g}ª\m{o} \m{T}Å\T{O}·\B{t}¡\m{d}À\m{I} \m{O}®\m{u}∗å\T{o}\B{T} \m{E}à\m{i} \m{P} \m{U}∗\m{b}¢\m{e} \m{J}±\m{p} \m{Y}\m{B} \M{E}©\m{j}¬\m{s}¯\m{y}\m{C}£\M{e} \m{K} \m{S}¶\m{z}These characters all need the T4font encoding,which is provided by the fc package.∗\m{v}and\m{V}are synonyms for\m{u}and\m{U}.Table6:Punctuation Marks Not Found in OT1«\guillemotleft‹\guilsinglleft…\quotedblbase"\textquotedbl »\guillemotright›\guilsinglright‚\quotesinglbaseTo get these symbols,use the fontenc package to select an alternate font encoding,such as T1.Table7:pifont Decorative Punctuation Marks❛\ding{123}❝\ding{125}❡\ding{161}❣\ding{163}❜\ding{124}❞\ding{126}❢\ding{162}Table8:wasysym Phonetic SymbolsD\DH \dh \openoÞ\Thorn \inveþ\thornTable9:tipa Phonetic Symbols8È\textbabygamma P\textglotstopï\textrtailnb\textbarb;\texthalflengthó\textrtailrc\textbarc»\texthardsignù\textrtailsd\textbard#\texthooktopú\textrtailté\textbardotlessjá\texthtbü\textrtailzg\textbargê\texthtbardotlessj$\textrthookÜ\textbarglotstopÁ\texthtcÀ\textsca1\textbariâ\texthtdà\textscbª\textbarlä\texthtg¤\textsce8\textbaro H\texththå\textscgÝ\textbarrevglotstopÊ\texththengË\textsch0\textbaruÎ\texthtk@\textschwaì\textbeltlÒ\texthtp I\textsciB\textbetaÓ\texthtq¨\textscjò\textbullseye£\texthtrtaildÏ\textscl \textceltpalÉ\texthtscgð\textscnX\textchiÖ\texthtt×\textscoeligÅ\textcloseepsilonÿ\texthvlig±\textscomegaÑ\textcloseomegaÛ\textinvglotstopö\textscrÆ\textcloserevepsilon K\textinvscr A\textscriptaÞ\textcommatailzÌ\textiota g\textscriptg^\textcorner«\textlambda V\textscriptv\textcrb:\textlengthmarkÚ\textscu¡\textcrd³\textlhookt Y\textscyg\textcrg¦\textlhtlongi \textsecstressè\textcrh¶\textlhtlongyº\textsoftsignÛ\textcrinvglotstopÔ\textlonglegrÂ\textstretchc¬\textcrlambda½\textlptr t C\texttctclig2\textcrtwo M\textltailmÙ\textteshligC\textctcñ\textltailn T\texttheta¢\textctdë\textltildeþ\textthorn¢ý\textctdctzligÐ\textlyoghlig¿\texttoneletterstem ²\textcteshÍ\textObardotlessjµ\texttsligJ\textctj\textOlyoghlig5\textturna®\textctn°\textomega¯\textturncelig´\textctt_\textopencorner4\textturnh´C\textcttctclig O\textopeno©\textturnk¸\textctyogh%\textpalhookÕ\textturnlonglegr ý\textctz F\textphi W\textturnmdý\textdctzlig|\textpipeî\textturnmrlegS\textdoublebaresh"\textprimstressô\textturnr}\textdoublebarpipe¼\textraiseglotstopõ\textturnrrtail=/\textdoublebarslash§\textraisevibyi6\textturnscripta {\textdoublepipe7\textramshornsØ\textturnt\textdoublevertline\\textrevapostrophe2\textturnv\textdownstep9\textreveû\textturnwÃ\textdyoghlig3\textrevepsilon L\textturnyd z\textdzlig Q\textrevglotstop U\textupsilonE\textepsilon¹\textrevyogh \textupstepS\texteshÇ\textrhookrevepsilon \textvertlineR\textfishhookrÄ\textrhookschwa§\textvibyi¥\textg~\textrhoticity·\textvibyyG\textgamma¾\textrptrß\textwynn\textglobfallã\textrtaild Z\textyogh(continued on next page)9(continued from previous page)\textglobrise í\textrtailltipa defines shortcut characters for many of the above.It also defines a command \tone for denoting tone letters (pitches).See the tipa documentation for more information.Table 10:wsuipa Phonetic Symbols3\babygamma V \eng R \labdentalnas !\schwa ¦\barb "\er G \latfric B \sci \bard w \esh T \legm X \scn 9\bari \eth i \legr t \scrF \barl h \flapr I \lz¡\scripta `\baro \glotstop ¢\nialpha (\scriptg e \barp ¨\hookb ©\nibeta \scriptv C \barsci \hookd \nichi\scu \barscu )\hookg $\niepsilon \scy \baru 6\hookh 1\nigamma §\slashb Y \clickb 7\hookhengA \niiota \slashc \clickc &\hookrevepsilon P \nilambda \slashd \clickt4\hv b \niomega \slashu c \closedniomega \inva g \niphi \taild '\closedrevepsilon D \invfy \nisigma r \tailinvr ¥\crossb d \invglotstop \nitheta H \taill \crossd 8\invh \niupsilon W \tailn 5\crosshs \invlegr U \nj p \tailr Q \crossnilambda S \invm d \oo v \tails \curlyc q \invr a \openo \tailt x \curlyesh u \invscr#\reve\tailz \curlyyogh £\invscripta f \reveject \tesh \curlyz ¤\invv %\revepsilon f \thorn @\dlbari \invw \revglotstop E \tildel \dz\invy\scd\yoghe\ejective2\ipagamma\scgTable 11:phonetic Phonetic Symbolsj \barjf \flap i ¯\ibar e \rotvara i \vari¡\barlambda c \glottal \openo w \rotw ¨\varomega w \emgma f \hausaB ¯h \planck y \roty g \varopeno n \engma \hausab \pwedge e \schwa v ˚\vodx \enya h \hausad ¢\revD p \thorn h \voicedh 4\epsi \hausaD \riota u \ubar x\yoghs \esh k \hausak m \rotmu \udesc d \eth u \hausaK \rotOmega \vara p\fjh\hookdr\rotr q\varg10Table 12:Text-mode Accents¨A¨a \"{A}\"{a}`A`a \‘{A}\‘{a}˝A˝a \H{A}\H{a}˘A˘a \u{A}\u{a}´A´a \’{A}\’{a}A ¯a ¯\b{A}\b{a}Ąą\k{A}\k{a}†ˇAˇa \v{A}\v{a}˙A˙a \.{A}\.{a}A ¸¸a \c{A}\c{a}˚A ˚a \r{A}\r{a}˜A˜a \~{A}\~{a}¯A¯a \={A}\={a}A .a .\d{A}\d{a} A a \t{A}\t{a}ˆAˆa \^{A}\^{a} A a\G{A}\G{a}‡¼A¼a \U{A}\U{a}‡ Aa \newtie{A}\newtie{a}∗A ○a ○\textcircled{A}\textcircled{a}∗Requires the textcomp package.†Not available in the OT1font e the fontenc package to select an alternate font encoding,such as T1.‡Requires the T4font encoding,provided by the fc package.Also note the existence of \i and \j ,which produce dotless versions of “i”and “j”(viz.,“ı”and “j”).These are useful when the accent is supposed to replace the dot.For example,“na\"{\i}ve ”produces a correct “na¨ıve”,while “na\"{i}ve ”would yield the rather odd-looking “na ¨ive”.(“na\"{i}ve ”does work in encodingsother than OT1,however.)Table 13:tipa Text-mode Accents¡©A ¡©a \textacutemacron{A}\textacutemacron{a}¡§A ¡§a \textacutewedge{A}\textacutewedge{a}A 0a 0\textadvancing{A}\textadvancing{a}A `a `\textbottomtiebar{A}\textbottomtiebar{a}¨©A ¨©a \textbrevemacron{A}\textbrevemacron{a} A a \textcircumacute{A}\textcircumacute{a}¢ A ¢ a \textcircumdot{A}\textcircumdot{a} A a \textdotacute{A}\textdotacute{a} ¨A ¨a\textdotbreve{A}\textdotbreve{a}¨A ¨a \textdotbreve{A}\textdotbreve{a}A a \textdoublegrave{A}\textdoublegrave{a}A a \textdoublevbaraccent{A}\textdoublevbaraccent{a} A a \textgravecircum{A}\textgravecircum{a} A a \textgravedot{A}\textgravedot{a}©A ©a \textgravemacron{A}\textgravemacron{a} A a \textgravemid{A}\textgravemid{a}A a \textinvsubbridge{A}\textinvsubbridge{a}A )a )\textlowering{A}\textlowering{a} A a \textmidacute{A}\textmidacute{a}$A $a\textovercross{A}\textovercross{a}(continued on next page)(continued from previous page)" A "a\textoverw{A}\textoverw{a}A a \textpolhook{A}\textpolhook{a}A(a(\textraising{A}\textraising{a}A1a1\textretracting{A}\textretracting{a}¦©A¦©a\textringmacron{A}\textringmacron{a} A a\textroundcap{A}\textroundcap{a}A#a#\textseagull{A}\textseagull{a}A a\textsubacute{A}\textsubacute{a}A a\textsubarch{A}\textsubarch{a}A©a©\textsubbar{A}\textsubbar{a}A a \textsubbridge{A}\textsubbridge{a}A ¢a¢\textsubcircum{A}\textsubcircum{a}A a\textsubdot{A}\textsubdot{a}A a\textsubgrave{A}\textsubgrave{a}A!a!\textsublhalfring{A}\textsublhalfring{a} A'a'\textsubplus{A}\textsubplus{a}A a\textsubrhalfring{A}\textsubrhalfring{a}A ¦a¦\textsubring{A}\textsubring{a}A a \textsubsquare{A}\textsubsquare{a}A £a£\textsubtilde{A}\textsubtilde{a}A ¤a¤\textsubumlaut{A}\textsubumlaut{a}A"a"\textsubw{A}\textsubw{a}A §a§\textsubwedge{A}\textsubwedge{a}A8a8\textsuperimposetilde{A}\textsuperimposetilde{a}A 4a4\textsyllabic{A}\textsyllabic{a}£ A£ a\texttildedot{A}\texttildedot{a}bA b a\texttoptiebar{A}\texttoptiebar{a}A a\textvbaraccent{A}\textvbaraccent{a}tipa defines shortcut sequences for many of the above.See the tipa documentation for more information.Table14:wsuipa Text-mode AccentsA g a g\dental{A}\dental{a}A a \underarch{A}\underarch{a}Table 15:phonetic Text-mode AccentsA {a {\hill{A}\hill{a}©A ©a \rc{A}\rc{a}A ˜a˜\ut{A}\ut{a}A ˚a ˚\od{A}\od{a}Aa \syl{A}\syl{a}{A {a\ohill{A}\ohill{a}A ..a ..\td{A}\td{a}The phonetic package provides a few additional macros for linguistic accents.\acbar and \acarc compose characters with multiple accents;for example,\acbar{\’}{a}produces “´¯a ”and \acarc{\"}{e}produces “¨¯e ”.\labvel joinstwo characters with an arc:\labvel{mn}→“ mn”.\upbar is intended to gobetween characters as in “x\upbar{}y’’→“x y”.Lastly,\uplett behaves like \textsuperscript but uses a smaller font.Contrast “p\uplett{h}’’→“p h ”with “p\textsuperscript{h}’’→“p h ”.Table 16:wsuipa Diacriticss \ain v \leftp x \overring h \stress }\underwedge k \corner n \leftt ~\polishhook j \syllabic t \upp u \downp q \length w \rightp r \underdots l\uptm \downt{\midtilde o \rightt y \underring p\halflengthz\openi\secstress|\undertildeThe wsuipa package defines all of the above as ordinary characters,not as accents.However,it does provide \diatop and \diaunder commands,which are used to compose diacritics with other characters.For example,\diatop[\overring|a]produces “x a ”,and \diaunder[\underdots|a]produces “r a ”.See the wsuipa doc-umentation for more information.Table 17:textcomp Diacritics˝\textacutedbl ˇ\textasciicaron ¯\textasciimacron ´\textasciiacute ¨\textasciidieresis ̏\textgravedbl˘\textasciibreve`\textasciigraveThe textcomp package defines all of the above as ordinary characters,not as accents.Table 18:textcomp Currency Symbols฿\textbaht $\textdollar\textguarani ₩\textwon ¢\textcent$\textdollaroldstyle ₤\textlira ¥\textyen¢\textcentoldstyle ₫\textdong ₦\textnaira ₡\textcolonmonetary €\texteuro \textpeso¤\textcurrencyƒ\textflorin£\textsterlingTable19:marvosym Currency Symbols¢\Denarius e\EUR D\EURdig e\EURtm£\Pfund\Ecommerce d\EURcr c\EURhv¦\EyesDollar¡\Shilling The different euro signs are meant to be compatible with different fonts—Courier (\EURcr),Helvetica(\EURhv),Times(\EURtm),and the marvosym digits listed in Table134(\EURdig).Table20:wasysym Currency Symbols¢\cent¤\currencyTable21:eurosym Euro SignsA C\geneuroB C\geneuronarrow C\geneurowide e\officialeuro\euro is automatically mapped to one of the above—by default,\officialeuro—based on a eurosym package option.See the eurosym documentation for more information.The\geneuro...characters are generated from the current body font’s“C”character and therefore may not appear exactly as shown.Table22:textcomp Legal Symbols℗\textcircledP c○©\textcopyright℠\textservicemark \textcopyleft r○®\textregistered TM™\texttrademarkWhere two symbols are present,the left one is the“faked”symbol that L A T E X2εprovides by default,and the right one is the“true”symbol that textcomp makes available.See /cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=tradesyms for solu-tions to common problems that occur when using these symbols(e.g.,getting a“r○”when you expected to get a“®”).Table23:textcomp Old-style Numerals0\textzerooldstyle4\textfouroldstyle8\texteightoldstyle1\textoneoldstyle5\textfiveoldstyle9\textnineoldstyle2\texttwooldstyle6\textsixoldstyle3\textthreeoldstyle7\textsevenoldstyleRather than use the bulky\textoneoldstyle,\texttwooldstyle,mands shown above,consider using\oldstylenums{...}to typeset an old-style number.。
r语言symbols函数 气泡透明度
r语言symbols函数气泡透明度让我们了解一下气泡图的基本概念。
气泡图是一种多变量数据可视化方法，通过在二维平面上绘制不同大小和颜色的气泡来展示数据的分布情况。
除了大小和颜色外，气泡透明度也是一种常见的展示数据的方式。
较深的透明度表示较高的数值，而较浅的透明度表示较低的数值。
在R语言中，我们可以使用symbols函数来创建气泡图。
symbols 函数可以接受多个参数，其中x和y表示气泡的位置，size表示气泡的大小，以及bg表示气泡的颜色。
为了调整气泡的透明度，我们可以使用alpha参数。
alpha的取值范围为0到1，0表示完全透明，1表示完全不透明。
下面是一个使用symbols函数绘制气泡图的示例代码：```R# 创建示例数据x <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)y <- c(10, 20, 30, 40, 50)size <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)bg <- c("red", "green", "blue", "yellow", "orange")alpha <- c(0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1)# 绘制气泡图symbols(x, y, circles = size, inches = FALSE, bg = bg, fg = "white", main = "气泡透明度", xlab = "X轴", ylab = "Y轴", xlim = c(0, 6), ylim = c(0, 60), ann = FALSE, alpha = alpha)```在这个示例中，我们创建了一个包含5个数据点的数据集，其中x 和y表示气泡的位置，size表示气泡的大小，bg表示气泡的颜色，alpha表示气泡的透明度。
LaTeX Symbols符号1-常用
a ´ a `
\acute{a} \grave{a}
a ¯ a
\bar{a} \vec{a}
a ˙ a ¨
\dot{a} \Biblioteka dot{a}a ˘ a ˜
\breve{a} \tilde{a}
Table 11: Math mode accents
abc ← − abc abc abc √ abc f
\widetilde{abc} \overleftarrow{abc} \overline{abc} \overbrace{abc} \sqrt{abc} f’
H
\vartriangle \circledS \mho \backprime \blacksquare \complement
∠ ∅ ð
\triangledown \angle \Finv \varnothing \blacklozenge \eth
Table 18: AMS Miscellaneous \dotplus \barwedge \boxtimes \ltimes \curlywedge \circledcirc \smallsetminus \veebar \boxdot \rtimes \curlyvee \centerdot \Cap \doublebarwedge \boxplus \leftthreetimes \circleddash \intercal \Cup \boxminus \divideontimes \rightthreetimes \circledast
Σ Υ Φ
\Sigma \Upsilon \Phi
Ψ Ω
\Psi \Omega
Table 1: Greek Letters \pm \mp \times \div \ast \star ◦ \circ • \bullet · \cdot + + Not predefined in ± ∓ × ÷ ∗ \cap \cup \uplus \sqcap \sqcup ∨ \vee ∧ \wedge \ \setminus \wr − A L TEX 2ε . Use one ∩ ∪ \diamond \bigtriangleup \bigtriangledown \triangleleft \triangleright \lhd∗ \rhd∗ \unlhd∗ \unrhd∗ ⊕ ⊗ \oplus \ominus \otimes \oslash \odot \bigcirc \dagger \ddagger \amalg
Symbols_May_2015
Symbol Unit°CAA, B, C-A/F st-a0-a1-A2A4A6A8AA'A front m2ASG flg-a urbana wota wot,refBBbarBB'c-C FCC/LOC1C2H6C3H8CAP Ahc b ppm/Vol per cent CC'C cap Fc d ppm/Vol per cent C d-C drag-c gas ppm/Vol per cent CH4COCO2CPc w ppm/Vol per centd mD-DDD0m3/sdB(A)D pm m3D RD RD t sDt syncindi sd V m Dyno measured-Dyno settings-Dyno target-e VE CO2per cent E E per cent E flywheel Je gas g/kWh E H2O per cent E M per cent E NOx per cent e PM g/kWh e r g/kWhe w g/kWhf HzFFF1, F2, F3f a-f amp-f pump NmF roadload Nf roll-F s-g m/s2GG-1, G-2, G-3HH2OH a g/kgH d g/kg hrsHz Hertz i-I-1,…., I-6i aux AIEC-i em AJ kgm2JJ aux kgm2J cl,1 / J cl,2kgm2J em kgm2J fg kgm2J flywheel kgm2J gear kgm2J p / J t kgm2J pm kgm2J powertrain kgm2J retarder kgm2J spur kgm2J tot kgm2J wheel kgm2kKk c-k f,d m3/kg fuel k f,w m3/kg fuel kgk h,D-k h,G-K K-kmkm/hk pK P, K I, K D-k r,d-k r,u-K V-k w,a-k w,d-k w,e-k w,r-lLLL1l PALS-1,….., LS-4mM NmMM/CM+S, M.S or M&SM a g/molM aero Nmm b mgM cl NmM cl,maxtorque Nm M CVT Nm m d kgM d g/mol M drive Nm M e g/mol m ed kgm edf kgM em Nm m ew kgm f mg M f Nm M flywheel,loss Wm gas gM gas g/mol M grav Nm M ice Nm min-1minsm kerbmlmmM mech,aux Nm M mech_brake Nm m p mg M p / M t Nm m PM gM pm Nm M r Nm M retarder Nm M roll Nm m se kgm sed kgm sep kgm ssd kgM start Nm m tM tc,loss Nm m vehicle kgm vehicle,0kgn-n min-1 nNNn act min-1 n final min-1 n hi min-1n idlen init min-1 n lo min-1 NONO2NO xn p r/s n pref min-1 n r-n s / n p-n wot(i)P kW P kW Pp a kPa p acc Pa p b kPa p d kPa pedal accelerator-pedal brake-pedal clutch-pedal limit-P el,aux kW P el,em kW P em kW P f kW p gas Pa P ice,loss WP loss,bat WP loss,em kW P mech,aux kW P np p kPa PP’p r kPa P r kW P rated kW p res Pa p s kPa Qq m ad kg/s q m aw kg/s q m Ce kg/s q m Cf kg/s q m Cp kg/s q m dew kg/s q m dw kg/s q m edf kg/sq m ew kg/sq m ex kg/sq m f kg/sq m p kg/sQ pm m3/sq v CVS m³/sq v s dm³/min q v t cm³/min r kg/m³RRR-1,….., R-4r2-R bat,th K/Wr CVT-r d-r D-r e kg/m³R em,th K/Wr fg-r gear-r h-R iΩR i0, RΩr m-r p-rpmr s-r spur-r wheel ms-SSSSG flg-slip limit rad/s SOC-t sT KTTt10st50st90sT a KT act(n act)NmT bat KT bat,cool KT capacitor KT clutch sT em KT em,cool KT ice,oil KT max(n act)Nm T norm-T startgear su-u VUUu C Vu cl-U final Vu in / u out VU init Vu req VvVVV0m3/r V CV C,min/max VV gas m3 v max km/h V nominal VV s dm³v testv vehicle m/s WW act kWh w ALF-w BET-w DEL-w EPS-w GAM-W ice_HILS kWh W ice_test kWh W ref kWh W sys kWh W sys_HILS kWh W sys_test kWh x--XX0m3/r x DCDC-YZRα-ααroad rad γ-γ-δ-ΔAh Ah ΔE kWh ΔE HILS kWh ΔE test kWh ε-ηCVT-ηDCDC-ηem-ηfg-ηgear-ηpm-ηspur-ηvpm-λ-ρa kg/m3τ1-τbat,heat J/K τclose sτdriveaway sτem,heat J/K τopen sΩωrad/s ωp / ωt rad/srad/s2Symbols in Vehicle RegulationsTerm Regulation Degrees Celsius R63Tyre to rim fitment configuration R30Chassis dynamometer polynomial coefficientsStoichiometric air to fuel ratioy intercept of the regressionSlope of the regressionTyre with max speed rating of 10 km/h R106Tyre with max speed rating of 20 km/h R106Tyre with max speed rating of 30 km/h R106Tyre with max speed rating of 40 km/h R106Virtual line on the test track R41, R63Vehicle frontal areaAutomatic start gear detection flagPrescribed target acceleration R41Calculated acceleration R41Prescribed reference acceleration R41Bias-belted tyre R30, R75, R106, R108,R109 Tyre with max speed rating of 50 km/h R75, R106Barometric pressure R63Virtual line on the test track R41, R63Tuning constant for hyperbolic functionCapacitanceRim diameter marking and Tyre to rim fitment configuration R54, R109Centreplane of occupant R16Carbon 1 equivalent hydrocarbonEthanePropaneBattery coulomb capacityBackground concentrationVirtual line on the test track R41, R63Rated capacitance of capacitorConcentration on dry basisDischarge coefficient of SSVVehicle air drag coefficientConcentration of the gaseous componentsMethaneCarbon monoxideCarbon dioxideRim diameter marking and Tyre to rim fitment configuration R54, R109 Concentration on wet basisDiameterDilution factorDiagonal (bias ply) tyre R30, R54, R106, R109 Tyre with max speed rating of 65 km/h R106PDP calibration interceptA weighted Decibels R63Hydraulic pump/motor displacementMaximum theoretical density of concrete R41Maximum theoretical density of the concrete R9, R63Time intervalClutch synchronization indicationThroat diameter of venturiChassis dynamometer A, B, C measured parametersChassis dynamometer A, B, C parameter settingChassis dynamometer A, B, C target parametersBattery open-circuit voltageCO2 quench of NO x analyzerEthane efficiencyFlywheel kinetic energySpecific emission of gaseous componentsWater quench of NO x analyzerMethane efficiencyEfficiency of NO x converterSpecific emission of particulatesSpecific emission during regenerationWeighted specific emissionData sampling rateRun flat/Self supporting tyre R30Tyre with max speed rating of 80 km/h R54, R75, R109Tractor steering wheel tyre R106Laboratory atmospheric factorTorque converter mapped torque amplificationTorque converter mapped pump torqueChassis dynamometer road loadTyre rolling resistance coefficientStoichiometric factorGravitational coefficientTyre with max speed rating of 90 km/h R54, R75, R109Garden tractor tyres R106Tyre with max speed rating of 210 km/h R30, R54, R75, R108, R109 WaterAbsolute humidity of the intake airAbsolute humidity of the diluentHours R63R63Subscript denoting an instantaneous measurement (e.g. 1 Hz)Agricultural implement tyres R106Electric auxiliary currentInternal Combustion EngineElectric machine currentRotating inertiaTyre with max speed rating of 100 km/h R54, R75, R109 Mechanical auxiliary load inertiaClutch rotational inertiasElectric machine rotational inertiaFinal gear rotational inertiaFlywheel inertiaTransmission gear rotational inertiaTorque converter pump / turbine rotational inertiaHydraulic pump/motor rotational inertiaTotal powertrain rotational inertiaRetarder rotational inertiaSpur gear rotational inertiaTotal vehicle powertrain inertiaWheel rotational inertiaGear weighting factor R41Tyre with max speed rating of 110 km/h R54, R75, R109Carbon specific factorCombustion additional volume of dry exhaustCombustion additional volume of wet exhaustKilogram R63Humidity correction factor for NO x for CI enginesHumidity correction factor for NO x for PI enginesProportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) anti-windup parameterKilometre R63Kilometre per hour R63Partial power factor R41PID controller parametersDownward regeneration adjustment factorUpward regeneration adjustment factorCFV calibration functionDry to wet correction factor for the intake airDry to wet correction factor for the diluentDry to wet correction factor for the diluted exhaust gasDry to wet correction factor for the raw exhaust gasLitre R63Sound pressure level R41Tyre with max speed rating of 120 km/h R30, R54, R75, R108, R109 Two-wheeled moped R63Pre-acceleration length R41Logging and forestry service tyres R106Metre R63TorqueTyre with max speed rating of 130 km/h R30, R54, R75, R108, R109 Motorcycle tyre fitted to rims with a diameter ≥330mm R75Snow tyre R30, R54, R75, R108, R109 Molar mass of the intake airAerodynamic drag torqueParticulate sample mass of the diluent collectedClutch torqueMaximum clutch torqueCVT torqueMass of the diluent sample passed through the particulate sampling filtersMolar mass of the diluentDrive torqueMolar mass of the exhaustTotal diluted exhaust mass over the cycleMass of equivalent diluted exhaust gas over the test cycleElectric machine torqueTotal exhaust mass over the cycleParticulate sampling filter massTorque absorbed by auxiliaries/equipment to be fittedFlywheel torque lossMass of gaseous emissions over the test cycleMolar mass of gaseous componentsGravitational torqueEngine torquePer minute R63Minutes R63Kerb mass of the vehicle R41Millilitre R63Millimetre R63Mechanical auxiliary load torqueMechanical friction brake torqueParticulate sample mass collectedTorque converter pump / turbine torqueMass of particulate emissions over the test cycleHydraulic pump/motor torqueTorque absorbed by auxiliaries/equipment to be removedRetarder torqueRolling resistance torqueExhaust sample mass over the test cycleMass of diluted exhaust gas passing the dilution tunnelMass of diluted exhaust gas passing the particulate collection filtersMass of secondary diluentICE starter motor torqueTest mass of the vehicle R41Torque converter torque loss during lock-upVehicle test massVehicle curb massNumber of measurementsEngine rotational speedMeasured engine speed R41Newton R63Tyre with max speed rating of 140 km/h R30, R54, R75, R108, R109 Actual engine speedFinal speed at end of testHigh engine speedEngine speed at idle R41Initial speed at start of testLow engine speedNitric oxideNitrogen dioxideOxides of nitrogenPDP pump speedPreferred engine speedNumber of measurements with regenerationNumber of series / parallel cellsn PP' corresponding to L wot(i)R41Power(hybrid system) rated powerTyre with max speed rating of 150 km/h R30, R54, R75, R108, R109 Saturation vapour pressure of engine intake airHydraulic accumulator pressureTotal atmospheric pressureSaturation vapour pressure of the diluentAccelerator pedal positionBrake pedal positionClutch pedal positionClutch pedal thresholdElectric auxiliary powerElectric machine electrical powerElectric machine mechanical powerPower absorbed by auxiliaries/equipment to be fittedAccumulator gas pressureICE power lossBattery power lossElectric machine power lossMechanical auxiliary load powerRated maximum net power R41Absolute pressureVirtual line on the test track R41, R63Water vapour pressure after cooling bathPower absorbed by auxiliaries/equipment to be removed(hybrid system) rated powerHydraulic accumulator sump pressureDry atmospheric pressureTyre with max speed rating of 160 km/h R30, R54, R75, R108, R109 Intake air mass flow rate on dry basisIntake air mass flow rate on wet basisCarbon mass flow rate in the raw exhaust gasCarbon mass flow rate into the engineCarbon mass flow rate in the partial flow dilution systemDiluted exhaust gas mass flow rate on wet basisDiluent mass flow rate on wet basisEquivalent diluted exhaust gas mass flow rate on wet basisExhaust gas mass flow rate on wet basisSample mass flow rate extracted from dilution tunnelFuel mass flow rateSample flow of exhaust gas into partial flow dilution systemHydraulic pump/motor volumetric flowCVS volume rateSystem flow rate of exhaust analyzer systemTracer gas flow rateDensityRadial ply tyre R30, R54, R75, R108, R109 Tyre with max speed rating of 170 km/h R30, R54, R75, R108 Agricultural tractor drive wheel tyres R106Coefficient of determinationBattery thermal resistanceCVT ratioDilution ratioDiameter ratio of SSVExhaust gas densityThermal resistance for electric machineFinal gear ratioTransmission gear ratioHydrocarbon response factor of the FIDCapacitor internal resistanceBattery internal resistanceMethanol response factor of the FIDPressure ratio of SSVRevolution per minute R63Average sample ratioSpur gear ratioWheel radiusStandard deviationRated engine speed R9, R41, R63Tyre with max speed rating of 180 km/h R30, R54, R75, R108, R109 Engine speed at which the engine produces its max. power R9Skip gear flagClutch speed thresholdState-of-chargeTimeAbsolute temperatureTyre with max speed rating of 190 km/h R30, R54, R75, R108, R109 Marking for Temporary Use Spare Tyre R30Time between step input and 10 per cent of final readingTime between step input and 50 per cent of final readingTime between step input and 90 per cent of final readingAbsolute temperature of the intake airActual engine torque at actual engine speedBattery temperatureBattery coolant temperatureCapacitor temperatureClutch timeElectric machine temperatureElectric machine coolant temperatureICE oil temperatureMaximum engine torque at actual engine speedNormalized duty cycle torque valueGear shift time prior to driveawayRatio between densities of gas component and exhaust gasVoltageTyre to rim fitment configuration R30Tyre with max speed rating of 200 km/h R30, R54, R75, R108, R109 Capacitor voltageClutch pedal actuationFinal voltage at end of testInput / output voltageInitial voltage at start of testRequested voltageMeasured vehicle speed R41Tyre with max speed rating of 240 km/h R30, R75, R108Residual voids content of the test track paving mixture R9PDP gas volume pumped per revolutionResidual Voids Content R41, R63Capacitor minimum / maximum voltageAccumulator gas volumeMaximum vehicle speed R41Rated nominal voltage for REESSSystem volume of exhaust analyzer benchPrescribed test speed R41Vehicle speedTyre with max speed rating of 270 km/h R30, R75, R108Actual engine workHydrogen content of fuel, per cent massCarbon content of fuel, per cent massNitrogen content of fuel, per cent massOxygen content of fuel, per cent massSulphur content of fuel, per cent massEngine work in the HILS simulated runEngine work in chassis dynamometer testReference cycle work of the test cycleHybrid system workHybrid system work in the HILS simulated runHybrid system work in powertrain testControl signalSuffix used to denote a non-standard coupling of certain classes R55PDP calibration functionDC/DC converter control signalTyre with max speed rating of 300 km/h R30, R108Radial ply tyre suitable for speeds between 240km/h and 300 km/h R30, R75 Molar hydrogen ratio (H/C) referring to a fuel CHαOεNδSγSound absorption coefficient R63 Road gradientMolar sulphur ratio (S/C) referring to a fuel CHαOεNδSγAdiabatic indexMolar nitrogen ratio (N/C) referring to a fuel CHαOεNδSγNet change of REESS coulombic chargeNet energy change of RESSNet energy change of RESS in HILS simulated runningNet energy change of RESS in testMolar oxygen ratio (O/C) referring to a fuel CHαOεNδSγCVT efficiencyDC/DC converter efficiencyElectric machine efficiencyFinal gear efficiencyTransmission gear efficiencyHydraulic pump/motor mechanical efficiencySpur gear efficiencyHydraulic pump/motor volumetric efficiencyExcess air ratioAir densityFirst order time response constantBattery thermal capacityClutch closing time constantClutch closing time constant for driveawayThermal capacity for electric machine massClutch opening time constantRegroovable tyre R54, R109 Shaft rotational speedTorque converter pump / turbine speedRotational accelerationParent GRRFGRRF GRRF GRRF GRRFGRRF GRRFGRRF GRSGGRRFGRRF GRRFGRRF GRRF GRRFGRRF GRRF GRRFGRRF GRRFGRRFGRRF GRRFGRRF GRRF GRRFGRRFGRRF GRRFGRRF GRRF GRRFGRRFGRRF GRRFGRRF GRRFGRRF GRRFGRRF GRRFGRRF GRRF。
第六讲Symbolism
Phoenix Jackson follows in “A Worn Path” - the scene, the weather, and the machine in
“In Another Country”
Symbolism: a Key to Extended Meaning
1. Image, Metaphor and Symbol
1) An image means only what it is. 2) A metaphor means something other than
what it is. 3) A symbol means what it is and something
4. Three Requirements:
1) The story itself must furnish a clue that a detail is to be taken symbolically. Symbols always signal their existence by emphasis, repetition or position.
Mythological-Archetypal Approach
- Myth is a traditional story, especially one concerning the early history of a people or explaining a natural or social phenomenon, and typically involving supernatural beings or events.
symbolism象征主义
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The introduction
▪ Symbolism is the use of symbols to represent things such as ideas
and emotions. Symbolism is sometimes used to refer specifically to totemic symbols that stand on their own, as opposed to linguistic
organization, and connections between symbols. Jung and Freud diverged on the issue of common cognitive symbol systems and whether they exist within the individual mind or among other minds, whether cognitive symbolism was innate or defined by the environment. ▪ Symbolism is important to religion. Some religious oracles divine by
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▪ Similarly, near the beginning of F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel The Great Gatsby, there is the famous scene of the Valley of Ashes where Tom Buchanan's mistress Myrtle lives. Although Fitzgerald never says so, it is clear that the Valley of Ashes represents the real state of Tom's soul; although to the outside world his residence is in a mansion on the beautiful bay at East Egg, where everything is opulent and expensive and tasteful, the inwardly rotten, spiritually desiccated Tom really "lives" where his "heart" does, in a grim ashen valley presided over by a billboard decorated with a huge pair of bespectacled eyes. The eyes represent God, who sees Tom's actions and knows the interior of his heart, but ominously seems powerless to intervene. Other famous symbols are Melville's great white whale in Moby Dick; Dante's journey into the underworld in The Inferno; and Coleridge's albatross in "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner." All these concrete objects or places carry within them a wide range of associations that stand for something so ineffable it would spoil the magic to explain it. Symbolism, therefore, is an integral component of fiction, because it enriches the narrative by pulling its message down to the level of our unconscious and anchoring it there.
symbolism
SymbolismFocus of SymbolsSymbols are images that have meaning beyond themselves. In a short story, a symbol is a de-tail, a character, or an incident that has meaning beyond itsliteral role in the narrative. When a flower, the moon, or afountain is used as a symbol, it comes to mean more thanthe bloom of a plant, a source of light at night, or a devicethat recycles water. It is pregnant with a larger significance;it means something beyond itself. The moon for instancemay stand for change, uncertainty, lack of continuity. Or thepale moon may stand for the ‘night’ side of our existence,for the hidden part of our character that shuns daylight.Symbolic language gives expression to the artof thinking in images. A symbol is an image that is notpresented for its own sake. Imaginative literature involves us in sensory, sensuous experience that often seems richer than what our blunted senses take in from day to day. As we read, the mind’s eye takes in images -vividly imagine details, shapes, textures. But often we sense that there is more there than meets the eye. Something tells us: “The sun in this story is not just a physical fact. It becomes overpowering, threatening. It leaves the landscape parched; it dries up sources of life-giving water. Itmeans something -it tells us something, if only we knew howto read between the lines.”When we reach the climatic incidents in Bowen’s “TearsIdle Tears” we can read them on a literal level: the boys meets agirl in the park and he watches a duck move into the pond. Hefinally stops crying. However, as we watch how the boy inter-acts with the girl on the bench and how he attempts to capturethe duck before it enters the pond, we already sense that this isno routine incident for the boy. It’s not just another day in thelife of Frederick. This is the first time that he is able to talk toa woman onequal grounds and to stand up for himself. When wethink about the girl we begin to realize how differentshe is from Frederick’s mother. Both Frederick andthe girl appear to be rebelling against what seems toFrederick’s idle tears. The girl becomes a symbol onmany levels helping Frederick to break away from hismother’s domination and tyranny. As Frederick breaksaway he sees the duck once again floating freely on thelake, its head erect. The duck becomes a symbol ofFrederick’s release from shame and guilt. He is nowable to stand up for himself (it is only the duck that heremember years later). When his mother returns, she focuses on the swan (another symbol in the ugly duckling story).Symbols are concrete and tangible first. The literal-minded reader therefore may see only their physical surface. Not all readers may sense a larger symbolic significance, and different readers mayread the same symbol differently. However, to respond fully to a story, the reader must become sensi-tive to possible symbolic overtones and implications.The Language of SymbolsMuch of what imaginative literature tells the reader it does not say in so many words. Although symbols in fiction come to you through the medium of language, they are in a way a nonverbal language. Like the gestures of the actor, or the drumbeats of a symphony, they do not put verbal labels on what they communicate. The reader has to decode, interpret, put into words what the images seem to tell him. Responding to symbols is a way of reading between the lines.A literary symbol is something which means more than what it is. It is an object, a person, a situation, an action, or some other item, which has a literal meaning in the story but suggests or repre-sents other meanings as well. For example, most names are simple labels. Seldom does a name tell anything about the person to whom it is attached. In a story, however, the author may choose names for his characters which serve not only to label them but also to suggest something about them. A charac-ter named Mr. Black may come to represent something dark or evil while Miss White might represent the virtues of the virgin. Symbolic use of object and actions is also important. Creatures also assume representative significance.As one interprets the language of symbols, he should keep the following in mind:•some symbols come into a story from a shared language of symbols(Much in human experience has traditional symbolic associations: the dawn withhope, the dark forest with evil, clay with death, water with fertility. Light is oftenthe symbol for knowledge, for enlightenment.)•some symbols have a special personal meaning for the writer and their meaningmay come into focus as they return again and again in the writer’s wordsliterary symbols are rich in associations; but they do not merely signal one shortmessage (The skull and bones that say poison have a clear message -danger.Literary symbols do not just say “danger”. One of the oldest symbols in Westernliterature is the garden. It brings with it a wealth of associations: the Garden ofEden with its innocence and happiness before the fall -a symbol of naturefruitful and life-sustaining. It also might suggest the oasis in the desert or a retreatfrom the intrigues of daily life, business, or politics -we retreat there to createour own garden. But it can represent a place of combat where one strugglesagainst weeds and pests.•symbols acquire their full meaning in the context of the story (Remember thenature of the duck in Tears, Idle Tears and the ugly duckling story.)•to be called a symbol, an item must suggest a meaning different in kind from itsliteral meaning; a symbol is something more than the representative of a class ortype•symbols may be ambiguous(The whale in Moby Dick appears to representboth good and bad -to the captain it represents everything that is destructive; butfor some it represents everything that is serene and beautiful in nature.)The Central SymbolOften a central symbol becomes the focal point of a story. A central symbol focuses the reader’s attention. It provides a tangible object for the reader’s emotions -since many of us find it hard to anchor our feelings to disembodied ideas. Rather than reinforcing and adding to the meaning of the story, a central symbol carries the meaning. A central symbol becomes the hub for meaning and associations. It may slowly evolve, acquiring full meaning as the story as a whole takes shape. In “A Japanese Quince” the rich central symbol of the tree with the blackbird in it helps give shape to the story as a whole. Watch how its appearance slowly changes and shifts evolving as the central symbol in the story. Decoding SymbolsHere is what you should look for when focusing on the role of symbolism in a story:•explore the full range of possible associations of a symbol ( a snake may symbolize danger but it may also symbolize guileness or alienation)•trace the full meaning of a gradually evolving central symbol (the rocking horse)•look for secondary symbols that echo the major theme of the story (the train in Paul’s Case)•look for contrasts or polarities (the two women in Tears, Idle Tears)•relate key terms specifically to the story•look for the personal connectionClassification of SymbolsThere are two basic types of symbols we encounter:1. Arbitrary Symbols (those we use in everyday life and include such thingsas the Canadian National Anthem, the Canadian flag, hand gestures)2. Literary Symbols (those used in literature)a. Universal Symbols (defined by K. Jung as part of our collective unconsciousand that we use all the time) -the wolf, the jungle, etc.b. Defined Symbols specific to be a piece of literature (pre-selected by thewriter and given meaning within the context of the story)-the rocking horse, the Japanese quinze, the swan, the bull。
National Symbols 民族象征
National Symbols 民族象征When many people in the west think of China, the animal that they think of is the dragon. For them, the dragon is an aggressive monster that breathes fire. Many popular legends tell of how dragons killed brave knights and ate beautiful maidens.For Chinese people however, the dragon is not an evil monster. It's a cultural and spiritual symbol for prosperity and good luck. The dragon’s main task is to create harmony and bring rain. Dragons are celebrated in art and architecture, and of course the dragon dance is a very popular ritual. Millions of Chinese have the word ‘long’, meaning dragon, as part of their name.China isn't the only country to have the dragon as its symbol. Wales, one of the four countries in the UK, has a red dragon proudly displayed on its flag. The only other country in the world with a dragon on its flag is Bhutan, the tiny country between China and India.Almost all countries in the world have an animal symbol to represent their country, and it is particularly obvious during sports. The English see lions as brave, proud animals and the England football team have three lions on the front of their football shirts.Australia is famous for kangaroos, of course. The national rugby team is more commonly know as the Wallabies, a kind of small kangaroo. Similarly, the South African team are known as the Springboks, a type of African antelope, and the New Zealanders, whether playing sports or not, are commonly known as Kiwis. A kiwi is a native New Zealand bird that can't fly.All countries are proud of their symbols, which they feel reflect national characteristics or the beauty and variety of their natural environments. Recently, a Shanghai professor claimed that using the dragon as a national symbol could make western countries have a negative view of China. But in an internet survey 90% of Chinese people wanted to keep the dragon, and as we are all familiar with that Chinese symbol, people in the west would no doubt want China to keep the dragon too.。
常用数学符号英文对照
常用数学符号英文对照Basic math symbolsSymbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example= equals sign equality 5 = 2+35 is equal to 2+3≠not equal sign inequality 5 ≠ 45 is not equal to 4≈approximatelyequal approximationsin(0.01) ≈ 0.01,x≈y means x isapproximately equal to y> strictinequality greater than5 > 45 is greater than 4< strictinequality less than4 < 54 is less than 5≥inequality greater than or equal to 5 ≥ 4,x≥y means x is greater than or equal to y≤inequality less than or equal to 4 ≤ 5,x ≤ y means x is greater than or equal to y( ) parentheses calculate expressioninside first2 × (3+5) = 16[ ] brackets calculate expressioninside first[(1+2)×(1+5)] = 18 + plus sign addition 1 + 1 = 2−minus sign subtraction 2 − 1 = 1±plus - minus both plus and minusoperations3 ± 5 = 8 and -2±minus - plus both minus and plusoperations3 ± 5 = -2 and 8* asterisk multiplication 2 * 3 = 6×times sign multiplication 2 × 3 = 6·multiplicationdotmultiplication 2 · 3 = 6÷division sign /obelusdivision 6 ÷ 2 = 3/ division slash division 6 / 2 = 3–horizontal line division / fractionmod modulo remainder calculation 7 mod 2 = 1. period decimal point, decimalseparator2.56 = 2+56/100a b power exponent 23= 8a^b caret exponent 2 ^ 3= 8√a square root √a ·√a = a√9 = ±33√a cube root 3√a ·3√a ·3√a = a3√8 = 24√a fourth root 4√a ·4√a ·4√a ·4√a =a4√16 = ±2n√a n-th root(radical)for n=3, n√8 = 2 % percent1% = 1/100 10% × 30 = 3‰per-mille1‰ = 1/1000 = 0.1% 10‰× 30 = 0.3 ppm per-million1ppm = 1/1000000 10ppm × 30 = 0.0003 ppb per-billion 1ppb = 1/1000000000 10ppb × 30 = 3×10-7Geometry symbolsSymbolSymbol NameMeaning / definitionExample∠angle formed by two rays ∠ABC = 30°measured angle ABC = 30°sphericalangleAOB = 30°∟ right angle = 90° α = 90°°degree 1 turn = 360° α = 60° degdegree1 turn = 360degα = 60deg ′ primearcminute, 1° = 60′α = 60°59′″double prime arcsecond, 1′ = 60″ α = 60°59′59″line infinite lineABline segment line from point A to point Bray line that start from point Aarc arc from point A to point B= 60°⊥ perpendicular perpendicular lines (90° angle) AC ⊥ BC| | parallel parallel lines AB | | CD≅ congruent toequivalence of geometric shapes and size∆ABC ≅ ∆XYZ~similarity same shapes, not same size ∆ABC~ ∆XYZΔtriangle triangle shape ΔABC≅ΔBCD |x-y| distance distance between points x and y | x-y| = 5πpi constant π= 3.141592654...is the ratio between the circumferenceand diameter of a circlec= π·d=2·π·rrad radians radians angle unit 360° = 2π rad c radians radians angle unit 360° = 2πcgrad gradians /gonsgrads angle unit 360° = 400 gradggradians /gonsgrads angle unit 360° = 400 gAlgebra symbolsSymbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Examplex x variable unknown value to find when 2x= 4, then x= 2 ≡equivalence identical to≜equal by definition equal by definition:= equal by definition equal by definition~ approximately equal weak approximation 11 ~ 10≈approximately equal approximation sin(0.01) ≈ 0.01∝proportional to proportional to y∝x when y= kx,k constant ∞lemniscate infinity symbol≪much less than much less than 1 ≪ 1000000≫much greater than much greater than 1000000 ≫ 1( ) parentheses calculate expressioninside first2 * (3+5) = 16[ ] brackets calculate expressioninside first[(1+2)*(1+5)] = 18 { } braces set⌊x⌋floor brackets rounds number to lowerinteger⌊ 4.3⌋ = 4⌈x⌉ceiling brackets rounds number to upperinteger⌈ 4.3⌉ = 5x! exclamation mark factorial4! = 1*2*3*4 = 24 | x|single vertical bar absolute value | -5 | = 5f (x) function of x maps values of x to f(x) f (x) = 3x+5(f∘g) function composition(f∘g) (x)= f (g(x))f (x)=3x,g(x)=x-1 ⇒(f∘g)(x)=3(x-1)(a,b) open interval (a,b) ={x| a< x< b}x∈ (2,6)[a,b] closed interval [a,b] ={x| a≤x≤b}x∈ [2,6]∆delta change / difference ∆t= t1 -t0∆discriminant Δ = b2- 4ac∑sigma summation - sum of allvalues in range of series∑x i= x1+x2+...+x n∑∑sigma double summation∏capital piproduct - product of all values in range of series∏ x i =x 1∙x 2∙...∙x nee constant / Euler's numbere = 2.718281828... e = lim (1+1/x )x , x →∞γ Euler-Mascheroni const antγ = 0.527721566...φgolden ratio golden ratio constantπpi constantπ = 3.141592654...is the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circlec = π·d = 2·π·rLinear Algebra SymbolsSymbolSymbol NameMeaning / definitionExample· dot scalar producta ·b ×cross vector producta ×b A ⊗Btensor product tensor product of A and BA ⊗ Binner product[ ] brackets matrix of numbers( ) parentheses matrix of numbers| A | determinant determinant of matrix Adet(A )determinant determinant of matrix A|| x || double vertical bars normA Ttranspose matrix transpose(A T)ij = (A )jiProbability and statistics symbols Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example P(A) probabilityfunctionprobability of event A P(A) = 0.5P(A∩B) probability ofeventsintersectionprobability that of events Aand BP(A∩B) = 0.5P(A∪B) probability ofevents union probability that of events Aor BP(A∪B) = 0.5P(A| B) conditionalprobabilityfunctionprobability of event A givenevent B occuredP(A | B) = 0.3f (x) probabilitydensityfunction (pdf)P(a ≤x ≤b)= ∫ f (x)dxF(x) cumulativedistributionfunction (cdf)F(x) = P(X≤x)μpopulation mean mean of population values μ= 10E(X) expectationvalue expected value of randomvariable XE(X) = 10E(X | Y) conditionalexpectation expected value of randomvariable X given YE(X | Y=2) = 5var (X )variancevariance of random variable Xvar (X ) = 4σ2variance variance of population valuesσ2 = 4std (X )standard deviation standard deviation of random variable Xstd (X ) = 2σX standard deviationstandard deviation value of random variable X σX = 2medianmiddle value of random variable xcov (X ,Y ) covariancecovariance of random variables X and Y cov (X,Y ) = 4corr (X ,Y ) correlationcorrelation of random variables X and Y corr (X,Y ) = 0.6ρX ,Ycorrelationcorrelation of random variables X and YρX ,Y= 0.6∑summationsummation - sum of all values in range of series∑∑double summationdouble summationMo mode value that occurs most frequently in populationMR mid-rangeMR = (x max +x min )/2Mdsample median half the population is below this valueQ 1lower / first quartile25% of population are below this valueQ 2median / second quartile50% of population are below this value = median of samplesQ3upper / thirdquartile 75% of population are below this valuex sample mean average / arithmetic mean x= (2+5+9) / 3 = 5.333s2sample variance population samples varianceestimators2= 4s sample standarddeviation population samples standard deviation estimators= 2z x standard score z x= (x-x) /s xX ~ distribution of X distribution of randomvariable XX ~N(0,3)N(μ,σ2) normaldistributiongaussian distribution X ~N(0,3)U(a,b) uniformdistributionequal probability in rangea,bX ~U(0,3)exp(λ) exponentialdistributionf (x)= λe-λx, x≥0gamma(c, λ) gammadistributionf (x)= λ c x c-1e-λx/ Γ(c), x≥0χ2(k) chi-squaredistributionf (x)= x k/2-1e-x/2/( 2k/2 Γ(k/2) )F (k1, k2) F distributionBin(n,p) binomialdistributionf (k)= n C k p k(1-p)n-kPoisson(λ) Poissondistributionf (k)= λk e-λ/ k!Geom(p) geometricdistributionf (k)= p(1-p)kHG(N,K,n) hyper-geometric distributionBern(p) Bernoulli distributionSet theory symbolsSymbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example{ } set a collection of elements A = {3,7,9,14},B = {9,14,28}A ∩B intersection objects that belong to set A and setBA ∩B = {9,14}A ∪B union objects that belong to set A or setBA ∪B ={3,7,9,14,28}A ⊆B subset subset has fewer elements or equal tothe set{9,14,28} ⊆{9,14,28}A ⊂B proper subset /strict subsetsubset has fewer elements than theset{9,14} ⊂{9,14,28}A ⊄B not subset left set not a subset of right set {9,66} ⊄{9,14,28}A ⊇B superset set A has more elements or equal tothe set B{9,14,28} ⊇{9,14,28}A ⊃B proper superset /strict supersetset A has more elements than set B{9,14,28} ⊃{9,14}A ⊅B not superset set A is not a superset of set B {9,14,28} ⊅{9,66}2Apower set all subsets of Apower set all subsets of AA =B equalityboth sets have the same membersA={3,9,14},B={3,9,14}, A=BA ccomplementall the objects that do not belong to set AA \B relative complementobjects that belong to A and not to BA = {3,9,14},B = {1,2,3}, A-B = {9,14} A - B relative complementobjects that belong to A and not to BA = {3,9,14},B = {1,2,3}, A-B = {9,14} A ∆ Bsymmetric differenceobjects that belong to A or B but not to their intersectionA = {3,9,14},B = {1,2,3}, A ∆ B = {1,2,9,14} A ⊖ Bsymmetric differenceobjects that belong to A or B but not to their intersectionA = {3,9,14},B = {1,2,3}, A ⊖ B = {1,2,9,14}a ∈Aelement of set membershipA={3,9,14}, 3 ∈ Ax ∉ A not element ofno set membershipA={3,9,14}, 1 ∉ A(a ,b ) ordered pair collection of 2 elementsA ×B cartesian product set of all ordered pairs from A and B|A| cardinalitythe number of elements of set AA={3,9,14}, |A|=3 #Acardinality the number of elements of set AA={3,9,14}, #A=3aleph-nullinfinite cardinality of natural numbers setaleph-one cardinality of countable ordinal numbers setØ empty set Ø = { }C = {Ø}universal set set of all possible valuesnatural numbers /whole numbers set (with zero) 0= {0,1,2,3,4,...} 0 ∈1natural numbers /whole numbers set (without zero)1= {1,2,3,4,5,...} 6 ∈1integer numbers set={...-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,...}-6 ∈rational numbers set= {x | x =a /b , a ,b ∈}2/6 ∈real numbers set= {x | -∞ < x <∞} 6.343434∈complex numbers set= {z | z=a +bi , -∞<a <∞, -∞<b <∞}6+2i ∈∨reversed caret or x∨y | vertical line or x| y x' single quote not - negation x'x bar not - negation x¬not not - negation ¬x ! exclamation mark not - negation ! x⊕circled plus / oplus exclusive or - xor x⊕y ~ tilde negation ~ x⇒implies⇔equivalent if and only if (iff)↔equivalent if and only if (iff)∀for all∃there exists∄there does not exists∴therefore∵because / sinceCalculus & analysis symbolsSymbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Examplelimit limit value of a functionεepsilonrepresents a very small number, near zeroε → 0eeconstant / Euler's numbere = 2.718281828...e = lim(1+1/x )x,x →∞y ' derivativederivative - Lagrange's notation (3x 3)' = 9x 2y '' second derivative derivative of derivative(3x 3)'' = 18xy (n )nth derivativen times derivation(3x 3)(3)= 18derivativederivative - Leibniz's notation d (3x 3)/dx = 9x 2secondderivativederivative of derivatived 2(3x 3)/dx 2 = 18xnthderivativen times derivationtime derivative derivative by time - Newton's notationtime second derivativederivative of derivativeD x y derivative derivative - Euler's notationD x 2ysecond derivativederivative of derivativepartialderivative∂(x 2+y 2)/∂x = 2x∫ integral opposite to derivation∫ f(x)dx∫∫ double integral integration of function of 2 variables∫∫ f(x,y)dxdy ∫∫∫triple integral integration of function of 3 variables∫∫∫ f(x,y,z)dxdydz∮closedcontour / line integral∯closedsurface integral∰closedvolume integral[a ,b ] closed interval [a ,b ] ={x | a ≤ x ≤ b }(a ,b )open interval (a ,b ) ={x | a < x < b }i imaginary unit i ≡ √-1 z = 3 + 2iz * complex conjugate z = a +bi → z *=a -bi z* = 3 - 2izcomplex conjugatez = a +bi → z = a -bi z = 3 - 2i∇ nabla / del gradient / divergence operator ∇f (x ,y ,z )vectorunit vectorx * y convolutiony (t ) = x (t ) * h (t )) = {{。
Symbols
SymbolsHere are the most easily recognized and common symbols of Christianity.1.十字架The Latin cross, referred to as the Christian cross, is the most familiar and widely recognized symbol of Christianity today. It was most likely the shape of the structure upon which Jesus Christ was crucified.2.鱼The Ichthys or fish symbol was used by early Christians to identify themselves as followers of Jesus Christ and to express their affinity to Christianity.Followers of Christianity identify with the fish as a symbol because fish frequently appeared in the ministry of Christ. They were a staple in the biblical times diet and fish were often mentioned in the Gospels.3.鸽子The dove represents the Holy Spirit or the Holy Ghost in Christianity. The Holy Spirit descended upon Jesus like a dove when he was baptized in the Jordan River.The dove is also a symbol of peace. In Genesis 8 after the flood, a dove returned to Noah with an olive branch in its beak, revealing the end of God's judgment and the beginning of a new covenant with man.4.荆棘皇冠One of the most vivid symbols of Christianity is the crown of thorns, which Jesus wore before his crucifixion。
“Symbols_of_China”_Series
“Symbols of China” SeriesZhu HuiHohai University PressJune 2023598.00 (CNY)“Symbols of China” Seriesstill being strings of Chinese characters.Chinese characters are a typeof cultural symbol. Chinese characters like 福 (pronounced meaning fortune) and 寿(pronounced “shou,” meaning longevity) can be written in many styles, either square or owing. We may not recognize all variations, but we can identify them at a glance as our Chinese characters, a recognition shared even by foreigners. Chinese characters are the root of our culture, growing and extending along with the passage of days and months and the changes of the times. Chinese culture pervades every aspect of our lives, whether it is daily life that trickles like water or spiritual activities that explore the utmost limits. Chinese culture is in our blood. Language is one of the foundations of culture. The beauty of ChineseNorthern Song to Jin Dynasty Rectangular Ding Ware WhiteProcelain Pot with Dragon-shaped HandlesSouthern Song Dynasty Black-glazed Jizhou Ware TeaCalix with Leaf PatternsSong Dynasty Light Greenish Blue Long Quan Ware Plate16 | China Book Internationalthriving, constantly renewing itself, day by day, anew. As culture develops and becomes more concentrated, it naturally acquires symbolic functions, generating meanings as symbols. Based on its profound and rich connotations, Chinese culture has always been the external image that enables the Chinese nation to stand tall among the nations of the world, possessing a strong infl uence. With the strengthening of national power and the expansion of national infl uence, Chinese symbols have spread far and wide, increasingly appearing all over the world: porcelain, tea, silk, calligraphy, guqin, erhu, Spring spheres, not only appearingon the stage of global cultural exchange but also permeating into the minutiae of other cultures. We are called “China” possibly because of porcelain; although this is not defi nitively settled, the term “kung fu” has indeed made its way into English dictionaries. Chinese artist Xu Bing, in his renowned Book from the Sky Series, designed and printed thousands of “new Chinese characters,”using powerful imagery and symbolism to present and explore the essence and thought patterns of Chinese culture, highlighting Chinese symbols’ shining moments in the world art scene.。
英语symbol的用法归纳
英语symbol的用法归纳英语里的“symbol”这个词，用处可多啦！今天咱们就来好好唠唠它的用法。
先来说说“symbol”作名词的时候。
它常见的意思就是“象征；符号；标志”。
比如说，咱们在大街上看到的交通标志，像“禁止通行”“左转”这些，那就是“symbols”。
还有像各国的国旗，那也是国家的象征，是一种“symbol”。
就拿我上次在国外旅行的经历来说吧。
我在一个小镇上迷路了，到处找路牌。
好不容易看到一个画着箭头的牌子，心想这可算是找到了方向的“symbol”。
结果走近一看，发现是个装饰，根本不是路牌，当时那个郁闷哟！在具体的用法里，“symbol”后面常常接“of”，表示“……的象征”。
比如说，“The dove is a symbol of peace”（鸽子是和平的象征。
）“The cross is the symbol of Christianity”（十字架是基督教的象征。
）再比如说，我们中国的长城，那绝对是中华民族伟大精神的象征，“The Great Wall is a symbol of the great spirit of the Chinese nation”有时候，“symbol”还能用来表示某种具有特殊意义的东西。
比如说，在一些宗教仪式里，特定的物品就被视为神圣的象征。
“symbol”也有一些常见的搭配，像“cultural symbol”（文化象征）、“universal symbol”（普遍象征）等等。
在写作或者口语表达中，用对“symbol”能让咱们的英语更加准确、生动。
比如说，你想形容一个人是勇敢的象征，就可以说“He is a symbol of bravery” 而不是“He is brave” 这样是不是感觉更有深度、更高级了呢？还有啊，在阅读英语文章的时候，要是碰到“symbol”这个词，咱们得根据上下文来准确理解它的意思。
千万别想当然地就按照自己的想法去理解，不然很容易出错的。
symbolic用法 -回复
symbolic用法-回复什么是symbolic，它在哪些领域中被广泛运用？Symbolic（象征性的）一词来源于希腊文的符号(symbols)，是指用来表示某种意义或概念的符号或象征。
Symbolic的概念可以在各种领域中找到广泛的运用，包括语言、艺术、神话、宗教、政治等等。
在下文中，我们将逐步探讨symbolic在这些领域中的具体用法和意义。
首先，symbolic在语言上的用法是非常普遍和重要的。
语言中的词汇和表达往往有着丰富的隐喻和象征意义。
比如，诗歌和文学作品中使用的许多修辞手法就是在创造一种symbolic的表达方式。
通过使用symbolic 的言辞，作家和诗人能够更加生动地描绘情感、表达观点和传递意义。
同时，symbolic也在社会和政治上被广泛运用，往往用来表示一种集体的意义或价值观。
举个例子，国旗、国徽和国歌等都是symbolic的象征，代表着一个国家的独特身份和价值观。
其次，symbolic在艺术领域中也扮演着重要的角色。
艺术家通过使用各种媒介和表现形式来创造symbolic的作品，以传达他们的创作主题和情感。
绘画、雕塑、音乐和舞蹈等形式的艺术作品都可以通过symbolic的手法来创造出独特的视觉和感官体验。
例如，维多利亚时代的诗人经常使用symbolic的自然象征来表达他们对爱情和死亡的思考。
神话和宗教也是symbolic的应用领域之一。
在不同的文化中，神话故事和宗教仪式经常运用symbolic的符号和象征来传递意义和价值观。
这些symbolic的符号和象征往往具有深刻的象征意义和精神内涵，并在社会和个体意识形态的建构中发挥着重要作用。
比如，基督教中的十字架代表着耶稣的救赎和信仰，佛教中的莲花象征着智慧和纯洁。
此外，symbolic还在心理学和哲学等领域中具有重要的意义。
在心理学中，symbolic被用来解释梦境和意识活动中的象征意义和隐含信息。
例如，弗洛伊德的心理分析学说中，通过解析梦境中的symbolic象征，可以揭示潜意识中的欲望和冲突。
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Short form 单词缩略 ref = reference co. = company ad. = advertisement info = information usu =usually bio = biology chem = chemistry max = maximum min = minimum intro = introduction esp = especially subj = subject tel = telephone
句子简化训练原则 1. 用最少的语言来记录大量语言表达的信息， 即关键词，如名词，动词，数量词，日期，地 名，人名。 Eg： “Last Saturday my classmates and I went on a picnic.” 这句话可这样笔记 .Sat, I & classzs, picnic “China and Europe have been trading with each other for more than 2,000 years.” 可这样记 Chi & Euro, trade, >2,000 yrs.
象形符号
O 圆圈代表地球，横线表示赤道，所以 这个符号就可以表示国际的、世界的、 全球的等: international, worldwide, global, universal, etc.
U U 看酷似一个酒杯，在笔记中表示合同、 协议（treaty, agreement）一般只有在谈 判成功、协议成交后才会表示"举杯祝贺"。 如果在U内填入2××××，就可以表示 为bilateral（双边的）, 填入3表示为 trilateral(三边的)。填入在U中填入1表示: Unilateralism（单边主义），填入m (multiple) 表示多边主义。如果在U上加一 个"/"××××表示谈判破裂。
英文字母
Z 表示“人”people/person，因为 “Z”看上去像个人头，它通常被写在 一个词或符号的右上角。例如：日本 人：JZ。 P 表示政治：politics,那么politician就 可以表示为 PZ
W 表示工作，职业: work, employ 等。 它是work的第一个字母。所以WZ就 可以用来表示worker, 而W(Z在字母 上方表示employer, 在字母下方表示 employee)。
Introduce some symbols & abbreviations
.Sat,
I & classzs, picnic Chi & Euro, trade, >2,000 yrs.
. (dot) 这个“.”点的位置不同表示的概念也不 一样 .d表示yesterday, .y表示last year, .2m表示two month ago y表示this year, y2. wk.表示 two year later, next week"
≈ 表示"大约"概念：about/around，or so， approximately, etc.
* = important ≤ = less or equal ≥ = more or equal N = disagree Y = agree ↑ = increase ↓ = decrease ∵ = because ∴ = therefore ∈ = belong to V = victory =＞ = conclude & = and
4. 尽量利用缩写和符号。 5. 在不同场景下，同样的符号可以表示不同的意思， 而且一个符号可以有好几个意思，但在同一篇文 章里，一定 得使用同一个符号表示同样的意思， 以免混淆。 Eg. 假如一篇文章里出现了“international， intelligence， interest”三个词，若都用 “int.”表 示，就会混淆。可以用int. 表示interest。 Intl. 表 示international， 用intel. 表示 intelligence。
mkt = market msg = message std = standard rcv = receive wk = week rm = room amt = amount w/ = with w/o = without acpt = accept dept = department wl = will wt = weight bkgd = background
－ 表示"少": little, few, lack ,in short of/ be in shortage of etc.
= 表示"同等"概念：means，that is to say， in other words，the same as，be equal to, etc. . ≠ 表示"不同"概念：be different from, etc.
etc. = and so on ie = that is following = ff IT dept = Information Technology department vs = against equal to / same as = = o = degrees XL = extra large S = small f = frequency cf = compare e.g. = example r = are U = You ur = Your
♀ woman / women
♂man/man
↗ = develop ( ) = between ← = result from → = result in >< = confrontation ＜＜ = difficulty ∩ = enter ∞ = communicate with △ = stand for ⊥= discrepancy ! = miracle ∽= instead of // = parallel
2. 不一定按照原文顺序或使用原文词汇 Eg “When the People’s Republic of China was officially proclaimed on October 1, 1949, Beijing became its capital.” 可以记为 Bj→ capital, Oct. 1, 1949 , new PRC 3. 决定哪些是关键词和使用怎样的词序也会 因人而异，它是一项非常个性化的技能。
amap = as much/many as possible apv = approve flt = flight gd = good pc = piece pls/plz = please tks = thanks qlty = quality quty = quantity hv = have
数学符号
> 表示"多于, 优于"概念： bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than, etc.; superior to，surpass, etc. < 表示"少于，差于"概念：less/smaller， etc.; inferior to，etc.
+ 表示"多": many, lots of, a great deal of, a good many of, etc. ++(+2) 表示"多"的比较级：more +3 表示"多"的最高级：most
√ 表示"好的"状态，right/good， famous/well-known，etc. 表示"同意"状态，stand up for， support， agree with sb, certain/ affirmative, etc.
∧ 表示转折
b
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/ 表示"否定"，"消除"等概念：cross out, eliminate, etc.
⊙ 圆圈表示一个圆桌，中间一点表 示一盆花，这个符号就可以表示会 议、开会等：meeting，conference， negotiation，seminar，discussion， symposium
× 表示"错误"、"失误"和"坏"的概念： wrong/incorrect，something bad， notorious，negative, etc.
标点符号
: 表示各种各样"说"的动词：say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, etc.
? 表示"问题"：question，issue，例如：台湾 问题：tw?
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