机械工程英语——段落翻译
机械工程英语第二版（叶邦彦陈统坚著）机械工程出版社课文翻译
Unit 1 材料的种类（1）材料的分类方法很多。
科学家常用的典型的方法是根据它们的状态分类：固体，液态或气态。
材料也分为有机（可再生）和无机材料（不可再生）。
（2）工业上，材料划分为工程材料或非工程材料。
工程材料用于制造和加工成零件的材料。
非工程材料是化学药品，燃料，润滑剂和其它用于制造又不用来加工成零件的材料。
（3）工程材料可进一步细分为：金属，陶瓷，复合材料，聚合材料，等。
Metals and Metal Alloys 金属和金属合金金属和金属合（4）金属有好的导电好导热性，很多金属有高的强度，高硬度和高的延展性。
象铁，钴，镍这些金属有磁性。
在非常低的温度下，一些金属和金属互化物变成超导体。
（5）合金和纯金属有什么区别？纯金属在元素周期表的特殊区域。
例如用于制造电线的铜和做锅和饮料罐的铝。
合金含有两种以上的金属元素。
改变金属元素的比例可以改变合金的性质。
例如，合金金属的不锈钢，是由铁，镍，和铬组成。
而黄金珠宝含有金镍合金。
（6）为什么要使用金属和合金？很多金属和合金有很高密度并用在要求质量与体积比高的的场合。
一些金属合金，象铝基合金，密度低，用在航空领域可以节省燃料。
很多合金有断裂韧度，可以承受冲击，且耐用。
金属有哪些重要属性？（7）【密度】质量除以体积叫做密度。
很多金属有相对高的密度,特别的，象聚合体。
高密度的材料常是原子量很大，象金或铅。
然而一些金属，像铝或镁密度低，就常常用在要求有金属特性而又要求低质量的场合。
（8）【断裂韧性】断裂韧度用来描述金属抗断裂的能力，特别的，当有裂纹时。
金属通常都有无关紧要的刻痕和凹坑，且有耐冲击性。
足球队员关注这一点当他确信面罩不会被击碎的时候。
（9）【塑形变形】塑性变形表述的是材料在断裂之前弯曲变形的能力。
作为工程师，我们通常设计材料使得能够在正常情况下不变形。
你不会想要一阵强烈的西风就把你的车刮得往东倾斜。
然而，有时，我们可以利用塑性变形。
汽车的承受极限就是在彻底破坏之前靠塑形变形来吸收能量。
机械工程专业英语课翻译
Unit1Two methods of designating limit dimensions are considered as standard.One method is the maximum material method in which the large dimension is placed above the smaller dimension for male parts, and the reverse is true for female parts.This method is well suited for small lot quantities because it is likely that the machinist himself may check the dimension of the parts .In so doing he will be verifying initially the large dimension of the male parts and the smaller dimension of the female part.other method is the maximum number method and is preferred by production and quality control departments .In this method of designating a dimension , the large number is always placed above the smaller number ,regardless of whether the part is male or female.两种方法都被看作是指定极限尺寸标准。
一种方法是最大的资料法,大尺寸较小的尺寸摆在上面男性部件,事实正相反对女性的部分。
机械工程英语_第二部分翻译
Unit5 INDUSTRIAL ROBOT工业机器人INTRODUCTION介绍Industrial robots are relatively new electromechanical devices that are beginning to change the appearance of modern industry. Industrial robots are not like the science fiction devices that possesshuman-like abilities and provide companionship with space traveler、Research to enable robots to “see，"hear"，“touch"，and "listen" has been underway for two decades and is beginning to bearfruit. However，the current technology of industrial robots is such that most robots contain Onlyan arm rather than all the anatomy a human possesses. Current control only allows these devicesto move from point to point in space，performing relatively simple taskes. The Robotics Instituteof America defines a robot as“a reprogramrnab le multifunction manipulator designed to movematerial，parts, tools，or other specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks. "' A NC machining center would qualify as a robot if one wereto interpret different types of machining as different functions- Most manufacturing engineers donot consider a NC machining center a robot，even though these machines hive a number of situ-ilarities. The power drive and controllers of both NC machines and robots can be quite similar.Robots, like NC machines can he powered by electrical motors，hydraulic systems，or pnetinlat tc svsterns. Control for either device can lye either open-loop or closed-loop. In fact，many of the developments used in robotics have evolved from the NC industry，and many of the manufactur-ers of robots also manufacture NC machines or NC controllers.工业机器人是相对来说较新的机电设备，它已经开始改变现代工业的面貌。
机械工程英语——段落翻译
(仅作参考）Nonferrous Metal elements other than……有色金属元素不同于称为铁的有色金属。
有色金属包括常用的轻金属，比如钛，铍；还有常用的重金属类，比如铜，铅，锡，锌。
重金属里面包换白色金属，包括锡，铅，镉；它们的熔点较低，一般是230到330摄氏度。
高温有色金属包括钼，铌，钽，钨。
钨在所有金属中具有最高的熔点，达到了3400摄氏度。
除铁以外的金属合金被称为有色合金，合金之间可能的组合几乎是无限的。
Stress and strain Stress is defined as……压力是用来定义抵抗材料面对外力和外载荷时的性能指标。
它是根据外在受力的每一份面积来衡量的。
正应力是垂直作用在材料表面上的，也就是指的拉伸和压缩。
另外一种定义是说压力是根据力的作用面积来计算它的数值的。
有一种猜想声称，压力是作用在每个粒子大小的面积上的力综合起来构成的整个作用面上的综合力。
如果确实如此的话，压力就是均衡分布的。
力和力作用的面积可以用来计算出材料内部产生的压力。
随着分极光和光弹性塑料模型的应用，很有可能测算出压力的密度。
Now that we……目前我们认识到了诸多问题如资源有限，能源浪费，材料加工的有害副产品和原材料弃置，期望我们每个人都将接受材料方面的知识确保我们的自然资源被最好的利用并且用工程材料技术来保护环境。
The primary purpose of……退火的主要作用是软化硬钢以便加工或冷加工。
这经常在把零件加热到奥氏体略高于临界温度时达成。
放置原位直到零件温度全部统一，并且在可控频率下缓慢冷却，为了表面温度和零件中心温度大致相同。
这个过程我们称为完全退火。
因为消除之前的微量结构，提炼出晶体结构，并软化金属。
退火也能把之前成型的金属消除内应力。
A machine screw is……机械螺钉的螺纹占了柄的全部长度；螺栓只有部分螺纹。
图9.1注明了所用的专业术语。
因此螺栓，像是螺钉，提供合适的轴承表面以应对外部剪切载荷，螺钉主要依靠在紧密装配表面之间引起摩擦在相同条件下保持紧固力。
机械工程英语课文翻译
机械工程英语课文翻译Introduction在机械工程领域中，掌握英语是非常重要的技能。
本篇文章将介绍一篇机械工程英语课文的翻译，旨在帮助读者提升英语水平和理解机械工程领域的专业术语。
原文原文标题：Introduction to Mechanical Engineering原文内容：Mechanical engineering is a broad field that encompasses various aspects of engineering. It deals with the design, analysis, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. Mechanical engineers are responsible for creating and improving the machines and systems that enable different industries to function efficiently.The field of mechanical engineering has a long history, dating back to ancient civilizations such as the Greeks and Egyptians. However, it wasn’t until the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century that mechanical engineering became a distinct discipline. This period saw the rise of factories and the need for efficient machines to drive industrial processes.Modern mechanical engineers work on a wide range of projects, from designing and constructing buildings to developing advanced robotics and aerospace systems. They utilize their knowledge of physics, mathematics, and materials science to analyze and solve complex engineering problems.翻译翻译标题：机械工程导论机械工程是一个包含各个工程学科的广泛领域。
《机械工程专业英语教程》课文翻译
Lesson 1 力学的基本概念1、词汇：statics [stætiks] 静力学；dynamics动力学；constraint约束；magnetic [mæɡ＇netik]有磁性的；external [eks＇tə:nl] 外面的, 外部的；meshing啮合；follower从动件；magnitude [＇mæɡnitju:d] 大小；intensity强度，应力；non-coincident [kəu＇insidənt]不重合；parallel [＇pærəlel]平行；intuitive 直观的；substance物质；proportional [prə＇pɔ:ʃənəl]比例的；resist抵抗，对抗；celestial [si＇lestjəl]天空的；product乘积；particle质点；elastic [i＇læstik]弹性；deformed变形的；strain拉力；uniform全都相同的；velocity[vi＇lɔsiti]速度；scalar[＇skeilə]标量；vector[＇vektə]矢量；displacement代替；momentum [məu＇mentəm]动量；2、词组make up of由……组成；if not要不，不然；even through即使，纵然；Lesson 2 力和力的作用效果1、词汇：machine 机器；mechanism机构；movable活动的；given 规定的，给定的，已知的；perform执行；application 施用；produce引起，导致；stress压力；applied施加的；individual单独的；muscular [＇mʌskjulə]]力臂；gravity[ɡrævti]重力；stretch伸展，拉紧，延伸；tensile[tensail]拉力；tension张力，拉力；squeeze挤；compressive 有压力的，压缩的；torsional扭转的；torque转矩；twist扭，转动；molecule [m likju:l]分子的；slide滑动; 滑行；slip滑，溜；one another 互相；shear剪切；independently独立地，自立地；beam梁；compress压；revolve (使)旋转；exert [iɡ＇zə:t]用力，尽力，运用，发挥，施加；principle原则, 原理，准则，规范；spin使…旋转；screw螺丝钉；thread螺纹；2、词组a number of 许多；deal with 涉及，处理；result from由什么引起；prevent from阻止，防止；tends to 朝某个方向；in combination结合；fly apart飞散；3、译文：任何机器或机构的研究表明每一种机构都是由许多可动的零件组成。
机械专业英语短文带翻译
机械工程师的关键责任之一是设计与分析机械系统。这涉及使用计算机辅助设计（CAD）软件创建系统的详细三维模型，并在不同条件下模拟其性能。通过分析作用于系统组件的力、应力和振动，机械工程师可以优化设计，确保安全、可靠和高效。
Case Study: Designing an Automotive Suspension System
案例研究：汽车悬挂系统设计
例如，让我们考虑一下汽车悬挂系统的设计。悬挂系统负责在保持车辆稳定控制的同时提供平稳的行驶。机械工程师使用CAD软件设计悬挂系统的各个组件，例如弹簧、减振器和控制臂。
在完成初始设计后，工程师将使用有限元分析（FEA）软件对系统进行分析。这样可以模拟系统在不同的道路条件下（如坑洼或减速带）的行为。通过分析组件中的应力和位移，工程师可以确定潜在的设计问题，并进行必要的修改，以改善悬挂系统的性能和安全性。
For example, let's consider the design of an automotive suspension system. A suspension system is responsible for providing a smooth ride while maintaining the stability and control of the vehicle. A mechanical engineer would use CAD software to design the various components of the suspension system, such as the springs, dampers, and control arms.
After the initial design is complete, the engineer would then analyze the system using finite element analysis (FEA) software. This allows them to simulate the behavior of the system under different road conditions, such as potholes or speed bumps. By analyzing the stresses and displacements in the components, the engineer can identify potential design issues and make necessary modifications to improve the performance and safety of the suspension system.
(完整版)机械类专业英语课文参考翻译
第一课Text:It is known that metals are very important in our life. Metals have the greatest importance for industry. All machines and other engineering[7endVi5niEriN] constructions have metal[5metl] parts; some of them consist only of metal parts.众所周知，金属在我们的生活中是非常重要的，金属对于工业而言是有巨大的重要性，所有机器和其他工程构造都有金属零部件，其中一些还只能由金属组成。
There are two large groups of metals:1) Simple metal- more or less pure chemical elements[5elimEnt]2) Alloys[5AlCi]- materials consisting of a simple metal combined with some other elements.有两大类金属：（1）纯金属——或多或少的金属元素（2）合金——组成纯金属的原料结合其他元素。
About two thirds of all elements found in the earth are metals, but not all metals may be used in industry. Those metals which are used in industry are called engineering metals. The most important engineering metalis iron[5aiEn], which in the form of alloys with carbon[5kB:bEn] and other elements, finds greater use than any other metal. Metals consisting of iron combined with some other elements are known as ferrous[5ferEs] metals; all the other metals are called nonferrous[5nCn5ferEs] metals. The most important nonferrous metal arecopper[5kCpE], aluminum[E5lju:minEm], lead[li:d], zinc[ziNk], tin[tin], but all these metals are used muchless than ferrous metals, because the ferrous metals are much cheaper.在地球上发现的所有元素中，大约三分之二是金属元素，但是并不是所有的金属都能够用于工业上。
机械工程专业英语的某些单词和句子翻译
英译汉1.tolerance公差 puter-aided manufacturing计算机辅助制造 3.numerically controlled machines数控机床 4.necking颈缩 5.turning，drilling and boring operation 6.formability and machinability成形与可加工性 7.assembly lines装配线 8.dimensional accuracy尺寸精度 9.cross-sectional area横截面积 10.percentage elongation伸长率 11.structural strength结构强度 12.stress-strain curver应力应变曲淬火和内应力 14.earthmoving and construction equipment线 13.quenching and internal stresses土建设备 15.straightening operation 16.cracking and distortoon断裂和扭曲变形 17.light service at fractional horsepower小马力轻载 18.screw pump螺杆泵 19.steel sheet and rolled-steel shapes钢板和滚压成型钢 20.straightening operation矫正操作 21.sensing devices 传感器 21.digital or pulse motor数字与脉冲马达 22.drilling钻 boring齿轮加工镗 reaming铰 gear-cutting operations齿轮加工汉译英1.切削刀具cutting tools 2.紧固件，如螺母fasteners such as nuts 3.刚和铸铁steels and cast irons 4.马氏体和奥氏体martensite and autenite 5.机械特性mechanical properties puter-aided manufacturing计算机辅助制造 7.数控系统numerically controlled systems 8.大批量生产技术mass production techology 9.控制单元control units 10.靠模附件profiling attachment 11.弹性模量和伸长率elastic modulus and percentage elongation 12.规模经济economy of scale 13.闭环系统close-loop system 14.有色金属non-ferrous 15.液压系统hydraulic system 16.弹性和屈服极限elastic and yield limit 17.龙门刨工作台低碳钢和合金钢low-carbon steel and alloy steel 18.pianner-table 短句：1、low carbon steels do not become hard when subjected to such a heat treatment, because of the sma ll amount of carbon contained.当经历热处理、低碳钢不会变硬、因为含有少量碳。
机械工程专业英语_原文翻译
5.1 IntroductionConventional machining is the group of machining operations that use single- or multi-point tools to remove material in the form of chips. Metal cutting involves removing metal through machining operations. Machining traditionally takes place on lathes, drill presses, and milling machines with the use of various cutting tools. Most machining has very low set-up cost compared with forming, molding, and casting processes. However, machining is much more expensive for high volumes. Machining is necessary where tight tolerances on dimensions and finishes are required.5.1 译文传统机械加工是一组利用单刃或者多刃刀具以切屑形式去除材料的加工方式。
金属切削意味着通过机械加工去除金属。
传统的机械加工都是利用不同的刀具在车床、钻床和铣床上进行的。
与成型加工、锻压和铸造工艺相比，大多数机械加工的生产准备成本都较低，然而如果是大批量生产，其成本要高得多。
当对零件的尺寸公差和光洁度要求较高时，机械加工是很有必要的。
5.2 Turning and LatheTurning is one of the most common of metal cutting operations. In turning, a workpiece is rotated about its axis as single-point cutting tools are fed into it, shearing away excess material and creating the desired cylindrical surface. Turning can occur on both external and internal surfaces to produce an axially-symmetrical contoured part. Parts ranging from pocket watch components to large diameter marine propeller shafts can be turned on a lathe.Apart from turning, several other operations can also be performed on lathe.axially ['æksiəli] adv.轴向地symmetrical [si'metrikəl] a. 对称的cylindrical [si'lindrikl] a.圆柱形的contoured ['kɔntuəd] a.显示轮廓的，与某种形体轮廓相吻合的译文:在金属切削加工操作中，车削是最常见的一种。
机械工程英语原文+翻译完整版
机械工程英语原文+翻译完整版第一单元Types of Materials材料的类型Materials may be grouped in several ways. Scientists often classify materials by their state: solid, liquid, or gas. They also separate them into organic (once living) and inorganic (never living) materials.材料可以按多种方法分类。
科学家常根据状态将材料分为：固体、液体或气体。
他们也把材料分为有机材料(曾经有生命的)和无机材料(从未有生命的)。
For industrial purposes, materials are divided into engineering materials or nonengineering materials. Engineering materials are those used in manufacture and become parts of products.就工业效用而言，材料被分为工程材料和非工程材料。
那些用于加工制造并成为产品组成部分的就是工程材料。
Nonengineering materials are the chemicals, fuels, lubricants, and other materials used in the manufacturing process, which do not become part of the product.非工程材料则是化学品、燃料、润滑剂以及其它用于加工制造过程但不成为产品组成部分的材料。
Engineering materials may be further subdivided into: ①Metal ②Ceramics ③Composite ④Polymers, etc.工程材料还能进一步细分为：①金属材料②陶瓷材料③复合材料④聚合材料，等等。
机械工程英语翻译
• Drilling and Drills钻削和钻头Drilling involves producing through or blind holes in a workpiece by forcing a tool, which rotates around its axis, against the workpiece.钻削就是通过迫使绕自身轴线旋转的切削刀具进入工件而在其上生成通孔或盲孔。
Consequently, the range of cutting from that axis of rotation is equal to the radius of the required hole. In practice, two symmetrical cutting edges that rotate about the same axis are employed.因此，从旋转轴线开始的切削范围等于所需孔的半径。
实际上，使用的是两条围绕相同轴线旋转的对称切削刃。
Drilling operations can be carried out by using either hand drills or drilling machines. The latter differ in size and construction. Nevertheless, the tool always rotates around its axis while the workpiece is kept firmly fixed. This is contrary to drilling on a lathe.钻削作业既能采用手钻也能采用钻床来实现。
钻床在尺寸和结构上虽有差别，然而始终都是切削刀具围绕自身轴线旋转、工件稳固定位的形式。
这正好与在车床上钻孔相反。
Cutting Tool for Drilling OperationIn drilling operations, a cylindrical rotary-endcutting tool, called a drill, is employed. The drill can have either one or more cutting edges and corresponding flutes, which can be straight or helical.用于钻削作业的切削刀具在钻削作业中，要用到被称为钻头的圆柱形回转端切削刀具。
机械工程专业英语第二版必考翻译(完整版)
机械工程专业英语第二版必考翻译(完整版)1.With low-power machinery or vehicles the operator can usually apply sufficient force through a simple mechanical linkage from the pedle or handle to the stationary part of the brake. In many cases, however, this force must be multiplied by using an elaborate braking system.（P5）用低能机器或传力工具，操作者通过向踏板或把手的一个简单机械连接构件作用足够的力量到车闸固定的部分。
大多数情况，然而，用一个详细（复杂）的车闸系统使这个力量成倍增加。
2. The fundamental principle involved is the use of pressed air acting through a piston in a cylinder to set block brakes on the wheels. The action is simultaneous on the wheels of all the cars in the train. The pressed air is carried through a strong hose from car to car with couplings between cars; its release to all the separate block brake units, at the same time, is controlled by the engineer. (Braking Systems)（P5）相关的基本原理是使用压缩气体，通过气缸内的活塞将闸块压在车轮起作用。
《机械工程专业英语教程》课文翻译
机械工程专业英语教程第一课：机械工程简介Introduction to Mechanical EngineeringSection 1: OverviewMechanical engineering is a diverse and dynamic field that encompasses the design, development, and operation of machinery, structures, and systems. This branch of engineering plays a crucial role in various industries, including automotive, aerospace, manufacturing, and energy.Section 2: Responsibilities and SkillsAs a mechanical engineer, your responsibilities will include designing and analyzing mechanical systems, conducting tests and experiments, and supervising the manufacturing process. You will also need to have a strong understanding of physics, mathematics, and computer-aided design (CAD). Additionally, problem-solving skills, attention to detail, and the ability to work well in teams are essential.Section 3: Career OpportunitiesA degree in mechanical engineering can open up a wide range of career opportunities. You could work in research and development, product design, manufacturing, or projectmanagement. Mechanical engineers are in demand in almost every industry, ensuring a stable and rewarding career path.Section 4: University CoursesTo become a mechanical engineer, it is essential to pursue a degree in mechanical engineering from a reputable university. The curriculum typically includes courses in engineering principles, materials science, thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and mechanical design. Additionally, practical training through internships or cooperative education programs is crucial for gaining hands-on experience.Section 5: ConclusionMechanical engineering offers a challenging and rewarding career for those with a passion for solving problems and a desire to create innovative solutions. With the right education and skills, you can embark on a successful journey in the field of mechanical engineering. Remember, the possibilities are endless in this ever-evolving discipline.第二课：机械设计基础Fundamentals of Mechanical DesignSection 1: IntroductionIn this lesson, we will explore the fundamentals of mechanical design. Mechanical design involves the creation and development of physical systems and components that meet specific requirements and specifications. This processrequires a deep understanding of materials, mechanics, and engineering principles.Section 2: Design ProcessThe design process typically follows a systematic approach that includes several stages. These stages include problem identification, conceptual design, detailed design, manufacturing, and testing. Each stage involves various activities such as brainstorming, prototyping, and evaluation.Section 3: Design ConsiderationsDuring the design process, there are several important considerations to keep in mind. These include functionality, efficiency, reliability, safety, and cost-effectiveness. It is also crucial to consider the environmental impact and sustainability of the design.Section 4: Tools and SoftwareTo aid in the design process, engineers use various tools and software. Computer-aided design (CAD) software allows for precise modeling and simulation of mechanical systems. Finite element analysis (FEA) software helps in analyzing the structural integrity and performance of designs.Section 5: Case StudyTo further understand the application of mechanical design principles, we will examine a case study. This real-world example will demonstrate how the design process isimplemented to solve a specific problem and achieve desired outcomes.Section 6: ConclusionMechanical design is a critical aspect of mechanical engineering. It requires a combination of creativity, technical knowledge, and attention to detail. By mastering the fundamentals of mechanical design, you will be well-equippedto tackle complex challenges and contribute to the development of innovative solutions.以上是《机械工程专业英语教程》的课文翻译。
机械工程专业英语翻译整理
53 Industrial RobotsThere are a variety of definitions of the term industrial robot. Depending on the definition used, the number of robot installations worldwide varies widely. Numerous single-purpose machines are used in manufacturing plants that might appear to be robots. These machines can only perform a single function and can not be reprogrammed to perform a different function. Such single-purpose machine is do not fit the definition for industrial robots that is becoming widely accepted.关于工业机器人的定义有很多。
采用不同的定义，全世界各地机器人的数量就会发生很大的变化。
在制造工厂中使用的许多单用途机器可能会看起来像机器人。
这些机器人只有单一的功能，不能通过重新编程的方式去完成不同的工作。
这种单一用途的机器人不能满足被人们日益广泛接受的关于工业机器人的定义。
An industrial robot is defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose manipulator, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications.国际标准化组织(ISO)对工业机器人的定义为：一种能够自动控制的、可重复编程的多功能操作机，它可以是固定式的，也可以是移动式的，应用于工业自动化领域。
机械工程专业英语参考译文
机械工程专业英语参考译文机械工程专业英语参考译文机械工程是一门涉及设计、制造、控制和维护机械系统的学科，涉及到许多不同的领域，包括制造业、航空航天、汽车、能源和医疗设备等。
机械工程专业英语是机械工程领域中非常重要的语言工具，以下是一些常见的机械工程专业英语词汇和短语:1. Machine Tools - 机器工具Machine tools are tools that are used to perform precision machining operations on materials. They include drills, mills, lathes, routers, and other tools that are used to create precision parts and assemblies.2. Material - 材料Material is any substance that is in a solid, liquid, or gas state. It can be made from a variety of materials, such as metals, ceramics, plastics, and papers. In engineering, material refers to the physical and chemical properties of a material that determine its behavior in a particular application.3. Design - 设计Design refers to the process of creating a plan or concept for a particular object or system. It involves analyzing the needs and requirements of a particular application, and thenusing geometry, math, and other tools to create a visual representation of the object or system.4. Tolerance - 公差Tolerance is the allowance for error or variation that is allowed in a manufacturing process. It is the amount of variation that is acceptable in a product or component before it is considered to be within specification. In engineering, tolerance refers to the accuracy with which a component or system is designed to operate.5. machinist - 机械工程师Machinist is a professional in the field of mechanical engineering who specializes in the design, construction, and maintenance of machine tools. Machinists typically work in manufacturing plants, tool and die shops, and other industrial settings.6. lathe - 车床Lathe is a machine tool that is used to machine rotationally symmetric objects, such as shafts, gears, and camshafts. It includes a bed, a turret, and a spindle that rotates the workpiece around its axis.7. milling machine - 铣床Milling machine is a machine tool that is used for precisionmachining of materials. It includes a spindle that rotates a cutting tool, which can be a carbide or other hard tool, around its axis. milling machines are commonly used for machining metals, ceramics, and other materials.8. precision - 精度Precision refers to the accuracy and reliability of a machine tool or other industrial equipment. It is the ability of a tool to produce parts or assemblies that are within specified tolerance limits, and is often measured in units of accuracy, such as microns or inches.9. toolholder - 刀具夹具Toolholder is a device that is used to hold a cutting tool in a machine tool. It typically includes a base, a support surface, and a nose that supports the tool at a desired angle and distance from the workpiece.10. fastener - 紧固件Fastener is any device that is used to join two or more objects together. They include nuts, bolts, screws, pins, and other devices that are used to secure components together. In engineering, fasteners refer to the materials and techniques used to install and secure fasteners.以上是一些机械工程专业英语词汇和短语的示例，这些词汇和短语在机械工程领域中非常重要，掌握它们可以帮助机械工程专业的学生和从业者更好地理解和应用机械工程知识。
机械工程专业英语原文翻译 哈工版
2、应力和应变在任何工程结构中独立的部件或构件将承受来自于部件的使用状况或工作的外部环境的外力作用。
如果组件就处于平衡状态,由此而来的各种外力将会为零,但尽管如此,它们共同作用部件的载荷易于使部件变形同时在材料里面产生相应的内力。
有很多不同负载可以应用于构件的方式。
负荷根据相应时间的不同可分为:(a)静态负荷是一种在相对较短的时间内逐步达到平衡的应用载荷。
(b)持续负载是一种在很长一段时间为一个常数的载荷, 例如结构的重量。
这种类型的载荷以相同的方式作为一个静态负荷; 然而,对一些材料与温度和压力的条件下,短时间的载荷和长时间的载荷抵抗失效的能力可能是不同的。
(c)冲击载荷是一种快速载荷(一种能量载荷)。
振动通常导致一个冲击载荷, 一般平衡是不能建立的直到通过自然的阻尼力的作用使振动停止的时候。
(d)重复载荷是一种被应用和去除千万次的载荷。
(e)疲劳载荷或交变载荷是一种大小和设计随时间不断变化的载荷。
上面已经提到，作用于物体的外力与在材料里面产生的相应内力平衡。
因此,如果一个杆受到一个均匀的拉伸和压缩，也就是说, 一个力,均匀分布于一截面,那么产生的内力也均匀分布并且可以说杆是受到一个均匀的正常应力,应力被定义为应力==负载 P /压力 A,因此根据载荷的性质应力是可以压缩或拉伸的,并被度量为牛顿每平方米或它的倍数。
如果一个杆受到轴向载荷，即是应力，那么杆的长度会改变。
如果杆的初始长度L和改变量△L已知，产生的应力定义如下:应力==改变长△L /初始长 L因此应力是一个测量材料变形和无量纲的物理量 ,即它没有单位;它只是两个相同单位的物理量的比值。
一般来说,在实践中,在荷载作用下材料的延伸是非常小的, 测量的应力以*10-6的形式是方便的, 即微应变, 使用的符号也相应成为ue。
从某种意义上说，拉伸应力与应变被认为是正的。
压缩应力与应变被认为是负的。
因此负应力使长度减小。
当负载移除时，如果材料回复到初始的，无负载时的尺寸时，我们就说它是具有弹性的。
机械工程英语原文+翻译
Unit 6 Injection MoldingInjection molding (Fig 6.1) is the predominant process for fabrication of thermoplastics into finished forms, and is increasingly being used for thermosetting plastics, fiber-filled composites, and elastomers.It is the process of choice for tremendous variety of parts ranging in weight from 5g to 85g. It is estimated that 25% of all thermoplastics molded. If newer modification, such as reaction injection molding, and the greatly increased rate of adoption of plastics as substitutes for metals are considered, it is likely that the worldwide industrial importance of injection molding will continue to increase. Currently, probably close to half of all major processing units is injection molding machines. In 1988, a dollar sale of new injection molding machinery in the U.S. was approximately 65% of total major polymer machinery sales volume; this included 4,600 injection molding units. The machines and their products are ubiquitous and are synonymous with plastics for many people.A reciprocating screw injection molding machine combines the functions of extruder and a compressive molding press. It takes solid granules of thermoplastic resin, melts and pressurizes them in the extruder section, forces the melt at high velocity and pressure through carefully designed flow channels a cooled mold, then ejects the finished part(s), and automatically recycles. This machine is a descendant of the plunger type “stuffing machine” patented by the Hyatt brothers in 1872 to mold celluloid. In 1878, th e Hyatts developed the first multicavity mold, but it was not until 1938 that Quillery (France) patented a machine incorporating a screw to plasticize the elastomer being molded. In 1956, Ankerwerk Nuremberg commercialized the modem reciprocating screw injection molding machine for thermoplastics. Today, over 50 machine manufacturers are listed in Modern Plastics Encyclopedia, offering machines to the U.S. market ranging from 2 to 6,000 tons clamping capacity. (A machine with a 10,000-ton capacity has been built to mold 264-gallon HDPE trash containers.) A host of suppliers of auxiliary equipment, molds, instruments, and controls service this major segment of the polymer industry.Injection molding is particularly worthy of intensive study because it combines many areas of interest extrusion, mold design, rheology, sophisticated hydraulic and electronic controls, robotic accessories, design of complex products, and, of course, the integration of materials science and process engineering. The objectives of injection molding engineers are simple enough: to obtain minimum cycle time with minimum scrap, to attain specified product performance with assurance, to minimize production costs due to downtime or any other reasons, and to steadily increase in expertise and competitiveness. Profit margins forcustom injection molders are said to be generally skimpy; an established way to improve profits is to be selected for more demanding, higher margin jobs demand the highest level of efficiency and competence.This text will concentrate on the reciprocating screw machine thermoplastics, which has largely replaced the older reciprocating plunger types except for very small-capacity machines.Injection Molding MaterialsIt is not possible to injection-mold all polymers. Some polymers like PTFE (Poly-tetre-fluoro-ethylene), cannot be made to flow freely enough to make them suitable for injection molding. Other polymers, such as a mixture to resin and glass fiber in woven or mat form, are unsuitable by their physical nature for use in the process. In general, polymers which are capable of being brought to a state of fluidity can be injection-molded.The vast majority of injection molding is applied to thermoplastic polymers. This class of materials consists of polymers which always remain capable of being softened by heat and of hardening on cooling, even after repeated cycling. This is because the long-chain molecules of the material always remain as separate entities and do not from chemical bonds to one another. An analogy car, be made to a block of ice that can be softened (i.e. turned back to liquid), poured into any shape cavity, and then cooled to become a solid again. This property differentiates thermoplastic materials from thermosetting ones. In the latter type of polymer, chemical bonds are formed between the separate molecule chains during processing. In this case the chemical bonding referred to as cross linking is the hardening mechanism.In general, most of the thermoplastic materials offer high impact strength, corrosion resistance, and easy processing with good flow characteristics for molding complex designs. Thermoplastic are generally divided into two classes: namely crystalline and amorphous. Crystalline polymers have an ordered molecular arrangement, with a sharp melting point. Due to the ordered arrangement at molecules, the crystalline polymers reflect most incidents light and generally appear opaque. They also undergo a high shrinkage or reduction in volume during solidification. Crystalline polymers usually are more resistant to organic solvents and have good fatigue and wear-resistant properties. Crystalline polymers also generally are denser and have better mechanical properties than amorphous polymers. The main exception to this ruler is polycarbonate, which is the amorphous polymer of choice for high-quality transparent molding, and has excellent mechanical properties.The mechanical properties of thermoplastics, while substantially lower than those of metals, can be enhanced for some applications through the addition of glass fiber reinforcement. This takes the form of short-chopped fibers, a few millimeters in length, which are rsndomly mixed with the thermoplastic resin.The fibers occupy up to one third of the material volume to considerably improve the material strength and stiffness. The negative effect of this reinforcement is usually a decrease in impact strength and an increase in abrasiveness. The latter also has an effect on processing since the life of the mold cavity reduced from1,000,000 parts for plain resin parts to about 300,000 for glass-filled parts.Perhaps the main weakness of injection-molded parts is the relatively low service temperatures to which they can be subjected. Thermoplastic components an only rarely be operated continuously above 250℃, with an absolute upper service temperature of about 400℃. The temperature at which a thermoplastic can be operated under load can be defined qualitatively by the heat deflection temperature. This is the temperature at which a simply supported beam specimen of the material, with a centrally applied load, reaches a predefined. The temperature value obviously depends upon the conditions of the test and the allowed deflection and for this reason, the test value are only really useful for comparing different polymers.Cycle of OperationThe reciprocating screw injection molding machine is considered as consisting of two: a fixed injection side, and a movable clamp side. The injection side-contain the extruder that receives solid resin in pellet or granular form and converts it into a viscous liquid or melt that can be forced through the connecting nozzle, spine, and runners to the gates that lead into the mold cavities. The mold is tightly clamped against injection pressure and is cooled well below the melt temperature of the thermoplastic. When the parts in the cavities have cooled sufficiently the mold halves are opened at the mold parting plane and the parts ejected by a knockout system drop into a receiving bin below. This summarizes the overall cycle, but leaves out much vital detail that is necessary for understanding the process. However, with this introduction, it is possible to understand the advantages and disadvantages of the process.Effects of Process Variables on OrientationIn injection molding, any variation in processing that keeps the molding resin hot throughout filling allows increased and, therefore, decreased orientation. Some of the stepsthat can be taken to reduce orientation are as follows.Faster injection (up to a point): less cooling during filling, hence a thinner initial frozen layer, lower viscosity due to shear thinning; better flow to corners; and less crystallinity all favor lower subsurface orientation. The primary effect is that the gate will freeze more quickly. At that point, orientation stops and relaxation starts.Higher melt and mold temperature: lower melt viscosity, easier filling, and greater relaxation favor reduced orientation.Reduced packing time and pressure: overpacking inhibits relaxation processes.Reduce gate size: larger gates take longer to freeze off and permit increased orientation.Excessively high injection speed can cause high surface orientation and increase susceptibility to stress cracking. For example, molding that are to be electroplated, and will be subject to acid solutions during plating, must be made using very slow injection speeds to minimized surface orientation. On the other hand, the transverse motion component of the melt front in most molding can cause transverse subsurface orientation superimposed on the primary orientation, giving a desirable biaxial orientation effect.Orientation can be seriously increased by obstruction to flow during filling of the cavity. Flow around an obstruction causes a decrease in melt front speed and leads to high local viscosity and reduced relaxation. This is also likely to occur near the end of the filling phase if gating is inadequate.The molder must recognize the dangers of excessive fill speed, insufficient injection pressure, excessive melt temperature, and inadequate packing. These dangers are weighed against the opposing effects on orientation discussed above. Thicker parts delay cooling and increase relaxation time and tend to result in lower orientation. Thicker parts also tend to warp less. Therefore, a minimum wall thickness can be established by experience for various shapes, materials, and process combinations. Lower molecular weight broader molecular weigh distribution in thermoplastic favor lower orientation and reduced internal stress in moldings.The skin thickness ratio is affected by process variables in the same way as one would predict for the orientation; that is, it decrease as the melt for mold temperatures and cavity pressure increases. Thensile strength and stiffness increase as skin thickness ratio increases. Microscopic examination thus provides another way of studying the process efficiently.Advantages1. High production rates. For example, a CD disk can be produced with a 10-12s cyclein high melt flow index PC.2. Relatively low labor content. One operator can frequently take care of two or more machines, particularly if the moldings are unloaded automatically onto conveyors.3. Parts require little or no finishing. For example, flash can be minimized and molds can be arranged to automatically separate runners and gates from the part itself.4. Very complex shapes can be formed. Advances in mold tooling are largely responsible.5. Flexibility of design (finishes, colors, inserts, materials).More than one material can be molded through co-injection. Foam core materials with solid skins are efficiently produced. Thermosetting plastics and fiber-reinforced shapes are injection molded.6. Minimum scrap loss. Runners, gates, and scrap can usually be reground. Recycled thermoplastics can be injection molded.7. Close tolerances are obtainable. Modem microprocessor controls, fitted to precision molds, fitted to precision molds, and elaborate hydraulics, facilitate tolerances in the 0.1% range on dimensions and weights (but not without a high level of operational skills in constant attendance).8. Makes best use of the unique attributes of polymers, such as flow ability, light weight, transparency, and corrosion resistance. This is evident from the number and variety of molded plastic products everyday use.Disadvantages and Problems1. High investment in equipment tools requires high production volumes.2. Lack of expertise and good preventive maintenance can cause high startup and running costs.3. Quality is sometimes difficult to determine immediately. For example, post-mold warpage may render parts unusable because of dimensional changes that are not completed for weeks or months after molding.4. Attention is required on many details requiring a wide variety of skills and cross-disciplinary knowledge.5. Part design sometimes is not well suited to efficient molding.6. Lead time for mold design, mold manufacture and debugging trials is sometimes very long.第六章注塑成型注塑成型主要是将热塑性材料加工成半成品的过程，也越来越多地用于热固性塑料，纤维填充复合材料，弹性体的加工。
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(仅作参考）
Nonferrous Metal elements other than……
有色金属元素不同于称为铁的有色金属。
有色金属包括常用的轻金属，比如钛，铍；还有常用的重金属类，比如铜，铅，锡，锌。
重金属里面包换白色金属，包括锡，铅，镉；它们的熔点较低，一般是230到330摄氏度。
高温有色金属包括钼，铌，钽，钨。
钨在所有金属中具有最高的熔点，达到了3400摄氏度。
除铁以外的金属合金被称为有色合金，合金之间可能的组合几乎是无限的。
Stress and strain Stress is defined as……
压力是用来定义抵抗材料面对外力和外载荷时的性能指标。
它是根据外在受力的每一份面积来衡量的。
正应力是垂直作用在材料表面上的，也就是指的拉伸和压缩。
另外一种定义是说压力是根据力的作用面积来计算它的数值的。
有一种猜想声称，压力是作用在每个粒子大小的面积上的力综合起来构成的整个作用面上的综合力。
如果确实如此的话，压力就是均衡分布的。
力和力作用的面积可以用来计算出材料内部产生的压力。
随着分极光和光弹性塑料模型的应用，很有可能测算出压力的密度。
Now that we……
目前我们认识到了诸多问题如资源有限，能源浪费，材料加工的有害副产品和原材料弃置，期望我们每个人都将接受材料方面的知识确保我们的自然资源被最好的利用并且用工程材料技术来保护环境。
The primary purpose of……
退火的主要作用是软化硬钢以便加工或冷加工。
这经常在把零件加热到奥氏体略高于临界温度时达成。
放置原位直到零件温度全部统一，并且在可控频率下缓慢冷却，为了表面温度和零件中心温度大致相同。
这个过程我们称为完全退火。
因为消除之前的微量结构，提炼出晶体结构，并软化金属。
退火也能把之前成型的金属消除内应力。
A machine screw is……
机械螺钉的螺纹占了柄的全部长度；螺栓只有部分螺纹。
图9.1注明了所用的专业术语。
因此螺栓，像是螺钉，提供合适的轴承表面以应对外部剪切载荷，螺钉主要依靠在紧密装配表面之间引起摩擦在相同条件下保持紧固力。
螺钉螺纹
也被使用于传递运动和动力，并且用于测量。
它们是机械设计的重要元素。
Lesson 4
The primary objective ……
这本书的主要目的是介绍一个充分完整的电子仪器系统来获取精确的机械性能和热参量。
力学的参量包括应变，应力，压力，力矩，扭矩，位移，速度，加速度，流速，质量流量，体积流量，频率和时间。
热参量包括温度，热通量，比热和导热系数。
The transducer is an ……
该传感器是一个模拟的设备转换为机械或热量的变化被测量到的电量的变化。
例如，粘接试样的应变传感器转换成试样中的电阻随着试样中的应变的变化而变化。
在电阻R的变化，然后可以转换到电压V的变化，可使准确测量相对容易。
由于电压是成正比的应变，应变传感器检测可确定正确校准时，仪器。
Signal conditioners ……
信号调理转换，补偿，或操纵成一个更实用的电量输出传感器的电子电路。
惠斯登电桥应变传感器使用转换规电阻R的变化在电压变化五，过滤器，补偿器，调制器，解调器，集成商，和与众不同的是其他电子仪器系统中常用的信号调理电路的例子。
Lesson 10
Because of the availability ……
Lesson 15
the basic elements……
基本要素的一个柔性制造系统工作站，自动处理陆路运输的材料和部件，和控制系统。
加工操作，通常包括各种三-五轴加工中心，数控车床，铣床，钻床，磨床。
还包括各种其他设备自动检查（包括坐标测量机），装配，清洁。
其他类型的作业系统包括适用于板料成形，冲压，剪切，锻造，其中包括加热炉，锻造机，修剪机，热处理设备，清洗设备。
被安排在柔性制造系统的工作站带来最大的生产效率，通过系统的材料，部件和产品的有序流动。
Lesson 14
Robot Safety ……
根据大小的机器人的工作包迹,它的速度,和接近人类,机器人环境安全是一个重要的考虑因素。
这尤其是对于那些直接作用于机器人的程序员和维修人员来说。
另外，机器人的运动相对于其他机械需要高度的可靠性，为避免碰撞和损坏严重。
它的物料搬运活动需要适当的安全的原材料和零部件的机器人手爪在不同阶段沿线的生产线。
Lesson 13
the control of……
在制造过程的控制在一个适当的顺序，涉及组机及各种材料处理设备及配件，传统上一直由倍，开关，继电器，计数器，和类似的硬件设备的基础上的机械，机电，气动原理。
1968年初，可编程逻辑控制器（PLC；又称为电脑）取代这些设备介绍。
可编程逻辑控制器已确定的全国电气制造商协会（NEMA）作为“数字操作电子器械，采用可编程存储器内存储指令执行特定功能，如逻辑，顺序，定时，计数，和控制算法，通过数字或模拟式输入/输出模块，各种类型机器或过程”。
数字计算机，是用来控制功能的可编程控制器，被认为是在这个范围。
Tramsfer ……
热处理是加热和冷却一种金属从固态改变其物理性能的操作。
根据使用的方法，钢可以被硬化以抵抗切割作用和磨损或被软化以便进一步加工。
用适当的热处理可消除内应力，细化晶粒，增加韧性使工作表面硬而易延展。
机厂里制造的大部分物品在未经热处理前几乎都是没有使用价值的。
热处理不仅可用于钢材加工还可以加工铝、铜和黄铜等。
钢的热处理方式包括淬火、回火、退火和便面硬化。
the word automation ……
这个词是在20世纪40年代中期达到自动化的美国汽车行业表明自动装卸部
件之间的生产机器和零件连续加工的机器。
自动化操作一般可以定义为很少或没有人的劳动，使用专门的设备和装置，执行和控制生产过程。
在它的全部意义，自动化是通过使用各种设备，传感器，执行器，技术，和设备，可观察的制造过程，决策有关的变化，应在操作，并控制它的所有方面。
自动化是并将继续是一个进化，而不是革命，概念。
Lesson 12
Positioning accuracy in NC ……
数控机床中的定位准确度的定义是如何准确的机器可以定位到特定坐标系统。
数控机床的定位精度，通常在至少±3μm。
重复性，定义为接近协议重复位置运动在相同的操作条件下的机器，通常在±3μm。
分辨率，定义为最小的增量运动的机械部件，通常大约2.5μm。
Numerical control (NC) is ……
数值控制（数控）是一种控制机器部件运动的直接插入编码指令的形式，数值数据（数字和字母）进入系统。
系统会自动解释这些数据并将其转换为输出信号。
这些信号，反过来，控制各种机械零件，如图灵机主轴和关闭，改变工具，移动工件或工具沿特定的路径，并将切削液和关闭。
An important feature of……
一个重要的特点，计算机辅助设计/计算机辅助制造加工操作是在其能力来描述刀具路径等操作，数控车削，铣削，钻孔。
程序员提供指令（程序）的计算机辅助设计/计算机辅助制造系统，自动确定和优化刀具路径。
工程师或技师可以显示和目视检查刀具路径可能工具碰撞与夹具，夹具，或其他干扰。
刀具路径可以随时修改以适应其他部分的形状，加工。
计算机辅助设计/计算机辅助制造系统也可编码和分类成群体也有类似的形状，使用字母数字编码。