余志远《英语国家概况》(2015年版)复习笔记和课后习题详解(第7章 英国政治——第9章 美国地理)

第7章英国政治

7.1 复习笔记

【知识框架】

Ⅰ. Constitutional Framework

Ⅱ. Parliament

1. The Crown or Sovereign

2. The House of Lords

3. The House of Commons

4. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet

Ⅲ. Regional Government

Ⅳ. Local Government

Ⅴ. Justice

Ⅵ. Political Process

1. Elections

2. Two-part System

3. Female Representation in Britain Politics

Ⅶ. Security

【重难点归纳】

The UK is a state of constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy. In the

UK, the country’s head of state is the reigning king or queen, and the head of government is the prime minister, who is the leader of the majority political party in the House of Commons.

英国是一个君主立宪制和议会民主制国家。在英国，国家元首是在位的国王或女王，政府首脑是首相，他是下议院多数党领袖。

Ⅰ. Constitutional Framework

1. The British constitution is made up of statute law, common law and conventions.

2. The main elements of the government are the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary.

Ⅰ. 宪法框架

1. 英国宪法由成文法、普通法和公约组成。

2. 政府的主要组成部分是立法、行政和司法。

Ⅱ. Parliament

The UK Parliament was formed in 1707. The separate British and Irish parliaments are integrated into a single Parliament of the UK from January 1, 1801.

Ⅱ. 议会

英国议会成立于1707年。从1801年1月1日起，独立的英国和爱尔兰议会合并为英国的单一议会。

1. The Crown or Sovereign

The country is governed in the name of the Crown, by His or Her Majesty’s Government—a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office, and who are responsible to Parliament.

1. 王权还是主权

国家以国王的名义，由国王或女王陛下的政府治理—由内阁大臣组成，他们是选民投票选出的任何政党的主要成员，并对议会负责。

2. The House of Lords

(1) The House of Lords originated in the 11th century.

(2) The members of the House of Lords are not elected. The Lords is made up of

peers of the realm, the highest clergy in the Church of England, and the highest judges.

2. 上议院

(1) 上议院起源于十一世纪。

(2) 上议院的成员不是选举产生的。上议院由王国的贵族、英格兰教会的最高神职人员和最高法官组成。

3. The House of Commons

(1) The House of Commons is the real legislative branch. The national chief executive is the prime minister.

(2) All legislation is introduced by the majority party. Under the law all legislation

must be passed by the Commons and Lords in identical form and be assented (agreed) to by the monarch.

3.下议院

(1) 下议院是真正的立法部门。国家行政长官是首相。

(2) 所有的立法都是由多数党提出的。根据法律，所有的立法必须由上议院和下议院以相同

形式通过，必须由君主同意。

4. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet

(1) All political power rests with the prime minister and the cabinet, and the monarch must act on their advice.

(2) The cabinet is subject to Parliament.

4. 首相和内阁

(1) 所有的政治权利都掌握在首相和内阁手中，君主必须按照他们的建议行事。

(2) 内阁受制于议会。

Ⅲ. Regional Government

(1) Northern Ireland took power in 1999 and assumed some powers previously held

exclusively by the central Parliament at Westminster, to which they remain subordinate.

(2) Since 1999 Wales has also had its own assembly, but because it has neither

legislative nor tax-gathering powers, the Welsh assembly is significantly less powerful than the Scottish Parliament.