基础医学英语课文翻译

【Chapter 1】
The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane—as with the hinge joint of the elbow— or movement around a single axis—as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate.
颅骨不能运动,是由於骨与骨之间的连接太过紧密.但其他的关节可允许活动,如一个平面上
的前後屈身运动,如肘关节;或是绕轴心旋转运动,如枢轴点允许头部转动.
The ends of these muscles are attached to different bones by connective tissue bands so that when the muscle contracts, one bone moves in relation to the other. This makes it possible to move the whole body, as when walking, or to move jus one part of the body, as when bending a finger.
结缔组织是肌肉末端附着於不同的骨面上,所以当肌肉收缩时,两骨彼此靠近而产生运动.这
也就使整个人体可以运动起来,如走路,运动躯体某个部位,如弯曲手指.
The heart is a muscle that is divided into two nearly identical halve: one half receives blood from the lungs and sends it to the rest of the body, the other half sends blood that has traveled through the body back to the lungs.
心脏是一块被分为几乎对等两半的肌肉.一办吸收来自肺部的血液,并把血液运送到机体的其余部位,另一半使流经全身的血液回流入肺.
The trachea divides to enter each of the two lungs and then divides more than 20 times to form a very large number of small air spaces. Oxygen from the air enters the blood through capillaries in the walls of these air spaces, and the blood releases carbon dioxide into the air spaces to be exhaled.
气管分成左右支气管,各连结左右肺,左右之气管在分支20多次,在终端形成大量为小的肺泡.从空气摄取的氧气流经这些肺泡壁内的毛喜血管流入血液.血液在经肺泡把释放出的二氧化
碳排出体外.
The urinary system maintains normal levels of water and of certain small molecules such as sodium and potassium in the body. It does this by passing blood through the kidneys, two efficient filtering organs that get rid of any excess of various molecules and conserve those molecules that are in short supply.
泌尿系统维持水分及体内某些小分子物质,如钠`钾的正常水平.身体是通过让肾过滤血液来
做到这一点的.肾是两个有效的过滤器官,他滤出各种多余的小分子物质,保留那些供应不足
的小分子物质.
A major gland is the pituitary, which is located under the brain in the middle of the head. It produces at least eight hormones, which affect growth, kidney function, and development of the sex organs.
脑垂体是一个主要的腺体,他位於头中部脑下方.他至少分泌八种激素,这些激素对人体生长,肾功能及性器官发育有影响.
The female productive system is responsible for producing and transporting ova( the female sex cells), eliminating ova from the body when they are not fertilized by sperm, nourishing and provid- ing a place for growth of an embryo when an ovum is fertilized
by sperm, and nourishing a newborn child.
女性生殖系统产生,输送卵子(女性性细胞),将未受精的卵子排出体外,而当精,卵结合时,女
性生殖系统培养,提供胚胎生长场所,并孕育新生儿.
【Chapter 2】
A symptom is something a patient can de-tect, such as fever, bleeding, or pain. A sign is something a doctor can detect, such as a swollen blood vessel or an enlarged internal body organ.
症状是病人自己就能察觉到的,比如,高烧,流血,或是疼痛.而徵兆则是医生所能够观察到的,比如,血管扩张或是体内器官肿大.
The skin and mucous membranes covering the body or lining its openings offer considerable resis-tance to invasion by bacteria and other infectious organisms. If these physical barriers are injured or burned, infection resistance drops. In minor cases, only boils or pimples may develop. In major cases, however m large areas of the body might become infected.
覆盖在体表或者器官开口处的皮肤和黏膜能在很大程度上抵抗细菌或其他感染体的入侵.如
果这些屏障遭到了损坏或损伤,身体对感染的抵抗力就会下降.在一些病情较轻的病例中,疥
子和小脓胞可能会发生.在病情较重的病例中,身体的大面积区域则可能会被感染.
Breathing passages are especially vulnerable to infection. Fortunately, they are lined with mu-cus-secreting cells that trap tiny organisms and dust particles. Also, minute hairs called cilia line the breathing passages, wave like a field of wheat, and gently sweep matter out of the respiratory tract.
呼吸通道尤其容易受到感染,幸运的是,呼吸道内附盖满了能分泌黏液的细胞,他们能捕捉微
小的有机体和尘粒.另外,被叫做纤毛的细小毛发也覆盖了呼吸道,他们像微风下麦田里的小
麦一样舞动着,轻轻地将异物扫出呼吸道.
In addition, foreign mater in the breathing passages can often be ejected by nose blowing, coughing, sneezing, and throat clearing.
除此之外,呼吸道内的异物还常常因为擤鼻涕`咳嗽`打喷嚏和清喉咙而被弹出.
Unless the abscess breaks and allows the pus to drain, the infection is likely to spread.
如果脓块不破裂,里面的脓不排除掉,感染很可能会扩大.
1.Each antibody is made of a heavy chain of chemical subunits, or amino acids, and
a light chain of them. The light chain has special sites where the amino acids
can link with their com-plements on the antigen molecule.
每一个抗体由一条化学亚单位(及氨基酸)的重链和一条轻链所构成.这条轻链上有特别的部位,在那里,氨基酸能使其补体和抗原分子相连.
2.In some cases, through the process of opsonization, antibodies “butter” the
surface of some antigens and make them “tastier” to phagocytes, which engulf the antigens.
在某些情况下,通过调理素作用的过程,抗体在抗原表面涂抹上一些”奶油”,让吞噬细胞更
喜欢吞噬他们.
3.Sometimes an antibody hooks to bacterial antigen but needs an intermediate, or
complement, to actually destroy the bacterium, As the antibody-antigen complex circulates in the blood, the complex “fixes” complement to it.
在另一些情况下,抗体和一个细菌抗原合上以後,却需要一个中间体,或补体来实施对该细菌
的消灭.於是,当抗体和抗原的结合体随血液循环时,该结合体会有一个补体附体.
4.During the first day or so , antibodies against the infection cannot be found in
the blood. But this is only because the basic cells involved in antibody production have been triggered by the presence of antigen to multiply themselves.
在第一天左右,血液中没有发现对付传染病的抗体,但是,这只是因为涉及抗体制造的基本细
胞已被当前的抗原存在所触发而准备开始繁殖.
【Chapter 3】
The fleshy belly is attached to one bone while the tendon passes over a joint to become firmly attached to the adjoining bone.
肌腱跨过关节牢固连接相邻的两块骨头,而腹肌则与骨头紧密相接.
Shortening of the fleshy part of the muscle produces movement at the joint by pulling on the tendon. The tendon itself does not change in length.
腹肌收缩拉动肌腱使关节运动,而肌腱本身的长度是不变的.
The many bundles surrounded by the fibrous connective tissue fascia form the fleshy belly of the muscle.
许多纤维束又被纤维结缔组织筋膜所包绕,最後形成肌肉的肌腹部份.
The relation of the muscle bundles to the tendons is that the muscle bundles ate surrounded and held together by the fibrous connective tissue that is continuous with the fibrous connective tissue of the tendonous part of the muscle.
肌束和肌腱之间的关系是:肌束被纤维结缔组织包绕并连接在一起,纤维结缔组织又与肌键部份的结缔组织相延续.
The nerve fibers separate within a muscle with a terminal branch of the nerve going to each muscle fiber.
在一块肌肉中神经纤维可分枝出许多神经末梢,分配到每块肌纤维中.
【Chapter 4】
Flat bones are generally thin and composed of two more or less parallel plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone.
扁骨一般较薄,由两层大致平行的骨密质骨板围绕一层松质骨构成.
Bones undergoing either intramembranous or endochondral ossification are continually remodeled from he time that initial calcification occurs until the final structure appears.
自最初的钙化发生开始,骨通过膜内骨化或软骨内骨化而不断地得以重塑,直至最後结构的形成.
And still others, espe-cially the sex hormones, aid osteoblastic activity and thus
promote the growth of new bone. The sex hormones act as a double-edged sword. They aid in the growth of new bone, but they also bring about the degeneration of all the cartilage cells in epiphyseal plates.
还有其他激素,特别是性激素,协助成骨细胞活动因而促进骨生长.性激素作用具有两面性,他能促进骨生长,但也使骺板所有软骨细胞退化.
There are two principal effects of aging on the skeletal sys-tem. The first effect is the loss of calcium from bones.
衰老对骨骼系统有两个主要作用.第一个作用是骨钙丧失.
The second principal effect of aging on the skeletal system is a decrease in the rate of protein formation that results in a decreased ability to produce the organic portion of bone matrix.
衰老对骨骼系统的第二个主要影响,是蛋白质合成速度降低至使产生骨基质的有机成分的能
力下降.
【Chapter 5】
The cardiac sphincter relaxes and contracts to move food from the esophagus into the stomach, whereas the py-loric sphincter allows food to leave the stomach when it has sufficiently digested.
贲门括约肌的舒张与收缩使食物由食管入胃,而幽门括约肌却使食物在充分消化後出胃. These substances help transform food present in the stomach into a semifluid substance called chime. The pyloric sphincter allows food to pass into the small intestine only after it has been transformed into chime.
这些物质(盐酸)协助将胃内现存的食物转变成为称为食糜的半流质物质.幽门括约肌只有在
食物完全变为食糜後才将其排入小肠.
【Chapter 6】
Air enters the body through the nose and passes through the nasal cavity, which is lined with a mucous membrane and fine hairs(cilia) to help filter out foreign bodies, as well as to warm and moisten the air.
空气通过鼻进入人体内.在通过鼻腔时,其内排列的黏膜和纤毛过滤了异物,同时使进入的空
气温暖而湿润
Paranasal sinuses are hollow, air-containing spaces within the skull that communi-cate with the nasal cavity.
副鼻窦位於头颅骨内,中空含气,并与鼻腔相通.
They, too, have a mucous membrane lining and function to provide the lubricating fluid mucus, as well as to lighten the bones of the skull and help produce sound.
副鼻窦也有黏膜衬里,其功能是提供润滑黏液,减轻头颅骨负荷,以及协同发声.
It is in the hypopharyngeal region that the pharynx, serving as a common passageway for food from the mouth and air from the nose, divides into two branches, the larynx(voice box) and the esopha-gus.
下咽部是来自於嘴的食物和来自鼻的空气之共同通道,他在这里又分为两支,喉(声音盒)和食
管.
A special deterrent to this event is provided for by a flap of cartilage attached the root of the tongue that acts like a lid over the larynx.
这一起着特殊阻滞作用的物体是一层连着舌根的软骨结构,它像块盖子盖过喉.
The measure of how easily the lungs expand under pressure is compliance.
肺器之所以能在压力下轻松自如地展开,其方法就是因势利导,顺其自然.
Breathing is regulated unconsciously by center in the brainstem. These centers adjust the rate and rhythm of breathing according o changes in the composition of the blood, especially the concen-tration of carbon dioxide.
脑干里呼吸中心在不知不觉中控制和调节了呼吸.这些中心根据血液里的成分,特别是二氧化碳的浓度来调节呼吸的速率和节奏.
If too much carbon dioxide is exhaled by hyper-ventilation, body fluids tend to become more alkaline, a condition termed alkalosis. If too little car-bon dioxide is exhaled as a result of hypoventilation, body fluids tend to become more acid, a condi-tion termed acidosis.
如果因为换气过度而二氧化碳呼出过多,身体体液就容易变的偏硷性,一种被称为硷中毒的状态.然而,如果由於换气不足,二氧化碳呼出过少,身体体液就容易变的偏酸性,一种被称为酸
中毒的状态.
Lining the trachea and bronchial tree are cells that secrete mucus, which traps pollutants and bacteria. Also in the bronchi are cells containing tiny cilia, that project into the blanket of mucus and with constant wavelike motions push the mucus up out of the airways.
第一,气管和支气管树铺满能分泌黏液的细胞,它们能捕捉污染物质和细菌.第二,支气管里还有长有细小纤毛的细胞,它们深入遍布的黏液层,不停地通过波浪般的动作把黏液向上清扫出呼吸道.
【Chapter 7】
There are three major types of blood vessels, . , veins, and capillaries.
血管分为三大类,即动脉、静脉、毛细血管
The largest artery, the aorta, is about 1 inch in diameter and has the thickest wall.主动脉是最大的动脉,管腔直径约为1英寸,血管壁最厚
The capillary boundaries are the most important center of activity of the entire circulatory system.
毛细血管网是整各循环系统的最重要活动中心
Most veins are equipped with one-way valves that permit the blood to flow in only one direction.
They are most numerous in the veins of the extremities.
大多数静脉具有单向瓣膜,使血液朝着一个方向流动.在四肢的静脉中,这样的瓣膜最多
The pulmonary arteries carry blood low in oxygen from the right ventricle, while the pulmonary veins carry blood high in oxygen from the lungs into the left atrium.
肺动脉携带右心室出来的、含氧量低的血液；而肺静脉将含氧量高的血液从肺携带到左心房
Blood returning from tissues other than the lungs enters the heart by way of the venae cavae: the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava.
从组织(肺组织除外)而来的血液经腔静脉,即上腔静脉与下腔静脉,回到心脏
When the atria contract, blood in the right atrium is forced through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
当心房收缩时,右心房的血液则通过三尖瓣进入右心室
Atrial contractions force blood from the left atrium through the mitral valve, also called bicuspid valve, into the left ventricle.
心房收缩将血液从左心房挤压通过二尖瓣,进入左心室
When the ventricles contract, blood in the left ventricle is forced through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta, the body’s largest artery, for distribution to the tissues.
当心室收缩时,左心室的血液被挤压通过主动脉瓣,进入主动脉(机体内的最大动脉),然後分
配到机体的各个组织
【Chapter 8】
Oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract are absorbed into blood for transport to the tissues.
血液吸收肺部来的氧和消化道来的营养物质,并输送到组织
At the same time, carbon dioxide and other waste products of cellular metabolism are absorbed from the tissues for transport to the organs of elimination.
同时,组织的细胞代谢产生的二氧化碳和其他废物,送到排泄器官
The blood also transports hormones from endocrine glands to their target organs.血液还将内分泌腺产生的激素输送到它们的靶器官。