Contracts
contracts
好朋友就是坐在一起即使什么也不说，也不会尴尬；什么也不做，也不会无聊；什么也不想，也是那么开心The Business ContractA contract is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties. It is enforceable by law, and any party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation, though most contracts do not give rise to disputes'.The contract is based on agreement2, which is the result of business negotiations. There are two types of business negotiations : oral and written. The former3 refers to direct discussions conducted at trade fairs or by sending trade groups abroad or by inviting foreign customers. Business discussions through international trunk calls are also included in this category.Written negotiations often begin with enquiries4 made by the buyers to getinformation about the goods to be ordered such as quantity, specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms. An enquiry is made without engagement on the part of the enquirer. In case of a first enquiry, that is, an enquiry sent to an exporter whom the importer has never dealt with5, information should be given in the enquiry as to how the name and address of the exporter have been obtained, the business line6 and usual practice of the importer, etc. so as to facilitate the exporter's work.In response to an enquiry, a quotation may be sent by the exporter which should include all the necessary information required by the enquiry. Sometimes, the exporter may make an offer to an time of shipment and the mode of payment desired in addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifications, packing, etc. The validity period is indispensable to a firm offer.An offer is considered open until after a stipulated time or until it is accepted or rejected.The offeree may find part of the offer unacceptable and may raise for further discussions his own proposals which constitute a counter-offer. A counter-offer may be made in relation to the price, terms of payment, time of shipment or other terms and conditions of the offer. It is a refusal of the offer which will be invalid and unbinding once a counter-offer is made. The counter-offer thus becomes a new offer made by the original offeree to the original offerer.Transaction is considered concluded once an offer or a counter-offer is accepted. 1Q A written contract is generally prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution. When the contract is made by the seller, it is called a salescontract, and when made by the buyer, a purchase contract. A sales or purchase confirmation is less detailed than a contract, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. It is usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a trade agreement or any other type of forma! agreements. It generally contains the following items:1. The trie. The type of the contract is indicated in the title such as Sales Contract, Purchase Contract, Consignment Contract" , etc. The number of the contract and the date are given bellow the title to the right side.2. The contract proper'''. This part includes A. the full name and address of the buyer and the seller. B. The commodities involved including quantity, quality, specifications, packing , etc.C. All the terms and conditions agreed uponsuch as the price, total amount, terms of payment, transportation, insurance etc. D. Indication of the number of original copies of the contract, the languages used, the term of validity and possible extension of the contract14.3. The signatures of the contracting parties indicating their status as the seller or the buyer.4. The stipulations on the back of the contract are constituent parts of the contract and are equally binding upon the contracting parties15. These may include the shipping documents required, force majeure16, arbitration, claims etc.What is a Business Contract?A business contract is a legally binding agreement between two parties for anexchange of services that are of value. For a contract to be valid, an offer must be made and accepted. Using a contract in business dealings helps ensure an agreement is acted on, insofar as a broken contract could result in a lawsuit or out-of-court settlement and the payment of damages caused by the breach. The best way to avoid a dispute or potential litigation, however, is to craft a solid agreement in which you’re confident you’ve negotiated the best terms for your business.We have outlined basic business contract information for your small business; consult an attorney for legal advice.When to Use Business ContractsA business contract is often used for:∙Hiring or being employed as an independent contractor∙Buying or providing services or goods∙Leases and real estate∙Selling your business∙Partnerships and joint ventures∙Franchising∙Confidentiality agreements∙Noncompete agreementsA contract often involves paying for services, but non-monetary contracts are just as valid.Oral Business ContractsAn oral contract is a spoken agreement that is as valid as a written contract. For example, if you have a promise that a job will be complete for monetary or other compensation, you have created an oral contract.Oral contracts are legally enforceable, although they are frequently subject to misinterpretation and they can be difficult to prove in court because they often come down to one person's word against the other. Moreover, some types of contracts must be in writing, for example, contracts for thepurchase or sale of any interest in real property.Written Business ContractsWritten contracts are produced on paper or electronically. Legally, a written business contract is easier to uphold than an oral contract because there is a reference for the agreement.With a writte n contract, it's "easier to prove … the terms between the parties and eliminate arguments over who said what," says Jack Cummins of Chicago-based Cummins & Associates, which represents small businesses. He adds that it's often easier for businesses to recognize potential points of contention in the language because the agreement is detailed in writing.Whether your small business is providing or offering services, you should consider using awritten business contract and including specific details about the agreement.∙Details of services that your company will provide or receive∙Payment amounts∙Payment due dates. Note that payments do not need to be made in a lump sum at the end of the project. You can make or receive incremental payments for specific services rendered once they are completed.∙Interest on late payments∙Deadlines for services due. This is also called a "time is of the essence" clause. You will probably want to use this phrase in your contract if you have a timeline for a project.∙Expiration dates for the contract, such as a lease expiry∙Renewal terms, if applicable∙Damages for breach of contract. Also called "liquidated damages," this clause can specify amounts to be paid if services are incomplete or deadlines are missed. A courtcan also award damages if a contract is breached, even if damages and amounts were not included in the agreement.∙Termination conditions∙SignaturesE-Contracts and SignaturesElectronic contracts and signatures are valid under the Electronic Signatures in Global and International Commerce Act, which was signed into law in 2000.There is e-contract software that provides an "I agree" check box, or you can send and receive written contracts online and have the parties sign electronically. If you make an agreement over e-mail by simply writing "sounds good," there could be a question as to whether the agreement is legally binding, Cummins says.While e-contracts and e-signatures are valid, many businesses prefer to have writtensignatures on contracts because e-signatures can be subject to legal challenge, he adds.Business Contract TipsHere are some hints to make your contract as clear, concise and thorough as possible:Be SpecificContracts don't require legal jargon. The best contracts are clear, specific and focused, with wording that is simple and concise to avoid any confusion. For example, if you're planning an event and you need 150 tables delivered by a certain date, you may want to specify not only the date but the time of delivery.It's better to specify the hour rather than using a more general time frame, such as "in the morning." That way, all parties are clear on what is to be done and by when."By forcing the parties to get more specific at the beginning of the relationship, it helps avoid arguments later on," Cummins says.Clarify QuestionsNever assume that the party you're doing business with knows your conditions. Always make your requirements clear. If you're not drafting the contract, outline your conditions for your business before you begin negotiating.Know the LawsState and local regulations as well as federal laws may be relevant to your contract. Be sure to check the codes and regulations that apply to your agreement to ensure that your contract complies with the law. For example, if you are leasing a property your city may have rental codes that you'll need to follow. Research laws online, check with your localchamber of commerce and consider consulting a lawyer.Read the Fine PrintReview all contracts thoroughly so that you understand the agreement. "I assumed" or "I didn't know" arguments may not hold up in court, particularly if the points in question are clarified in a written agreement.Negotiate and Consult an AttorneyNegotiating is a crucial skill for getting what you want out of a contract. Know the points you are willing to be flexible on in a contract before you begin negotiations. Cummins says that small businesses often make the mistake of consulting their lawyers only after they've signed the agreement and have problems with it."Get your lawyer's advice before you sign contracts," he advises. "Over the course of thebusiness, this practice will save you many headaches and significant legal fees."。
合同英文单词
合同英文单词1. Introduction当我们谈论合同时，无论是与商业合作、雇佣关系还是其他法律关系有关的合同，英文单词都是必不可少的一部分。
掌握合同术语和相关的英文单词，对于进行跨国商业活动、与国外公司合作以及处理国际法律事务都至关重要。
本文将介绍一些常见的合同英文单词，以帮助读者更好地理解和处理合同文件。
2. Common Contract Terms以下是一些常见的合同术语及其英文对应单词：•Agreement: 协议/合同•Contract: 合同•Party: 当事方•Offer: 出价/提议•Acceptance: 接受•Consideration: 对价/报酬•Mutual: 相互的•Termination: 终止/解除•Breach: 违约•Indemnification: 赔偿/保障•Confidentiality: 保密/机密性•Jurisdiction: 管辖权/司法管辖权•Arbitration: 仲裁/仲裁程序3. Types of Contracts合同可分为多种不同类型，每种类型都有其特定的法律要求和术语。
以下是一些常见的合同类型及其英文对应单词：•Sale Contract: 销售合同•Employment Contract: 雇佣合同•Lease Agreement: 租赁协议•Partnership Agreement: 合伙协议•Non-Disclosure Agreement: 保密协议•Service Agreement: 服务协议•Franchise Agreement: 加盟协议•Loan Agreement: 贷款协议•Agency Agreement: 代理协议•Licensing Agreement: 许可协议4. Key Contract Clauses合同的组成部分通常包括各种条款和条件。
以下是一些关键合同条款及其英文对应单词：•Scope of Work: 工作范围•Term: 期限•Payment Terms: 付款条件•Governing Law: 适用法律•Force Majeure: 不可抗力•Confidentiality Clause: 保密条款•Liability Limitation: 责任限制•Dispute Resolution: 纠纷解决•Jurisdiction Clause: 管辖条款•Entire Agreement: 整个协议•Amendment: 修改/修订5. Legal Terminology合同文件中经常出现一些法律术语，理解这些术语是处理合同事务的重要一步。
Contracts 合同
拟定英文合同的注意事项用词特点(formal term)合同英语的用词极其考究，具有特定性。
要求选词专业化（professional）、正式（formal）、准确（accurate）。
具体体现在下列方面：1．May, shall, must ,may not (或shall not) 的使用，May, shall , must ,may not (或shall not)对学过英语的人再熟悉不过，但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。
权利义务的约见定部分构成了合同的主体。
这几个词如选用不当，可能会引起纠纷。
may 旨在约定当事人的权利（可以做什么），Shall约定当事人的义务（应当做什么时候），must 用于强制性义务（必须做什么），may not (或shall not)用于禁止性义务（不得做什么）。
May do 不能说成can do，shall do, 不能说成should do 或ought to do，may not do 在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not，但绝不能用can not do或must not ) 例如，在约定解决争议的途径时的，可以说The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations.Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People's Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.本句中的shall 和may表达准确。
第2章 合同(Contract)【国际工程实务英语】
Chapterc2 合同Contract第一节建筑合同的种类Types of Construction Contract一、按计价机制分类的合同(Contracts according to Pricing Mechanism) （一）总价合同/ 包干合同/ 总包合同(Lump Sum Contract)承包商同意实施全部指定的工程，以获得一笔预先规定的总款项。
[kən'sent]The contractor consents to execute the entire specified work for a stated total sum.（二）成本补偿合同(Cost Reimbursement Contract)雇主承诺支付承包商主要成本/直接成本，也就是施工中使用到的实际人工费、设备费、材料费。
The client undertakes to pay the contractor the prime cost: that is, the actual cost of labor, plant and materials utilized in the execution of the works.除了直接成本外，承包商还被付有代替开办费和利润的一笔约定款额。
In addition to the prime cost, the contractor is paid an agreed sum to cover establishment charges and profit.（三）单价合同(Unit Price Contract)即使没有给出合同价，但由于双方就适用于该工程的费率达成一致，因此对于成本是有一定控制的。
There is some control over cost because the parties agree on the rates which will apply to the work even though there is no contract sum. （四）计量合同(Measurement Contract)在本合同协定下，工程的单价是可提前预算的，但总价只能到工程完工时估量、估价来确定。
contract的用法和短语
contract的用法和短语contract是一个英语单词，意思是“合同，合约；婚约”，也可作动词，意思是“订约，定约；订立，签订（合同、契约等）”。
它的用法和短语如下：用作名词：表示“合同、协议、契约”等，通常为可数名词。
例如：（1）The company has signed a new contract with the government.该公司与政府签订了一项新合同。
（2）They reached an agreement after a long negotiation and signed a contract.经过长时间的谈判，他们达成协议并签署了合同。
用作动词：表示“缩小、收缩、皱缩”等，通常指因为外部因素而导致的物体形态或大小的改变。
例如：（1）Metal contracts when it is cooled.金属冷却时会收缩。
（2）The skin on his face contracted into a grimace.他脸上的皮肤收缩成一副怪相。
固定短语：contract with表示“与……订合同/订契约”。
例如：（1）The company contracted with a local firm to provide the necessary equipment.该公司与当地一家公司签订合同，提供必要的设备。
（2）We contracted with them to do the work.我们和他们订立了做这项工作的合同。
其他短语：contract in表示“在……订合同”；contract for 表示“为……订合同”；contract into表示“订约担任……”等。
例如：（1）He contracted in the sale of the house.他签订了卖房合同。
（2）We contracted for the delivery of the goods by the end of the month.我们签订了月底交货的合同。
Contracts商务英语合同
￭ Lease Contract
租赁合同
￭ Labor Contract
职工劳动合同
￭ Training Contract
培训合同
￭ Advertising Contract
登刊广告合同
￭ Contract Arbitration Contract 仲裁合同
￭ Contract Management Contact
3) Counter-offer
例：前面所举的运动衫发盘的受盘人根据发盘作 出如下还盘：
Your cable 10th counter offer USD 70 per dozen CIF NEW YORK, May shipment D/P 30 days 原发盘人再作还盘：
Your cable 12th lowest price USD 75 per dozen CIF NEW YORK, May shipment irrevocable sight L/C
the commodity ＊ The term, ways of implementation ＊ The price term, the amount and ways of
payment, terms of delivery (FOB/CIF/CFR) and additional charges
CONTRACTS
• Types of Contract • Sales/Purchase Contract • Technology Transfer
Agreement
Ⅰ. Types of Contract
1. Definition:
Briefly, contract is a promise enforceable by law which may be to do something or to refrain from doing something. It requires the mutual assent of two or more persons, one of them making an order and another accepting. If one of them fails to keep the promise, the other will take a legal action against him.
国际商务中合同 Contract常用语及词汇
国际商务中合同 Contract常用语及词汇国际商务中合同Contract常用语及词汇在国际贸易中，口语的表达力量是商务人员的重要力量之一，也是必备的，由于许多时候，一场交易的胜利与否都是跟口语有着很大的关系，那么关于合同的相关专业用语该怎么说?以下是我给大家整理的商务中合同Contract常用语及词汇，盼望可以帮到大家Well have the contract ready for signature.我们应预备好合同待签字。
We signed a contract for medicines.我们签订了一份药品合同。
Mr. Zhang sings the contract on behalf of the China National Silk Import Export Corporation.张先生代表中国丝绸进出口总公司在合同上签了字。
A Japanese company and SINOCHEM have entered into a new contract.中国化工进出口总公司已经和日本一家公司签订了一份新合同。
It was because of you that we landed the contract.由于有了你，我们才签了那份合同。
We offered a much lower price, so they got the contract.由于我们报价低，他们和我们签了合同。
Are we anywhere near a contract yet?我们可以(接近于)签合同了吗?We sign a contract when we are acting as principals.(principals refers to the seller and the buyer)当我们作为货主时都要签订合同。
(这里的“货主”指合同中的卖方和买方)I know we (the seller) should draw up a contract and the buyer has to sign it.我们知道我们(卖方)应当拟出一份合同，买方必需签署合同。
contract的名词
contract的名词contract的名词：contract，是合约的意思。
合约指双方之间为了达成某种共同的利益目的而进行的协议，涉及到的内容可以是商业、法律、雇佣等方面的规定。
双语例句：1.我们需要签订一份合约，确认双方协作的条款。
We need to sign a contract to confirm the terms of collaboration.2.她和她的雇主签了一份长期的合约。
She signed a long-term contract with her employer.3.这份合约规定如果发现缺陷，我们有权力撤销交易。
This contract stipulates that we have the right to cancel the transaction if any defects are found.4.她的艺术经纪人专门负责和画廊签订合约。
Her art agent is responsible for signing contracts with galleries.5.他们之间的口头协议无法替代一份正规的合约。
A verbal agreement between them cannot substitute for a formal contract.6.按照合约规定，他们必须在一个月之内完成工程。
According to the contract, they must complete the project within one month.7.合约里规定顾客必须在交付商品之前支付全部款项。
The contract stipulates that the customer must pay the full amount before the goods are delivered.8.这份合约详细规定了项目的每一个细节。
This contract details every aspect of the project.。
What is a contract(什么是合同)
What is a contract？什么是合同？Contract explanation合同的解释Defining a contract合同的定义“A legally binding agreement between two or more persons or legal entities”For example, if you purchase any goods; if you buy a house; if you engage a builder to carry out work on your house; if you borrow money; if you order goods or machinery from a manufacturer, these are all types of contracts.The law of contracts is vital to the law which affects consumers. It is a complex area and is governed both by the “general law”– that is, laws which have evolved from decisions made over the years by Judges in relation to contract disputes and secondly, “legislation” or “statutory law” – laws introduced by government.“两个或两个以上的人之间的具有法律约束力的协议或法律实体”举例，如果你购买了一些货物；如果你要买房子；如果你要让建筑工人装修房子；如果你借钱；如果你从制造商那里预定了一些货物或机器；这些都是合同的类型。
合同的法律对于有影响的消费者的控告是至关重要的。
商务英语：Contract与Agreem
商务英语：Contract与AgreemProtocol：一般指为某种可能发生的事件或状况而准备的行动方案。
比如：Emergency Response Protocol就是中国报道灾难新闻时一定会提到的“某政府启动了应急预案〞。
Agreement：是协议/合同最常用的叫法。
大多数的英文合同都以“Agreement〞命名。
比如：Security Agreement 〔担保协议〕， Deposit Account Control Agreement 〔帐户控制协议〕以及Share Subscription Agreement〔认股协议〕。
Contract：指法律上“合同〞的概念。
比如：The document constitues a binding contract upon the signing parties。
商务环境里一般不会用Contract来命名合同，因为这个词带有对抗性，不如Agreement来的委婉。
Agreement创造的语境是双方合作，互惠互利。
而用到Contract这次词时，一般都是出了问题，一方想用合同这个概念制约另一方。
国内一些银行用Loan Contract来命名贷款协议是会被人鄙视的。
正确的翻译是Credit Agreement。
Draft：一般指草稿。
例如：Draft Share Subscription Agreement = 认股协议草稿。
不过Draft在银行法里还有另一个意思：如果A写了张条子，命令B〔一般是银行〕把一定数目的钱给C，这张条子叫做Draft，也就是汇票。
2.Protocol, Agreement, Contract, Draft几个词有何区别Protocol：一般指为某种可能发生的事件或状况而准备的行动方案。
比如：Emergency Response Protocol就是中国报道灾难新闻时一定会提到的“某政府启动了应急预案〞。
Agreement：是协议/合同最常用的叫法。
外贸英语口语Unit 13 Contracts
•back
Dialogue
Mr. Chen: Sure. Mr. Blake: OK. See you the day after tomorrow. Mr. Chen: See you.
Read the contract. Confirm that you have written about the Who, What, When, Where, Why and How regarding the terms of the deal. • Step 6: Send the contract to your attorney for review for a large business deal. • Step 7: Send 2 originals to the other party with a short cover letter. All parties should initial each page of the agreement, and sign and date the last page.
the very beginning. Mr. Chen: OK. Mr. Blake: And perhaps we could make the contract renewable for every other year. Mr. Chen: Ok, so we are ready to make a one-year contract, let me write it down. I’m
Mr. Chen: This way please. Take your seat.
40. Negotiating - Contracts 谈判-合约
40 Negotiating - Contracts谈判－合约abide by遵守﹙规则、法令等）You must abide by the contract.你必须遵守合约。
alliancen. 结盟；联盟We look forward to continuing our business alliance.我们期望能继续结盟。
amendv. 修改；修订Can we amend this part of the contract before we sign?我们可以先修改这部分再签约吗？attorneyn. 律师Has our attorney looked at this contract yet?我们的律师已经看过这份合约了吗？beneficialadj. 受益的；有利的This could be the beginning of a mutually beneficial relationship.这可能是彼此互惠关系的开始。
breachn. 违反；侵害If you raise the price, it will be a breach of our contract.你们如果提高价钱，便违反我们的合约。
clausen. 条款Under the "Use of Trademark" clause, you'll have to send in a request for approval.根据「商标使用」条款，你们得来函取得同意权。
commitv. 承诺；保证We can commit to placing orders for twelve months.我们可以保证一年内都跟你们订货。
compromisev. 妥协；让步Perhaps we could compromise if you improved the delivery date. 如果你能改善交货日期，我们或许可以让步。
Contract
Hereto：to this.本文件的。Thereof：of that.它的，其。 ： 本文件的。 它的， 本文件的 ： 它的 Thereto：to that 与之，向那里。 与之，向那里。 ：
例句：“Licensed Products” means the devices and products described in Schedule 1 annexed hereto together with all improvement and modification thereof or development with respect thereto. “特许产品”系指 在本协议附件1中所述的装置和产品，及其全部改进和 修改的产品和与之相关的产品。
Contract
Titles
合同、协议（Contract; Agreement） 意向书（Letter of Intent） /“Memorandum of Understanding”(简称MOU, 通常翻译为谅解备忘录) / “Minute of Talks”(即会谈纪要) 契约（Covenant主要指不动产转让的合同或证明文 件 , Indenture通常也是指不动产转让的契约文件 , Deed一般指地契、房契 , Compact多用于国家间的 协定、协议 ，Protocol通常翻译为草约或者议定书， 往往也是双方会谈结果的文字依据 ） “Letter”（函）/ “Waiver”（弃权书）/ “Guaranty” （保证书）/ “Power of Attorney”（委托书）等
附录也称Addendum, Annex或Exhibit，也 有用Attachment, List或Table表示的。附录 部分作为对正文条款的补充，不是所有英 文合同都有的一项。
Contract 与 Agreement的有无区别
Contract 与Agreement的有无区别在英语中，合同一般称为Contract，协议一般称为Agreement。
何谓“Contract”? 何谓“Agreement”?综合起来，有一个相同点，就是“Contract isan agreement”（合同是一种协议。
），即可将合同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned（合同是约束涉及到的两方或多方之间协议。
）”或者说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law（合同是通过法律执行的协议。
）”，也可以说：Contracts are promises that the law will enforce。
（合同是法律将执行的承诺。
）但是Agreement则是双方或多方经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见，以口头或书面形式做出的约定。
Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢？合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。
即1、（要约和承诺构成的）协议、2、约因、3、设立法律关系的愿望4、缔约能力L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到“Contract generally involves”1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要约和绝对接受)2. consensus ad idem (意思表示一致，也叫meeting of minds)3. intention to create legal relations (建立合同关系的意愿)4. genuineness of consent (同意的真实性)5. contractual capacity of the parties (合同当事人的缔约能力)6. legality of object (标的物的合法性)7. possibility of performance (履行的可能性)8. certainty of terms (条款的确定性)9. valuable consideration (等价有偿)Black “Law Dictionary”中解释道：Although often used as synonyms with "contract", agreement is a broader term, e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact." 即“协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词，但“协议”这一术语含义更广，例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款（essential clauses/provisions）。
contracts 编程语言
contracts 编程语言摘要：一、前言二、Contracts编程语言简介1.Contracts语言的起源2.Contracts语言的特点三、Contracts编程语言的应用领域1.智能合约2.分布式系统3.物联网四、Contracts编程语言的优势1.安全性2.高效性3.可扩展性五、Contracts编程语言的挑战与发展前景1.学习曲线2.生态系统建设3.与其他编程语言的竞争六、结论正文：一、前言随着区块链技术的发展，智能合约逐渐成为金融、物联网等领域的热门话题。
而Contracts编程语言作为实现智能合约的重要工具，越来越受到人们的关注。
本文将详细介绍Contracts编程语言的起源、特点以及在各个领域的应用。
二、Contracts编程语言简介1.Contracts语言的起源Contracts编程语言源于以太坊（Ethereum）平台，由Vitalik Buterin于2013年首次提出。
作为一种专为编写智能合约而设计的编程语言，Contracts 语言继承了C++、Java等传统编程语言的语法特点，同时加入了针对区块链和智能合约的特定语法规则。
2.Contracts语言的特点（1）面向对象：Contracts语言采用基于以太坊虚拟机（EVM）的面向对象编程模型，支持封装、继承和多态等特性。
（2）自动内存管理：Contracts语言引入了自动内存管理机制，降低了开发者对内存管理的负担。
（3）安全的编程环境：Contracts语言提供了安全的编程环境，可以有效防止常见的安全漏洞，如整数溢出、拒绝服务攻击等。
三、Contracts编程语言的应用领域1.智能合约智能合约是Contracts编程语言最重要的应用场景。
通过编写智能合约，开发者可以在区块链上实现各种自动化、无需信任的交易和业务逻辑。
2.分布式系统Contracts编程语言可以用于构建基于区块链的分布式系统，实现去中心化、安全的数据存储和传输。
contracts 编程语言
contracts 编程语言（原创实用版）目录1.Contracts 编程语言概述2.Contracts 编程语言的特点3.Contracts 编程语言的应用场景4.Contracts 编程语言的优缺点5.Contracts 编程语言的发展前景正文【Contracts 编程语言概述】Contracts 是一种编程语言，主要用于编写智能合约。
智能合约是一种自动执行的合同，它可以在区块链上运行，用于处理各种交易。
Contracts 编程语言的设计目的是为了让开发人员更容易地编写智能合约，以便在区块链上实现各种去中心化应用。
【Contracts 编程语言的特点】Contracts 编程语言具有以下几个主要特点：1.简洁易懂：Contracts 编程语言的语法简单，易于理解和编写。
它采用了 Solidity 编程语言的一些概念，因此对于熟悉 Solidity 的开发人员来说，学习 Contracts 将非常容易。
2.功能强大：Contracts 编程语言提供了丰富的功能，包括合约创建、调用、部署等。
此外，它还支持多种数据结构和运算符，可以满足智能合约开发的大部分需求。
3.高效安全：Contracts 编程语言在设计时充分考虑了智能合约的安全性。
它提供了一系列安全机制，如沙箱环境、合约测试等，可以帮助开发人员在编写智能合约时避免常见的安全漏洞。
【Contracts 编程语言的应用场景】Contracts 编程语言主要用于以下场景：1.编写智能合约：Contracts 编程语言可以用于编写各种智能合约，包括金融合约、物流合约、版权合约等。
2.开发去中心化应用：Contracts 编程语言可以用于开发各种去中心化应用，如去中心化交易所、去中心化金融平台等。
3.区块链开发：Contracts 编程语言可以用于区块链平台的开发，如以太坊、EOS 等。
【Contracts 编程语言的优缺点】Contracts 编程语言的优缺点如下：优点：1.易学易用：Contracts 编程语言的语法简单，易于学习和使用。
合同要素英语
Contracts Elements in English and ChineseContextContracts, being the backbone of any business transaction, play a pivotal role in ensuring the rights and obligations of the parties involved. In the globalized world, contracts often involve parties from different countries, necessitating the use of a common language for communication and legal clarity. English, being the lingua franca of international business, is widely used incontract documentation. This article delves into thecontract elements in English and their corresponding Chinese translations, discussing their significance in ensuring a smooth and legally binding agreement.**1. Contract Parties**In English contracts, the parties involved are clearly identified, stating their full legal names, addresses, and any relevant contact information. This element is crucialas it establishes the identity of the contracting parties and ensures that there is no confusion or misidentification. **中文翻译：****合同当事人**在英语合同中，涉及的各方会明确标识，包括其全名、地址和相关联系方式。
合同的构成要件英语
合同的构成要件英语Essential Elements of a Contract.Contracts are a fundamental aspect of any legal system, governing the rights and obligations of parties in a binding agreement. To be enforceable, a contract must satisfy certain essential elements. These elements vary slightly depending on the legal system, but generally speaking, there are several core requirements that must be met for a contract to be valid.1. Offer and Acceptance.The first essential element of a contract is the existence of an offer and its acceptance. An offer is a proposal made by one party to another, expressing a willingness to enter into a contract on certain terms. The offer must be clear and unambiguous, specifying the terms and conditions upon which the party is willing to be bound. Acceptance occurs when the second party agrees to the termsof the offer, indicating their consent to be bound by the contract.2. Consideration.Consideration is another essential element of a contract. Consideration refers to the value exchanged between the parties as part of the contract. It can be either in the form of a benefit given by one party to the other or a detriment suffered by one party at the request of the other. Consideration ensures that the contract is not a gift or charity, but rather a binding agreement based on mutual benefit.3. Intent to Create Legal Relations.For a contract to be enforceable, the parties must have had the intent to create legal relations. This means that the parties must have intended to be bound by the terms of the contract and to have enforceable rights and obligations arising from it. If the parties did not intend to create legal relations, the agreement may be considered a meresocial or domestic arrangement and not a binding contract.4. Capacity to Contract.The parties to a contract must have the legal capacityto contract. This means that they must be of legal age andof sound mind, able to understand the terms and consequences of the contract and to make rational decisions. Minors, insane persons, or those under duress may lack the capacity to contract and their agreements may be void or voidable.5. Legality of Object and Purpose.The object and purpose of a contract must be lawful. This means that the contract cannot involve any illegal activities or violate any laws or public policy. If the object or purpose of the contract is illegal, the agreement will be void and unenforceable.6. Certainty of Terms.For a contract to be enforceable, its terms must be certain and unambiguous. The parties must be able toclearly understand their rights and obligations under the contract. If the terms are vague or uncertain, the contract may be void or subject to interpretation by the court.7. Free Consent.Free consent is another essential element of a contract. This means that the parties must have entered into the contract freely and without any coercion or undue influence. If consent was obtained through fraud, misrepresentation, duress, or undue influence, the contract may be voidable at the option of the aggrieved party.In summary, these are the essential elements of a contract that must be satisfied for it to be enforceable. However, it is important to note that the law of contracts can be complex and subject to interpretation by the courts. Therefore, it is always advisable to consult with a legal professional when entering into any contract.。
合同英语单词的来源
合同英语单词的来源英文回答：The word "contract" is derived from the Latin word "contractus," which means "to draw together" or "to agree." The concept of a contract has its roots in the ancient Roman legal system, where it was used to describe a formal agreement between two or more parties that created legal obligations.Over time, the term "contract" has evolved to encompass a wide range of agreements, both formal and informal. In general, a contract is defined as a legally enforceable agreement between two or more parties that creates, modifies, or terminates a legal relationship. Contracts can be written or oral, and they can cover a variety of subjects, including the sale of goods, the provision of services, and the transfer of property.The essential elements of a contract are offer,acceptance, consideration, legality, and capacity. Offer is a proposal made by one party to another party to enter into a contract. Acceptance is the agreement by the other party to the terms of the offer. Consideration is something of value that is exchanged between the parties in exchange for their promises. Legality means that the contract must not violate any laws. Capacity means that the parties to the contract must have the legal capacity to enter into a binding agreement.Contracts are an essential part of modern society. They allow individuals and businesses to enter into agreements that create certainty and predictability in their relationships. Contracts help to protect the rights of the parties involved and provide a framework for resolving disputes.中文回答：合同一词的来源。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2. Labour Service:
工程承包合同 ￭ Project Cooperation Contract 工程合作合同 ￭ Labor Cooperation Contract 劳务合作合同 ￭Processing with Customer’s Materials Contract 来料加工合同 ￭ Contract for work 承揽合同 ￭ Processing/assembly Contract 加工装配合同 ￭ Ship Repair Contract 船舶修理合同
基建工程项目贷 款合同
￭ Development Fund Loan Contract ￭ Fund Loan Contract Agreement ￭ Special Loan Contract
开发基金贷款合同
协议基金贷款合同 专项贷款合同
6. Others:
￭ ￭ ￭ ￭ ￭ ￭ ￭ ￭ ￭
Guarantee Contracts 保证合同 Insurance Contract 保险合同 Commissioning Contract 委托合同 Lease Contract 租赁合同 Labor Contract 职工劳动合同 Training Contract 培训合同 Advertising Contract 登刊广告合同 Arbitration Contract 仲裁合同 Contract Management Contract 经营管理
2. The forms of business negotiation –Verbal form –Written form Including letter, telex, E-mail etc.
3. The basic procedures of business negotiation
1) Invitation to offer and inquiry
• 注意： • 视合同所需而设定的条款。承担条款和保险范 围条款,以便明确责任,避免不必要的争议. • B. 对需要长期连续履行的合同,应当规定有效 期限. • C. 当事人可以在合同中约定的条款.这是一种 任意性条款,当事人可以约定也可以不约定.这 类条款依合同类别不同而各有差异.合同法特 别提示了担保条款:合同双方当事人都必须提 供担保,包括人的担保和物的担保. • D. 该合同所涉及到的法定条款.合同如不具备 这些条款,就得不到批准,则视为该合同无效. 因而,这些条款也就成了法定条款.
发盘通常用的一些词句，如： 请告（Please advise…），请 电 告 （ Please advise by telex… ） ， 对 … 有 兴 趣 ， 请 （Interested in… , please…）， 请报价(Please quote…)
2) Offer 例 ：Offer 5000 dozen short shirts sampled March 15th USD 84.50 per dozen CIF NEW YORK export standard packing May/June shipment irrevocable sight L/C subject reply here 20th
￭ Engineering Contract
3. Science & Technology :
￭ Technological Development Contract 技术开发合同 ￭ Technical Cooperation Contract 技术合作合同 ￭ Technical Contract 技术引进合同 ￭Technology Transfer Contract 技术转让合同 ￭ Patent Licensing Implementation of the Contract 专利许可实施合同
Ⅰ:The negotiation and conclusion of the Sales Contract
Ⅱ: The fulfillment of sales contract
Ⅰ:The negotiation and conclusion of the Sales Contract 1.The contents of business negotiation Including commodity, quality, quantity, unit price, total value, shipment, terms of payment, packing, marking and Nos., insurance, claims, force majeure, arbitration and so on.
4. Investment:
￭ Sino-foreign Joint Venture Enterprise Contract 中外合资经营企业合同 ￭ Sino-foreign Cooperative Enterprises Contract 中外合作经营业务合同 ￭ Production Cooperation Contract FDI 合作生产合同 ￭ Contract for Permitting the use of the Trademark 商标使用许可合同
Briefly, contract is a promise enforceable by law which may be to do something or to refrain from doing something. It requires the mutual assent of two or more persons, one of them making an order and another accepting. If one of them fails to keep the promise, the other will take a legal action against him. binding In addition to, contract also has different forms, it can be made by verbal form, written form or a form expect two of the former forms, both parties will live up to their words. For large or important deals, formal contract should be written with detailed conditions agreed upon by the part contract:
＊ The names, nationality, premise of related parties ＊ The date, venue for contract signature ＊ The types or ranges of contract or objective ＊ The quantity, standard, specification, quality of the commodity ＊ The term, ways of implementation ＊ The price term, the amount and ways of payment, terms of delivery (FOB/CFR/CIF) and additional charges
Ⅱ. Types of contracts
In international trade, we generally divided it into 6 parts: 1.
Commodity Trade :
￭ Sales/purchase Confirmation /order/ negotiation /agreement/contract S/C P/C 购货/销售合同 ￭ Agency Contract 代理合同 ￭ Consignment Contract 寄售合同 ￭ Barter Contract 易货合同 ￭ Compensation Trade Contract 补偿贸易合同 ￭ Complete sets of equipment import contract 成套设备进口合同 ￭ Exclusive Sale 包销合同 ￭ Custodian contract 保管合同
5. Capital Financing:
￭ Commercial Credit Contract 商业信贷合同 ￭ Bank Credit Contract 银行信贷合同 ￭ Compensation Trade Contract 补偿贸易贷款合同 ￭ Technology Loan Contract 引进技术贷款合同 ￭ Import Equipment Contract 进口设备贷款合同 ￭ Infrastructure Projects Loan Contract
例1 买方询盘 Please quote the lowest price CFR SINGAPORE for 500 pieces FLYING PIGEON BRAND bicycles May Shipment, cable promptly. 例2 卖方报盘 Can supply FLYING PIGEON BRAND bicycles May Shipment, please cable if interested.
CONTRACTS
• Definition and types of Contracts • Sales/Purchase Contract • Technology Transfer Agreement
Ⅰ. Definition and Types of Contract
1. Definition:
＊ The country of origin and manufacturers C/O ＊ Whether it is transferable or not, if it is allowed clarify the conditions ＊ The compensation and responsibilities caused breach the contract ＊ The solution for dispute/ arbitration ＊ The right alphabets and effectiveness of contract