The 17th century
17世纪文学
Absolute monarchy Vs capitalism
The Feudalists （封建主义者）------ the bourgeoisie（资产
阶级） In 1649, Charles I was beheaded and England became a commonwealth（英联邦）Under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell（克伦威尔）. In 1660, monarchy was restored. (the restoration 王朝复辟)
Ⅳ. John Bunyacteristics:
a. The puritan influence literary art. (The puritans believed in simplicity of life and disapproved of the sonnets and love poetry written in previous period.) b. The flourish of the metaphysical school（玄学 派） endowed poetry new and startling forms.
3. Representative writers:
John Donne（约翰•邓恩): a poet of the
metaphysical school （玄学派）. John Milton(约翰·弥尔顿) : a great poet and prose writer John Bunyan(约翰·班扬 ) : a prose writer
The kings believed in the theory of the divine right of kings（君权神授）, the people’s parliament represented by the puritans（清教徒） believed in the divine right of the individual conscience（个人判 断是非的神圣权利）.
17poetry英国17世纪诗歌
when old
(2)
World view:
The world was sick; harmony was gone;
proportion was gone; beauty was gone; order was gone; there was little to do but wait for final dissolution.
Roughness of meter and irregular rhyme John Donne is generally regarded as the
leading figure of this school.
Other members include George Herbert,
Andrew Marvell and Abraham Cowley.
III. John Donne (1572-1631)
1.
Life and career
Born to wealthy Catholic parents In his youth, he struggled between Catholicism and Protestantism.
After converting to the Church of England, he became secretary to a wealthy man who planned to advance him.
(3)
View of love:
When young, love is an animal affair, a
matter of flesh and sensation; when old, the nature of love is a perfect union of body and mind.
英国文学史 十八世纪 古典主义,感伤主义
A. Social background
5. With the advent of the 18th century, there sprang into life a public movement known as the enlightenment.
Abroad
A vast expansion of British colonies in
ended in a compromise between the
aristocracy and bourgeoisie. England became
a constitutional monarchy and power passed
from the King to the Parliament and the
• Puritanism is religious doctrine of the
revolutionary bourgeoisie during the
revolution. The puritans believed in thrift,
hard work and so on, and condemned worldly
A. Social background
3. The press became a mighty power, and any
writer with a talent for argument or satire was almost certain to be hired by party leaders. 4. The social life developed rapidly. in earlier ages: individualism in the 1st half of this century: sociability
17century
Literary features and works in the 17th century
清教徒文学
诗歌仍在文学领域中占主导地位。 • Metaphysical Poets ：John Donne • Cavalier Poets：Ben Johnson
• John Milton：Paradise Lost (1667), • John Bunyan：The Pilgrim’s Progress (1678) • John Dryden：
Andrew Marvell 安德鲁·马维尔(1621-1678)
Metaphysical poet, who wrote poems on nature. To his Coy Mistress 致她娇羞的女友 诗人将激情与理智并置，极力表达了文 艺复兴时期古典主义的一个重大主题： 在不可避免的死亡到来之前抓住性爱的 快乐。
Metaphysical Poets (玄学派诗人）
十七世纪上半叶的一群宗教诗人，他们作 品的特点在于机智、富有想象力的画面、 简略而含义模糊的表达，对悖论词语的玩 弄以及比喻的使用。他们运用当代的科学 发现和理论、对人文主义、信仰和永生的 争论、通俗的口语化韵律和创新的诗歌形 式来考察个人、上帝和宇宙的关系。
Period 3: 伟大诗篇
Paradise Lost 失乐园 Paradise Regained 复乐园 Samson Agonistes 力士参孙
Milton Style
The poetic style of John Milton, also known as Miltonic verse, Miltonic epic, or Miltonic blank verse, was a highly influential poetic structure popularized by Milton. Although Milton wrote earlier poetry, his influence is largely grounded in his later poems: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes.
The 17th Century(Revolution and Restoration)
英国资产阶级革命及复辟时期The Period of the English RevolutionEconomically the king controlled trade and commerce and imposed heavy taxes on the merchants. Politically the king James I and his son Chares I both held the ―divine right theory‖. Many of Parliamentarians argued against it. Religiously the radical Protestants—puritans wanted to make reforms in the Anglican Church. They argued that the Bible encouraged trade and individual freedom. All the chaos altogether ignited the Civil War, also called the Puritan Revolution, resulting in a puritan protector Oliver Cromwell and his Commonwealth in 1649.The Period of the RestorationCharles II was nicknamed ―merry monarch‖, a court of extravagance and debauchery.玄学诗)are characterized by 1. conceits (奇喻); 2. syllogism (三段论); 3. Carp diem in the face of death and decay; 4. ambiguity (含混); 5 courtly love poetry. Due to the political and religious turmoil the poets return to the peace of loving relationship which often parallels with such themes as death and religion. Other metaphysical and Cavalier poets include Ben Johnson, George Herbert and Robert Herrick. Donne’s A Valediction is about mutual love and perfect love.—Puritan writer of poetry, a man of thoughtElegy(挽歌)–Lycidas《利西达斯》(his early work)Epic(史诗) - Paradise Lost《失乐园》Paradise Regained《复乐园》Paradise Lost is the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. It is a long epic in 12 books, written in blank verse, with stories taken from Genesis.It was to advocate submission to the Almighty as well as a revolt against God’s authority.Poetic Drama(诗剧) -Samson Agonistes[æɡəˈnisti:z]《力士参孙》Samson Agonistes is the most perfect example of the verse drama modeled on the Greek tragedies.[ˈbʌnjən]The Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》寓言). Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation(拯救) through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils. Its predominant metaphor is: life is a journey.。
Chapter 5 The 17th century (The period of revolution)
John Donne (1571 – 1631)
Life experience: (P74) His literary career: Donne’s literary career can be divided into two periods. 1. 1st period: Most of The Elegies and Satires and a good many of the Songs and Sonnets were written. 2. In the later period: he mainly wrote religious poems and prose works, esp. sermons, which reveal his spiritual devotion to God as a passionate preacher.
Βιβλιοθήκη Parliament felt insecure and invited his brother-in-law, William Orange, in 1688 to come with an army to protect the English people. This was the “Glorious Revolution”, glorious because bloodless. The Bill of Rights which the new king signed with Parliament endowed Parliament as the de facto ruler of the nation and the king became a titular head. Now the struggle between king and Parliament came to an end, and no king or queen has ever again thought of competing with Parliament.
17世纪英国文学改革与复辟
21
22
王政复辟时期最受人欢迎 的作家是约翰 约翰•班扬 的作家是约翰 班扬 （John Bunyan）。查理 ） 二世复辟后， 二世复辟后，被清教徒关 闭的剧院重新开放， 闭的剧院重新开放，英国 戏剧获得新生。 戏剧获得新生。这一时期 出现的风俗喜剧是当时戏 剧的最高成就，威廉•康格 剧的最高成就，威廉 康格 里夫（ 里夫（William Congreve, 1670-1729）的《以爱还 ） 爱》（Love for Love）、 ）、 如此世道》 《如此世道》（The Way of the World）等剧作是 ） 风俗喜剧的代表作品。 风俗喜剧的代表作品。
23
24
“全体人类就是一本书。 全体人类就是一本书。
17世纪英国诗歌另外的一 17世纪英国诗歌另外的一 支是玄学派诗歌， 支是玄学派诗歌，代表诗 人有约翰•邓恩 邓恩（ 人有约翰 邓恩（John Donne, 1572-1631）和安 1572-1631） 德鲁•马韦尔 马韦尔（ 德鲁 马韦尔（Andrew 1621-1678）。 Marvell, 1621-1678）。 他们才智过人。 他们才智过人。喜欢使用 玄学奇喻” “玄学奇喻”，被称为玄 学派诗人。其中，约翰邓 学派诗人。其中， 恩为领导者。 恩为领导者。 玄学派诗歌在18和19世纪 玄学派诗歌在18和19世纪 18 一直为世人所忽视， 一直为世人所忽视，直到 20世纪初，才从历史的尘 20世纪初， 世纪初 封中重见天日， 封中重见天日，对现代主 义诗风产生很大影响。 义诗风产生很大影响。
•1649年1月国王查理一世被送上 年 月国王查理一世被送上 断头台，同年5月 断头台，同年 月，英国宣布为 共和国。因为资产阶级势力弱小， 共和国。因为资产阶级势力弱小， 在当时无法保证英国社会的稳定 和安全，为了他们自己的利益， 和安全，为了他们自己的利益， 他们只好和封建主义想妥协， 他们只好和封建主义想妥协，但 是1660年，查理二世回国复辟王 年 朝想置资产阶级于死地， 朝想置资产阶级于死地，为了自 身的利益， 身的利益，于是又发生了光荣革 期间，约翰·弥尔顿 弥尔顿（ 命，期间，约翰 弥尔顿（John Milton)积极投入资产阶级革命， 积极投入资产阶级革命， 积极投入资产阶级革命 曾任共和国政府拉丁秘书， 曾任共和国政府拉丁秘书，写了 不少文章捍卫共和国。 不少文章捍卫共和国。
The 17th-century English Literature
Essay随笔集 Advancement of learning(1605)学问的演进 Novem Organum(1620)新 工具 New Atlantis(1627)新大西 岛
The Essays are written in a wide range of styles, from the plain and unadorned to the epigrammatic. They cover topics drawn from both public and private life, and in each case the essays cover their topics systematically from a number of different angles, weighing one argument against another. A much-enlarged second edition appeared in 1612 with 38 essays. Another, under the title Essayes or Counsels, Civill and Morall, was published in 1625 with 58 essays. Translations into French and Italian appeared during Bacon's lifetime
7玄学派诗歌汇总
restoration of Anglicanism, the Puritan clergy were expelled from the Church of England. • Thereafter English Puritans were classified as Nonconformists. • In the 17th century many Puritans emigrated to the New World, where they sought to found a holy Commonwealth in New England.
or Bourgeois Revolution
• between royal court & parliament
• between aristocrats & middle class
• between the Anglican Church & the
•
Puritans and radical Protestants
欧洲文化史--The-Seventeenth-Century
The Seventeenth CenturyGeneral IntroductionIn the 17th century, Europe advanced from the Middle Ages to the modern times."The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the seventeenth century".----Bertrand Russell: A History of Western PhilosophyThis advance began in science, in astronomy, physics and pure mathematics, owing to the work of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes. Their work helped to create modern science and in a sense the modern world.These scientists abandoned the traditional reliance on authority and the accepted method of deductive reasoning. Instead, they attached great importance to direct observation of nature and experimentation.Numerous revolutionary concepts and inventions were developed during this period."Almost everything that distinguishes the modern world from earlier centuries is attributable to science, which achieved its most spectacular triumphs in the seventeenth century".----Bertrand Russell: A History of Western PhilosophyThe outlook of educated men was transformed. There was a profound change in the conception of men's place in the universe which revived human pride.This new outlook shattered the deeply established Scholasticism and brought about modern philosophy, which was materialist in nature.The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class, the bourgeoisie, and other classes.The 17th century saw the intense political struggle, shown in revolution in England and the end of absolute monarchy in France, which marked the growth of modern state power.ScienceThe sciences advanced in logical progression through modern history.First, a breakthrough in physics and mathematics in the 17th century, followed by rapid developments in the field of chemistry in the 18th century and then advances in biology in the 19th century and psychology in the 20th century.From Copernicus to KeplerThe first major advance of modern science occurred in astronomy and Italy was the scene with Copernicus(1473-1543) as the leading figure.Although he did not belong to the 17th century,Nicolaus Copernicus was the immediate forerunner of modern science.The Revolutions of Heavenly Orbs (1543)Copernicus put forward his theory that the sun, not the earth, is the center of the universe."In the middle of all sits the Sun enthroned. In this most beautiful temple, could we place this luminary in any better position from which he can illuminate the whole at once? He is rightly called the Lamp, the Mind, the Ruler of the Universe, ... So the Sun sits as upon a royal throne, ruling his children, the planets which circle round him."By this time, the Ptolematic system had been accepted by almost all learned men, which said that the earth was the center of the universe, which was in agreement with religious doctrines.Using logic and mathematics, Copernicus concluded that Ptolemy's system was wrong. Copernicus's hypothesis was regarded as heresy, for according to Scripture, Joshua had caused the sun to stand still in heaven.Copernicus had no wish to quarrel with the church. It was only at the urging of other scholars and scientists that he allowed his book to be published.The publication of the Copernican theory was the first serious irruption of science. It laid the foundation for many future scientific discoveries."The revolutionary act by which nature science declared its independence ... was the publication of the immortal work by which Copernicus threw down the gauntlet to ecclesiastical authority in the affairs of nature. The emancipation of natural science from theology dates from this act."----Engles, Dialectics of NatureHowever, Copernicus's heliocentric theory was put forward only as a hypothesis.No doubt, it was the boldest one in his own time, but Copernicus was not in a position to give any conclusive evidence in favor of his hypothesis.German scientist Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)Kepler is best known for his discovery of the three laws of planetary motion, the three laws being called Kepler's Law published in 1609 and 1619.Each planet moves in an ellipse, not a perfect circle, with the sun at one focus;Each planet moves more rapidly when near the sun than farther from it.The distance of each planet from the sun bears a definite relation to the time period the planet took to complete a revolution around the sun.A mathematical formula: the square of the period of revolution of a planet about the sun is proportional to the cube of the mean distance of the planet from the sun.Kepler's laws supported, clarified and amended the Copernican system and turned the system from a general description of the sun and the planets into a precise mathematical formula.These three laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton's discovery of the laws of gravitation.Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)Galileo is the greates name in the field of physics of this period.His father, a Florentine, taught him Latin, Greek, mathematics and music. He also liked to draw and paint.At 17, he was sent to study medicine at the University of Pisa, but soon his interest was drawn to physics and mathematics.A convinced Copernican, Galileo was eager to use newly invented instruments to observe heavenly bodies.He was the first to apply the telescope to the study of the skies.His telescope magnified objects a thousand times.Sidereus Nuncius (The Starry Messenger), 1610"By the aid of a telescope anyone may behold this in a manner which so distinctly appeals to the senses that all the disputers which have tormented philosophers through so many ages are exploded aat once by the irrefragable evidence of our eyes, and we are freed from wordy disputesupon this subject, for the Galaxly is nothing else but a mass of innumerable stars planted together in cluster...""Upon whatever part of it you direct the telescope straightway a vast crowd of stars presents itself to views; many of them are tolerably large and extremely bright, but the number of small ones is quite beyond determination".Proved that Ptolemy's geocentric system would not work and that Copernicus's powerful hypothesis had been right.Discovered the importance of acceleration in dynamics.Every body, if left alone, will continue to move in a straight line with uniform velocity; any change, either in the rapidity or the direction of motion, requires to be explained as due to the action of some "force".This principle is called the law of inertia.The first to establish the law of falling bodies.When a body is falling freely, its acceleration is constant, except in so far as the resistance of the air may interfere, and the acceleration is the same for all bodies, heavy or light, great or small. The acceleration of a falling body does not depend on its mass.Galileo's discoveries proved the validity of the Copernican theory and struck a frightening blow at the holy establishment.Many theologians felt that Copernican astronomy was sharply incompatible with the Bible and that if this theory was widely accepted, the Bible would lose authority and Christianity would suffer.Galileo's disputes with the church finally led to his trial by the Inquisition.He was forced to give up his view in public declaration but later published a book about the Copernican and anti-Copernican systems.Put in prison, allowed to return home after falling ill, technically remained a prisoner.Died in the arms of his pupils, blind and deaf and still a prisoner.His findings had an unsettling and disturbing effect on the conventional thinking, but his impact on the thoughtful mind was overwhelming.Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)As a school boy, "idle" and "inattentive".Took his degree from Tirinity College, Cambridge and became a mathematics teacher (not successful).Few students went to his lectures and fewer could understand him, sometimes he had so few auditors that he read his lectures to the wall.As a mathematician, he invented calculus.In optics, he discovered that white light is composed of all the colors of the spectrum.(red, orange, yellow, green, indigo, blue, violet)It was in the field of physics that Newton established his name as one of the most outstanding and influential figure in the history of natural science.The law of the universal gravitationEvery body attracts every other with a force directly proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.To put it simply, all bodies in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force, which is called gravitation.From this law, Newton was able to deduce the orbits of comets, the tides, and even the minute departures from elliptical orbits on the part of the planet.The law of universal gravitation is considered to be one of the most important discoveries in the history of science.Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687)His analytical method, the way he approached natural laws by observation, experiment and calculation, began to be applied to human society, to all branches of knowledge and thought.For centuries, Newton had been regarded as a perfect scientist, the greatest one that ever lived in the entire history of science."Nature and Nature's laws lay hid in night,God said, "Let Newton be," and all was light."____ Alexander Pope However, since Einstein discovered the law of relativity, the Newtonian system has been questioned.As a matter of fact, modern theoretical physics has abandoned Newton's absolute space and time. As explained by Einstein, motion and space are relative too.Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716)German philosopher, scientist, mathematician, historian and diplomat.Early university studies made him familiar with the Aristotelian tradition and the ideas from the Scholastics, but later decided in favor of the modern thought.He and Newton invented independently the differential and integral calculus.he describes space and time as merely system of relationship or order, and calls Newton's treatment of time and space as absolute entities a reversion to medieval notions.In his book New Essays Concerning Human Understanding (1704), he refutes John Locke's major premise that the senses are the source of all understanding.He distinguishes three levels of understanding: the self-conscious, the conscious and the unconscious or subconscious.Many of his theories have given rise of important developments of modern science, ranging from Freudian psychology and Einsteinian physics.Discourse and Metaphysics (1686)New System of Nature (1695)Invention of New InstrumentsThe microscope was invented in 1590.the telescope in 1608 by a DutchmanGalileo invented the thermometer and one of his pupils made the barometer.The pendulum clock in 1656.Scientific observation became immensely more exact and more extensiveMerits Shared by ScientistsFirst, they showed boldness in framing hypotheses. They had the courage to challenge the deep-rooted beliefs and assume that what had been accepted as true since ancient times might be false.Second, they all had immense patience in observation. They put their hypotheses to tests and drew conclusions on the basis of patient observation and careful collection of facts. Modern scientific method emphasized observation and experimentation before formulating a final explanation or generalization.Philosophy and PoliticsFrancis Bacon (1561-1626)The whole basis of his philosophy was practical: to give mankind mastery over the forces of nature by means of scientific discoveries and inventions.He held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology, not intimately be blended with it as in Scholasticism.In his Novum Organum, Bacon begins by declaring that "Man, being the servant and interpreter of Nature, can do and understand so much and so much only as he has observed in fact or in thought of the course of nature; beyond this he neither knows anything nor can do anything.""Nature to be commanded must be obeyed."Man can command and conquer nature, the power to do so is knowledge, therefore knowledge is power.He examined the contemporary logic and method and founded modern inductive method.He argued that the contemporary syllogism started by Aristotle did more harm than good. Induction means reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion.The deductive method emphasizes reasoning from a known principle to the unkown and from the general to the specific.The Great InstaurationTo expect any great advancement in science, we must begin anew. The fresh start required the mind to overcome all the preconception, prejudices and assumptions, sweep away all the fallacies and false beliefs, in a word, to break with the past, and to restore man to his lost mastery of the natural world.Baconian Materialism"To Bacon, natural philosophy is the only true philosophy, and physics based upon the experience of the senses is the chiefest part of natural philosophy."___ Marx & Engels, The Holy FamilyThomas Hobbes (1588-1679)Author of Leviathan(1651), one of the most celebrated political treatises in European literature. During the English Revolution, he took refuge in France and wrote Leviathan on account of his royalist convictions.He argues that our knowledge comes from experience."The cause of sense is the external body, or object, which presseth the organ proper to each sense either immediately, as in the taste and touch; or mediately, as in seeing, hearing and smelling."He believes that only material things are perceptible, and knowable to us. Our own experience alone is ceratin.He said men could not know anything about the existence of God because they could not have any idea of Him in their minds answerable to His nature.Concerning motion, Hobbes said that when a thing lies still, unless sth. else stirs it, it will lie still for ever. When a body is once in motion, it moves (unless sth. else hinders it) eternally.Hobbes systematized Baconian materialism, but basically he was a mechanical materialist.The Natural State of WarHobbes held that men are by nature equal in bodily and mental capacity.From this equality of ability arises equality of hope in the attaining of their ends.If any two men desire the same thing, which they can not both enjoy, they become enemies.The fact that every individual seeks his own conservation and his own enjoyment leads to competition and mistrust of others. So, Hobbes believed that man is selfish by nature.Unless such times as men live under a common power, they are in a state of war with one another. This natural state of war, therefore, is the state of affairs in which the individual is dependent for his own security on his own strength and his own wits, and where "every man is enemy to every man."The Laws of NatureBecause the condition of man is a condition of war of every man against every man, it is obviously in man's interest to emerge from this natural state of war.The possibility of doing so is provided by nature itself; for by nature men have their passions and their reasons.It is human passions that bring about the state of war; the fear of death and need for security drive man to accept certain laws of nature.Reason tells men that peace is necessary for survival and also suggests certain articles of peace, upon which men may be drawn to agreement. These articles are called the Laws of nature.In Leviatha n, Hobbes stated nineteen laws of nature.According to Hobbes, the fundamental law of nature is the general rule of reason that every man ought to endeavor for peace.The Theory of Social ContractHobbes maintained that in order to get men out of the miserable condition of war, keep them in awe, and tie them by fear of punishment to the performance of their agreements, and observation of the laws of nature, it is necessary that there should be a common power or government backed by force and able to punish.Individuals should "confer all their power and strength upon one man or upon one assembly of men, that may reduce all their wills by plurality of voices, unto one will."The transfer of rights takes place "by covenant of every man with every man, in such manner, as if every man should say to every man, I authorize and give up my right of governing myself to this man, or to this assembly of men, on this condition that thou give gup thy right to him andauthorize all his actions in like manner. This done, the multitude so united in one person, is called a Commonwealth, in Latin, Civitas. This is the generation of that great Laviathan".To escape anarchy, men enter into a social contract, by which they submit to the sovereign. in return for conferring all their powers and strength to the sovereign, men attain peace and security. In Hobbes' s thoery, the powers of the sovereign must be absolute, and it is only the centralization of authority in one person that the evil can be avoided.The sovereign is not a party himself to the social contract.The subjects cannot either change the form of government or repudiate the authority of the sovereign. Rebellion is wrong, which will lead men back to the natural state of war.As to the form of government, monarchy.Hobbes believed that government was not created by God, but by men themselves."The merits of Hobbes appear most clearly when he is contrasted with earlier political theorists. He is completely free from superstition; he does not argue from what happened to Adam and Eve at the time of the Fall."____Russell, A History of Western PhilosophyJohn Locke (1632-1704)Oxford, philosophyDisliked Scholasticism and regarded it as perplexed with obscure terms and useless questions. Locke inherited and developed the materialist views expounded by Bacon and Hobbes.Materialist ViewsEssay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)All our ideas are ultimately derived from sensation or from reflection, that these two make up experience and that all our knowledge springs from experience.Locke argued against Plato, Descartes and the scholastics, that neither principles nor ideas are innate.Political PhilosophyTreatises of Civil Government (1690)Rejected the theory of divine right of king.Ridiculed the theory of transmission of royal authority by saying that there was no evidence that Adam possessed a divinely granted royal authority, nor is there any evidence that his heirs had it. “All men are naturally free and equal in the state of nature.”“Men living together according to reason without a common superior on earth, with no authority to judge between them, is properly the state of nature”“The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges everyone, and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty of possession”.The Social ContractLocke believed that society is out of necessity, convenience and man’s own interest, therefore, society is natural to man. Political society and government should rest on a rational foundation.The institution of political society and government must proceed from the consent of those who are incorporated into political society and subject themselves to government.Locke emphasized that the social contract must be understood as involving the individual’s consent to submit to the will of the majority and that the will of the majority must prevail.The absolute monarchy is contrary to the original social contract and the danger to liberty comes mainly from absolute monarchy.Locke believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract. If he violates the social contract, then government is effectively dissolved. In this case, rebellion is justified.As to who is to judge when circumstances render rebellion legitimate, Locke replied, “The people shall be judge”, which is welcomed by the Americans during the American Revolution.Question?Both Thomas Hobbes and John Locke used the term “social contract”, what is the difference between them?Hobbes argued men enter a social contract to escape the state of war, for, in his view, men are enemies and at war with each other. Locke argued men are equal and that they enter a social contract by reason.Hobbes argued that individuals surrender their rights to one man, the sovereign whose power is absolute. Locke argued that the individuals surrender their rights to the community as a whole. According to Locke, by majority vote, a representative is chosen, but his power is not absolute. If the fails to implement the people’s will, the people have the right to ovethrow him.The English Revolutionin the middle of the 17th century.The causes:1) the growth of capitalism2) the break-up of serfdom3) the Puritan movementThe Growth of CapitalismCapitalism had started growing in England much earlier and faster than any other European country.The leading industry in the early development was textile, which pushed the development of coal-mining and other industries.The English bourgeoisie was not only economically powerful, but also politically strong.The English bourgeoisie had a political body, the parliament, to speak for them.SerfdomThe serfdom in the English countryside had begun breaking up from the 15th century as a result of the Enclosure Movement.Many serfs and poor peasants were driven out of their farm lands and homes, who went to the cities and became the source of cheap labor for the early capitalists.PuritansBy the end of the 16th century, Calvinism had spread to England. As a result,the Puritan Movement started in England.The Puritan principle emphasized the liberty of the individual soul before God, which reflected the desire of the early rising bourgeoisie for free development of capitalism.The Puritans were subjected to the suppression and persecution by the feudal monarchy. This was the religious cause of the English Revolution.MayflowerThe Land of the FreeThanksgivingThe English RevolutionIn 1642, Civil War broke out between the king and the Parliament.With the support of the people and the leadership of Oliver Cromwell, the English bourgeoisie won the victory.Charles I was captured and beheaded in front of his own palace in 1649.A republic was born, Cromwell became the head of the government known as the Protector. Oliver CromwellAfter the death of Cromwell in 1658, the country was in confusion and revolutionary movement was again on the rise.Fearing that the people might take over power, the upper bourgeoisie and feudal nobles collaborated and staged the restoration of the Stuart.In 1660, Charles II returned from France and was put on the throne.During the restoration, many revolutionary leaders were persecuted.Charles II was planning to turn England into a Catholic country.In 1688, the representatives of the parliament went to Holland to negotiate withe Dutch King William and his wife Mary, a member of the English royal family and yet a Protestant.William and Mary were invited to be the joint ruler of England. Thus, the shortlived restoration ended.The Glorious RevolutionIn December, 1689, the Bill of Rights was enacted by the Parliament.It established the supremacy of the parliament and put an end to divine monarchy in England. The Bill of RightsThe power of suspending the laws by royal authority was declared to be illegal; Parliament was responsible for all the law making;The king levy no money except by grant of parliament;The king should not keep a standing army in time of peace without consent of Parliament.No Roman Catholic, nor anyone marrying a Roman Catholic should succeed to the throne.The Bill of Rights is the foundation on which the constitutional monarchy of England rests."The bourgeoisie was victorious in these revolutions, but the victory of the bourgeoisie was at thattime the victory of a new social order, the victory of bourgeois ownership over feudal ownership... These revolutions reflected the need of the world at that time rather than the needs of those parts of the world where they occurred, that is England and France".___ Collected Works of Marx and EnglesRene Descartes (1596-1650)Philosopher, physicist and mathematicianIt is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with Francis Bacon in England and with Rene Descartes in France.He enlisted in the Dutch army and spent years of undisturbed quiet in Holland where he worked at geometry and philosophy.After serving in the army, he continued to live in Holland for twenty years as some of his contemporaries also found Holland a country of freedom of thought.Rules for the Direction of the Mind (1628)Discourse on Method(1637)Meditations Concerning First Philosophy and Objections and Replies (1642)His method of doubt is known as the method of Cartesian doubt.He believed that the overthrow of the present opinion and the break-up with the past philosophy, Scholasticism included, are necessary condition of establishing sth. first and lasting in eh science. "It is now some years since I detected how many were the false beliefs that I had from my earliest youth and admitted as true, and how doubtful was everything I had since constructed on this basis; and from that time I was convinced that I must once for all seriously undertake to rid myself of all the opinion which I had formerly accepted, and commence to build anew from the foundation, if i want to establish any firm and permanent structure in the science".In Discourse on Method, Descartes formulated four rules in expressing his method:The first was to accept nothing as true which i did not clearly recognize to be so.Carefully avoid precipitation and prejudice in judgments, and to accept in them nothing more than what was presented to my mind so clearly and distinctly that I could have no occasion to doubt it. The second was to divide up each of the difficulties which I examined into as many parts as possible, and as seemed requisite in order that it might be resolved in the best manner possible. The third was to carry on my reflections in due order, commencing with objects that were the most simple and easy to understand, in order to rise little by little, or by degrees, to knowledge of the most complex.The last was in all cases to make enumerations so complete and reviews so general that i should be ceratin of having omitted nothing.Theory of KnowledgeDescartes employed methodic doubt with a view to discovering whether there was any indubitable truth.He found his truth in this motto: "dubito ergo cogito; cogito ergo sum".I doubt, therefore I think; I think, therefore I am.This Cartesian doubt is the most important point in his philosophy.He believed that a thing that is thinking is one that doubts, understands, conceives, affirms, denies, wills, imagines, and feels.Doubting is thinking, thinking is the essence of the mind.All things that we conceive very clearly and distinctly are true, and theat knowledge of things must be by the mind.As to the senses, Descartes believed that they are not dependable.Innate IdeasDescartes believed that some ideas are innate.He claimed he discovered the first principles or first causes of everything which can be in the world without "deriving them from any other source than certain germs of truth which exist naturally in our souls".___ Discourse on MethodWe can construct metaphysics and physics by logic deduction from a number of innate ideas implanted in the mind by nature ,or by God.All clear and distinct ideas are innate. All scientific knowledge is knowledge of or by means of innate ideas.Knowledge of the universe and certain principles and laws of physics is innate.DualismDescartes turned his back on theological controversy and instead set out to apply the techniques of mathematical reasoning to questions of philosophy, attempting to build up a rigorous philosophy on the basis of reason alone.He argued that thought was the foundation of all knowledge while senses might deceive. (idealist) He believed that the external world existed, which is independent of the human mind. (materialist) In the Cartesian system, mind and matter are completely apart from one another.Descartes thus brought to completion the dualism of mind and matter which began with Plato.In mathematics, Descartes culminated in inventing analytical geometry.American linguist Noam Chomsky: "innate grammar".Pierre GassendiIn his early years, he began attacking Aristotelianism, and in 1641 he wrote his objections to Descartes's Meditation.He tried to show that the Cartesian criterion of true knowledge was useless, and insisted that our knowledge comes only from sensory experience."ambulo ergo sum" (I walk, therefore I am)French ClassicismSocial backgroundAfter the Hundred Years War between French and English invaders, France entered a period of comparatively steady development. In the latter half of the 17th century, Henry IV started a。
17汉
在17 世纪一个时辰大在17世纪的欧洲中世纪晚期从中东到现代times.Almost区别于一切早几个世纪以来，现代世界的原因是科学，它在17世纪取得的最壮观的胜利。
17世纪激烈的政治斗争中看到，在英格兰队表现出革命和绝对君主制在法国，这标志着现代国家实力的增长。
科学的胜利复活人类的骄傲。
这打破了新的前景深感成立士林经院哲学，带来现代理念，是唯物主义性质研究。
“现代世界中，只要精神面貌方面，开始于17世纪。
”贝特朗罗素科学革命一个变革时期的重大科学∙与世纪开始与其他人在黎明的第17届发明，开普勒，伽利略∙结束与牛顿出版的自然哲学的数学原理（自然哲学的数学原理）自然哲学的数学原理1687年在由艾萨克。
∙在本世纪初的，科学是高度亚里士多德。
在结束时，科学是数学，机械和实证经验主义的。
近代科学的先驱尼古拉哥白尼（1473年至1543年）∙他不属于17世纪，但他是现代科学的直接前身。
∙他的心说日心说是只提出一个假说假设。
∙不仅违背了宗教教义，但也有共同的感觉。
∙没有确凿的证据。
约翰内斯开普勒哥白尼的假设是模型支持开普勒是一个新的理念，宇宙的基本结构。
一般介绍∙德国天文学家，数学家，占星家占星家∙关键人物在科学革命∙他最著名的三定律行星运动规律（开普勒定律）行星运行三∙他有时被称为“作为”第一个理论天体物理学家理论天体物理学家∙支持，澄清和修正了哥白尼体系∙转向系统的数学公式，从总体描述成一个确切∙这三部法律的基础上形成了所有现代天文学的行星∙导致了牛顿的万有引力规律的发现伽利略“现代天文学之父”“现代物理学之父”“科学之父”∙改进了望远镜，观测各种天文∙实验工作有助于建立现代科学方法。
∙他的工作，有重大意义的突破从亚里士多德。
∙惯性定律惯性定律（每体，如果听之任之，将继续朝着统一的速度直线与...）∙组织法下降自由落体定律（当一个自由的身体正在下降，它的加速度和加速度不断...机构一样，是所有...）先行者的经典力学∙伽利略的理论和实验工作，对机构的议案先锋∙在执行严格的严格的实验和坚持一个自然的规律的数学描述。
英史讲义 the 17th century
Chapter 3 The 17th Century (1625-1688)The Period ofI. Historical Background:1. Elizabeth died leaving no heirs, thus ending the .2. became the new king in 1603, starting the .3. James I believed in the .4. (1625-1649): Conflict with Parliament: Taxes; Religion5. The English Civil War: a result of the long conflict between over power⏹The King‟s supporters: Mostly Anglican, Catholic; Mostly landed nobility⏹The Parliament‟s supporters: Mostly Puritan; Mostly middle class–was tried and beheaded by an all-Puritan Parliament in 16496. The Commonwealth⏹became Lord Protector–Came to disband the Parliament and rule as a military dictator (1649-1658)–Puritan rule became harsh as English could no longer drink, gamble or go to the theater.7.⏹With Cromwell‟s death, Parliament had had enough of Puritan rule and ask ed Prince Charles, son of Charles I, to become the new king⏹Charles II became known as the “Merry Monarch” because he gave in to Parl iament and restored the theater and dancing.8.in 1688, daughter of James and her husband , took the throne (1688)English government became a .Ⅱ. Major writers and their worksJohn Donne (1572-1631)His life:Two collections:Songs and SonnetsDevotions upon Emergent OccasionsHis most famous poems: The CanonizationA Valediction: Forbidding MourningHis importance: the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetryIn his poems, Donne frequently applies .conceit: an elaborate metaphor comparing two apparently dissimilar objects or emotions, often with an effect of surprise.Selective Reading:Death, Be Not ProudDeath, be not proud, though some have called theeMighty and dreadful, for thou art not so;For those whom thou think‟st thou dost overthrow,Die not, poor Death, nor yet canst thou kill me.From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be,Much pleasure; then from thee much more must flow,And soonest our best men with thee do go,Rest of their bones, and soul‟s deliver y.Thou art slave to Fate, chance, kings, and desperate men,And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell,And poppy or charms can make us sleep as well,And better than thy stroake; why swell‟st thou then?One short sleep past, we wake eternally,And death shall be no more; Death, thou shalt die.The FleaMark but this flea, and mark in this,How little that which thou deniest me is;Me it sucked first, and now sucks thee,And in this flea our two bloods mingled be;Thou know‟st that his cannot be saidA sin, or shame, or loss of maidenhead,Yet this enjoys before it woo,And pampered swells with one blood made of two,And this, alas, is more than we would do.Oh stay, three lives in one flea spare,Where we almost, nay more than married are.This flea is you and I and thisOur marriage bed and marriage temple is;Though parents grudge, and you, we are met,And cloisered in these living walls of jet.Though use make you apt to kill meLet not to that, self-murder added be,and sacrilege, three sins in killing three.Cruel and sudden, hast thou sincePurpled thy nail in blood of innocence?Wherein could this flea guilty be,Except in that drop which it sucked from thee?Yet thou triumph‟st, and say‟st that thouFind‟st not thy self nor me the weaker now;…Tis true; then learn how false fears be:Just so much honor, when thou yield‟st to me,Will waste, as this flea‟s death look life from thee.John Milton (1608-1674)1. Life and CareerJohn Milton is the third greatest English poet after Chaucer and Shakespeare, and the greatest to emerge in the 17th century.- served as for the Commonwealth and wrote many pamphlets defending the English Revolution.- devoted almost twenty years of his best life to the fight for political, religious and personal liberty as a writer- went blind in 1652- spent his last years writing poetry, finishing three important poems,2. Literary Achievements⏹Short poems: L’Allegro and Penseroso,Lycidas (1637)⏹Prose work: Areopagitica (1644)⏹Long poems: Paradise Lost (1667), Paradise Regained (1671), and Samson Agonistes (1671)Paradise LostImportance:Genre:Poetic Form:Source:Main Plot:Themes and Characterization:3. Brief Summary of Milton–He was in both his life and his art.–He wrote the greatest in English literature. He and have always been regarded as two pattern s of English verse.–He is a master of the blank verse. He first used blank verse in works.–He is a great . He is famous for his grand style, which is the result of his lifelong classical and biblical study.–He has always been admired for his aublimity of thought and majesty of expressio n.John Bunyan (1628-1688)His life:His masterpiece:The Pilgrim’s Progress1. the most successful in the English language;2. to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils;3. its most famous scene is .John Dryden (1631-1700)His life:His major works:An Essay of Dramatic Poesy (1668): a piece of literary criticism in the form of a dialogueAll for Love(1678): a tragedy in blank verse imitating Shakespeare‟s Antony and CleopatraComments on Dryden:。
The Seventeenth Century
• John Bunyan occupies the most important place in the field of prose writing of the puritan age .his most famous work is The Pilgrim’s Progress .Bunya n is know for his simple and lively prose style .
The 17th century
In England the seventeenth century was a time of political and religous turmoil punctuated with violence that suprised and shocked England‘s neighbors on the Continent. Two powers ------ Parliament and Throne
Literature of the Revolution Period
The main literary form of the period was poetry. Among the poets Milton was the greatest . Besides him ,there was two other groups of poets ,the metaphysical and the cavalier poets .
• Paradise lost is Milton’s masterpiece and the greatest English epic . The poem was written in 12books . In the poem god is no better than a selfish despot ,who is cruel and unjust in punishing Satan ,the rebel .Adam and Eve embody Milton’s belief in the powers of man . Satan is the real hero of the poem .
新编英国文学选读复习资料
新编英国⽂学选读复习资料En glish Lite ra ture a nd the Se le cte d Re adingsDevelopmentof EnglishLiterature1.EarlyandMedievalEnglishliterature(-1485)2.TheEnglishRenaissance(1550-1642?)3.The17thCentury–ThePeriodofRevolutionandRestoration 4 . The 1 8thCentury–T h e AgeofEnlightenm ent5.TheRomanticPeriod(1798-1832)6.TheVictorianAge(1832-1901)7.Th e20t hCen t uryLit erat ure–Mod ern is man dPo st-Mod ern ismChapter1EarlyandMedievalEnglishliterature⼀．Epic （史诗）Apoemthatcelebrateintheformofacontinuousnarrativetheachievementsofone ormoreheroicpersonagesof historyortradition. AmongthegreatepicsoftheworldmaybementionedtheIliad,OdysseyandAeneidof classical.Be owulf1.HistoricalBackground1)) Thre e Invasions:A.The Rom a n Conq u e st ( 5 5B. C - 4 10 A.D)B.The English Conqu e s t ( The Anglo-Sa xon Period)C.TheNormanConquest(TheAnglo-NormanPeriod)2)) Tw o Wars:A.TheHundredYearsWar(1337-1453)B.TheWarof theRose(1455-1485)a.Anglo-SaxonPoetry: Pagan(异教的）&ChristianBeowulf /worksofCaedmonandCynewulf.b.Anglo-NormanPoetry:Romancec.Poe try in Age of Cha u cer：d..PopularBallads:BalladsofRobinHood2.评价1）Beowulfisanationalepic（史诗）ofEnglishpeople.2）ItistherepresentativeworkoftheearlyEnglishliteraturewith3000lines.3）Itswriterisunknown.4）BeowulfisafolklegendbroughttoEnglandbytheAngloSaxonfromtheirprimitiveNorthernEurope.5）Beowulfwaspasseddownfrommouthtomouth. 6）Beowulfwaswrittendowninthe10th century.3.Charactersinthestory:Beowulf:anephewofkingofGents,apeopleinDenmark.Hrothgar:kinGre nde l: a m onster.She-monster(⼥妖怪):Grende l’s mother.Dra go n:a fire dra gon, a m onster.4.OutlineofTheSongofBeowulfTe u tonic(⽇⽿曼的） h e ro Be ow u lf, the ne phe w of the king of the Ge a t la nd, he lpe d Hrothga r kill them onste r ha lf-hu m a n ,Gre nd e l a s w e ll a s his viciou s m oth e r. W ith his he roic de e ds, he w a s m a de the kingofScyldings(Sweden)for50years. Theninordertogainmoretreasurefor hispeople,he foughthardwitha fieryfiredrakeandwasdeadlywounded,eventuallydied.Hislastwillwastoaskhispeopletobuildhistombintoabeaconfortheseafarerswhosailedalongt hecoast. 5.ThewritingfeaturesofBeowulf?1）Themostimportantisinalliterative(头韵的)verseandinartisticform.Eg：Thus made their mourning the men ofGeatland,Fo rtheirh ero’sp assin g,h ish earth-comp an io n s2）Anotheristhefrequentuseofmetaphorsandunderstatements(低调陈述)forironicalhumor.ring-giver:kinghearth-companions:attendantwarriors whale’s r oad:sea-wood:nottroublesome:verywell⼆Romance（传奇）1．介绍1）Theliteraturefortheupper class2）Alongcompositioninverseorprose,about knights—adventures3）Subjectmatters:about thematterofBritain,thematerofFrance,thematterofRome4）content:lovechivalryandreligion5）骑⼠精神：loyalty,bravely.honesty2 .代表作1 ） King Arthur a nd His Knights of the Round Ta ble :the most importa nt roma nce of the pe riod2）Sir GawainandtheGreenKnight:Thebest Arthurian romance,anonymous,inalliterativeverseItscharacters:KingArthur, SirGawain,theGreenKnight三Ballad（民谣）1.Aballadisastorytoldinsong,usuallyin4-linestanzas,withthe2ndand4thrhymed.2.TheSubjectsofEnglishBallads1)struggleofyounglovers2)theconflictbetweenloveandwealth3)thecrueltyofjealousy4 ) the criticism of th e civil war5)themattersofclassstruggle3.代表作Robinhoodballads四．Ge offre y Cha ucer1.评价1）ThefirstgreatEnglishpoet2）ThefatherofEnglishpoetry2.Chauce r’s threeliterary periods:1 ）Th e first or th e Fre nch period:TheRomauntoftheRose《玫瑰传奇》atranslation,popularinMiddleagesTheBookoftheDuchess《悼公爵夫⼈》 , thebest w orkofthe t im e Chauce r’s literarycare er 2）ThesecondortheItalianperiod: TroilusandCriseyde《特罗伊拉斯和克莱西德》apoemofalovestory3）ThethirdortheEnglishperiod,hisbestperiod:TheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》,ismasterpieceandarepresentativeworksof theMiddleAges.The Ca nte rbury Ta les1.OutlineIt op e ns w ith a ge ne ra l prologu e w he re w e a re told of a com pa ny of pilgrim s , 3 2 one s th a t ga the re d atTa b a rd Inn in Sou th w a rk, a su bu rb of Londo n. The y a re on the ir w a y to the shrine of St. Thom a s Be cke tatCanterbury.Theysetouttogetherwiththejollyinnkeeper,HarryBaily,whoproposedthateachpilgrimshouldtelltwotalesonthewayto Canterburyandtwomoreonthewayback.But,totallyonly24talesarefinished.The pilgrim s a re from va riou s pa rts of Engla nd, re pre se n ta t ive s of a ll w a lks of life a nd socia l grou ps,knights,monks,widowsandpriestetc.Hisworkshowedastrikinglybrilliantandpicturesquepanoramaofhistimeandhiscountry.2.Ch aucer’slan g uag e:1)Hislanguageisfullofhumorandsatire.2)Hislanguageisvivid,exactandsmooth,amasterofword-pictures.3) He is the first to u se h e roic co uple t w hich he introduce d from Fra nce.4)He is the first gre a t poe t w ho w rote in the English la ngu a g e , m a king the dia le ct of London the sta n d a rdforthemodernEnglishspeech.Ps:1.Wh atist h e?heroicco uplet??Th e h e roic cou ple t is a ve rse form in e pic poe try, w ith lin e s of te n sylla ble s a nd five stre sse s , in rhymingpairs.(英雄诗体：⽤于史诗或叙事诗，每⾏⼗个⾳节，五个⾳部，每两⾏押韵。
three DC17世纪王朝复辟
Cavalier poets/school (骑士派)
a group of English poets associated with Charles I during the English Civil War. They wrote polished and elegant lyrics, typically on love and dalliance and sometimes on war, honour, and duty to the king, embodying the life and culture of upper-class. The leading Cavalier poets were Robert Herrick, Sir John Suckling, and Thomas Carew.
two camps
Literature of the Period
two antagonistic(敌对的)camps:
the Puritans two types of writers the Royalists the Puritan type the Cavalier type
English literature of the Revolution and Restoration period was very much concerned with the tremendous social upheavals of the time.
英国文学7 The 17th Century
1603 Elizabeth died and James I came to the throne 1625 Charles I succeeded. There were religious division and confusion and a struggle between the people’s Parliament and the Thorne. 1649 Charles I was beheaded. England became a commonwealth under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell. 1658 with the death of Cromwell, the country fell once more into anarchy. 1660 Charles I’s son was welcomed back as Charles II. Restoration 1668 The new king William of Orange and his wife Mary became the joint ruler of the country. This was known as “the Glorious Revolution”.
Major Poems: “The Flea”, “A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning”, “Death be not proud” (sonnet)
THE FLEA
MARK but this flea, and mark in this, How little that which thou deniest me is ; it suck'd me first, and now sucks thee, And in this flea our two bloods mingled be. Thou know'st that this cannot be said A sin, nor shame, nor loss of maidenhead ; Yet this enjoys before it woo, And pamper'd swells with one blood made of two ; And this, alas ! is more than we would do.
17-century poetry
carpe diem 是拉丁文，翻译成英语是seize the day，意为：抓住今天 及时行乐。亦即文学中鼓 吹的及时行乐之主题。
Carpe diem
劝君莫惜金缕衣， 劝君惜取少年时。 花开堪折直须折， 莫待无花空折枝。
Carpe diem
生年不满百， 常怀千岁忧。 昼短苦夜长， 何不秉烛游！ 为乐当及时， 何能待来兹。 愚者爱惜费， 但为后世嗤。 仙人王子乔， 难可与等期。
The theme
The theme was popular at the time, i.e. “carpe diem”. Carpe diem is a theme, especially common
in lyric poetry, that emphasizes that life is short, time is fleeting, and that one should make the most of present pleasures.
IV. The Representative poets of the three Kinds:
the Puritan poets John Milton
the Metaphysical poets the Cavalier poets
John Donne
Robert Herrick
骑士派
给少女们的忠告
可以采花的时机，别错过， 时光老人在飞驰： 今天还在微笑的花朵 明天就会枯死。
太阳，那盏天上的华灯， 向上攀登得越高， 路程的终点就会越临近， 剩余的时光也越少。
给少女们的忠告
青春的年华是最最美好的， 血气方刚，多热情； 过了青年，那越来越不妙的 年月会陆续来临。
The 17th Century
Gross exaggeration (hyperbole).
Presentation of a logical argument.
Expression of personal, private feelings,
跳蚤 约翰· 邓恩 多么残忍，你毫无犹豫 用无辜的鲜血染红自己 的指甲？ 它不过吸了你一滴血 罪不至死啊？ 你却以胜利者的口吻说 你我并没有因失血而有 些虚弱； 的确，担心不过是虚惊 一场： 接受我的爱， 你的名誉不会有丝毫损 失， 就象跳蚤之死不会让你 的生命有所损失。
2nd son of Charles I
1685--1688
1688--1702
James II
Mary II & William III
Brother of Charles II, dethroned after
the Glorious Revolution 1st daughter of James II William of Orange, Holland
Those things which elemented it.
The
th 17
Century
Social background
The 17th century was one of the most tempestuous period in English history. Conflicts and clashes appeared between the King and the Parliament, which represented the bourgeois class. In 1642, a civil war (Enlish Revolution) broke out between Charles I and the parliament. At last, the royalists were defeated by the parliament army led by Oliver Cromwell. In 1649 Charles I was beheaded, and England was declared to be a commonwealth. After the death of cromwell, the parliament recalled Charles II to England in 1660 and monarchy was restored, then follow the Restoration Period. In 1688, the bourgeoisie invite William, Prince of Orange, from Holland to be the king of England. This is called the ―Glorious Revolution‖. This bloodless event completed the bourgeoisie revolution and modern England was firmly established.
the 17th century
The 17th CenturyGeneral IntroductionIn the 17th century Europe advanced from the Middle Ages to the modern times.✓“Almost everything that distinguishes the modern world from earlier centuries is attributable to science, which achieved its most spectacular triumphs in the 17th century.” ---By Bertrand Russell, an English philosopher✓The 17th century saw the intense political struggle, shown in revolution in England and absolute monarchy君主制in France, which marked the growth of modern state power.✓The triumphs of science revived human pride. This new outlook shattered the deeply established Scholasticism and brought about modern philosophy, which was materialist in nature.✓“The modern wor ld, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century.”--- Bertrand RussellScientific Revolution----A period of major scientific changeBegan with the discoveries of Kepler, Galileo, and others at the dawn of the 17th century Ended with the publication of the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) in 1687 by Isaac Newton.At the beginning of the century, science was highly Aristotelian; at its end, science was mathematical, mechanical, and empirical.Forerunner of Modern Science----Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)Polish astronomerMastered all the knowledge of the day in mathematics, astronomy, medicine and theology His financial security allowed him to begin his astronomical observationsDisrupted the Ptolemaic system of astronomy (Earth is at the center of the universe with the sun, moon, planets, and stars revolving about it in circular orbits.)Put forward the theory that the sun is the centre of the universeHis hypothesis was regarded as heresy. It contradicted not only the religious doctrines, but also common sense.He did not belong to the 17th century, but Copernicus was the immediate forerunner of modern science.Johannes KeplerGeneral introductionGerman astronomer, mathematician and astrologerKey figure in the scientific revolution.Best known for his laws of planetary motionHe is sometimes referred to as "the first theoretical astrophysicist"Discovery of elliptical orbitsSent his theory to T. Bracheused the very accurate observations of Tycho Braherealized that the planets move around the sun not in circular orbits, but in elliptical ones. Best known discovery by Kepler1.Each planet moves in an ellipse, not a perfect circle, with the sun at one focus2.Each planet moves more rapidly when near the sun than farther from it3.The distance of each planet from the sun bears a definite relation to the time period theplanet took to complete a revolution around the sun.Kepler’s LawSupported, clarified and amended the Copernican systemTurned the system from a general description into a precise mathematical formulaThe three laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomyLed to Newton‟s discovery of the laws of gravitationOther achievements: Explain accurately how eye sees; How eyeglasses improve visionGalileo Galilei (1564—1642)“Father of Modern Astronomy "“Father of Modern Physics"“Father of Science"Italian astronomer, philosopher, and physicistLeaned Latin, Greek, mathematics, music and medicineConvinced CopernicanFirst to apply telescope to the study of the skyAchievementsImproved the telescope, applied it to a variety of astronomical observationsExperimental work facilitated establishing the modern scientific method.The work of Galileo is considered to be a significant break from that of Aristotle .Law of inertiaLaw of falling bodiesprecursor of the Classical mechanicsGalileo…s theoretical and experimental work on the motions of bodiespioneerin performing rigorous 严格的experiments and insisting on a mathematical description of the laws of nature.1610, Sidereus Nuncius (The Starry Messenger) was publishedHis discoveries provided evidences for Copernicus‟s hypothesisBible‟s authority and Christianity were threatene d by the theoryIsaac Newton (1643—1727)English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, and alchemist 炼金术士the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (published 1687)universal gravitationAchievementsKepler's laws of planetary motion and Galileo's mechanics culminated in the work of Isaac NewtonIn mathematics- invented calculusIn optics 光学- discovered white light is composed of all the colors of the spectrum 光谱 In physics- his discovery of the law of the universal gravitation is the most important.His laws of motion ---- the solid foundation of mechanics;his law of universal gravitation----combined terrestrial (陆地的地球的)and celestial (天上的天体的) mechanics into one great system (seemed to be able to describe the whole world in mathematical formulae)Life in other occupationsMathematics teachera member of Parliamentwarden 皇家官员of the Royal Mint皇室制币厂 in 1696Chancellor of the Exchequer 财政大臣His knighthoodknighted by Queen Anne in 1705not for his scientific achievementsIronically, it was his work at the Mint which earned him a knighthood.Quotations by NewtonI know not what I appear to the world, but to myself I seem to have been only like a boyplaying on the sea-shore, and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell, whilest the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me.If I have been able to see further, it was only because I stood on the shoulders of giants.Merits shared by the Great Scientists of the 17th CenturyBoldness in framing hypotheses,( had courage to challenge the deep-rooted beliefs.) Immense patience in observation.Philosophy, Politics and Literature in EnglandFrancis Bacon (1561-1626)English philosopher, essayist and statesmanMajor works are The Advancement of Learning, the New Atlantis, the Novum Organum (New Method), and EssaysFounded modern inductive method 归纳法Essays by BaconMost widely read workContained 58 essaysDeal with a wide range of topics concerning various aspects of lifeJohn Milton (1608-1674)In English Literature John Milton ranks with Shakespeare and ChaucerA great part of his life was connected with the English RevolutionMost famous for his epic poems: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson AgonistesThe English RevolutionIn the middle of the 17th centuryCauses:Growth of capitalismThe break-up of serfdomThe Puritan movementGrowth of capitalismCapitalism in England started growing much earlier and faster than other European countyTextile industry pushed the development of coal-mining and other industriesThe break-up of serfdomThe Enclosure MovementSerfs were driven out of their farm lands and homesWent to the cities and became the source of cheap labour for the early capitalistsThe Puritan movementEmphasized the liberty of the individual soul before GodReflected the desires of the early rising bourgeoisie 资产阶级for free development of capitalismConflicts between Puritans and the feudal monarchyTwo leadersCromwell: the man of actionJohn Milton: the man of thoughtFrench Classicism古典主义Rene Descartes笛卡尔French philosopher, physicist and mathematicianalso known as CartesiusThe Method of Cartesian DoubtFour rules of the Cartesian methodaccept nothing as true which I did not clearly recognize to be sodivide up each of the difficulties which I examined into as many parts as possiblecarry on my reflections in due ordermake enumerations 列举so complete and reviews so general that I should be certain of having omitted nothing.I think, therefore I amDoubting is thinking, thinking is the essence of the mindKnowledge of things must be by the mindAs to the senses, he believed that they are not dependableDescartes’s Dualism双重性,二元性Thought was the foundation of all knowledge while senses might deceive us. idealist The external world existed, which was independent of human mind. materialistIn Cartesian system, mind & matter are completely apart from each other.As a mathematician, he was the founder of analytical geometry. 解析几何Baroque PeriodThe period roughly between 1600 and 1750Originated in Italyderived from a Portuguese term “an irregularly shaped pearl”originally used derogatorilyDramatic, bizarre, overdecoratedThe term “Baroque” was applied toArchitecture with too much ornamentElaborate paintingsEarly (prior to 1650) and late baroque MusicBaroque ArtFlourished first in ItalySpread to Spain, Portugal, France and to NetherlandsCharacterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and colourGiovanni Lorenzo Bernini (1598—1680) 贝尼尼Italian sculptor and architectProminent figure of Italian BaroqueSt Peter's BasilicaDavid---The figure is charged with such great energy that it makes the whole space around seem active.Apollo and Daphne阿波罗与达芙妮The Ecstasy of St. Theresa（圣苔列沙的幻觉）Bernini‟s masterpiecePeter Paul Rubens鲁本斯(1577-1640)The greatest of painters of Flemish school. 佛兰芒派Was the man more than anyone else who helped to spread the Baroque style to North Europe.Diego Velazquez，1599～1660）魏拉斯开茨A Spanish painter of the baroque periodVan Rijn Rembrandt (1606-69) 伦勃朗Principal Dutch Baroque painter and etcher 蚀刻师ArchitecturePalace of V ersailles凡尔赛Garden FrontSt. Paul‟s Cathedral.Music1600, one of the most important landmarks in music historyThe rise of recitative,（叙唱调）cantata,（康塔塔）opera, oratorio（讲述宗教故事的圣乐）A swelling, emotional style, baroque•1600-50 early baroque music---Monteverdi•1650-1750 late baroque music ---Vivaldi, Bach, HandelThe development of late baroque music led to the Musical Enlightenment.。
高中英语世纪、年代、年、月、日的表达方式
高中英语世纪、年代、年、月、日的表达方式1、世纪：①用“定冠词+序数词+century”表示例：在十七世纪写作：in the 17th century，读作：in the seventeenth century②用“定冠词+百位进数+s”表示例：在十七世纪写作：in the 1600s，读作：in the sixteen hundreds注意：这种情况下，实际表达的世纪数是阿拉伯数字本身加一。
2、年代用“定冠词+(世纪百位进数+十位年代数)+s”表示例：在二十世纪三十年代写作：in the 1930s，读作：in the thirties of the twentieth century或in the nineteen thirties 表示某年代的早期、中期和晚期，可以在定冠词后添加early,mid-和late例如：在二十世纪二十年代早期in the early 1920s；在二十世纪五十年代中期in the mid-1950s3、年月日1）年份①读年份时一般分为两个单位来读，前两个数为一个，后两个数为一个：1949读作：nineteen forty-nine或nineteen hundred and forty-nine②如果是三位数，先读第一位，再把后两个数合起来读：253读作：two fifty-three或two hundred and fifty-three③另外：2000读作：two thousand，1902读作：nineteen hundred and two或nineteen o two④如果要使用year，year放在数词之前例如：in the year two fifty-three B.C.在公元前253年2）月份月份是专有名词，除了少数几个月份外都有缩写形式：January-Jan.一月February-Feb.二月March-Mar.三月April-Apr.四月August-Aug.八月September-Sept.九月October-Oct.十月November-Nov.十一月December-Dec.十二月注意：缩写形式后面的点不能省略，因为它是表示缩写形式的符号。
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Elizabeth died in 1603 and James Ⅰ came to the throne(1603-1625) The government of James Ⅰ was a despotism(专制）based upon the theory of the divine right of kings(君 权神授）.
representative
• • • • • Sir John Suckling (1609-1642), Richard Lovelace (1618-1657) Thomas Carew (1595-1639) Robert Herrick (1591-1674)
Literary Characteristics
Literary Characteristics
Metaphysical Poets (玄学派诗人）
• With a rebellious spirit, they favored in poetry a more colloquial language, a single-minded working of one theme. Besides, they tended to logically reason the things, esp. emotions, psychologically analyze the emotions of love and religion, love the novelty(新奇事物） and the shocking. • The works of these poets are characterized by mysticism(神秘） in content and fantasticality（奇 异） in form. They use the metaphysical conceits （奇喻）, and ignore the conventional devices. • .
16601685 16851688 16881702
Charles II James II
Brother of Charles II, dethroned (废除） after the Glorious Revolution（光荣革 命） 1st daughter of James II William of Orange, Holland
Literary Characteristics
Cavalier Poets（保王派诗人） • Most of these poets were courtiers(朝 臣） and soldiers. They sided with the king to fight against the revolution.
The bourgeois revolution
• Time: 1640-1688 • Task：overthrow the absolute monarchy（君主专制） and develop the capitalism • Leading class: the bourgeoisie and the new nobility（资产阶级与新贵族） • Leader: Oliver Cromwell • Main force: the peasants, the craftsmen and the urban poor（农民，手工艺者和 城市贫民）
Ruler Notes
James Ⅰ
Charles I O. Cromwell
Succeed Elizabeth Ⅰ
The 2nd son of James I, beheaded (砍 头）in 1649 Leader of the revolution , protector of the Commonwealth/King（护国公）, later overthrown by the people, and Charles II returned. 2nd son of Charles I，his return marked the Restoration of Stuart
A. Historical background: revolution & restoration(复辟）
B. Literary characteristics
都铎王朝 The Tudors(1485-1603): Henry Ⅶ ---- Henry Ⅷ -----Edward Ⅵ ---- Mary Ⅰ---- Elizabeth Ⅰ
• 2. Literature of the Restoration • Restoration literature is deeply influenced by French classical taste. It is a period of French influence.
Literary Characteristics
• John Donne (1573-1631) is the founder of the Metaphysical School.
• George Herbert (1593-1633) is "the saint of the Metaphysical School"(玄 学派诗圣).
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He was King of England and Scotland from 1625 until his execution in 1649. He was the only king to be executed publicly in English history. Religious conflicts permeated Charles‘s reign and his last years were marked by the English Civil War, in which he fought the forces of the English and Scottish Parliaments
Literary Characteristics
Literature of the Revolution Period
Literature of the Restoration Period
Literary Characteristics
• A. general characteristics
• 1) The Revolution Period (also the Puritan Age)was one of confusion in literature due to the breaking up of the old ideals. The Puritans believed in simplicity of life. They disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry written in the previous period. • 2) Literature in the Puritan Age expressed age and sadness. Even its brightest hours were followed by gloom and pessimism. • 3) Romantic ardor（热情） can not be found in literature of the Puritan period. • 4)The main literary form of the period was poetry．
The bourgeois revolution
• (4)the restoration of the Stuart 〈16601688〉 • (5)the glorious revolution (光荣革命） 〈1688〉
Result: a. the establishment of the constitutional monarchy(君主立宪制) b. the enactment of <<the bill of right>> （权利法案)<1689>
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The bourgeois revolution (资产阶级革命）
the absolute monarchy(君主专制 ） impeded(阻碍） the further development of capitalism in England.
cause
the contradiction between the feudal system(封建制度） and the bourgeoisie （资产阶级） had reached its peak.
Literary Characteristics
• B. John Milton • His work would glorify any age and people, and in his work the indomitable revolutionary spirit found its noblest expression. For this reason, this period is also called Age of Milton． • Metaphysical Poets (玄学派诗人） • Cavalier Poets（保王派诗人）
The bourgeois revolution
• The last straw(导火线）: the uprising of Scottish people in 1640. • Process (1)the commence : the holding of parliament meeting in 1640 （ the bourgeoisie and the new nobility formed the opposition<反对派>） (2)the English civil war 〈1642—1649〉 • (3)the commonwealth 〈1649—1660〉 • characteristics： the joint dictatorship(联合 专制) of the bourgeoisie and the new nobility • The reign of Oliver Cromwell