chapter two written comunication
《新编简明英语语言学教程》1-6章期末复习(2021年整理精品文档)
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Chapter one Introduction1。
1什么是语言学1。
1.1定义语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language。
1。
1。
2The scope of linguistics语言学分支必考P2普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics。
The study of sounds， which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics。
（语音学）The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （音位学）The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology。
（形态学)The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax （句法学)The study of meaning in language is called semantics。
chapter 2商务英语专业跨文化交际第2章 案例 理论 习题答案
receiver
A symbol of wisdom as wise as an owl
D=D C‡C
猫头鹰 A symbol of bad luck
More examples
风水，经脉，知识份子，干部，……
公&母
Generic term chicken Duck goose male cock, rooster Drake gander female hen Duck goose young chick Duckling gosling
America
A place where law talks!
Joke appreciation for cultural diversity
3.
Before the man saying sorry, the woman covered the torn part of the skirt with a newspaper in hand and shyly said: “Sir, can you send me home? It is not very far from here.” Then the young man put his coat on the girl and called a taxi to send her home.
hot and irritable
Wuhan
Joke appreciation for cultural diversity
6.
The man felt very embarrassed and made a sincere apology to the girl. But the beautiful girl smiled and said: __________________________
Linguistics课后习题必背与答案
Linguistics课后习题必背与答案Chapter One Introduction4.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? why Modern linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day language. unless the various states of a language are successfully studied, it will not be possible to describe language from a diachronic point of view.现代语言学主要是共时性的，重点研究现代语言。
除非对语言的各种状态都进行成功的研究，否则很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述。
5.For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing?Speech is prior to writing;The writing system is invented when needed;Today there are languages which can only be spoken but not written;Speech plays a greater role than writing in daily communication; Each human being first acquires speech and then learns writing; Modern linguistics tends to pay more attention to authentic speech.9.what are the major functions of language? Think of your own examples for illustration.The descriptive function.It is the function to convey factual information,which can be asserted or denied,and in some cases even verified,e.g.”The Sichuan earthquake is the most serious one China has ever suffered.”The expressive function,supplies information about the user’s feelings,preferences,prejudices.and values,e.g.”I will never go camping with the Simpsons again.”The social function,serves to establish and maintain socialrelations between people,e.g.”How can I help you, sir?Chapter Two Phonology1.What are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why?Speech and writing are two major media of linguistic communication. Modern linguistics regards speech as the primary one for some reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system is to record speech. Even today, there are some tribes without writing system. From the view of children’s development, children acquire his mother tongue before they learn to write.5.what criteria are used to classify the English vowels?The criteria used to classify English vowels are:The height of the tongue raising: high, mid, and lowThe position of the highest part of the tongue: front, central, and back The degree of lip rounding: rounded, un-rounded The degree of tenseness/the length of sound: tense (long) or lax (short) The change of sound quality: pure(monophthong), gliding(diphthong)7.How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? . Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified, etc.Phonology, on the other hand, aims to discover how speech sounds in a language from patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.8.What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophones related to the phoneme?A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech soundswe hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phoneticenvironments are called the allophones of that phoneme.。
语言学chapter2课后练习答案
Chapter 2Revision exercises reference1.What are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one isprimary and why?Refer to section 2.1The two major media of communication are speech and writing. Of the two, speech is considered primary for the following reasons: 1) from the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always a later invention. 2) In everyday communication, speech conveys a greater amount of information than writing. 3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later as part of formal education.2.What is voicing and how is it caused?Refer to section 2.2.2 (1)V oicing is a phonetic feature of some speech sounds. It is caused by the vibration of the speaker's vocal cords when he produces a certain sound. If a sound bears this feature, it is voiced. If such a feature is absent in the pronunciation of a sound, it is voiceless. All vowels in English are voiced; and some consonants in English are voiced such as [d] and [v] while others are voiceless such as [p] and [s].3.Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcriptiondiffer.Both broad and narrow transcriptions are ways to transcribe speech sounds, i.e.ways of using written symbols to represent speech sounds. In broad transcription, only the letter symbols are used, and the principle is to use one letter for onesound, such as [P] and [I]. In narrow transcription, a set of symbols calleddiacritics are added to the letter symbols to show the finer differences between similar sounds, such as[P h] and [ɫ].4.How are the English consonants classified?As in the pronunciation of consonants the air stream coming from the lungs is somehow obstructed, it is possible and also necessary to classify them in terms of manner of articulation and place of articulation. In terms of manner of obstruction, the consonants are classified into the following groups: stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals and glides. In terms of place of obstruction, the consonants are classified into the following groups: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal.5.What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?To classify the English vowels, the following criteria can be applied: position of the tongue, openness of the mouth, length of the vowels, and the shape of the lips.According to the position of the tongue, the vowels are classified into front, central and back vowels; according to the openness of the mouth, the vowels are classified into close, semi-close, semi-open, and open vowels; and according to the length of the vowels, they are classified into long vowels and short vowels;and according to the shape of the lips, and the vowels are classified into rounded and unrounded vowels.6.Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:1)voiced palatal affricate--- [dʒ]2)voiceless labiodental fricative---[f]3)voiced alveolar stop---[d]4)front, close, short---[i]5)back ,semi-open, long ---[ɔ:]6)voiceless bilabial stop---[p]Given the phonetic features of each of the following sounds:1)[d]---voiced alveolar stop2)[l]---voiced alveolar liquid3)[tʃ]---voiceless palatal/alveolar affricate4)[w]---voiced bilabial glide5)[u]---back,close,short(rounded)6)[æ]---front,short,open(unrounded)7.How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do youthink will be more interested in the difference between, say, [l]and[ɫ], [pʰ]and[P],a phonetician or a phonologist? Why?Refer to section 2.3.1Though both dealing with speech sounds, phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study in that the former focuses on the speech sounds themselves, their ways of pronunciation, their differences, their classifications, etc., while the latter focuses on the sound system of particular languages and the role sounds play in conveying meaning. Therefore, a phonetician will be more interested in the difference between two sounds.8.What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophonesrelated to a phoneme?Refer to section 2.3.2A phone is simply a speech sound, every actual sound we use or hear inmeaningful linguistic communication. For example, in pronouncing the two words “feel” and “leaf”, we actually use or hear four phones:[f][i:][l]and[~l].A phone differs from a phoneme in that the former is an actual sound we hear andit is the unit of study in phonetics, and the latter is not an audible sound, but an abstract entity, a collection of phonetic features, used as a unit of study in phonology. Take the “feel” and “leaf” example again. While four phones are used or heard in the pronunciation of these two words, only three phonemes are involved, i.e. /f/ /i: / and /l/.A phoneme, though as an abstract entity, is realized as different phones indifferent phonetic contexts. All these different phones are called the allophones of the same one phoneme. For example, the aspirated [pʰ] and the unaspirated [p] are allophones of the same phoneme/p/.9.Explain with examples the sequential rules, the assimilation rule, and thedeletion rule.Sequential rules are rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. For exam ple, why “klib” is a permissible combination of the four sounds in English and why “kbli” is not can only be accounted for by a sequential rule.The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. For example, the actual pronunciation of the letter “n” in the word “ incorrect” is not the alveolar [n] but the velar nasal [ŋ] is a manifestation of the assimilation rule at work.The deletion tells us when a sound is deleted although it is orthographically represented. For example, in the pronunciation of such words as sign, design, and paradigm, there is no [g] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letterg. But in their corresponding noun forms signature, designation and paradigmatic,the [g] represented by the letter g is pronounced.10.What are Suprasegmental features? How do the major Suprasegmentalfeatures of English function in conveying meaning?Suprasegmental features refer to those phonological features occurring above the sound segment level. The major Suprasegmental features in English are stress and intonation. The shift of word stress may change the part of speech of words of the same spelling, such as “'progress n.” and “pro'gress v.” , and different stress may cause difference in the meaning of some compound nouns and noun phrases with the same components, such as “'hotdog” and “hot 'dog”. Stressing words that are normally unstressed in a sentence may convey some extra meaning by the speaker.For exam ple, by stressing the pronoun “my” in the sentence “He is driving 'my car” the speaker is emphasizing the fact that the car he is driving is no one else`s but the speaker`s.The three often-used intonations in English are the falling tone, the rising tone, and the fall-rise tone. The basic role they each play is that the falling tone states a fact, the rising tone raises a question, and the fall-raise tone implies some meaning not literally expressed. For example, the same sentence “That`s not the book he w ants” said in the three different intonations convey three different meanings.Supplementary ExercisesI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1.If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguishmeaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.2. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.3.English is a tone language while Chinese is not.4.In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.5.In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amountof information conveyed.6.Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds whicha speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.7.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat,the mouth and the chest.8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.9.English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of thetongue that is raised the highest.10.According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can beclassified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.11.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.12.Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or morephonemic segments.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:13. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.14.The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e., they are all b_______sounds.15.S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.16.The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____rules.17.P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language andhow sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.18.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: wordstress and s_________ stress.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:19.Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords20.__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D. /b/21.Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they candistinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair22. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highestposition.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle23.Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemicsegments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. Suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features24.A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection ofdistinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme。
Chapter 2(2013verbal communication) 4
9
Reasons first and personal opinions first When it comes to a position, Easterners tend to state the reasons first. Westerners, on the contrary, usually state their position first, then the reasons.
Communication between cultures: verbal communication
Verbal communication
Definition of VC VC refers to the communication that is carried out either in oral or in written form with the use of words.
intercultural communication
1.etiquette in IC 2.verbal communication in IC
3. nonverbal communication in IC
4.values in IC
5. culture shock
1
Intercultural Communication
1.2 Semantics in Intercultural Communication
3) dictionary, convenient & thorough source of information 1) a system that associates words to meaning Connotation(concept) is the suggestive meaning of a word
商务英语Chapter 1 Written Communication
销售部主管 行业部经理 进口&出口部经理 人事部经理 财务部经理（常务审计师 会计师） 生产部经理
Business English Correspondence
Chapter One
by Sissi
Part one Questions for consideration
1. What is foreign trade letter? 2.What are the seven C’s principles? 3.What are the functions of business letter?
The function of business letters
To inform To persuade
To entertain
BUSSINESS CARD writing
The company’s name Card holder Position/ title The address of company Postal code Telephone number Fax number E-mail address
Additional Knowledge on Business Retailing The meaning of retailing GDP GNP
Classification of retailing 1
As the form of retailing (Store retailing): Plaza Discount store Trading center/ market Corporate chains Department store Supermarket Outlet Franchise
新编实用英语 chapter2
范文二
招聘 外贸助理 大西洋进出口有限公司 我们是一家位于温州市区,中国专业的进出口公 司。对于进一步发展我们的对外贸易经营,我们正 在寻找具有高效的工作的候选人,作为贸易职员。
工作描述： 负责办公室事务,处理文件和样品,协助外贸部门处 理海外客户。
Job Requirements:
·Good command of English · College diploma holder or above · Ambitious and enterprising ,with strong team spirit Experience of studying abroad is an advantage We offer an attractive salary and benefit package to the right candidates . Interested applicants are requested to submit their resume including contact information to the following address: Merry Lilac , 1st Business Department, 13F, New City Development Building, Wenzhou ,China, 325XXX.
Sample Two
WANTED
Foreign Trade Assistant Atlantic Import and Export Co .Ltd
We are a professional import and export company located in the downtown area of Wenzhou,China .For furthedeveloping our foreign trade business ,we are now looking for candidates with high caliber working as trade clerks. Job Description :Be responsible for office affairs, handling documents and samples, and assisting the foreign trade department in dealing with overseas customers.
外贸函电 Chapter one
2. Be courteous and considerate
Reply promptly to all communications-answer on the same day if possible. If you cannot answer immediately, write a brief note and explain why. This will create goodwill. Understand and respect the recipient’s point of view. Resist the temptation to reply as if your correspondent is wrong. If you feel some comments are unfair, be tactful and try not to cause offence. Resist the temptation to reply to an offensive letter in a similar tone. Instead, answer courteously and do not lower your dignity.
letterhead (2) the inside address (3) the date (4) the salutation (5) the body of the letter (6) the complimentary close (7) the signature
(1) the
Part of Business Letters B. The optional parts
2. Indented style with Closed Punctuation 缩行式
会话含义分析
An Analysis of Conversational Implicature inTess of the D’Urbervillesfrom the Perspective of the Cooperative Principle 合作原则视阈下《德伯家的苔丝》中的会话含义分析AbstractPragmatics, as an important component of linguistics has been increasingly paid attention to. It is made up of a lot of theories, of whic h Grice’s Cooperative Principle (CP) and conversational implicature theory play a very important role in language research. Many a scholar has engaged in studying related theories in order to make communication more clear and smooth. In the 1970s, the combination of pragmatics and literature was introduced by some linguists. Gradually, these scholars attempt to appreciate literary works from the perspective of pragmatics. This thesis as an interdisciplinary study of pragmatics and literature, intends to analyze the conversational implicature in detail in Thomas Hardy’s novel—Tess of the D’Urbervilles from the perspective of pragmatics.Hardy is one of the representatives of English critical realism at the turn of the 19th century. The background of Hardy’s novels is set almost always in Wessex. The author’s characters are for the most part of the poorer rural classes. He displays his deep sense of moral sympathy for England’s working-classes, particularly for rural women. There are almost 20 long novels in his life. Undoubtedly, the most popular novel is Tess of the D’Urbervilles, which is generally considered as his finest novel.As one of his masterpieces, Tess of the D'Urbervilles was studied and commented on by scholars in various ways, such as from the perspectives of feminism, fatalism, symbolism and so on. Tess of the D'Urbervilles, to some extent, has great impact on English literature. The criticisms and reviews on the well-known novel have been numerous in number and various in approaches. These reviews are mainly surveyed with the emphasis on the subject matters and approach. Moreover, the majority of readers prefer to analyze this classic work from the view of literature—the character’s reaso ns for death and her tragic destiny. But people seldom approach this novel from the angle of pragmatics. And this thesis tries to ap ply Grice’s CP to the analysis of the conversational implicature in Tess of the D'Urbervilles.Grice’s CP is used to explain how the implicature (implied meaning) is producedand interpreted. When the speaker would not follow CP but violates the maxims, the listener should realize the difference between what the speaker says and what he means. At this moment, conversational implicature is generated. CP is to clarify why people use indirect expressions to convey their real intention.The main body of this thesis is a detailed analysis of the conversational implicature produced by the selected examples from Tess of the D'Urbervilles. The illustrations are classified into different types in conformity with their violation of each maxim of CP. The present paper is aimed at analyzing the application of Conversational i mplicature in the novel in detail to reveal the characters’ inner w orld and contribute to a better understanding of this world classic work.Key words: Cooperative Principle; conversational implicature; maxims; fictional dialogue; Tess of the D'Urbervilles摘要作为语言学的重要组成部分,语用学已引起了语言学家的广泛关注。
国际商务函电Chapter one
课程考核说明
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″
″
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
考核能力要求 1.能够遵循正确、具体、清晰、完整、礼貌、体贴、简洁等外贸英语函电写作原则， 掌握常用信函格式和标准信函结构； 2.能够掌握国际贸易术语、专业句型习惯表达方法，熟悉外贸合同、信用证条款，了 解外贸英语函电语言的发展状况； 3.能够熟练处理建立业务联系、询盘、报盘、还盘、订货、成交、付款、信用证、包 装、装运、保险、投诉与索赔、代理等外贸英语函电各项环节的具体业务，运用书面 英语与客户有效交流，实现不同交易环节的业务目的； 4.能够利用巧妙的写作技巧，在贸易谈判中有礼、有据、有利，立足长远，促成交易， 实现利润最大化。 考试形式 学生最终成绩由平时成绩、期末考试成绩二部分组成。平时成绩由学生的出勤、课堂 表现、作业组成。期末考试采取闭卷笔试形式。 成绩测评方法 总评成绩采用百分制按如下比例评定：平时成绩（出勤=10分、课堂表现=10分、作业 =30分）占总评成绩的50%；期末考试成绩占总评成绩的50%。
International Business Correspondences (English for Business Communication)
主讲教师：杜顺 主讲教师： E-mail: dushun@
Contents
communication---an Chapter 1 Written communication--an overview Chapter 2 Establishment of Business Relations Chapter 3 Inquiries and replies Chapter 4 Making Quotations & Offers Chapter 5 Counteroffers & Declining Orders Chapter 6 Acceptance & Orders
跨文化商务交际Chapter_2_verbal_communication
Analysis
Here turkey, as the American explained, is a
large North American bird. But it can also refer to a person considered inept （不适当的, 无能的, 不称 职的） or undesirable. As 火鸡 in Chinese has no such association, it makes difficult for the Chinese to understand the real meaning of the word used in the last sentence.
CASE STUDY
CASE TWO In the United States, Bomb means that something is a massive failure, e.g. “The project was a bomb.” But in Britain if you said, “The project went a bomb.” you would be saying it was a huge success.
语言 是由声音和意义结合而成的符号体系，比如：汉语、英语、法
语等。任何一种语言都是由语音、词汇和语法等组成的一个完整 的符号体系。-- langue 言语 是指人们对语言的运用，指人们在运用语言的过程中说的话和 书写的文字。(语言的实际运用)-parole
Difference between langue & parole
Language as a reflection of the environment 语言反映人们生活的自然环境 Words sometimes have different connotational meanings because of the different geographical environment. For instance, the English word “zephyr” (the west wind) reflects the specific culture of UK. To British people the west wind is warm and gentle, because UK is on the brink of the Atlantic and the wind blows from the ocean. In the famous poem “Ode to the West Wind”, Shelly, a brilliant poet of Britain eulogizes the warm and gentle wind. However, in the eyes of Chinese people, what the west wind brings them is not warmth but frigidity. There is a saying in China, “it’s the east wind that brings warmth.” Therefore, the trucks produced in China No.2 Automobile Manufacturing Plant use “East Wind” as the trademark, while Zephyr is used as the trademark for British-manufactured automobiles.
新编简明英语语言学教程笔记
新编简明英语语言学教程笔记Chapter one Introduction 一、定义一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。
语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。
4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining ofhuman language that distinguish it from anypoperties of humananimal system of communication.Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性文化传递Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.二、知识点二、知识点nguage is not an isolated phenomenon, it‘s a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。
跨文化交际Unit-2第二讲PPT课件
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Chapter 1 Culture and Intercultural Communication
(2) How do you think of “self-reliance”?
• The American Creed is something of a doubleedged sword: it fosters a high sense of personal responsibility, independent initiative, and voluntarism ; it also encourages self-serving behavior, atomism, and a disregard for communal good. More specifically, its emphasis on individualism threatens traditional forms of community morality, and thus has historically promoted a particularly virulent strain of greedy behavior”
• Play a role • To feel an obligation toward
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大学英语跨文化交际 chapter two
Intercultural Communication
The international and domestic changes have brought us into direct and indirect contact with people who, because of their cultural diversity, often appear alien, exotic, and perhaps even wondrous.
(3)Psychological noise: psychological tendency or forces within the sender or receiver that interfere with understanding. (4)Semantic noise: the receiver cannot understand what’s intended by the sender.
Culture and Communication
Culture is learned, acted out, transmitted, and preserved through communication.
Cultures inherently contain communication systems. They are inseparable. Cultures generated symbols, rituals, customs, and formats that are used in communication. Each culture encourages a particular communication style expected within it.
新编实用英语综合教程2第四版Unit-two--Communication-by-email
to enter a completely different world. You can leave your own world behind, and
go somewhere really virtual.
5) Talking about the experience of surfing the Internet
Mike: I know quite a lot of these abbreviations. If you like, I can tell you more.
Li Hong: Yes, I will be grateful if you can tell me more.
Mike: “CWYL” means “chat with you later”; “LTNS” means “long time no see”; “IYSS”
Susan: Are you? Anything exciting? May: I don’t know the meaning of “planting strawberries”.
Back
Susan: Oh, it comes from the Taiwan campus, meaning “lovers kissing each other”.
Acting out the Tasks
Speak and Perform
Studying Business Cards Study and Imitate
Following Sample Dialogues Imitate and Perform
Putting Language to Use
Speak and Complete Speak and Translate Speak and Communicate
跨文化交际实训课件Chapter-2
Language and culture 语言和文化
I. Verbal Communication 言语交际
High-context and Low-context language
高语境和低语境语言
High Context Less verbally explicit communication, less written/formal information More internalized understandings of what is communicated Multiple cross-cutting ties and intersections with others Long term relationships Strong boundaries- who is accepted as belonging vs. who is considered an "outsider" Knowledge is situational, relational. Decisions and activities focus around personal face-to-face relationships, often around a central person who has authority. Examples: Small religious congregations, a party with friends, family gatherings, expensive gourmet restaurants and neighborhood restaurants with a regular clientele, undergraduate on-campus friendships, regular pick-up games, hosting a friend in your home overnight.
chapter 2 intercultural communication
Chapter II Intercultural CommunicationⅠTeaching Objectives1.To identify the definitions of intercultural communication,interpersonal communication, intracultural communication, cross-cultural communication, international communication, interethnic communication, interracial communication, interregional communication.2.To understand the four fundamental values of western ethics.3.To understand the different ethics that belongs to the different part ofthe world.4.To understand the definition and main components of interculturalcommunication.ⅡLeading inⅢTeaching ProceduresStep 1Have students listen to the lead-in case What is Wrong?Ask students warming-up questions:●What is going wrong in this case?●Have you ever misunderstood someone who came from a differentculture?●What is intercultural communication?●What intercultural communication skills do you know? Please listsome of them.Step 2Culture and CommunicationThe metaphor of the journey and the map can help us understand the relationship between culture and communication. Cultures are both the maps of a place (the rules and conventions) and the journeys that take place there (actual practices).Intercultural communication definedIntercultural communication refers to communication between peoplewhoseandare distinct enough toalter the communication event.Forms of Intercultural communicationa. Interpersonal Communicationb. Intracultural Communicationc. International Communicationd. Interethnic Communicatione. Interracial Communicationf. interregional Communication4.3.1 Interpersonal communicationwho are interacting exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability both to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretations from them.4.3.2 Intracultural communicationIntracultural communication is defined as communication between andamong members Generally, people who are of the same race, political persuasion, and religion or who share the same interests communicate intraculturally.4.3.3 International communicationInternational communication takes place4.3.4 Interethnic communicationInterethnic communication refers to communication between people of4.3.5 Interracial communicationInterracial communication occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races that pertain to different physical characteristics.4.3.6 Interregional communicationInterregional Communication refers to the exchange of messages between members of the dominant culture within a country.Intercultural communication ethics4.4.1 Western ethics●Being free to act consistent with one’ own principles.●Impartiality; giving each person his or her legitimate due or portion of the whole.●Accountability for the consequences of one’s actions, including a failure to act.●Partiality to those who cannot protect themselves and to whom we are in special relationships.4.4.2 African ethicsAfrican ethics stress the of the community and economic considerations over political rights.4.4.3 Buddhist ethicsV alue is placed on andthis life, then in the next.4.4.4 Hindu ethicsHinduism strives for the for4.4.5 Islamic ethicsTraditional Islamic perspectives on ethics are based on its religious concepts. There are different rules of ethical conduct for women and for men.Step3Raising Intercultural Awareness:采访外国人：教师布置学生就某些特定问题采访一些外国人，并引导学生比较不同的受访者做出的回答，以及他们对采访和采访问题所表现出的态度和反应。
从改写理论角度分析电影《泰坦尼克号》的配音翻译_英语专业毕业论文
题目: An Analysis of the Dubbing Translation of Titanic: From thePerspective of Rewriting Theory从改写理论角度分析电影《泰坦尼克号》的配音翻译AcknowledgementsOn completion of this thesis, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to all those whose kindness and advice have made this work possible.My heartfelt thanks go first to my supervisor, Professor Wang Jinhua, whose profound knowledge of and great passion for the audiovisual translation studies have inspired me to write the thesis. He has provided with me not only substantial and valuable references but also illuminating instructions and constructive suggestions.I am also grateful to Professor Yang Zhihong, in whose writing class I have gained some general knowledge of the steps and elements of conducting research and some fundamental translation theories, which are basic to the writing of this thesis. On the subject of writing, I shall definitely not skip Professor Wang Labao who offered beneficial guidance in his Comprehensive English Course as to how to think and write critically and logically. I am also deeply indebted to all the other teachers in the School of Foreign Languages of Soochow University whose classes and lectures I attended all these years have helped me academically prepare for the thesis.Last but not least, I would like to thank my friends and schoolmates for their unfailing support and understanding throughout the process of writing this thesis.AbstractThe contribution films have made to international cultural communication has become more and more important with the acceleration of globalization process and the increase of exchanges between people in different countries. In the spread of films from one culture to another, translation plays an indispensable part. Of the two dominant forms of film translation, subtitling and dubbing, the latter has a higher aesthetic value, and dubbed films remain the major type of foreign films officially introduced into China. However, studies of audiovisual translation are lacking both in number and systematicness, which is not consistent with the fast development of the audiovisual industry and the urgent demand for quality film translation. In view of this situation, the author analyzes the dubbing translation of the film Titanic by applying Andre Lefe vere’s theory of rewriting and looks into the control factors behind rewriting in translation.Andre Lefevere (1946-96) was a prominent scholar and translator of his time and contributed significantly to cultural translation studies. His theory of rewriting is fully developed in his book Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Fame (1992), in which he states that translation is “a rewriting of an original text” (ibid.: xv). The original text, translated in a given culture and society, is rewritten to conform to the dominant ideology and poetics of the target culture.The thesis examines the rewritings in the dubbing translation of the film Titanic within the framework of rewriting theory and draws conclusions as follows: the dubbing translation of the film comes under the influence of three factors, i.e., ideology, poetics and patronage; dubbing translation is done within both technical constraints and cultural constraints, the latter not only proving the applicability of rewriting theory to dubbing translation, but also attaching due significance to the actual translation and adaptation of the dialogue; Lefevere’s model goes beyond language and focuses on the interaction between translation and culture and thus is instrumental in situating translation within a broadersocio-cultural context and encouraging objective, systematic, and in-depth analyses of translations.Key words: dubbing translation, Titanic, rewriting theory摘要随着中外文化交流不断扩大和深入，中外影视作品的交流也日益频繁，越来越多的影视作品被引入国内，影视翻译研究也蓬勃兴起。
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Date
British style: 20 August, 2007
American style: August 20, 2007
"confidential" heading at the top of the letter
Inside address
信内地址包括收信人的姓名、头衔、 单位名称、营业地址以及城市、国 家名称和邮政编码。收信人的姓名 和地址应和信封上的内容相同。信 内地址一般在信纸左上角低于日期 的地方。书写顺序是由小单位到大 单位。每项内容单独成行：
例如： Yours truly, General Trading Co. （Signature） John Smith Sales Manager
The "tail" of the letter
3.Enclosure: enclose other document.
假如信封内除信纸外，尚附有其他文件，可以 在信中说明附件份数和内容。当附件只有一件时， 注明 Enclosure 或 Encl. 即可；一件以上时，要加 上编码，以便收信人识别，用Enclosures.说明。 例如：
Writing good English
keep it simple and precise Use short sentence and paragraphs
keep it simple and precise
NO metaphor（暗喻） or a simile ( 明喻） Use shorter words Use more active voice ( 使 用主动语态
例如： Subject：Men’s Bicycles Re：Sales Confirmation No.2536 Your Order No.： Reference：
SSalutation) Subject: Purchasing IBM Computers (Body of the letter)
The body of the letter
2.Main body of the letter: details of the matter,be concise and ease to understand,make a draft. usage of punctuations
The body of the letter
3.Concluding paragraph: make a conclusion.
Opening/ Main Contact Para. Body Closing Para.
The "tail" of the letter
plimentary close: "Yours sincerely"to a person, "Yours faithfully"not to a person.
For example:
ABC International LTD. 445 Sunshine Avenue, Shannon Technology Park, Cork CO69 TS, Republic of Ireland Tele:808-661-1234 Fax: 808-661-1234
Dear Mrs. - married women Dear Miss - unmarried women, girls Dear Ms. -female, marital status unknown
Subject
在商业信函中常用“事由标题”， 一则让收信人尽快了解信函的主要 内容，二则便于归档。下列两种情 况下尤其要使用“事由标题” 项。 1)当对方来函已使用了事由标题项。 2)当信函内容比较复杂时。
Examples:
Active:The explorers climbed the tallest mountain in the range.
Passive:The tallest mountain in the range was climbed by the explorers.
Practise: rewrite sentences into active voice. The meeting was conducted by Mr.Boswell
Functions of Printed letterhead:
A.to form an impression of the firm
B.Efficiency (saving time)
Requirement of letterhead complete
correct careful
信尾客套语是一种礼貌，是结束信函的正 式方式，类似中文信函中的“此致，敬礼 ”等。 注意，只有第一个字母大写。一般打印在 正文下面空一行处。
The "tail" of the letter
2.Signature: name and position of the sender.
签名通常在信尾客套语下空三行的位置。签名可 采用不同写法，一般包括：公司名称、写信人的 手写签名、写信人的打印签名、写信人的头衔。 有时，也可以不写公司名称。
Metaphor or simile
e.g. My heart is like a singing bird
e.g. Time is money
Use shorter words
e.g. terminate ( 使终止）
End e.g. remunerate pay
Use more active voice
Enclosures 3: 1.Birth Certificate 2.Visa 3.Letter of Reference
The "tail" of the letter
4.Copies: "c.c."carbon copy.
发信人若需把此信抄送给有关单位，可在附 件下方即信左下端打上C.C.，然后打上抄送 单位的名称，
Functions of Inside address :
1) Serves as evidence in the courts at some future time 2) Makes the letter completed so that the envelope can be discarded(丢弃） 3) Enables the secretary to match up the letter with the envelope for dispatch（急件） 4) Enables any carbon copy distributed to be understood and the file copy to be filed correctly
Common Features of Business Letters
The “top” Body The “ tail”
Overview
Common Features of Business Letters Layout of Business Letters Types of Letter
Mr.Boswell conducted the meeting.
When your order is received, your goods will be sent. When we receive your order, we will send your goods.
Payment of their account will be made by Johnson next month.
Active versus Passive Voice
Q: What is the difference between the active and the passive voice?
Difference
In an sentence using the active voice, the subject of the sentence does the action. In a sentence using the passive voice, the subject of the sentence receives the action.
Body
Opening paragraph Main body of the letter Concluding paragraph
The body of the letter
1.Opening paragraph: thanks, state subject concisely, reasons of writing the letter.
Mr. Francis Lawrence Vice President Swinton Co. 87 Unico Avenue Toronto, ST 9878 Canada
Inside address
Dr.W. Obsorne, Dean School of Business Administration 204 Portland Hall University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA 15260 U.S.A
chapter two
Written communication
By---Wendy
Overview
Formal Documents- Business Letters Formal Documents -report Formal Documents- Curriculum vitae Informal Documents Using Appropriate Language