无机添加剂对硝酸铵拒爆性的影响研究

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硝酸铵爆炸前评价

硝酸铵爆炸前评价The Standardization Office was revised on the afternoon of December 13, 2020关于硝酸铵爆炸事前评价的探讨朱兆华郭振龙（中国石化南京化学工业有限公司）（第724研究所）【摘要】硝酸铵主要用作肥料大量使用，或作为制造工业炸药的重要原料，是一种强氧化剂，同时又是自反应性物质，国内外因对其控制或管理不严，曾发生多起重大事故。

为防止在生产，贮存、运输以及使用过程中的爆炸事故，笔者探讨并提出了硝酸铵爆炸事前评价模式。

这种评价方法，对控制和预防硝酸铵发生事故，有借鉴、推广和现实意义。

【关键词】硝酸铵爆炸事前评价1前言硝酸铵在1659年，由德国人.格劳贝尔首次制得。

它既作为肥料大量使用着，也是制造工业炸药的重要原料。

它是一种强氧化剂，同时又是自反应性物质。

国内外曾发生多次重大事故。

例如，1921年9月21日晨，位于德国奥堡的巴斯夫公同的一家工厂，为破碎已结成大块的4500吨硝酸铵与硫酸铵的混合盐，使用代拿迈特炸药来爆破而发生了大爆炸，造成509人死亡，160人失踪，1952人受伤，现场留下了一个直径130米，深60米的爆坑，在半径6公里范围内造成了严重破坏，消防人员及有关人员全部丧生；1947年4月16日，停泊在美国德克萨城并装有2280吨袋装硝酸铵肥料的法国货船“兰得卡浦”号，硝酸铵起火发生大爆炸；与此同时，一艘装载950吨硝酸铵化肥和2000吨硫磺的美国货船“哈佛里尔”号，在停泊中，于17日凌晨，也发生爆炸而沉没，半径1英里范围内的所有房屋被摧毁，有552人死亡，3000人受伤，损失达6700万美元；1998年1月26日，我国陕西兴平兴化集团有限责任公司，发生生产系统硝酸铵溶液爆炸，死亡22人，重伤6人，轻伤52人，造成重大损失。

硝酸铵在常温下是稳定的，但在高温、高压、明火和有可能被氧化的物质存在下的条件发生爆炸，量越大，爆炸威力就越大。

氯化钾对硝酸铵爆炸性能和热稳定性的影响

氯化钾对硝酸铵爆炸性能和热稳定性的影响谭柳;刘大斌;徐森;夏良红;吴秋杰【摘要】为了研究氯化钾(KCI)对硝酸铵(AN)爆炸性能和热稳定性的影响,用溶液混合法和机械混合法制备了含KCI的改性AN.采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、绝热量热仪(ARC)、联合国隔板试验、克南试验对AN的爆炸性能和热稳定性能进行了研究.结果表明,用溶液混合法所得含10％ KCI的改性AN的放热峰温度从286℃降低到250.84℃,而改性AN初始反应峰温度从204.33℃增加到220.17 ℃,显示KCI能促进AN的热分解过程而不影响AN热分解反应的第一步.爆轰试验表明,KCI能在一定程度上降低AN的热敏感度和传播爆轰的能力.溶液混合法与机械混合法相比,抑制AN爆轰所需KCI的添加量可降低20％.混合方法对AN的爆轰性能有着重要的影响.%To investigate the effect of potassium chloride(KCI) on the detonation performance and thermal stability of ammoniumnitrate(AN),modified AN containing KCI was prepared via,solution mixing method and mechanical mixing method.The detonation performance and thermal stability of AN/KCI mixtures were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),accelerating rate calorimeter(ARC),the United Nations(UN) gap test and Koenen test.Results show that the exothermic peak temperature of modified AN containing 10％ KCI obtained by solution mixing method was decreased from 286.75 ℃ to 250.84 ℃,while the onset temperature of modified AN was increased from 204.33 ℃ to 220.1 7 ℃,revealing that KCI can promote the thermal decomposition process of AN and doesn't affect first step of the thermal decomposition of AN.The detonation test results show that KCI can reduce the thermalsensitivity of AN and the detonation propagation ability to a certain pared with mechanical mixing method,to suppress the detonation of AN,the amount of KCI required can reduce by 20％ for solution mixing method.The mixing method has an important effect on the detonation characteristics of AN.【期刊名称】《含能材料》【年(卷),期】2017(025)006【总页数】9页(P520-528)【关键词】硝酸铵(AN);混合方法;爆炸性能;热稳定性【作者】谭柳;刘大斌;徐森;夏良红;吴秋杰【作者单位】南京理工大学化工学院,江苏南京210094;南京理工大学化工学院,江苏南京210094;南京理工大学化工学院,江苏南京210094;国家民用爆破器材质量监督检验中心,江苏南京210094;江西国泰民爆集团股份有限公司,江西南昌330096;南京理工大学化工学院,江苏南京210094;国家民用爆破器材质量监督检验中心,江苏南京210094【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TJ551 IntroductionAmmonium nitrate(AN) is widely usedin nitrogen fertilizers and energetic material[1-2]. AN has many advantages: for example, it is inexpensive,releases almost 100% gaseous products and has a positive oxygen balance[3-4]. However, the applications of AN are limited by phase transition, hygroscopicity and unlawful use. AN can exist in five polymorphic forms (designated as phases Ⅴ, Ⅳ, Ⅲ, Ⅱ and Ⅰ) under ambient pressure, particularly the Ⅳ↔Ⅲ transition observed near the room temperature. The phase Ⅳ (density=1.72 g·cm-3) to phaseⅢ(density=1.66 g·cm-3) can cause variation in density and volume change (3.8%), which can lead to the formation of a porous structure and cracked crystals with poor mechanical strength and unwanted explosive performance[5-6].AN is mostly mixed with fuel oil to form the most popular commercial explosive: ammonium nitrate fuel oil(ANFO)[7-9]. The knowledge of preparing explosives from AN and the common availability of ingredient is used by offenders. Meanwhile many large accidents associated with AN happened frequently[10-11], the harm brought by the explosion characteristics of AN has aroused great attention. There has been a growing demand for detailed information on its detonation characteristics. Vytenis Babrauskas[12] indicated that AN was found to be the cause of explosions in transport or storage. Richard[9] et al observed that the presence of pyrite reduces the temperature and accelerates the rate of decomposition of AN. Anuj A[13] et al proved that LiF can inhibit AN thermal decomposition. Tang[14] used compound fertilizer raw material diammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate improved the thermal stability of AN. Bernard[15] and Oxley[16] et al, they indicated theinorganic acid and the halogen atom to the thermal decomposition of AN with a great role in promotion. Zhe Han[17] et al, they proved that presence of sodium sulfate can increase the “onset” temperature of AN decomposition, while potassium chloride(KCl) tends to decrease the “onset” temperature thus acting as AN thermal decomposition promoter. Most studies focused on the thermal decomposition of AN, one hypothesis is that diluting AN with a chemically inert material or the incorporation of small amounts of a material that increases the chemical reaction zone could diminish the explosivity of AN. However, whether the AN-additive mixtures exhibit explosivity or not needs to be confirmed. KCl is one of suppressor agent in mine safety explosive and a fertilizer raw material. In addition, some researchers[16, 18-19] found that chlorine ions can promote thermal decomposition of AN. Thus the safety performance of AN/KCl mixtures is important for industrial handing, transportation and use. In this study, the safety performance of AN/KCl mixtures prepared by using different mixing methods(mechanical mixing method and solution mixing method) was investigated, with an emphasis being placed on analyzing the thermal decomposition and the explosive performance of AN.2 Experimental2.1 Preparation of Modified AN SampleAN and KCl were of technical grade and used without further purification in the experiments, from Kailong Chemical (China) and Huarui Chemical (China) respectively. The modified AN stored in a vacuum desiccator anddried in an oven under 80 ℃ for 120 min before the test to prevent moisture absorption. The water content of the mixtures was identified using a Sartorius-MA35, and the moisture was maintained at approximately 0.06% to ensure the consistency of the experiment.2.1.1 Mechanical Mixing MethodTo prevent moisture absorption, AN, KCl and the mill pot were preheatedat 80 ℃ for 30 min. 1000 g AN was mixed with different mass faction of additive by ball mill at a speed of 120 r·min-1 for 30 min, then stored in a desiccator before use.2.1.2 Solution Mixing MethodAN solution was prepared by dissolving 500 g AN in 200 mL of distilled water at 80 ℃. The solution was kept in a water bath for 30 min, after complete dissolution of the salt, different mass faction of additive were added to the solution. After heating and complete dissolution, the solution is drying in the vacuum oven at the temperature of 80 ℃, then modifiedAN was milled by ball mill. The milled AN dried in an oven under 80 ℃ for 120 min and stored in a desiccators before use.2.2 Test Methods2.2.1 DSC Thermal AnalysisThe thermal stabilityof modified AN was studied using a Mettler-Toledo DSC 1 instrument. Modified AN of 1-2 mg were heated from 25 ℃ to 400 ℃ in a sealed cru cible at a heating rate of 10 ℃·min-1. The reaction was studied in nitrogen atmospheres with a constant flow rate of 30 mL·min-1. The water content of the mixtures was identified before use.2.2.2 ARC ExperimentsIn this study, an adiabatic calorimeter called ARC was used. This instrument was used for acquiring thermodynamic and kinetic information for runaway reactions in order to evaluate thermal hazards associated with the reactive material[22-23]. The main components and the detailed description of principle of ARC can be found elsewhere[24]. The main operation indexes of the ARC are temperature range 0-500 ℃; pressure range 0-20 MPa; sample mass range 0.01-10 g; slope sensitivity0.02 ℃·min-1.2.2.3 The Koenen TestAccording to “The United Nations propo sals on the transport of dangerous goods-Testing and Standards Manual” (the fifth revised edition), the Koenen test is used to measure the sensitivity of solid substances to intense heat with varied confinement. The sample is placed in a specified sample tube. Test using a phthalic acid dibutyl adjusts the heating rate to (3.3±0.3) K·s-1. The tube with 1.0 mm orifice plate was exposed to direct flame and heated for 5min or until an earlier event occurred[20-21]. The test was measured for two runs for each sample.2.2.4 The UN Gap TestBy the UN gap test, the propagate detonation ability of the modified AN was tested. Test device schematic diagram is shown in Fig.1. The test pipe was made of steel tube, with an inner diameter of 40 mm and an outer diameter of (48±2) mm, and the total length of the tube was 400 mm. 160 g of booster explosive (50/50-PETN/TNT, diameter (50±1) mm, density1.60 g·cm-3) was used for the booster charge and initiated with a No.8 electric detonator. The edge length of the witness plate was (150±10) mm, and the thickness was (3.2±0.2) mm. The thickness of the steel spacer was (1.6±0.2) mm, and the plastic membrane was made of polyethylene sheet. The mass of typical sample mass is 500 g[20-21]. The test was measured for two runs for each sample.a. diagrammatic sketchb. photographFig.1 Schematic showing of the UN gap test3 Results and Discussion3.1 Thermal Analysis Results3.1.1 Analysis of DSC MeasurementsThe DSC results are shown in Fig.2 and Table 1. The DSC curve of AN is presented in Fig.2a. AN shows four endothermic peaks and one exothermic peak. As shown in Table 1, the onset temperature of theAN/KCl mixtures was moved to high temperature with increasing the content of additive. Fig.2b and Fig.2c show the DSC curves of AN/KCl mixtures that prepared by different mixing methods. The onset temperature of AN/20% KCl mixture (solution mixing method) was increased from 204.33 ℃ to 235.15 ℃, and the AN/20% KCl mixture (mechanical mixing method) was increased to 244.50 ℃. While the pea k temperature was decreased from 286.75 ℃ to 271.66 ℃ (solution mixing method) and 258.31 ℃ (mechanical mixing method) respectively. It can beconcluded that KCl can increase the onset temperature of thermal decomposition and has a role in promoting the thermal decomposition of AN.It is generally accepted that thermal decomposition is initiated by an endothermic proton transfer reaction. The Sun[25] proved the mixtures of AN with acid are more unsteady than pure AN, and the AN decomposition reaction is catalyzed by acid. But the catalytic mechanism of chlorine ions is different with the mechanism of acid. The reaction (1)—(5) presents the conceivable reaction mechanism of AN. When AN mixed with sulfuric acid, the step that generation NH3 and HNO3 is substituted by NH4HSO4 and HNO3. The NH4HSO4 then decompose into NH3 and H2SO4, thus causing the generate NH3 and HNO3 at lower temperature, so acid can reduce the onset temperature of AN. For the AN-chloride mixtures, generation is the slowest step in the overall reaction. This process requires high energy resulting in increased thermal decomposition temperature of AN[15, 25]. The reaction (6)—(11) presents the conceivable explanation of catalysis mechanism of Cl- to AN decomposition. There must be an initial excess of acid to allow formation of nitronium ion, thus increasing the generation rate of mediate product at lower temperature. So in acidic condition, Cl- can greatly accelerate the decomposition of AN.a. neat ANb. AN /KCl (mechanical mixing)c. AN/KCl (solution mixing)Fig.2 DSC curves of samplesTable 1 The results of DSC thermal analysis materialsmixingmethodTo/℃Tp/℃AN-204．33286．75AN/10%KClsolution220．17250．84AN/15%KClsolution22 3．68261．48AN/20%KClsolution235．15271．66AN/10%KClmachinery22 3．14263．12AN/15%KClmachinery228．31260．46AN/20%KClmachinery 244．50258．31NH4NO3NH3+HNO3(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)NH4NO3NH3+HNO3(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)Many researchers[18, 26] also have noted that acid is essential for chloride catalysis. There is no acidic substance in AN/KCl mixtures, but the peak temperature of AN/KCl mixtures was decreased. The peak temperature of mixtures (mechanical mixing method) was around 260 ℃. Interestingly, even the KCl reached 20%, the temperature was just decreased to258.31 ℃. For the solution mixing method, the peak temperature of AN/10% KCl mixtures was decreased to 250.84 ℃, but the temperature was movedto high temperature with increasing the KCl content. As shown in the Fig.3, the exothermic maximum of the AN/30% KCl mixture was increased to 294.30 ℃ (solution mixing method) and 288.56 ℃ (mechanical mixing method). This result shows that the acid may come from the decomposition of AN. A small amount of KCl will promote thermal decomposition of AN. However, the catalytic effect would be limited bythe content of acid. On the other hand, the chlorine ions does not affectthe first step of thermal decomposition of AN. KCl acts as a diluents can isolate the heat exchange of AN and absorb heat from the reaction zone,so KCl can improve the onset temperature of AN. Meanwhile the results show that the mixing methods just have a little effect on thermal stabilityof AN. The main reason we think is the melting point. The third exothermic peak at 158.33 ℃ is the melting point of AN, but the mel ting point of KClis 770 ℃. When temperature reached the melting point of AN, KCl will be separated from AN.Fig.3 DSC curves of AN/30%KCl(solution mixing and mechanical mixing) 3.1.2 ARC Results and DiscussionsThe ARC curves of temperature-time and pressure-time for samples are shown in Figs.8-10, and measured data are listed in Table 2. Fig.4a shows the ARC curves of 1#AN (0.196 g), no exothermic reaction was detected in this test. Heat accumulation has an important influence on thermal stability, especially in the materials with poor explosive properties. That no exothermic reaction was observed in 1# AN maybe can explain by the small sample size. As shown in the Fig.4b, the onset exothermic reaction of 2#AN (0.372 g) appeared at 205.33 ℃, and the initi al self-heating rate was 0.037 ℃·min-1. Temperature and pressure rise slowly, this phenomenon illustrated that thermal decomposition of AN is relatively mild. Compared to AN, the onset temperature of AN/10% KCl (mechanical mixing method) was 204.36 ℃ (Fig.5), and the initial self-heating rate was 0.06 ℃·min-1, which was far larger than detection sensitivity (0.02 ℃·min-1). The pressure has a sharp increase, and the maximum reaction pressure is 3.943 MPa. And not only that, the last heat release lasted shorter than AN, which means that AN decomposed very fast with KCl. This phenomenon illustrated that KCl can accelerate the decomposition of AN. Fig.6 shows the ARC curves of AN/10%KCl (solution mixing method), the onset temperature was 205.93 ℃, and the initia l self-heating rate was0.071 ℃·min-1. Like the modified AN that prepared by mechanical mixing method, the pressure has a sharp increase, and the maximum reaction pressure was 2.566 MPa.a. 1#AN (0.196 g)b. 2#AN (0.372 g)Fig.4 ARC curves of samples of ANa. temperature and pressure vs. timeb. rise rates of pressure and temperature vs. timeFig.5 ARC curves of samples of AN/KCl (mechanical mixing)a. temperature and pressure vs. timeb. rise rates of pressure and temperature vs. timeFig.6 ARC curves of samples of AN/KCl (solution mixing)In order to observe temperature and pressure changes more intuitively, the self-heating rate (dT/dt) and pressure rising rate (dp/dt) were drawn as shown in Table 2. According to those figures, it was found that the dT/dt values of AN/10%KCl were large than AN, which means that the AN decomposed violently in this stage. In general, the ARC results consisted with DSC results. KCl can accelerate the decomposition of AN.Table 2 Summary of ARC resultsparameter2#ANAN/KCl(mechanicalmixing)AN/KCl(solutionmixing)sample mass/g0．3720．5000．410Tonset/℃205．33 215．48204．36205．93onsettemp．rate/℃·min-10．037 0．0330．0600．071Tf/℃210．85 223．54271．56252．41pf/MPa0．944 1．8813．9482．449max．temp．rate/℃·min-10．0380．0397．7515．67max．pres．rate/℃·min-10．037 0．0535．939．87 3.2 Explosive Testing3.2.1 Results of the Koenen TestAs shown in Fig.7, the AN/25%KCl mixture (solution mixing method) showed a violent reaction, as after just over 62 s, the flame began to rise. The height of the flame rose rapidly in the next 16 s. However, the flames began to decrease in the next few seconds, and then rose rapidly again. The sample just lasted only 98 s before exploding. The reaction rate produced more heat energy, and thus a vicious cycle led to thermal runaway. The pressure in the tube must have exceeded the critical value due to the violent reaction. The explosion was caused by the excessive heat energy and pressure. Fig.9a show that the seamless steel tube was completely torn apart and the test result is “+”, the mixtures have explosive effect.Fig.8 shows the flame of AN/30% KCl mixture. The flame began to show an upward trend after 76 s. In the next 49 s, there appear spray flame, but the flame remained relatively stable. That means the reaction of AN/30% KCl mixture was relatively mild, and the pressure inside the test tube kept relative balance. The mixture did not explode after sustained heating for 5 mins, as shown in the Fig.9b, and the test result is “-”. The test results were consistent for 2 parallel experiments (Table 3). As shown in Fig.9c-9d, for the mechanical mixing method, the critical value is 35%.When the temperature rises to 290 ℃, the conceivable reaction mechanism is shown in reaction (12)—(15). KCl can react with OH· radicals in theprocess of reaction, and the activity of OH· radicals was reduced as the reaction proceeds[4, 27]. Meanwhile KCl has a high thermal capacity that can absorb large amounts of heat energy in the detonation process, so KCl can decrease thermal sensitivity of AN with increasing the content. Meanwhile the results show that solution mixing method is better than the mechanical mixture to reduces the temperature-sensitivity of AN. For the solution mixing method, KCl and AN mixed more uniform due to re-crystallization. On the other hand, the ion exchange between the KCl and AN will inhibit the oxidation-reduction reaction of AN, so the results of AN that prepared by different mixing method show a different result. While the mixing methods is not significantly affected the thermal sensitivity of AN.Fig.7 The flame of AN/25% KCl(solution mixing)Fig.8 The flame of AN/30% KCl(solution mixing)a. AN/25% KClb. AN/30% KCl(solution mixing) (solution mixing)c. AN/30% KCld. AN/35% KCl(mechanical mixing) (mechanical mixing)Fig.9 Physical map of Koenen testTable 3 The Koenen test results of AN/KCl mixturesmixingmethodKClcontent/%mass/gdensity/g·cm-3t/sresultsolution1022．400．8382+solution1523．100．8588+solution20 23．800．8795+solution2524．500．9098+solution3024．620．91300-solution3024．840．92300-mechanical1022．400．8373+mechanical1522．20．8277+mechanical202 3．20．8579+mechanical2524．10．8681+mechanical3025．640．9584+ mechanical3526．000．95300-mechanical3525．610．95300-Note: “+” indicates that the sample is sensitive to hyperther mia under experimental conditions. “-” indicates that the sample is not sensitive to hyperthermia under experimental conditions.NH4NO3NH3+HNO3(12)HNO3⟺(13)HO·+NH3H2O+NH2·(14)NH2·+NO2·NH2NO2N2O+H2O(15)3.2.2 Results of the UN Gap TestThe AN-KCl mixtures were made into ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO) in accordance with industry standards (94% AN-KCl mixture: 6% diesel). Table 4 shows the results of the UN gap test. For the 94% (75% AN/25% KCl)-6% diesel mixture (solution mixing method), the seamless steel tubes were completely torn apart. In addition, the witness plates were wholly brokendown by shock waves. The diameter of the dent was 9.9 cm in Fig.10a, and the result was “+”. When KCl was increased to 30%, as shown in Fig.10b, the witness plates were not breakdown, and the seamless steel tubes were not tear apart completely. The test result was consistent for 2 times parallel experiments, and the test result was "- ". For the mechanical mixing method, even when the KCl was increased to 45%, as shown in Fig.10c, the witness plates were still wholly broken down, and the result was “+”. It can be concluded that solution mixing method is better than the mechanical mixture to suppress the detonation of AN.Table 4 The UN gap test results of ANFO/KCl mixturescontent/%mixingmethodmass/gdensity/g·cm-3result25solution4440．89+30solution4380．87-30solution4220．84-40solution4530．90-40solution4730．94-40mechanical4570．91+45mechanical4490．89+50mechanical4520．90-50mechanical4620．92-Note: “+” means that the sample can stably propagate the detonation under experimental conditions. “-” means that the material cannot stably propagate the detonation under experimental conditions.a. ANFO/45% KClb. ANFO/50% KCl(mechanical mixing) (mechanical mixing)c. ANFO/25% KCld. ANFO/30% KCl(solution mixing) (solution mixing)Fig.10 Physical map of the UN gap test for ANFO/KCl mixturesHot spots played an important role in the detonation of AN. During the detonation process, the shock wave deforms and compresses AN, which then engulfs the area occupied by the void. What remains are hot spots-small isolated regions of explosive at a much higher temperature than the surrounding material. These hot spots are where ignition of the explosive begins[4, 27]. It is known that physical structure has a significant influence on the formation of hot spots. The SEM images of the AN/KCl mixtures at different magnification are shown in Fig.11, and the surface of AN/KCl mixtures exhibited different shape. For the solution mixing, the growth of a given face is governed by the crystal structure and defects, environmental conditions, growth rates, etc. Fig.11a. shows the surface and edges ofAN/10% KCl mixtures (solution mixing method). The surface and edges were structured, smooth and fewer gaps. The surface and edges of mixtures (mechanical mixing method) mainly depend on mechanical strength. In the process of mechanical mixing, the crystal has a certain degree of broken under the action of external stress and friction. Fig.11b shows that the AN/10% KCl (mechanical mixing method) mixtures have irregular shapes and rough surfaces. Irregular shapes and rough surfaces are more favorable for forming these hot spots[4, 28-29].a. solution mixingb. mechanical mixingFig.11 SEM images of AN/10% KCl mixturesOn the other hand,AN has five polymorphic forms under ambient pressure. The phase Ⅳ to phase Ⅲ near the temperature (32 ℃) can cause variation in density and 3.8% volume change, this lead to porous structure and cracked crystals with poor mechanical strength[30-31]. These structures increase the possibility of formation of hot spots. Fig.12 shows the phase transition of AN, the endothermic peak at 38.5 ℃ is the Ⅳ to Ⅲ phase change, and the endothermic peak of AN/10% KCl mixture (solutionmi xing method) is disappeared. It can be concluded that KCl can inhibit Ⅳ to Ⅲ phase change effectively and reduce the possibility of the formation of hot spots. For the mechanical mixing method, there is no ions exchange between AN and KCl, so the AN exhibi ted sequential Ⅳ↔Ⅲ↔Ⅱ↔Ⅰ transitions as temperatures rise.Fig.12 DSC curves of AN and AN/10% KCl mixturesAccording to the quaternary phase diagram of KCl-NH4NO3-KNO3-NH4Cl, the crystallization area of KCl and NH4NO3 did not connect to each other. KCl and NH4NO3 was unstable salt pair in the process of re-crystallization. On the contrary, KNO3/NH4Cl were stable salt pair, this provides conditions for the metathesis reaction[32]. In the process of detonation, KNO3 and NH4Cl will interact with each other and generate NH4NO3 and KCl under the action of high temperature and high pressure. The ion exchange will generate the molecular level of KCl[4, 27], and the multi-step reaction will delay the explosion reaction and reduced the intensity of explosion. Meanwhile in the process of re-crystallization, KCl and ANmixed more uniform, so solution mixing method is better than the mechanical mixture to suppress the detonation of AN.4 ConclusionTo explore the explosion suppression mechanism of AN, thethermal stability and the explosive performance of AN/KCl mixtures have been investigated. The following conclusions can be drawn:(1) In acidic condition, Cl- can greatly accelerate the decomposition of AN by increasing the generation rate of mediate product at lower temperature. While KCl can accelerate the decomposition of AN, the thermal decomposition is catalyzed by the acid that come from the decomposition of AN.(2) The onset temperature of AN/20%KCl mixture (solution mixing method) was increased from 204.33 ℃ to 235.15 ℃, and the AN/20%KCl mixture (mechanical mixing method) was increased to 244.50 ℃, KCl can increase the onset temperature of AN decomposition.(3) The AN/30%KCl(solution mixing method) and AN/35%KCl(mechanical mixing method) mixtures did not explode after sustained heating for 5 minutes, showing that KCl can reduce the thermal sensitivity of the AN. In addition, the mixing methods is not significantly affected the thermal sensitivity of AN.(4) The AN/30%KCl(solution mixing method) can reduce the ability to propagate a detonation, while AN can still produce a steady detonation, even when containing 45% KCl(mechanical mixing method). Solution mixing method is better than the mechanical mixture to suppress thedetonation of AN, and mixing method is an important parameter affecting the detonation characteristics of AN.(5) KCl can accelerate the decomposition of AN, while it still can reduce the thermal sensitivity and the ability to propagate a detonation of AN. Whether additives can reduce or increase the explosivity of AN needs to be confirmed by test, rather than just judge by whether the additives can increase the thermal stability of AN or not.References:[1] Kirk-Othmer. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology[M]. New York: Wiley, 1992.[2] Ullmann. Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry[M]. Germany: VCH, 1989.[3] Paszula J, Trzciński W A, Sprzątczak K. Detonation performance of aluminium-ammonium nitrate explosives[J]. Central European Journal of Energetic Materials, 2008, 5: 3-11.[4] Lu C X, Liu Z l, Ni O Q. Theory of industrial explosives. Beijing: Arms Industry Press, 1994.[5] Oommen C,Jain S R. Phase modification of ammonium nitrate by potassium salts[J]. J Therm Anal Calorim, 1998, 55: 903-918.[6] Klimova I, Kaljuvee T, Turn L, et al. Interactions of ammonium nitrate with different additives[J]. J Therm Anal Calorim, 2011, 105: 13-26.[7] Kazuomi K, Izato Y, Atsumi M. Thermal characteristics of ammonium nitrate, carbon, and copper(II) oxide mixtures[J]. J Therm Anal Calorim, 2013, 113(3): 1475-1480.[8] Buczkowski D, Zygmunt B. Detonation properties of mixtures ofammonium nitrate based fertilizers and fuels[J]. Central European Journal of Energetic Materials, 2011, 8(2): 99-106.[9] Richard G, Zhang D K. Thermal stability and kinetics of decomposition of ammonium nitrate in the presence of pyrite[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 165: 751-758.[10] Atsumi M, Keiya T. Influence of physical properties of ammonium nitrate on thedetonation behaviour of ANFO[J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2001, 14: 533-538.[11] AtsumiM, Hidefumi K. Detonation characteristics of ammonium nitrate andactivated carbon mixtures[J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2007, 20: 584-588.12] Vytenis B. Explosions of ammonium nitrate fertilizer in storage or transportation are preventable accidents[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2016, 304: 134-149.[13] Anuj A V, Mijia S J. Effect of copper Oxide, titanium dioxide, and lithium fluoride on the thermal behavior and decomposition kinetics of ammonium nitrate[J]. Journal of Energetic Materials, 2014, 32: 146-161. [14] Tang S L, Liu Z L, Zhu G J. and Lu C X. Effect of additives on detonation safety and heat stability of ammonium nitrate[J]. Chemical Fertilizer Industry, 2003, 30: 28-29.[15] Bernard J W, Henry W. Acid catalysis in the thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate[J]. Journal of Chemical Physics, 1955, 23(4): 693-696. [16] Jimmie C O, James L S, Evan R et al. Ammonium nitrate: thermal stability and explosivity modifiers[J]. Thermochimica Acta, 2002, 384: 23-45.。

添加物对ANFO热稳定性影响的实验研究

添加物对ANFO热稳定性影响的实验研究由于硝酸铵来源广泛、价格便宜、含氧丰富、安全性好,用它制成的炸药威力较大、感度适中,所以硝铵炸药在工业炸药中得到广泛的应用。

在长期的生产、贮存、运输过程中,硝铵炸药都会或快或慢地发生分解,从而导致炸药内部的热量逐渐积累。

由于硝铵炸药本身含有可燃剂和氧化剂,因而在隔绝氧气的情况下也有可能由热分解转为燃烧甚至爆炸。

这对炸药的生产及应用都是极为不利的。

因此,研究硝铵炸药在热作用下的分解反应对其安全贮存、运输和生产具有重要的现实指导意义。

为了了解工业炸药的耐热性,更好的掌握铵油炸药的热分解规律。

本文采用C80微量量热仪、ARC量热仪、简易恒温大药量烘箱加热等方法对铵油炸药的热分解特性进行了分析与研究。

研究结果表明:1)大理石粉和Na2SO4的加入,对铵油炸药的起始分解温度有很大的提高作用,加入质量分数为5%的大理石粉和Na2SO4可以使铵油炸药的起始分解温度分别提高58.97℃和58.83℃,加入10%的大理石粉和Na2SO4分别较加入5%的提高了 25.81℃和25.29℃。

这说明随着大理石粉和Na2SO4加入量的增加其初始分解温度也随之有大幅度提高。

加入大理石粉和Na2SO4后可以使其初始放热时间分别延后了 12.15min 和12.56min。

同时加入大理石粉和Na2SO4后对铵油炸药的外推起始分解温度没有多大影响。

炸药微观结构对性能的影响研究

炸药微观结构对性能的影响研究本论文以硝酸铵（AN）和TATB两种不同性质、不同应用领域的炸药原材料为研究对象,较全面表征了原料及相应炸药配方的微观结构和性能,得到了炸药微观结构对性能的影响关系。

重点研究了硝酸铵及铵油炸药（ANFO）的微观结构及对热分解温度、雷管起爆感度等性能的影响,同时研究了TATB粉体和TATB基复合含能体系的微观结构及对热感度等性能的影响。

从N2吸附等温线形状判断,几种硝酸铵样品均属于大孔材料;硝酸铵及铵油炸药样品的微观结构因样品状态不同而有所不同:工业未膨化样品的密度大,孔隙度低,粒子表面光滑,颗粒表面突起、孔隙和裂纹相对较少;膨化后样品平均孔径未发生明显改变,但密度降低、孔隙度提高、孔隙数量显著增加,晶形严重歧化,粒子表面存在大量棱角、突起、毛孔和裂纹等缺陷,不同膨化样品的孔隙状态和表面特征又与制备条件密切相关;粉碎、过筛过程使样品颗粒尺寸更接近、形貌更规则且部分孔隙遭到破坏,因此孔隙数量减少、孔隙度降低、比表面积有所减小。

论文引入分形理论研究硝酸铵体系分形情况及颗粒粗糙程度,选择并修正了适于对硝酸铵颗粒粗糙度进行相对定量比较的分维公式,由压汞曲线和N2吸附曲线得到的分维值顺序均与SEM得到的粒子表面粗糙度顺序相吻合;分维值表明未过筛硝酸铵样品间的颗粒粗糙度差异较大,而40目样品间的颗粒粗糙度差异相对较小。

研究发现硝酸铵及铵油炸药的热感度和雷管起爆感度主要取决于样品中的孔隙数量,孔隙越多,则外界热作用或冲击波作用下形成的热点数量越多,炸药越易发生反应和起爆。

铵油炸药状态和装药条件对爆轰性能影响明显,在一定范围内,铵油炸药爆轰能力随着水分含量减少、粒度降低、装药高度增加、装药密度提高、装药直径增大而提高。

雷管起爆和爆轰实验发现,在其它条件相同情况下,铵油炸药爆轰能力大小与硝酸铵样品颗粒粗糙程度（分维）顺序一致,而与样品孔隙度或比表面积顺序不一致,表明铵油炸药颗粒粗糙程度是决定炸药爆轰能力的主要因素。

技能认证煤矿爆破工考试(习题卷2)

技能认证煤矿爆破工考试(习题卷2)第1部分：单项选择题，共41题，每题只有一个正确答案,多选或少选均不得分。

1.[单选题]采用全部充填采煤法时，（）采用可燃物作充填材料。

A)不得B)严禁C)不准答案:B解析:2.[单选题]炮眼深度为0.6～1.0 m时，封泥长度不得小于炮眼深度的（）。

A)1/2B)1/3C)1/4答案:A解析:3.[单选题]某采煤工作面在爆破处理大块岩石时发生瞎炮，正确的处理措施是（）。

A)用手将雷管拔出B)在岩块上放糊炮引爆C)在瞎炮眼0.3 m处平行打炮眼装药、爆破答案:C解析:4.[单选题]新井投产前必须进行1次矿井通风阻力测定，以后每（）年至少测定1次。

A)1B)2C)3答案:C解析:5.[单选题]开掘工作面的联线顺序应先联（）。

A)辅助眼B)周边眼C)掏槽眼答案:C解析:6.[单选题]铵梯炸药是以硝酸铵为氧化剂，梯恩梯为敏化剂，木粉为可燃剂和松散剂组成的爆炸性物质，其中梯恩梯为( )物质A)有毒性B)无毒性C)非爆炸性答案:AA)装药前、放炮前、放炮后检查瓦斯B)班前、班中、放炮后检查瓦斯C)装药前、放炮前、完工后检查瓦斯答案:A解析:8.[单选题]垂直楔形掏槽眼深度一般为巷道宽度的( )。

A)1/3B)1/4C)1/5答案:B解析:9.[单选题]矿井（）根据测风结果采取措施，进行风量调节。

A)应当B)必须C)严禁答案:A解析:10.[单选题]当钻机设置在采掘工作面回风流中时，在钻机下风侧距开孔位置（）处须设置一台甲烷传感器并具有瓦斯超限断电功能。

A)3-5mB)10-15mC)15-20mD)5-10m答案:D解析:11.[单选题]在距拒爆至少（）m 处另打同拒爆眼（）的新炮眼，重新装药爆破。

A)0.5、平行B)0.3、垂直C)0.3、平行D)0.5、垂直答案:C解析:12.[单选题]爆破后，将钥匙取下随身带好，然后拆下放炮母线并（）。

A)短接B)放好C)回收D)上井答案:A解析:13.[单选题]井上下接触爆炸材料的人员必须穿（）。

硝酸铵热危险性综合研究

(5) Ammonium nitrate oxidizing is classified as category 2. The tag symbol of solid ammonium nitrate is "flame in the ring", the signal word is "risk", and the risk illustration is “possible fuel combustion improver; antioxidant”.
Key words: ammonium nitrate, solid, solution, thermal hazard, wood powder, chloride ion
中北大学学位论文
（6）通过 C600 微量热仪测试，硝酸铵固体在密闭环境下在 271.6℃发生放热分解，加入水形成溶液后，起始分解温度在浓度 80%时低于纯硝酸铵，浓度 90%放热量大于纯硝酸铵放热量。混入 Cl-后，硝酸铵水溶液的热分解温度显著减小，随着 Cl-含量增大又呈现逐渐升高的趋势。
中北大学学位论文
and heat quantity increase. (2) When the ammonium nitrate in packing state was heated under high temperature
surface heating, there was no ignition burning before melting point; when mixed with wood powder, after severe burn in around 220℃, with the increase of the content of wood powder, the ignition temperature was on the decline.

添加剂对ANFO雷管起爆感度及作功能力的影响

添加剂对ＡＮＦ雷管起爆感度及作功能力的影响Ｏ
曾贵玉，辉，黄高大元。吕春绪，
（＿京理工大学化工学院，苏南京２０９；１南江１０４２中国工程物理研究院化工材料研究所．．四川绵阳６１０）２９０
化硝酸铵，而制得膨化铵油炸药，决了铵油炸药雷管难于起爆的问题，实际中获得广泛应用。但进解在使用中发现，膨化铵油炸药含有的大量微孔使得炸药装药密度偏低，影响了其爆炸威力。因此，研究本
主要针对ＡＮＯ雷管起爆感度低、功能力小的缺点，Ｆ作通过在ＡＮＦ中加人一定的添加剂来提高其雷ｏ管起爆感度和作功能力，并探讨添加剂对ＡＮＦ雷管起爆感度和作功能力的影响。Ｏ
可现场实施，且测试过程操作简便、同时测试炸药的雷管起爆感度和作功能力。可
为保证试验结果的可靠性和可比性，先测出ＡＮＦ的临界直径为１．首Ｏ２５ｍｍ，后在严格控制装然
药密度、装药量及装药直径的情况下，测试ＡＮＦＯ的起爆雷管感度和作功能力。据验证板上的印痕情根
收稿日期：ｏ７ｏ－６２ｏ－３１；修回日期：２０－５２０７０－８
＊
作者简介：曾贵玉（９９１６一
）男．研究员。士研究生。．副博
爆

降低农用硝酸铵爆炸特性方法的研究综述

采石场和隧道挖掘方面广泛应用的民用炸药。由于铵油炸药的制作方法简单，些地下炸药厂和极端一恐怖分子可方便地将农用硝酸铵制作成铵油炸药，
或用来牟取暴利，或用于各种恐怖活动，严重扰乱社会的经济和公共安全秩序。为了防止和遏制涉爆刑事案件和安全生产事故的发生，０２年９月国务院办公厅下发了国务院５２０２号文件《关于进一步加强民用爆炸物品安全管理的通知》将硝酸铵纳入爆炸品的范围进行管理，，并且分为工业硝酸铵和农用硝酸铵。农用硝酸铵必须经过适当的改性使之不能制成炸药才能作为农用化肥进行销售。目前国内农用硝酸铵生产厂家已经全部
硝酸铵（ＡＮ）有着广泛用途的农业氮肥之一，是随着我国高科技农业的发展，其在中国的使用量将
工的课题。生产复合（）是目前比较成熟的技混肥术。复合（肥将氮、、混）磷钾及微量元素养分配合施用，次施肥能供给作物所需的全部或大部分养分，一并可产生协同效应，促进养分被作物吸收和利用，可提高肥效１％～３％［００。复合（）混肥料生产和销售的经济效益都比单一养分的化肥好，复合肥降低了硝酸铵在化肥中的含量，从而降低了农用硝酸铵的爆炸特性。因此，多硝酸铵生产企业利用自身许
铵的基本优点外，还弥补了硝酸铵的不足。硝酸铵钙吸湿性小，以改善了硝酸铵的结块性和热稳定所性，从而降低了硝酸铵的爆炸特性。另外硝酸铵钙添加了钙质后进一步改善了肥效，养分更利于农作

非爆炸且不可还原农用硝酸铵的表征与测试技术

件下测量出热分解反应过程中时间一温度一压力三者的变
使ＮＦＮ中各组分分离出来。ＥＩＡ
２５不可乳化性测试．
采用Ｓａ－０和聚异丁烯二酰亚胺等乳化剂及通用的乳ｐｎ８
化关系。通过建立数学模型，确定出放热反应的各种动力可学参数。根据这些参数可以对ＮＩＡ的危险性进行精确ＥＦＮ
硝酸铵的气体分解发生二次反应，反应的自催化趋势得以使
缓和；添加剂与硝酸铵作用后改变了硝酸铵的分解反应历 ②
程。
３技术性能指标测定
改性硝酸铵的技术性能指标由国家化肥质量监督检测
另外，据无公害作物土壤标准ＮＹ０００ｌ分别对根５１ —２０，其重金属（、、、、、）量进行测定。测定结果表镉汞砷铅铬铜含
明，些重金属含量都不超标。这
４与普通硝酸铵生产工艺的适应性
Ｅｅｔｄｔ预调延期时间系统。近年来，编程系统，ｌｒｅⅢ ｃｏ可如ＡＥＬ的ＳｒｅⅢ ，已经确立了它们的地位，论在ＡＬｍａｔｒ也不Ｅ公司内还是矿山范围内，已对这些系统的优点及弱点有了重要认知。总的来说，期时间固定的系统趋于容易被技能较延

添加剂对硝酸铵热稳定性及爆炸性的影响

（）３
反应（）１０ｏ开始，１０～２０ｏ应显１在１Ｃ在５０Ｃ反
硝酸铵是一种在农业和工业上有广泛用途的化学品。它在常温下是稳定的，随着温度的提高以及但杂质的作用，发生分解，而严重影响和改变其物会从
４ＨＮＯｒ＋ＮＯ２Ｈ２＋０２４＋２０
石油、柴油、木粉等燃料经过简单混和后即成为爆炸物品。随着多起震惊世界的爆炸事件的发生，农用硝酸铵的爆炸特性所带来的危害引起了人们的高度重
视和警惕。为了强化治安，国政府于２０发布我０２年了国务院５号文件，２明确将硝酸铵分为工业硝酸铵和农用硝酸铵。工业硝酸铵由国家按照危险品控制，统一计划、一安排、统严格管理；用硝酸铵必须没农
硝酸铵的分子中同时存在氧化基和还原基，因而分子间的氧化还原反应可以生成ＮＯ、：Ｎ：Ｎ、Ｏ、Ｎ：Ｏ。已经证明了的硝酸铵分解反应有下列三种机
理：
５万以上的企业２家。目前，国硝铵的主要消我
费仍然是用作化肥，消费量在１０２０８～０万，占硝铵总消费量的４％～５％；次是用作民用炸药的６０其生产原料，需求量１０２０万，７～０占硝铵总消费量的４％～４％；其他用途占硝铵总消费的５～２６％
企业５Ｏ多家，生产能力达４０万，中产量在总０其

论硝酸铵自敏化的原理与安全性能

论硝酸铵自敏化的原理与安全性能摘要：硝酸铵的实际成本较为低廉，其的获取来源是非常广泛的。

目前，鉴于硝酸铵的种种优势，运用硝酸铵作为主要成分的硝铵炸药已经发展成为被广泛普及使用的工业炸药。

本文将针对硝酸铵自敏化的相应原理以及安全性能作简要的分析。

关键词：硝酸铵敏化原理安全性能硝酸铵是炸药中常用的实际氧化剂。

硝酸铵本身就是属于一种弱爆炸性的相应物质，如果想让硝酸铵的混合物具备优良的起爆感度以及相关安全性能，这就需要有效提高硝酸铵感受外界能量效用的具体敏感度。

通常来说，可以将由于运用了微量元素物质以及其他的实际能量激活方法实现了硝酸铵自身敏感度的有效提升的行为称作是硝酸铵自敏化。

硝酸铵自敏化是一种材料本质上的主动敏化，其已经逐渐发展成为了一种新型的硝酸铵敏化方式。

一、自敏化硝酸铵的简介自敏化硝酸铵主要是由已经达到饱和状态下的硝酸铵溶液通过表面活性剂的相应催化作用而形成的硝酸铵真空结晶。

自敏化硝酸铵相较于普通的硝酸铵来说，其具有十分明显的优势。

1.有较大的表面积根据相关的实验数据表明，在粒径相同的情况下，每克自敏化硝酸铵的实际表面积都要比普通状态下工业用硝酸铵的实际表面积大到四到五倍。

正是由于表面积的这个优势，使得自敏化硝酸铵在实际应用过程中对于提升爆轰反应速度以及促进反应的快速完成都是十分有用的。

2.微气孔的自敏作用在自敏化硝酸铵颗粒的实际内部结构中，一般都是存在着大量的微气孔的。

因此，可以通过相关的炸药爆炸理论推断出，由于外界能量的相应作用，可以导致自敏化硝酸铵颗粒结构中的微气孔所存在的相应气体较为容易地形成实际爆炸“热点”，实现自敏化硝酸铵与其相关产品的实际起爆敏感度的有效提升。

3.良好的物理性能在硝酸铵颗粒的实际表面上容易形成因为表面活性剂的相应作用使得存在于活性剂分子中的相关非极性基团产生的一层憎水薄膜，正是由于这层薄膜的存在使得外界的水分子接触不到自敏化硝酸铵颗粒中的硝酸铵分子。

所以说，自敏化硝酸铵的吸湿效用较普通硝酸铵来说是比较低的，其的吸湿速率相较于普通硝酸铵来说要低百分之六十左右。

几种典型添加剂对硝酸铵抗爆性能的影响

第３５卷
第６期
爆
炸
与
冲
击
Ｖ０１．３５，Ｎｏ．６ＮＯＶ．。２Ｏ１５
２０１５年１１月
ＥＸＰＬＯＳＩＯＮＡＮＤＳＨＯＣＫＷＡＶＥＳ
几种典型添加剂对硝酸铵抗爆性能的影响
吴秋洁。，谭柳，徐森，刘大斌
（５Ｏ ±Ｉ）ｍｍ，药柱的密度为（１６００ ±５０）ｋｇ／ｍ。。实验装置示意图如图１所示。
１．３样品预处理
采用机械混合和溶液混合两种方式将添加剂加入到硝酸铵中，具体处理方法：
（１）机械混合：一定比例的硝酸铵（工业级）和添加剂经球磨混合２０ｍｉｎ，置于烘箱中８０℃下干燥
（Ｉ．南京理工大学化工学院，江苏南京２１００９４；２．国家民用爆破器材质量监督检验中心，江苏南京２１００９４）
摘要：选取几种典型添加剂加入硝酸铵，采用联合国隔板实验研究其加入量、混合方式等对硝酸铵抗爆
备用；
＊３；修回日期：２０１４ — ０７ — １４基金项目：国家自然科学基金项目（５１１７４１２０）
第一作者：吴秋洁（１９８１～
），女，博士研究生，工程师，ａｄａｗｕｑｉｕｊｉｅ＠１６３．ＣＯｎ。ｒ

有效磷含量对硝酸铵溶液临界爆温的影响规律研究

１．２．１配溶液
实验采取的是浓度为８５％的硝酸铵溶液。向
８５％硝酸铵溶液（其中蒸馏水质量为１．５ｇ，硝酸铵质量为８．５ｇ）中分别加入磷酸一铵，配置成含
仪来控制加热炉的升温速率等参数（如３￣Ｃ／ｍｉｎ），在绝热状态下对爆炸罐进行加热，使罐内的样品
溶液按照一定的升温速率升温，发生化学反应，爆炸罐装有Ｅ型热电偶测量溶液样品的温度，

２０１７年第４８卷第３期
渐；２化工
一３９一
发生爆炸。在计算机上通过动态数据采集系统自行绘制出温度随时间的变化规律曲线（包括升温
标准线、罐温和内温）。１．２实验步骤
实验采用的是小容量加热试验法。用到的装置有：加热炉、爆炸罐、温控仪、热电偶、防护箱和计算机。实验装置原理：将装有磷酸一铵和硝酸铵混合溶液样品的爆炸罐置于加热炉中，通过调节温控
临界爆温的影响
考虑到仪器的局限性及药品的经济实用性，实验药品选用硝酸铵和磷酸一铵（有效五氧化二磷含量为４５％），以磷酸一铵中Ｐ。０含量作为有
效磷含量。实验采用的是２ｏＣ／ｍｉｎ、３℃／ｍｉｎ及５￣Ｃ／ｍｉｎ三个温度梯度进行测试。

提高硝酸铵炸药威力的途径研究

提高硝酸铵炸药威力的途径研究
硝酸铵炸药是一种常见的爆炸物，具有较高的威力和稳定性。

然而，在某些情况下，需要进一步提高其威力，以满足特定的需求。

本文将探讨提高硝酸铵炸药威力的途径。

1. 添加强氧化剂
硝酸铵炸药中含有的氧化剂主要是硝酸根离子。

可以添加一些强氧化剂，如过氧化物、高氯酸盐等，来增加氧化剂的含量和活性，从而提高炸药的威力。

2. 混合其他炸药
将硝酸铵炸药与其他炸药混合使用，可以产生协同效应，从而提高爆炸威力。

常见的混合炸药包括硝酸铵/燃料炸药、硝酸铵/硝化甘油炸药等。

3. 改变炸药的密度和形状
炸药的密度和形状对其威力有很大影响。

增加炸药密度或改变其形状，如制成碎片形、颗粒形等，可以增加炸药的压缩性和爆炸能量，从而提高威力。

4. 添加增强剂
增强剂是一种能够提高炸药性能的化合物。

可以添加一些增强剂，如铝粉、铜粉等，来提高炸药的威力和灵敏度。

总之，提高硝酸铵炸药威力的途径有很多，需要根据具体情况选择合适的方法。

然而，在任何情况下，都需要严格遵守相关安全规定，以确保人员和设备的安全。

运用MC法探究添加物对ANFO热稳定性的影响

运用MC法探究添加物对ANFO热稳定性的影响谢作军;郭子如;汪泉;杜明燃;李中南【期刊名称】《煤矿爆破》【年(卷),期】2017(000)001【摘要】采用C80微量量热仪探究一定量的工业用大理石粉、Na2SO4、NH4Cl、尿素这四种添加剂对多孔粒硝酸铵铵油炸药热稳定性的影响.实验结果表明,在铵油炸药中加入一定量的尿素有助于提高其外推起始分解温度,使其外推起始分解温度较纯铵油炸药提高了18.36℃,从而提高其热稳定性能.而加入一定量的NH4Cl则会降低其外推起始分解温度,使其外推起始分解温度较纯铵油炸药降低了12.01℃,使ANFO的热稳定性降低.对于大理石粉和Na2SO4的加入则对ANFO的热稳定性影响不明显.【总页数】4页(P1-3,21)【作者】谢作军;郭子如;汪泉;杜明燃;李中南【作者单位】安徽理工大学化学工程学院,安徽淮南,232001;安徽理工大学化学工程学院,安徽淮南,232001;安徽理工大学化学工程学院,安徽淮南,232001;安徽理工大学化学工程学院,安徽淮南,232001;安徽理工大学化学工程学院,安徽淮南,232001【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TQ560【相关文献】1.添加物对Ce0.5Zr0.5氧化物热稳定性的影响 [J], 吕臻;陈耀强;龚茂初2.电阻法探究喷铸温度对Zr57Cu20Al10Ni8Ag5非晶热稳定性及结构弛豫的影响[J], 祝攀拓;李小蕴3.不同添加物和制备方式对Al2O3热稳定性的影响 [J], 牛国兴;何坚铭;陈晓银;刘勇;卞麦英;何阿弟4.各种添加物对提高地衣芽胞杆α—淀粉酶热稳定性的影响 [J], 欧明仪5.MC尼龙6/纳米ZnO复合材料热稳定性的原位XRD法研究 [J], 周莉;田彦文;臧树良;张建中因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

浅谈影响膨化硝铵炸药爆速的因素

浅谈影响膨化硝铵炸药爆速的因素【摘要】本文介绍了膨化硝铵的质量、木粉的水分、混药温度、装药密度以及返工品对爆速的影响，并根据实践经验给出了更好的控制范围，对提高膨化炸药爆速具有一定的参考价值。

【关键词】膨化硝铵炸药；爆速；影响因素1引言膨化硝铵炸药作为无梯粉状工业炸药，以其成本低廉、生产安全性高、无毒无害等优点被广大厂家及客户认可，但作为一种低爆速工业炸药，其装药密度小，单位体积的做功能力较小，这是膨化硝铵炸药的缺点。

因此，在生产过程中，如何提高膨化硝铵炸药的爆炸性能研究，成为连续化膨化硝铵炸药生产厂家亟需解决的问题。

本人以生产多年膨化硝铵炸药经验出发，探讨了膨化硝铵的质量、木粉的水分、混药温度、装药密度以及返工品对爆速的影响，提出了合理的生产工艺技术参数供同行借鉴。

2 影响膨化硝铵炸药爆速的因素2.1 膨化硝铵质量对爆速的影响硝铵膨化是生产膨化硝铵炸药的技术核心[1]，也是最关键和最重要的一个环节。

膨化效果的好坏体现在膨化硝铵晶体含水份大小，气泡含量多少、气孔直径大小，过程顺畅与否，以及产量高低等方面，晶体粘度、强度、水份、微气孔及颗粒度对膨化炸药生产质量起着至关重要的作用。

影响硝铵膨化的因素有溶液浓度、温度、膨化剂用量、真空度、工艺时间和结晶温度，以及原材料的质量等。

生产过程中及时判断膨化硝铵质量是非常必要的。

目前最常用的有三种方法：堆积密度测定法、出料状态判断和经验判断。

堆积密度测定法是理化检测常用手段，也是作为判断膨化硝铵质量的重要依据；出料状态判断和经验判断相结合的方法是我们指导现场生产的主要手段。

在这里主要以膨化硝铵堆积密度为基来研究，与膨化硝铵的堆积密度愈小，即膨化质量愈好，产品的爆速愈高。

膨化硝铵质量的好坏，体现在膨化硝铵晶体含水量大小、气泡含量多少、气孔直径大小、膨化过程顺畅与否及产量高低等方面，晶体强度、水含量、微气孔及颗粒度对膨化硝铵炸药质量起至关重要作用。

因此膨化硝铵质量是保证产品性能的先决条件，一般将膨化硝铵堆积密度控制在0.42g.cm-3～0.46 g.cm-3。

无机盐添加剂对硝酸铵晶变及结块性的影响

无机盐添加剂对硝酸铵晶变及结块性的影响
蔡敏敏;陈天云;黄建祯;吕春绪
【期刊名称】《南京理工大学学报（自然科学版）》
【年(卷),期】2000(024)001
【摘要】硝酸铵是一种多晶型的物质,受外界因素影响易结块.该文通过添加无机盐对硝酸铵进行作用,并运用热分析方法及材料实验方法,针对10余种无机盐添加剂作用后对硝酸铵的晶变影响及抗压强度进行了实验研究.结果表明,几种添加剂对硝酸铵的晶变和抗结块性能有一定的改善,无机盐影响硝酸铵晶变和结块性的原因主要是结晶方式、离子半径、电荷数、离子构型等多种因素影响的结果.
【总页数】4页(P76-79)
【作者】蔡敏敏;陈天云;黄建祯;吕春绪
【作者单位】南京理工大学化工学院,南京,210094;南京理工大学化工学院,南京,210094;南京理工大学化工学院,南京,210094;南京理工大学化工学院,南
京,210094
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TQ441.2;O742.7
【相关文献】
1.微热量热计法研究几种盐对硝酸铵晶变的影响 [J], 王树涛;霸书红;程秀莲;王迪;施晓涵
2.利用DSC曲线表征添加剂对防爆硝酸铵晶变的影响 [J], 亓希国;汪旭光;夏柏如
3.添加剂对硝酸铵晶体热稳定性和防结块的影响 [J], 宋元达;汪旭光
4.探究添加剂对硝酸铵热稳定性及爆炸性的影响 [J], 王北锋;刘展利;张娅
5.添加剂对粉状硝酸铵的抗结块性研究 [J], 宋元达;汪旭光
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

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摘
要：考察了无机添加剂对农用硝酸铵拒爆性的影响。结果表明，当硝酸铵中添加３的无机改性剂ＧＪ１和１％的无机％Ｘ－０
改性剂ＧＪＸ－，２后其拒爆性能明显增强；改性后的硝酸铵按照工业炸药配方配制成铵油炸药，能被８号雷管起爆。而且改性不
后的硝酸铵颗粒强度高，不易粉化、和吸潮，结块具有优良的肥料品质。经济效益分析也表明，改性硝酸铵具有广阔的市场应
Ｋｅｒｓ：ａｙｗｏｄｍｍｏｉｍｉａｅｎｒａｉｄｉｖｓｎｕｎｔｔ；ｉｏｇｎｃａｄｔｅ；ｍｏｉｉａｉｎ；ｍｓｒｒｉｄｆｔｃｏｉｆｅｉ
维普资讯
第３４卷第１期
２００６年２月燃来自料化学学
报
Ｖｏ．４ＮＯ１１３．
Ｆｅｂ．２００６
ＪｕｎｌｆＦｅｅｓｙａｄＴｃｎｌｇｏｒａｕｌｏＣｈｍｉｔｎｅｈｏｏｙｒ
文章编号：２３２０（ｏ６ｏ－１３００５－９２ｏ）ｌ１－４４０
无机添加剂对硝酸铵拒爆性的影响研究
赵东风彭力，，王文东
（．中国石油大学（１华东）环境与安全技术中心，山东东营２７６；．中国石油化Ｔ与销售分公司，５０１２北京１０２００９）
用前景。通过ｘ射线衍射分析、扫描电子显微镜分析等对改性硝酸铵进行了表征，并对拒爆机理进行了初步探讨。关键词：硝酸铵；无机添加剂；改性；拒爆
中图分类号：９２Ｘ３文献标识码：Ａ
Ｅｆｅｔｆｉｒａｉｄｉｉｅｎｈｓｉｅｏｄｆｅｍｍｏｕｔａｅｆｃｓｏｎｏｇｎｃａｄｔｖｓｏｔｅｍｉｆｒｆｍｏｉｉｄａｎｉｍｎｉｒｔ
ＺＨＡＯｎ — ｎＥＤｏｇｆｇ，ＰＮＧｅＬｉ，ＷＡＮＧｅ．ｏｇＷｎｄｎ
（．ＥｖｒｎｎＳｆｔＴｃｎｌｙＣｎｒｈｎｎｖｒｉｅｒｌｍ（ａｔｈａ，ｎｙｎ２７６，ｈｎ；１ｎｉｍｅｔａｙｅｈｏｏｅｔ，ＣｉＵｉｓｏｔｅｏｅｇｅａｅｔｆＰｏｕＥｓＣｉ）Ｄｏｇｉｙｎｇ５０１Ｃｉａ２ｅｏｈａＣｅｃｌ．ＰｔＣｉｈｍｉｓ＆ＭａｋｔｇＣｍａｙＢＯｎ１０２，ｈｎ）ｒｎａｒｅｉｏｐｎ，ｅｉｎｇ００９Ｃｉａ
Ｗｉｅｉｃｒｏａｏｆｎｒａｉｄｉｖｓ（％ＧⅪ －ａｄ１％ＧＸ一ｔｔｏｐｒｔｎｏｏｇｎｃａｄｉｅ３ｈｈｎｉｉｔｌｎ０Ｊ２）ｉａｎｍｍｏｉｍｉａ，ｈｉｒｎｕｎｔｔｔｅｍｓｅｒｅｉｆ
ｐｏｅｔｓｃｅｉｒｖｄｓｎｆａｔ．Ｔｅｅｐｏｉｅｍｉｔｒｆｔｅｍｏｉｅｒｎｌｒａｒｐｒｅａｂｍｐｏｅｉｉｃｎｌｉｎｇｉｙｈｘｌｓｖｘｕｅｏｄｆｄｇａｕａｍｍｏｉｍｉａｅａｄｈｉｎｕｎｔｔｎｒｄｅｅｉａｃｒｉｇｔｅｉｄｓｒｌｆｒｌａｏｅｄｔｎｔｄｂ．８ｄｔｎｔｒｉｓｌｏｌｃｏｄｎｔｎｕｔａｏｍｕａｃｎｎｔｅｏａｅｙＮｏｅｏａｏ．Ｍｏｅｖｒｓａｓｆｏ－ｏｈｉｂｒｏｅ．ａａｅｃｒｎｐｕｄｆｒｌｅ．ｔｅｍｏｉｅｍｍｏｉｍｉａｅｂｈｖｄｗｅｌｆｒｔｅａｒｕｔｒｌｓｔｉｈｇａｕａｔｎｔｏｎｅｔｉｒｈｄｆｄａｉｚｉｎｕｎｔｔｅａｅｌｏｇｉｌａｅｗｉｈｇｒｎｌｒｓｅｇｒｈｃｕｕｈｒｈａｄｒｓｔｎｅｔｇｌｍｅａｉｎａｄｍｏｓｒｂｏｐｏ．Ｔｈｄｆｄａｎｅｉａｃａｇｏｒｔｎｉｔｅａｓｒｔｎｓｏｏｕｉｅｍｏｉｅｍｍｏｉｍｉａｅｗａｅｈａｔｒｅｉｎｕｎｔｔｓｔｎｃａｃｅｉｄｒｈｒｚｗｉ１ＳｔＥＭｎｌａｄＸＲＤｏｉｖｓｇｔｅｍｅｈｎｓｏｅｍｉｉｍｐｏｅｎｙｔｅｉｏｇｎｃａｄｔｅ．ｔｎｅｔａｅｔｃａｉｍｆｔｓｒｉｒｖｍｅｔｂｎｒａｉｄｉｖｓｉｈｈｆｅｈｉ
Ａｂｔａｔｓｒｃ：Ｔｈｆｃｓｏｎｒａｉｄｉｖｓｏｈｓｒｒｐｒｉｓｏｍｍｏｉｍｉａｅｗｅｅｉｖｓｇｔｄｅｅｆｔｆｉｏｇｎｃａｄｔｅｎｔｅｍｉｆｅｐｏｅｔｆａｅｉｉｅｎｕｎｔｔｒｎｅｔａｅ．ｒｉ