翻译讲义
高中语文必修四苏武传原文及翻译上课讲义
高中语文必修四苏武传原文及翻译武字子卿。
少以父任，兄弟并为郎。
稍迁至栘中厩（jiù)监。
凭借逐渐地升迁苏武，字子卿，年轻时凭借父亲的职位而做官，哥哥和弟弟一道做郎官，逐渐升迁为栘中厩监。
时汉连伐胡，数通使相窥观。
匈奴留汉使郭吉、路充国等，前后十余辈。
匈奴使来，汉亦留之以相当。
多次使节当时汉朝接连进攻匈奴，双方多次派遣使节相互窥探观察。
匈奴扣留汉朝使节郭吉、路充国等人，前前后后十几批。
匈奴使节来汉朝，汉朝也扣留他们来相互抵当。
天汉元年，且鞮(jūdī)侯单于初立，恐汉袭之，乃曰：“汉天子，我丈人行(háng)也。
”尽归汉使路充国等。
使…归天汉元年，且鞮侯刚刚被立为单于，害怕汉朝袭击匈奴，就说：“汉朝皇帝，是我的长辈啊。
”全部把路充国等汉朝使节释放回来。
武帝嘉其义，乃遣武以中郎将使持节送匈奴使留在汉者，因厚赂单于，答其善意。
武与副中郎将张胜及假吏常惠赞赏于是凭（定语后置句）趁机汉武帝赞赏他的道义，于是派苏武凭中郎将的身份持节送留在汉朝的匈奴使节回国，趁机送给单于许多财物，答谢他的好意。
苏武和副中郎将等募士斥候百余人俱。
既至匈奴，置币遗(wèi)单于。
单于益骄，非汉所望也。
一起…之后置办财物馈赠更加希望张胜以及代理的属吏常惠等，招募了士兵、斥候共一百多人一起前去。
到了匈奴以后，置办财物馈赠给单于。
单于更加骄横，不是汉朝所希望的。
方欲发使送武等，会缑(gōu)王与长(cháng)水虞常等谋反匈奴中。
缑王者，昆(hún)邪(yé）王姊子也，正派恰好匈奴正要派使节送苏武等人回国，恰好缑王与长水虞常等人在匈奴谋反。
缑王是昆邪王姐姐的儿子，与昆邪王俱降汉，后随浞野侯没胡中。
及卫律所将降者，阴相与谋劫单于母阏氏(yānzhī)归汉。
会武等至匈奴，一起与率领暗中正好和昆邪王一起投降了汉朝，后来跟着浞野侯陷落胡地。
他们与卫律所率领的投降的人，暗中共同谋划劫持单于的母亲阏氏回汉朝。
翻译讲义 大学笔译
笔译（一）第一讲翻译概论Some suggestions1. Students are expected to keep on improving language competence both in their English and Chinese so that they can be fit for the work of translation;2. Students are expected to cultivate a sense of bi-culture involved in translation and observe similarities and difference between two languages in lexicology, syntax, discourse.3. Students are expected to read and study translation works by well-known translators, and to have a lot of exposure to both SL (源语) and TL（目的语).4. Students are expected to do ample translation practice to improve translation ability and try to apply translation theory to practice.5. Students are expected to read extensively after class to get ample knowledge in different fields. General knowledge is of vital importance.6. Discuss with your classmates and teachers.7. Summarize and make a frequent reflection.8. Be patient and careful.The Story of Babel 巴别塔的故事那时，诺亚的后代都使用同一种语言。
翻译讲义
英汉翻译技巧：减词(Omission)E-C．1. A soldier must obey orders.军人必须服从命令。
（省冠词）（王令坤＜英汉翻译技巧＞上海交大出版社)2. When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low.气压低，沸点就低。
（省动词）(许建平＜英汉互译实践与技巧＞清华大学出版社) 3. It was an early September day, cool and bright and just right for running, and I was in the first few miles of a 10.5-mile race over a course through steep exhausting hills.那是九月初的一天，秋高气爽，阳光明媚，正是赛跑的好时光。
我正参加一场10.5英里的比赛，刚跑了几英里。
比赛路线要穿越一些陡峭、使人精疲力竭的山坡。
（省连词）（王令坤＜英汉翻译技巧＞上海交大出版社)4. It is conflict and not unquestioning agreement that keeps freedom alive.使自由保持活力的是冲突而不是绝对的一致。
（省强调句中的it）（王令坤＜英汉翻译技巧＞上海交大出版社)5. One must make painstaking efforts before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language.要掌握一门外语，非下苦功夫不可。
（省代词）(靳梅琳＜英汉翻译概要＞南开大学出版社)6. Never trouble yourself with trouble till trouble troubles you.不要自寻麻烦。
（省名词）(许建平＜英汉互译实践与技巧＞清华大学出版社) 7. Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成。
《英语翻译基础》讲义及《样题和答案》
英语翻译基础讲义第一章翻译的基本原则1.Nature of Translation(翻译的性质)Translation is a science.Translation is an art.Translation is a craft.Translation is a skill.Translation is an operation.Translation is a language activity.Translation is communication2.Principles of Translation(翻译的原则)Three characters “信，达，雅”（faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance）———严复《天演论》Three characters “信，达，切”(faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness) ———刘重德《翻译十讲》Summary:忠实与通顺(1) Faithfulness of Translation (翻译的忠实)Strictly speaking, faithfulness is the generalization of the principles of translation. That’s to say, true translation demands that the translator be faithful to the content, language and style of the original at the same time.Eg. 1.War, pestilence and famine consumed one million people.战争，瘟疫和饥馑毁掉了一百万人。
该句译文从三个方面与原文都是一致的。
内容上，措辞完全对应；形式上，中英文都是陈述句，且语序相同。
翻译基础讲义
新东方在线考研翻译基础班讲义主讲：唐静课程简介以讲解翻译基础知识为主，基本不涉及考研翻译的真题。
但是，真题很重要，有必要在强化训练中完全掌握真题。
课程大纲第一章考研翻译基础知识一翻译的定义二翻译的标准和翻译的方法三翻译的基本过程四考研翻译的核心解题策略第二章翻译技巧：词法翻译法一词义选择和词义引申二词性转换三增词法四省略法第三章翻译技巧：句法翻译法一名词性从句的翻译二定语从句的翻译三状语从句的翻译四被动结构的翻译第一讲翻译的定义翻译是一门语言的艺术，是语言之间的转换，是在准确理解的基础上用一种语言来忠实的表达另外一种语言。
考研翻译简介（一）考研翻译考查内容和形式根据全国硕士研究生统一考试英语考试大纲规定，考研翻译“主要考查考生准确理解内容或结构复杂的英语材料的能力。
要求考生阅读一篇约400词的文章，并将其中5个划线部分（约150词）译成汉语，要求译文准确、完整、通顺。
考生在答题卡2上作答。
”以2007年考研翻译题为例，考生在试卷上阅读的是一篇完整的文章，翻译的是5个划线部分。
如：Part CTranslation:Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2. (10 Points)The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. 46)Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. 47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist's intellectual preparation for his or her career.48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the new media.Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. 49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. 50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system（二）考研翻译的评分标准根据大纲规定，考研翻译的评分标准如下：5个小题，每题2分，共10分。
翻译讲义(21)
作业讲评：在中国的一些地方，人们习惯于每天吃大蒜。
有些人每天吃大蒜多达２０瓣。
在这些地方，人们从未听说乳腺癌。
为了搞清大蒜能否防癌，医生们用鼠做了实验。
医生给鼠每天喂２０克大蒜（鼠吃１克大蒜相当于人吃一瓣蒜），同时让鼠吃一种致乳腺癌的物质。
结果如何呢？几乎没有鼠生癌。
医生现在正致力于寻找大蒜中具有防癌作用的成份。
In parts of China, people have the habit of eating garlic everyday. Some people eat as many as20 cloves of garlic a day. Breast cancer is almost unheard of in those places. To find out whether garlic helps to prevent breast cancer, doctors have conducted experiments with mice. They fed each mouse up to 20 grams of garlic a day (a gram for a mouse is equal to a clove for a human ) --- along with a substance that induces breast cancer. The result? Almost no tumors developed in the mice. Doctors are now searching for the active ingredients in garlic that can prevent breast cancer.nurture verb[T]FORMAL1to take care of, feed and protect someone or something, especially young children or plants, and help them to develop:She wants to stay at home and nurture her children.a carefully nurtured garden2to help a plan or a person to develop and be successful:As a record company director, his job is to nurture young talent.3to have a particular emotion, plan or idea for a long time:Winifred nurtured ambitions for her daughter to be a surgeon.nurture noun[U]the way in which children are treated as they are growing, especially as compared with the characteristics they are born with:Which do you believe has the strongest influence on how children develop - nature or nurture?testify verb[I or T]to speak seriously about something, especially in a court of law; to give or provide evidence:He testified against his own commander. 他做了不利于自己指挥官的证明。
翻译讲义
翻译讲义I. 考试要求1. 大纲要求2. 材料特点II. 英译汉1. 步骤：1) 找断点：介词、连词、标点符号五大逻辑关系：转折：conj. [Although though while even if, even though S V,] S V…. Prep. In spite of…. Despite…. Instead of….Adv. however, nevertheless, but因果：原因状语conj because since as in that now thatI was late [because there was a traffic jam]Prep because of…. Own to…. Due to….结果。
so that so + adj. / adv. that…..The traffic was so heavy [that I was late]目的so that in order thatSo as to do…. In order to do…条件if provided that S V…. supposing that…Given that …..unless = if notprep. Givenbut for but that 要不是并列和递进And A B and C adj. adj. and adj.V1 V2 and V3S V, SV and S V….总分：such n. as A B and Cn. such as A B and Ce.g.: such energy as sun, wind and tide.First second从句的连词定语从句That which whose who whom asWhere when why名词从句What how；how many how muchif whether…. 是否2) 找主谓S VTips: 1 be am is are was were2. 情态V + do….3. have has had + done4. do does did….3) 逻辑关系4) 组织语言e.g. 1. I || let bird <out of his cage>, you || see, this morning, and he ||’s disappeared.我让鸟出来他的笼子，你知道，今天早上，并且他不见了是这样的，我今天早上把小鸟放出笼子，他不见了Let sth./sb. <Adj./do/prep…>___________________e.g. 2. Although the object (of the annual performance review) || is to improve performance, it often || has the opposite result.尽管目标年度行为表现评估年度绩效评估为了提高行为表现，它经常有相反的结果尽管年度绩效评估的目标是为了改善工作表现，但是它经常适得其反___________________e.g. 3. It || is a very common belief that the problems (of the population explosion) || are caused mainly by poor people (living in poor countries) (who || do not know enough to limit their reproduction).It || is a very common belief that S V…人们|| 【普遍】认为People commonly believe that…Tips: n n 表功能MBA master of business administrationAdj. n.Doing + n.A swimming boy 现在分词表状态A swimming pool 动名词表功能n. (doing….) (who…..) 定语的翻译拆译法Do you know the lady (who lives in the next door)?住在隔壁的女士你认识那位女士吗，她就住在隔壁人们|| 【普遍】认为人口爆炸的问题主要是由生活在贫困国家的贫困人口造成的，他们对限制生育了解不足。
翻译讲义(18)
作业讲评In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms.The first is freedom of speech and expression--everywhere in the world.The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way everywhere in the world.The third is freedom from want, which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants--everywhere in the world.The fourth is freedom from fear, which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor -- anywhere in the world.参考译文（1）：我们期待，在我们尽力确保安定的未来日子里，能够建立一个基于人类不可缺少的四大自由之上的世界。
英汉翻译讲义-第五章PPT课件
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翻译技巧
选词技巧
确定词义
在翻译过程中，需要确定每个 英文单词的准确含义，特别是
那些具有多重含义的单词。
选择合适的词汇
根据上下文和语境选择最合适 的词汇进行翻译，确保译文准 确传达原文的意思。
注意词义的褒贬色彩
在翻译时需要注意英文单词的 褒贬色彩，确保译文的情感色 彩与原文一致。
考虑文化因素
在选词时需要考虑文化因素， 选择符合目标语言文化的词汇 ，避免产生文化冲突或误解。
翻译的过程
理解阶段
在翻译过程中，首先需要对原文 进行深入理解，包括语义、语境、
文化背景等方面的理解。
表达阶段
在理解原文的基础上，译者需要运 用目标语言的表达方式将原文的意 义、情感和风格传达出来。
校对阶段
完成初步翻译后，译者需要进行校 对工作，检查译文中的错别字、语 法错误、表达不流畅等问题，并进 行修正。
英汉翻译讲义-第五章
目 录
• 第五章导言 • 翻译理论 • 翻译技巧 • 实践与案例分析 • 总结与思考
01
第五章导言
章节概述
01
介绍英汉翻译的基本原 则和技巧，包括直译、 意译、音译等。
02
探讨英汉两种语言在词 汇、语法、句法等方面 的差异。
03
分析英汉翻译中的常见 问题，如词义选择、句 子结构调整等。
下章预告
• 第六章：翻译中的修辞手法与风格处理
感谢您的观看
THANKS
根据不同的分类标准，翻译可以分为 多种类型，如文学翻译、科技翻译、 商务翻译等。
翻译的标准
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忠实于原文
译文应忠实于原文，准确 传达原文的意义、情感和 风格，不得随意改动或曲 解。
英汉翻译第二讲讲义解析
第二讲英汉词义对比与翻译中根据语境选词一、语境与意义的关系概述词是语言中能自由运用的音义结合体，是构成句子的最基本的单位，所以词的意义直接影响读者对句子甚至对整个篇章的理解。
虽然在翻译的过程中一般以句子为翻译单位，但如果不能把词的意思准确地翻译出来，势必会影响到对整个句子甚至对整个篇章的翻译。
由此可见词在翻译中的重要性。
在选词时，我们除了要注意词的基本含义（概念意义）外，也要明白翻译中的选词更多地受到诸多因素的影响。
语境可分为¡°微观语境（Microcontext）¡±和¡°宏观语境(Macrocontext)¡±，前者主要指词的搭配，包括词组、分句、句、句段、文本或篇章、体裁；后者指非语言因素，即社会、文化、历史因素。
同一个词，在不同的语境中，其涵义、词义广狭、感情色彩、文体色彩、文化色彩等不尽相同。
语境决定词的涵义、词义的广狭、词的感情色彩和语体色彩以及文化涵义等。
翻译时必须将语境纳入考虑之中，仔细斟酌，才能真正取得好的翻译效果。
⏹长期以来，中国学生在学习英语的过程中，尤其在学习英语单词的过程中总喜欢通过其汉语意思记忆单词，久而久之，就形成了一种“怪圈”，即一个英语单词对应一个中文意思（一个汉语词），翻译的时候，往往就会将英语单词与汉语词一一对应起来，结果造成翻译中用词不当的现象。
或者，有时在翻译中遇到不知该如何在目的语中进行表达，只靠单纯地查阅英汉词典或汉英词典，结果发现，英语的汉译文不够通顺，搭配不当，汉语的英译文就让人感觉词不达意。
实际上，英语单词与汉语词并非一一对应的关系，而应根据词所在的语境决定词在上下文中的涵义、词义的广狭、词的感情色彩词、词的语体色彩、词的联想意义等，然后根据这些意义在目的与中选择恰当的对应词（eqiuvalent）.⏹Leech(利奇)在《语义学》中列举了七种意义类型：概念意义(conceptual meaning)内涵意义(connotative meaning)风格意义(stylistic meaning)情感意义(affective meaning)联想意义(reflected meaning)搭配意义(collocative meaning)主题意义(thematic meaning)⏹概念意义是意义的中心部分，是客观事物的反映与概括，也就是说，概念意义就是词典里收录的释义，具有约定俗成的特点；内涵意义是词汇的喻义和引申意义，是附加在概念意义之上的意义，不同的语境中，词的内涵意义不尽相同；风格意义指在不同的场合中词汇的运用会呈现不同的层次，不同历史时期、不同的说话人、不同的交际手段和方式等都会影响到词汇的风格意义；情感意义用来表达说话者的感情和态度，取决于词所描述的对象；联想意义是能引起听者或读者联想的意义，有些词可以引起愉快的联想，而有的词可以引起不愉快的联想，尤其是在不同的文化中，词的联想意义有很大的区别。
英语翻译讲义
翻译加减转独调句子（英翻中）理解正确（确定主干，切分成分，独立成句）表达通顺（调整语序，赋予含义，增词减词）目录一词义的选择 (2)二词组的积累 (2)三增词的译法（2+1=2 加词不加义） (3)1加名词 (3)2 adj 充当表语时加程度副词 (3)3加动词 (3)4 (3)5 (4)6 复数名词加量词 (4)7并列的增补 (4)四减词的译法（2-1=2 减词不加义） (4)1 系动词 (4)2 定语从句和同位语从句的先行词 (4)3 连词 (5)五词的处理 (5)（一）介词处理 (5)（二）代词处理 (5)（三）人名处理 (5)（四）名词处理 (6)（五）副词处理 (6)（六）形容词性的词（adj v-ing v-ed）处理 (6)六成分的处理 (6)（一）定语（从句）处理 (6)（二）同位语（从句）处理 (7)（三）状语最佳位置 (7)（四）插入语处理（任何成分都可充当插入语） (8)（五）形式主语处理 (8)（六）there be 处理 (8)（七）被动语态处理 (8)（八）比较结构处理 (9)（九）并列结构的处理（识别后补全） (11)一词义的选择1.The intellectual equipment（储备，修养，结构）of an educated person2.The special preserve（专业知识）of lawyers3.His function（职业，责任，任务）is analogous to that of a judge4.He has not been charged（负责，主管，主抓）with the task5.He did not accept the charge（指责）made by some of his critics as well founded（是有根据的）6.His primary task is not to think about the moral code（规范）which governs（支配）his activity7.Developed（形成）the idea8. A unique and distinctly（非常）social science9.Children will play with dolls玩偶equipped with装有配有personality chip芯片10.This ability is built into us（与生俱来）in the same way好像that our body knowhow to heal a cut二词组的积累at the outset 一开始jump to the rescue 匆匆介入be obliged to do sth 被迫be obliged to sth 感谢on a daily basis 日常/每天take root 扎根、sort out 解决rests upon 取决于author of note有影响力的人piece together 汇编in…terms就…而言to kill two birds with one stone 异化（一石二鸟），归化（一箭双雕）to laugh off one’s head 归化（笑掉大牙）an uncharted continent 未知的大陆chart（航行）bound for 驶向virgin forest 原始森林in anticipation of 预计到=because ofthe competitive edge 竞争优势rip out 废除，撕毁，拆除joining the dots 了解mark sb out 使谁出类拔萃/与众不同fund-raising method 资金募集手段bring A to a close =bring to a close A （结束A）to the letter 严格地，不折不扣地pang of sth 一阵…f lash of sth …闪现a flash in the pan 归化（昙花一现）die down 减弱；平息next to 除开trade-off （名词）权衡，考虑may well 完全可能fronted by 由…领导liken A to B 把A比作Bstems from 源于end up（有时加with）最终成为，最后处于（往往是你不愿意的结果）no end=very muchi t upset me no end to hear they’d split up 听说他们要离婚，我感到非常不安keep your end up 不泄气，保持乐观make end meet 保持收支平衡at the end of the day 说到底we end ed up convinced …最后我们确信…bear the brunt of 首当其冲（brunt冲击；主要冲力）prepare A for B 让A做好应对B的准备deserving people 需要救济的人士三增词的译法（2+1=2 加词不加义）1加名词Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability读书可以使人从中获得乐趣，可以给人添加文采，可以使人增长才干。
翻译讲义4
翻译讲义4Part I. HomeworkPart II. Methods of Discriminating (辨别) the Original Meaning of an English Word1. Judging from the Word Formation 根据构词法2. Judging from the References 根据指代关系3. Judging from the Context and Collocation根据上下文或词语搭配4.Judging from Different Branched of Learning andSpecialties 根据不同学科或专业类型III. Techniques of Translating a Given English Word1.Deduction 推演法2.Transplant 移植法3.Extension 引申法4.Substitution 替代法5.Explanation 释意法bination 合并法7.Transliteration 音译法8.Pictographic Translation 图形法Part I. HomeworkPlease translate the following terms, especially focus on the word “touch”:1.to touch sb. On the shoulder译文:轻轻按某人的肩膀拍某人的肩膀Re: with fingers or handsto put your hands or fingers onto sb. /sth.2.to touch one’s lips to the children’s forehead译文:轻吻小孩的前额Re: to move sth. 移动东西;to hit sb. 打某人(often in negative sentence) to move sth.; to hit or hurt sb.(常用于否定句) 移动,碰到; (打)人;使受伤害3.to touch glasses译文:碰杯Re: no space between(of two or more things, surface, etc.) to be or become so close together than that there is no space between(两个或以上的东西,表面等) 接触,触及4.to touch the high point in one’s career译文:达到某人的事业顶峰Re: reach level 达到水平to reach a particular level, etc.达到某一水平等5.to be touched to the quick译文:触及痛楚/痛处Re: affect sb./sth. 影响某人/某事to make sb. Feel upset or sympathetic 感动; 触动; 使同情quick n. often, the quick: the soft, sensitive flesh that is under the fingernails(指甲下的)活肉Idiom: cut sb. to the quick: to upset sb. very much by doing so saying sth. unkind.(恶意的言行) 深深伤害,把……伤到家6.hair touched with grey译文: 有点花白的头发Re: to affect or concern sb./sth. 影响, 与……有关7.to touch sb. to the heart译文: 触动某人的心弦8.Give your hair a touch of spring.译文: 给你的秀发(增)添一丝活力.给你的秀发(增)添一缕春色.给你的秀发春天的格调.给你的头发增添弹性.Re: touch of sth.(cn. often, sing.) a very small amount. 一点儿,少许spring: 1.春天, 春季;2.弹簧,弹力,弹性;3.泉水;4.活力,朝气;5.跳,跃;本句用的是引申意Part II. Methods of Discriminating (辨别) the Original Meaning of an English Word1.Judging from the Word Formation 根据构词法Since English words are prone (易于发生的) to various meanings, it is of vital importance for a given word. In order to discriminate the original meaning of an word ,it is necessary for us to have a knowledge of English lexicology and specially, a knowledge of word formation, such as compounding(复合词),derivation(派生词),affixation(缀合法), blending(拼缀词), acronym(首字母缩略词), clipping(缩略词), etc..中国的汉字,传说是仓颉造出来的,英语中没有类似的说法.但是,英语研究者也像中国学者把汉字分成象形\指事\会意\形声\专注\假借等六书一样,把英语单词的来源大致上分为五种:1). 基本词(base);2). 合成词(combining words);3). 缩略词(shortening words);4). 拼缀词(blending words);5). 转类词(shifting words).其中的基本词是那些在今天看来已经不可再分的词.这些词虽然在英语词汇中占少数,但是出现频率较高,是非专门记忆不可的.但是对于另外四类词来说,我们则可以借助构词法的一般知识,在阅读中撇掉字典,猜测它们的含义.首先我们来说一下缩略词.缩略词可分为两种:一种是对原来完整的词进行加工,缩略其中一部分字母,构成新词.如:phone=telephonecopter=helicopterauto=automobilead=advertisementflu=influenzafridge=refrigerator另外一种缩略词是首字母缩略词(acronyms),如：CIA=Central Intelligence AgencyCID=Criminal Investigate DepartmentICAC=Independent Commission Against CorruptionFBI=Federal Bureau of InvestigationFDI=Foreign Direct InvestmentNPC=National People’s CongressThe Standing Committee of National P eople’s CongressCCPCC=Chinese Communist Party’s Central CommitteeGDP=Gross Domestic ProductTOEFL=Test of English as a Foreign Language还有很多常见的:HSK,FIFA,UN,EU,NATO……拼缀词:就是对原来的两个词进行剪裁,取其中的一部分,连成一个新词如: Smog=smoke +fogMedicare =medical +care转类词:就是词汇不改变词形而转换了词类所构成的新词,如: 名词转动词: hand in one’s paper动词转名词: take a look以上的构词法在英语的构词中或者所占比例不大,或者需要有关的背景知识,所以在阅读中或者不足以引起障碍,或者就是产生非借助字典等客观手段不能解决的问题,主观的能动余地不大.在这几种构词法中最活跃也是最能引发人的主动性的要数合成词了.合成词包括派生词(derivation)和复合词(compounding word).所谓复合词是将两个或两个以上的词按照一定的次序排列构成的新词.如:合成名词: notebook, classroom合成形容词: life-long(终生的); wide-open(张大的,展开的)合成动词: underline(在下面划线) whitewash(粉刷)2.Judging from the References 根据指代关系In many cases the meaning of a word may be judged from the references. This is frequently shown in pronominal words(代词):1)third person pronouns; indefinite pronouns such as some, any,each, both; and definite pronouns such as much, many, few, little, etc. For example:He (father) sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself.他送约翰上大学, 巴望着能让儿子出类拔萃.2)demonstrative pronouns, such as this, that, these, anddemonstrative adverbs such as here, there, now, then, etc. For example:Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that.健康比财富更重要,因为财富不能像健康那样给人们那么多幸福.健康比财富更重要,因为后者不能像前者那样给人们那么多幸福.3)reference of comparison. For example:I hate blue shirt; white shirt suits me but gray is the mostpreferable.我讨厌穿蓝衬衫,喜欢穿白的,最喜欢穿灰的.3.Judging from the Context and Collocation 根据上下文或词语搭配4.Judging from Different Branched of Learning and Specialties根据不同学科或专业类型For example, the word “base”means “词根” in lexicology; “本金” in business; “底涂” in painting; “基线” in survey; “根据地”in military, and here are some more:The lathe(车床) should be set on a firm base.车床应安装在坚实的底座上.(机械)As we all know, a base reacts with an acid to form a salt.众所周知,碱与酸反应生成盐.(化学)A transistor has three electrodes, i.e., the base and the collector.晶体管有三个电极, 即发射极, 基极和集电极.(电子)Line AB is the base of the triangle ABC.AB是三角形ABC的底边.(数学)He is on the second base.他在二垒.(体育)The weary troops marched back to the base.疲惫不堪的士兵列队返回基地.III. Techniques of Translating a Given English Word1.Deduction 推演法Deduction is to deduce the original meaning in the light ofthe explanation of an English dictionary. This is a majormeans in E-C translation. For example:Challenge—to question the lawfulness or rightness of(something or somebody)对……表示怀疑,质疑; 对……提出异议2.Transplant 移植法That is to say a literal translation of the ingredients of a givenEnglish word.Microwave 微波Supermarket 超级市场Splashdown 溅落Data phone 数据送话机3.Extension 引申法This may be either from the specific to the general or fromthe concrete to the abstract, and vice versa.Bottleneck: 瓶颈—交通狭口—阻塞Brain trust: 脑托拉斯—智囊团Brain drain: 脑排干—人才外流—人才流失4.Substitution 替代法This technique is used to replace the word of the original expression with Chinese synonyms or idioms according to different situations.To kill sb. as an example 杀一儆百/杀鸡给猴看5.Explanation 释意法This technique is commonly used when there is no corresponding Chinese expression and all the above-mentioned techniques fail to make use. Mindlessness 思想上的混沌状态Togetherness 不分彼此的集体感Redshirt 美国大学中在体育方面有发展前途的学生A throwaway society 一个大手大脚,浪费成风的社会bination 合并法This technique is used to integrate two words of close meaning into one expression.So subtle and careful an observer 一个如此精细的观察者His mendacity and dishonesty他的狡诈A grim and tragic Christmas 一个惨淡的圣诞节The body and mind cramped by noxious work 有害工作造成的身心困顿7.Transliteration 音译法This technique is most frequently used in dealing with proper nouns (especially the names of people and places, trademarks, etc.). Besides, it is used in coinage when no existing Chinese expression is available.Wall Street 华尔街The Times 泰晤士报Pentium IV 奔腾Citroen 雪铁龙Hacker 黑客8.Pictographic Translation 图形法By this technique English words are translated according to their actual shapes.H-beam 工字梁U-steel槽钢X-brace 交叉支架O-ring 环形圈V-belt 三角皮带Y-curve 叉形曲线HomeworkPlease, translate the following sentences and pay much attention to your version of the word “develop”.1.His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after takeoff.2.Modern aircraft are so heavy that the wings must develop a very largelift force in order to sustain the aircraft.3.Inspired by these ideas, in 1752 Franklin developed a particularlightning rod.4.A hypothesis is a specific statement developed by a scientist fromobservations.5.Until the domain theory of magnetism was developed,they did nothave much success.6.To develop the capabilities of the geophysical prospecting, the renewalof the techniques and equipment is the first thing to be considered. 7.Most of the money came from selling the secret of a new type ofpotato he had developed.8.As young John grew into manhood, he developed tuberculosis.9.We must develop all the natural substances in our country which canmake us rich.10.S everal attempts have been made through the years to develop thedeposit.11.I n developing a design, the engineer must apply his knowledge ofengineering and material science.Explanation of the Homework:Please, translate the following sentences and pay much attention to your version of the word “develop”.1.His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after takeoff.译文:他的飞机刚飞了七英里,就发生了引擎故障.他的飞机刚飞了七英里,引擎就发生故障了.Re: developed v. Disease疾病/Problem问题to begin to have sth. such as a disease or a problem;患(病);出现(问题)to start to affect sb./sth.(疾病)开始侵袭;(问题)开始影响2.Modern aircraft are so heavy that the wings must develop a very largelift force in order to sustain the aircraft.译文:现在的飞机很重,机翼必须能够产生巨大的升力,才能保证飞行.现代飞机很重,所以机翼必须能够产生巨大的升力,才能保持/维持飞行.此句直译则译为:现在的飞机很重,机翼必须能够产生巨大的升力,以抵消飞机自身的重量.Re: aircraft n. (pl. aircraft) any vehicle that can fly and carry food, goods or passengers 飞机, 航空器develop n.to come to have gradually; acquire逐渐产生,培养出来;获得sustain v.(formal) to support a weight without breaking or falling支撑;承受住to provide enough of what sb./sth. needs in order to live or exist维持(生命,生存)to make continue for some time without becoming less使保持;使稳定;使持续3.Inspired by these ideas, in 1752 Franklin developed a practicallightning rod.译文:受这些想法的启发,1752年富兰克林研制出(一种)实用性避雷针. Re:inspire v. (usual, passive)to give sb. the idea for sth., especially sth. artistic or imaginative赋予灵感,激发想法(尤指艺术的或虚构的);启发;启示idea n. a plan, thought, or suggestion for a possible course of action计划;主意;念头;想法a picture in the mind; conception 思想; 概念developed v. New Idea新思想/Product新产品to think of or produce a new idea, product ect. and make it successful开发;研制practical adj. [褒]affective or convenient in actual use; suited to actual condition 实用的lightning n. 闪电rod n. 竿, 杆, 棒;(旧时打人用的)藤条,棍棒lightning rod 避雷针4.A hypothesis is a specific statement developed by a scientist fromobservations.译文:假设是科学家根据观察(所)得出的具体论断.Re: hypothesis n.假说,假设(有少量事实根据,但尚未被证实的)specific adj. particular; fixed, determined, or named具体的;特有的;突出的detailed and exact; clear in meaning or explanation明确的;确切的;精确的;详尽的developed v. New Idea新思想/Product新产品to think of or produce a new idea, product ect. And make itsuccessful 开发;研制5.Until the domain theory of magnetism was developed,they did nothave much success.译文:在磁的范畴这一理论提出之前,他们没有什么建树.Re: domain n. an area of activity, interest, or knowledge;(活动,兴趣,知识的)领域, 范围,……界magnetism n.磁力, 磁性developed v. New Idea新思想/Product新产品to think of or produce a new idea, product ect. and make itsuccessful 开发;研制6.To develop the capabilities of the geophysical prospecting, the renewalof the techniques and equipment is the first thing to be considered.译文:为了提高地球物理学方面的勘探能力,首先要考虑的是改进技术和更新设备.Re: developed v. Become Better变得更好to start to have a skill, ability, quality, etc. that becomes better andstronger;to become better and stronger加强;增强;发挥geophysical n. 地球物理学prospecting v.勘探,勘察(以寻找金,银,石油等矿藏)renewal---renew v. to replace (something old) with something new of the samekind更换;更新7.Most of the money came from selling the secret of a new type ofpotato he had developed.译文:他大部分的钱(收入)是出售自己培育的土豆新品种的秘方挣来的.Re: secret n. 秘诀,诀窍;秘密;神秘的事;奥秘;谜developed v. New Idea新思想/Product新产品to think of or produce a new idea, product ect. and make itsuccessful 开发;研制8.As young John grew into manhood, he developed tuberculosis.译文:约翰成年后患上了结核病.Re: manhood n. (男子的)成年期;成人;成年男子developed v. Disease疾病/Problem问题to begin to have sth. such as a disease or a problem;患(病);出现(问题)to start to affect sb./sth.(疾病)开始侵袭;(问题)开始影响tuberculosis n. 结核病9.We must develop all the natural substances in our country which canmake us rich.译文:我们必须开发能致富的各种国内自然资源.Re: substance n.a material; type of matter 物质natural substances:自然资源developed v. to bring out the full possibilities of (esp. land and natural substances.)开发(尤指土地,资源等)10.S everal attempts have been made through the years to develop thedeposit.译文:近几年,有过几次开采矿藏的尝试..Re: attempt n. an effort made to do something努力; 尝试; 企图developed v. to bring out the full possibilities of (esp. land and naturalsubstances.)开发(尤指土地,资源等)deposit n. 矿床;矿藏11.I n developing a design, the engineer must apply his knowledge ofengineering and material science.译文:进行设计时,这位工程师必须运用工程学和材料学方面的知识.. Re: developed v. New Idea新思想/Product新产品to think of or produce a new idea, product ect. and make it successful开发;研制apply v.运用engineering n. 工程学;工程师行业。
翻译讲义-高三英语二轮复习
一、专题知识梳理知识点1：考情分析翻译是对考生词汇、语法、句型结构等基础知识和实际运用能力的综合考查。
高考中的汉译英多为简单句或简单的复合句，所考核的词汇也是常用词，但学生必须在比较两种语言的基础上，结合所学的语言知识翻译出不仅意思准确，而且符合英语表达习惯的好句子。
知识点2：考查重难点词汇短语：高中教材中的常用词汇和短语句型结构：⑴状语从句和名词性从句⑵定语从句⑶特殊句式考查强调句或倒装句知识点3：真题考点解读a.非谓语动词⑴看到奶奶有些睡意，他拉上窗帘并把电视的音量调低了。
(turn)Seeing Grandma a little sleepy, he drew the curtains and turned the TV down.⑵舅舅昨天寄给我一张卡片，祝贺我18岁生日。
(congratulate)My uncle sent me a card yesterday to congratulate / congratulating me on my 18thbirthday.b.定语从句⑴在展览会上，公司销售经理展示了孩子们翘首以盼的新型电子玩具。
(demonstrate)At the exhibition, the company’s sales manager demonstrated the new (type of)electronic toys (which/ that) children were looking forward to.⑵演出以一段五十多岁的人耳熟能详的经典音乐开始。
(familiar)The performance began with a piece of classical music which was familiar to people in their fifties.c.状语从句⑴ 自从出国留学后，她就不再和我们保持联系了。
(No longer)No longer has she kept in touch with us since she went abroad for further study /education.⑴ 她一看完那个关于已灭绝物种的电视节目，就立志加入野生动物保护组织。
《英汉互译》教案与讲义
《英汉互译》教案与讲义教案章节一：英汉互译概述教学目标：1. 了解英汉互译的基本概念和原则。
2. 掌握英汉互译的基本技巧和方法。
3. 能够进行简单的英汉互译实践。
教学内容：1. 英汉互译的概念和定义。
2. 英汉互译的原则和标准。
3. 英汉互译的基本技巧和方法。
4. 英汉互译的实践案例分析。
教学活动：1. 引入英汉互译的概念和定义。
2. 讲解英汉互译的原则和标准。
3. 介绍英汉互译的基本技巧和方法。
4. 提供实践案例，让学生进行翻译练习。
教学评价：1. 学生能够回答英汉互译的概念和定义。
2. 学生能够理解英汉互译的原则和标准。
3. 学生能够掌握英汉互译的基本技巧和方法。
4. 学生能够进行简单的英汉互译实践。
教案章节二：词汇与翻译1. 了解词汇在英汉互译中的重要性。
2. 掌握英汉词汇的差异和转换方法。
3. 能够准确翻译词汇和短语。
教学内容：1. 词汇在英汉互译中的作用和重要性。
2. 英汉词汇的差异和转换方法。
3. 常见词汇和短语的翻译实例。
教学活动：1. 引入词汇在英汉互译中的作用和重要性。
2. 讲解英汉词汇的差异和转换方法。
3. 提供常见词汇和短语的翻译实例。
4. 让学生进行词汇翻译练习。
教学评价：1. 学生能够理解词汇在英汉互译中的重要性。
2. 学生能够掌握英汉词汇的差异和转换方法。
3. 学生能够准确翻译常见词汇和短语。
教案章节三：语法与翻译教学目标：1. 了解语法在英汉互译中的重要性。
2. 掌握英汉语法的差异和转换方法。
3. 能够正确翻译句子和段落。
1. 语法在英汉互译中的作用和重要性。
2. 英汉语法的差异和转换方法。
3. 常见语法错误的分析和纠正。
教学活动：1. 引入语法在英汉互译中的作用和重要性。
2. 讲解英汉语法的差异和转换方法。
3. 提供常见语法错误的分析和纠正。
4. 让学生进行句子和段落的翻译练习。
教学评价：1. 学生能够理解语法在英汉互译中的重要性。
2. 学生能够掌握英汉语法的差异和转换方法。
第19讲翻译(讲义)-2025年中考英语一轮复习讲练测(全国通用)(原卷版)
►第19讲翻译（讲义）目录一复习目标掌握目标及备考方向二考情分析翻译题中考考情分析三翻译题的考向1.熟练掌握固定搭配、语法等知识2.把握句型结构，避免中式英语3.掌握简单有效的解题策略和正确的解题步骤4.提升必考题型归纳四真题感悟中考翻译题经典考题精选【复习目标】1.熟练掌握固定搭配、语法等知识2.把握句型结构，避免中式英语3.掌握简单有效的解题策略和正确的解题步骤【考情分析】翻译题命题规律翻译题解题技巧一、找考点及固定搭配同学们在做翻译句子的时候，可不能随心所欲。
看到一个句子，首先就要弄清楚这道题要考我们什么，这里有哪些固定搭配。
要知道每个句子通常都会包含几个知识点或者说固定词语搭配。
大家在做其他题型句子翻译题是各地中考必考题型，通常以汉译英为主，有时也考查英译汉。
重点考查同学们的语言综合运用能力。
相对整套试卷来说，这个题型难度不大，但是得分率不高。
主要是基础和方法。
考查的都是基础知识点，要求同学熟练掌握固定搭配、语法等知识，把握句型结构，避免中式英语。
方法问题需要同学们掌握简单有效的解题策略和正确的解题步骤。
的时候也可以尝试这样做，这有利于知识点的巩固。
举几个例子：1.熬夜是一一个坏习惯。
(stay)__________ is a bad habit.2.如果你在考试中保持冷静，就会考出好成绩。
(keep)If you（）in the exam, you will get good grades.3.每个人都应该在环保方面发挥作用。
(play)Everyone should（）the environmental protection.4.我正在期待着高中的新生活。
(look)I__the new life of senior high school我们一起来分析一下：第一题：题主要考查“熬夜”也就是stay up这个固定短语的用法；2题考“保持冷静”keep (your) cool／keep calm；82题考查短语“发挥重要作用”play a part in／play a role in；3题考查短语“期待着……”look forward to。
翻译课讲义(6)
作业讲评：我这次回乡下老家，却发现如今的乡村女孩子又有了新的生活。
种地的时间用不了那么多。
她们都在想着门路挣钱。
我那村的女孩子，有一部分到村西的砖瓦窑厂出苦力，干些拉大板、码架之类的活；有一部分到私人或集体办的饼干厂上班；还有一部分到铸造厂打模子，一天都能挣二十多元钱。
清早一块骑自行车去上班，到晚上又一块骑自行车回村，说说笑笑，像一群喜鹊，叫人好羡慕她们啊。
她们的生活方式正极快地向城里姑娘们靠近。
手中有钱，便买高档的衣服、高档的皮鞋、高档的化妆品，有条件的，自行车不想骑了，干脆就买一辆木兰。
而对嫁妆的选择和购买，更形成了这些乡村女孩子显示自己和证实自己价值的一种重要形式。
On a recent visit to my native village, I found that the country girls were experiencing a new way of life. Since less time was to spent in the fields, they were trying new ways to earn money.Some girls toiled in the brick and tile kiln in the west of the village, pulling flatbed carts, or piling bricks and tiles for baking. Some worked in the privately or collectively-run biscuit factory. Others were employed in the foundry, making moulds. They could earn over 20 yuan per day. Early in the morning they went to work and came home in the evening by bike, chatting and chuckling all the way like a flock of magpies, envy of all the onlookers. Their way of life was more and more likethat of urban girls. With the extra money they could afford expensive dresses, leather shoes,cosmetics and other high-grade commodities. For those who were better off, bicycles are replaced with motorcycles What was more, the choice of dowry had become an important means ofdisplaying themselves and proving their valuesSome language points from the target text:sport (verb): to wear or be decorated with something1.Back in the 1960s he sported bell-bottom trousers, platform heels and hair down past hisshoulders.2.he was sporting a huge handlebar moustache( 八字胡).3. The front of the car sported a German flag.4.The children sported in the water. (play)house (verb): to give a person or animal a place to live, or to provide space for something1. It will be difficult to house all the refugees.2. The museum houses the biggest collection of antique toys in Europe.3.The radar is housed in a pad (box) under the engine.4.They converted a disused cinema to house 12 employees.因此，从龙船下水的早晚，可以看出各寨的农事生产进度。
汉译英讲义
UNIT 1一． 汉译英概述1．汉译英的重要性经济全球化的日益发展，使文化全球化成为可能。
如今，任何国家都不可能在一个封闭的环境下独善其身（stay alone and pay no attention to others），任何民族的文化发展，都离不开与其他文化的交流、借鉴（borrow ideas, draw lessons from each other）和融合（integration）。
不同文化之间的交流，是人类发展的动力。
随着中国参与国际化进程日渐深入，中国人和中国商品走向世界，以及西方世界对于中国文化的浓厚兴趣，社会对于翻译实践提出了新的要求，即需要大量“汉译英”翻译人才将中文文本译成外文，尤其是英文。
由于中国语言文字的特殊性，也由于历史和现实的原因，精通中文的外国人太少，所以要将中文优秀作品介绍到国外，必须由中国人自己来进行翻译工作。
2．汉译英人才短缺中国缺乏“汉译英”人才。
中国目前每年汉译英的出版物仅1000多种，而每年进入中国的英译汉出版物却超过万种，是汉译英作品的14倍。
（出版贸易逆差）如果是把英文译成中文，每千字稿费需要50元至60元，而把中文译成英文或其他文字，稿费就达每千字300元。
即便这样，也很难找到了解中国文化，又具有高超外语写作能力的人。
能担此重任的，通常是汉学家（sinologist / Sinology: the knowledge or study of China, its language and culture）和在国外生活多年的中国学者。
（赵月瑟 / deputy editor-in-chief, Shanghai Translation Publishing House）“中国真正合格‘中译英’人才不足百人，缺少‘中译英’，将导致文化上的‘逆差’。
”（黄友义 / Vice Chairman, International Federation of Translators）3．汉译英是一个难点一年一度的“韩素音青年翻译奖”是英籍著名华裔作家韩素音女士，于1989年3月专门为中国青年人设立的，是目前我国最高的翻译竞赛奖。
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2010年49题In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.2009年46题It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive。
2009年47题50题2008年50题1998年75题2007年46题2006年48题49题2005年46题2004年62题2002年61题63题65题2001年72题2000年73题74题1999年73题1998年72,75题1997年73题75题1996年72 73 74题1995年72题74题1994年73 题1993年71题74题1992年74 75题1991年71 72题1990年62 65 68题被动结构的翻译英汉两种语言，都有被动结构。
然而，英语有别于汉语的特点之一，正在于被动语态的广泛应用，而汉语中较少使用被动语态。
两者有别的另一个特点是被动语态的构成各异。
英语是"形合"语言，其被动语态是通过改变动词的形式来实现的，汉语是"意合"语言，其被动语态则由有明表被动之意或靠暗含被动之义的字词来实现的。
英语被动语态的广泛应用，自有其道理。
在说不出主动者或不愿意说出主动者，或没有必要说出主动者或为了突出被动者、或为使上下文连贯衔接的时候，使用被动语态就方便多了。
而且，被动语态把要说明的问题放在句子的主语位置上，一是更能唤起人们的注意，二是不带感情色彩，简洁客观。
这些独特之处，尤其适应科技作品的需要。
汉语被动语态的使用范围较窄，是因为汉语突出主题，而英语突出主语，汉语具有英语所没有的无主句，许多被动句可以用无主句来代替。
然而，英语的被动结构，也不能滥用。
在新闻写作上，美国名记者、语言大帅杰克·卡彭就在《美联社新闻写作指南》上提出"避免讨厌的被动语态"，"只要有可能就应当使用主动语态"。
他认为，"在多数情况下，被动语态是松驰无力的，它把采取行动的人排除在画面之外。
这是为什么官样文章的作者都醉心于被动语态的原因。
"他举例说，Police arrested John Smith（警察逮捕了约翰·史密斯）要比John smith was arrested by Police（约翰·史密斯被警察逮捕）更为简洁、利落、有力。
当然，如果约翰·史密斯是一位公众人物，为了新闻价值的要求，他的大名可以打头。
他还讲了一个饶有趣味的实例，说明软弱无力的被动语态和坚定有力的主动语态的区别是实际的而且带有预兆的性质。
在敲诈勒索和恐怖威胁的信件中说"我要杀了你"的人，可能是真会玩命的，而说"你会被杀死"的人则有可能动摇，不敢"公然承认自己就是发出威胁的人"。
了解两种语言在被动语态中的异同以及英语被动语态的应用特点，可以帮助我们准确把握被动结构的句字，获得理想的译文。
被动结构的翻译方法，主要有如下几种：一、化"被动"为"主动"一般说来，由于英语被动语态结构用得多，英译汉的时候，变为主动语态的情形也就十分普遍了。
而这种化"被动"为"主动"的技巧，在实际操作上，也是多种多样的。
（－）译为有主句这里，又有"反宾为主，变主为宾"、"增译主语，泛指'有人'"和"原文主语，'主'位坐稳"三种情形：1．反宾为主，变主为宾翻译的时候，把原文的主语，即行为的客体，译成宾语而把主体或相当于行为主体的介词宾语译成主语。
这里举一个有趣的例子：例1：THE TIMES is read by the people who run the country; THE GARDIAN is read by the people who would like to run the country; THE FINANCIAL TIMES is read by the people who own the country and THE DAILY TELEGRAPH is read by the people who remember the country as it used to be.这是一段说明报纸读者群体情况的英文原文。
不同的报纸，拥有不同的读者，不同的读者追逐不同的消息。
因此，就有了下面四句意味深长的打油诗：在位掌权的人读《泰晤士报》，渴望掌权的人读《卫报》，大老板们读《金融时报》，怀念大英帝国曾经了不起的人读《每日电讯报》。
例2：Modern scientists have discovered that energy may be created from matter and that matter, in turn, may be created from energy. 现代科学家发现．物质可以产生能,能可以产生物质。
2. 增译主语，泛指"有人"翻译的时候，把原文的主语译成宾语，增译"有人"、"人们"、"大家"、"我们"等泛指性的主语。
例3：With the rapid development of modern science and technology, information can be sent to every part of the world.随着现代科学技术的迅速发展，我们能把各种各样的信息传到世界各地。
例4：To explore the Moon's surface, rockets, satellites and airships were launched again and again. 为了探测月球的表面，人们一次又一次地发射火箭、卫星和飞船。
3. 原文主语、"主"位坐稳翻译时，原文的主语地位不变，在译文中仍为主语。
这时，汉语译文中虽无"被"字，但被动的意义已暗合在内。
例5：Gerald Ford was voted out of office after two years and now Jimmy Cater, after four.这是内含省略结构的被动结构。
翻译时，句中主语不变，省略的部分也灵活补上原文含义：吉拉德·福特在位才两年便落选下台；而吉米·卡特在任也就是四年。
例6：New high-tech achievements have been applied to agricultural production.高新科技的成果已应用于农业生产。
例7：If the technology and techniques are really advanced, co-operation can be prolonged. 如果技术确实先进，合作期限可以延长。
（二）译为无主句，主语译成宾语在不知道或者不必说出行为主体时，常常可以发挥汉语译文的优势，把英语的被动语态译成汉语的无主句。
这时，原文的主语译为动词的宾语。
例8：To develop economy, different kinds of talented people should be organized. People of real ability should be especially promoted and given raise. 要发展经济应当组织使用各种各样的人才。
对那些真正有本事的人，在工资级别上可以破格提高。
例9：For example, a computer was once used to design a brewery. 例如曾经利用一台计算机来设计一间啤酒厂。
（三）主语谓语合译英语的一些动词成语含有名词，如make use of, pan attention to, take care of, make reference to, take account of等等，变成被动语态时成了名词作主语的特殊被动语态。
汉译的时候，可以把主语和谓语合起来翻译，译成汉语无主句的谓语。
例10：Care should be taken at all times to protect the computers and other instruments in the lab from dust and damp. 要始终注意保护实验室中的电脑和其他仪器, 勿使其沾上灰尘,勿使其受潮。
例11：Use can be made of these materials to write a report on the delegation's visit to South Africa. 可以利用这些资料写一份该代表团访问南非的报告。
二、以"主动"表"被动"汉语有一种"是……的"结构，是一种形式主动，实际上是不用"被"字的被动句，着重说明一件事情是如何产生或在何时何地产生的。
在翻译英语被动结构的时候，可以利用这种形为主动的"是……的"结构，表示被动的实际意义。
例12：These stone processing machines have been introduced from Italy for the newly established factory. 这些石材加工机器是为新建工厂而从意大利引进的。
例13：The Secondary School is named after a donator who made a contribution of 50 million RMB yuan.这所中学是以一名出资五千万元人民币的捐赠人的名字命名的。