Electromagnetic Spectrum
CTIA标准中文2.0
CTIA标准中文2.0空间射频辐射功率和接收机性能测量方法移动台空中（OTA）性能测量方法（CTIA标准）1.引言1.1.目的本标准是依照CTIA认证程序的要求，来定义如何对移动台的辐射射频功率和接收机性能进行测量。
本标准是CTIA认证项目管理文件中的一部分，在认证管理文件中包含了试验的限值，以及实验室的性能测试方法，由此方法测得的实验室性能必须符合CTIA认证的规定。
1.2.范围本标准定义了要成为一个CTIA授权检测实验室（CATL）所必须达到的一些指标（其它的指标可以与CTIA认证项目的工作人员联系得到）。
为了保证移动台试验的准确性、可重复性和一致性以满足CTIA 标准规定，本标准规定了试验的布置、实验室的技术、试验的方法和评估标准。
1.3.引用标准Minimum Standards for 800 MHz Cellular Subscriber Units, TIA/EIA-690, November 2000, Telecommunications Industry Association.Recommended Minimum Performance Standards for cdma2000 Spread Spectrum Mobiles Stations, TIA/EIA-98-D, June 2001, Telecommunications Industry Association.TDMA Cellular/PCS - Radio Interface - Mobile Station - Base Station Compatibility.TIA/EIA/IS-136-A, October 1996, Telecommunications Industry AssociationIEEE Std 1528-2002 Draft CBD 1.0, IEEE, Inc., April 4, 2002Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1995ETSI TR 102 273 V1.2.1: Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);Improvement of radiated methods of measurement (using test sites) and evaluation of the corresponding measurement uncertainties. ETSI, 2001ETSI TR 100 028 Parts 1 & 2: Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics. ETSI, 2001EN 50361:2001 Basic Standard for the measurement of Specific Absorption rate related to human exposure to electromagnetic fields from mobile phones (300MHz - 3GHz) TS 51.010 V4.9.0 (2002-07): Mobile Station (MS) Conformance Specification, 3GPPTS 05.05 V8.11.0 (2001-08): Technical Specification Group GSM/EDGE Radio AccessNetwork; Radio transmission and reception, 3GPPCTIA Certification Program Management Document, Revision 2.2, CTIA, January 20031.4.试验概括本标准依据测试的类型（发射机、接收机）和测试的技术（模拟AMPS、CDMA、TDMA、GSM）1对试验程序进行了分类。
HBC Radiomatic Spectrum B 手册说明书
JoysticksLinear leversspectrum ARobust spectrum design with a display. Joysticksspectrum BTop performance with built-in display. Joysticksspectrum 4Perfomance and power for the largest machinery. JoysticksLinear leversspectrum ExThe versatile control for hazardous areas. Top performance with built-in display. Product description Highperforming control for cranes and machines with color display. Also available with HBC linear levers. Many individual configurations. OperationSafetyFrequency managementFrequency rangesDimensions & specificationsService conceptHBC featuresExtended control conceptsPerformance & availabilityEnhanced safety functionsFeedback to the operator Operating elements & control functions Battery technology Indication Protection from unauthorized useActivation via HBC start sequence, PIN entry or merlin® TUC E-STOPPL d category 3 according to EN ISO 13849-1:2015 Auto Power OffAutomatic deactivation of the transmitter after preset time without command input (standard: 15 min) Manual frequency switch radiomatic® AFS= partially automatic Adaptive Frequency Hopping= fully automatic DECT= fully automatic country-independent use: 2402 - 2480 MHz country-specific use: 1790 - 1930 MHz country-specific use: 405 - 475 MHz 865 - 870 MHz 902 - 928 MHz Housing material / protection class:Plastic housing, Protection class IP 65 Operating temperature range:-20 °C … +70 °C (-4 °F … +158 °F) Weight:approx. 2.0 kg (4.41 lbs.) Dimensions:178 x 300 x 182 mm (7.00 x 11.81 x 7.17 in.) radiomatic® iLOGService without downtime Extended control concepts Extended control concepts « to the overview Tandem operationSafe transport of long and bulky goods. Pre-selection of trolley / hoistEfficiency and safety for cranes with 2 trolleys. CatchreleaseShare cranes and machines, optimize workload, and increase safety. Cable controlThe valuable alternative for specific working conditions. Performance & availability Performance & availability « to the overview Bank switch for additional operating levels= additional control functions Enhanced safety functions Enhanced safety functions « to the overview radiomatic® touch-to-activateSafe and easy release of operating elements. radiomatic® infrakeyActivation only with direct visual contact (line of sight). radiomatic® shock-off / roll-detect / zero-g / inclination switchIntelligent safety features for specific emergency situations. Enabling switchSafe release of defined functions merlin® TUC (Transmitter User Card) – user identificationThe easy and safe arrangement of access rights.
波长方程简述 Wavelength Equation Brief Explanation 英语
波长方程简述Wavelength Equation BriefExplanationBrief about Wavelength EquationThe distance between successive crests of a wave or higher points of electromagnetic waves is termed as wavelength. The frequency and wavelength are closely related to each other. But they are inversely proportionate to each other. The wavelength becomes shorter when the frequency is higher and the wavelength becomes longer when the frequency is lower. All the waves of light move with the same speed through a vacuum and the number of crest waves passing by a specific timeline depends onthe wavelengths. The wavelength is fundamentally denoted as Lambda which is a Greek Letter (λ). The wavelength formula or the wavelength equation of a wave has been represented as the following:(λ)=v/fHere, “v” represents the speed of the velocity of the Waves and “f” represents the frequency of the way. The wavelength is expressed in units of meters and the velocity is expressed in meters per second. The frequency is expressed in hertz. In a graph, we can see the waves which are graphed as functions of distance or time. The wavelength can be determined from the distance graph. On the other hand, frequency and period can be obtained from a time graph. Wave speed can be obtained from both the distance and timegraph. In calculating wavelength, the use of distance, speed, and time is found. Speed can be obtained by dividing the distance by time and speed can also be calculated by multiplying wavelength by frequency. Therefore, the wavelength can be calculated by dividing the distance by the product of frequency and time. Our Assignment Help Online expert will now give you the definition of wavelength.What is the wavelength?Wavelength in physics is considered to be the periodic wave’s special pe riod. The inverse or multiplicative inverse or reciprocal of the spatial frequency is the wavelength. In physics,mathematics, and engineering, special frequency is the feature of any structure which is periodic in space across the entire position. Special frequency can also be considered characteristic of a structure which is periodic through several positions in space. The spatial frequency measures the frequency of repeated movement of a structure’s sinusoidal components per unit of distance. Wavelength is generally determined by observing the distance between crests, zero crossing, and troughs which are the consecutive points of a similar phase. Wavelength is the characteristic feature of standing and travelling waves. It also depicts the patterns of the spatial wave. Greek letter Lambda (λ) is designated to wavelength. The term wavelength is applied in the domain of telecommunications and electronics where modulated waves are commonly found.Wavelength is also applied to the sinusoidal envelope of waves or modulated waves. The waves in the case of the sinusoidal envelope are developed by interferences of different sinusoids. In the domain of telecommunications and electronics, the process of varying single or multiple properties of a carrier signal is known as modulation. The carrier signal is the periodic waveform. The periodic waveform varies with modulating signal which typically provides information which is to be transmitted. If a sinusoidal wave is considered to be moving at particular wave speed, wave frequency is inversely proportional to wavelength. This means the waves which have higher frequencies would have shorter wavelengths.On the other hand, the waves which have lower frequencies will have much longer wavelengths.The medium such as vacuum, water, or air determines wavelength. The medium through which wave travels determines the wavelength. There are several wave-like phenomena such as light, sound waves, periodic electrical signals, and water waves. A sound wave is observed in air pressure as a variation. In light, the strength of the magnetic field and the electric varies. In electromagnetic radiation, the magnetic field and electric also vary. In the case of water waves, variations are found in the height of a water body. In the case of crystal lattice vibration, the atomic positions are found to vary. Therefore, wavelength measures the distance between the repetitions which we found in peaks, zero-crossing or valley-like shapes. It does not measure the distance a particular particle moves. The spectrum is the range of frequencies or wavelengths for wave. It is commonly usedconcerning the electromagnetic spectrum or vibration spectrum or sound spectrum. Therefore, a wavelength can be defined as the distance between successive points in an electromagnetic wave or sound wave.Repeated patterns which we observe in the case of travelling energy like light, sound, or light are represented by wavelengths. The distance between two similar or identical crests or peaks or high points is measured by a wavelength. The distance between two low points or troughs in a similar wave is also measured by wavelength. The wavelengths are distinctive in their formations and this formation plays a significant role in differentiating and energy from that of the other. Wavelengths are highly used in the field of technology and science. The engineers, scientists, technologies, use wavelengths toidentify different energy forms in the field of aerospace, network administration, and any other domain of technology. The wavelength of light it is found to vary with colours point the wavelength of light is different for each colour. For example, the longest wavelength is found in case of red colour and the least wavelength is found in the case of violet colour. The wavelength of infrared radiation is found to be longer even then the wavelength of red colour. Frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional to each other. It means the shorter the wavelength, higher is the frequency. On the other hand, longer the wavelength, lower will be the frequency. On an electromagnetic radiation spectrum, the wavelength is indicated by the distance between the repetitions which are observed in the waves. Radio waves which we find in audio range and waves are also includedin the electromagnetic radiation spectrum in a visible light range.How can wavelengths be measured?It is very important to understand the way a wavelength is measured. Wavelengths are generally measured with the help of the units of meters such as centimetres, millimetres, nanometres, meters, etc. Smaller denominations are also used such as picometres, nanometres, and centimetres in measuring shorter wavelengths. The smaller denominations of meters are usually used in measuring shorter wavelengths. The shorter wavelengths which we found find in the electromagnetic spectrum are measured by the help of smaller denominationsof meters. The wavelength such as x-rays, ultraviolet radiation, and gamma rays which are observed in the electromagnetic spectrum, are measured by the help of smaller denominations of meters such as picometres, nanometres, and centimetres. Optical spectrum analyzers or optical spectrometers are the instruments which are used in detecting wavelengths on an electromagnetic spectrum. The wavelength can be measured by the distance between two successive crests in the same wave. The wavelength is the distance between two crests or points in a wave. The distance between two peaks or valleys is the wavelength. in measuring wavelength, two important parameters are needed. these two parameters are frequency and wave speed. The frequency represents the number of cycles of wave passing point at a specified time. On the other hand, the speed ofthe waves is represented by the rate at which a wave can move through any medium and it is highly dependent on the propagation of the medium. For example, electromagnetic waves and sound waves travel through the air. The number of oscillations per unit of time in a wave is represented by the frequency of the wave. Shorter wavelengths can be observed if the frequency is higher and longer wavelengths are observed if the frequency is lower. This is because of the inverse relationship between the frequency of a wave and its wavelength. The wave speed can be calculated by multiplying the number of cycles which pass a point every second by the length of the cycle. The wave speed can be mathematically stated as the multiplication of cycle length and cycles per second. Now our experts from OnlineAssignment Help will tell you about the Wavelength Equation.Wavelength EquationThe characteristic patterns which we find in a light wave or radio wave or infrared wave have a particular length and shape. The distance between two consecutive peaks or high points in the same phase is known as a wavelength. The distance between two consecutive troughs or crests of a wave is the wavelength. Wavelength is measured in the wave’s direction. The distance from one trough or crest to the other and again from that trough or crest to another is the wavelength. The waves can be electromagnetic waves or a sound wave or evena light wave. The highest points where the trough of the wave is found to be the lowest is known as the crest. In measuring wavelength, units of lengths like centimetres, meters, nanometres, millimetres, etc. are used. Wavelength equation is also known as wavelength formula which depicts wavelength to be equal to the ratio between the speed of the waves and wave frequency. Therefore, it can be seen that a wavelength can be measured or calculated by dividing wave velocity by wave frequency. The wavelength is always represented meters. In the wavelength equation, “v” represents velocity and “f” represents frequency which is also measured in hertz or Hz.Wavelength equation is one of the well-known methods of calculating wavelength. The wavelength of any wave can be calculatedsimply by dividing the speed of the wave by its frequency. The wavelength equation or wavelength formula can be written as follows:Wavelength EquationWavelength =Velocity or speed of wave/FrequencyWavelength (λ) =Wave velocity or speed of wave (V)/frequency (f)λ = V/fIt is very important to use correct units in the wavelength equation so that the wavelength can be calculated accurately and the result can be expressed in a correct unit of measurement. Imperial and metric units can be used inrepresenting the speed of the wave. The units such as meter per second, kilometres per hour, and miles per hour, etc. can be used in representing speed. Wavelength is generally measured in metric units such as meters, nanometres, millimetres, etc. Frequency is always expressed in hertz which implies “per second”. The equation can be used in calculating wavelength with the help of certain data or information about the speed of the wave and its frequency. The known quantities can be plugged into the wavelength equation in calculating wavelength. If the wavelength of any wave is to be calculated then the frequency and speed of the wave need to be plugged into the equation. By dividing the speed of the wave by its frequency, the wavelength can be accurately calculated and obtained. Wavelength equation can help calculate wavelength depending on thegiven information about velocity and frequency. If information about frequency and speed of the wave is given, by using wavelength equation the wavelength can be easily calculated. In calculating the wavelength of light, information about specific photon energy needs to be obtained. With the help of the energy equation, the wavelength of light can be calculated. It is very important to use the current formula in calculating wavelength.For example, if a wave speed is 600m per/sec, and the wave frequency is 30waves/sec, the using wavelength equation we can calculate wavelength. The equation is the following:Wavelength=V/f (V=speed of the wave and f=wave frequency)Therefore, the wavelength is 20 mWavelength= 600/30=20mWavelength is the distance between two successive or consecutive crests or troughs of a similar wave. Things which can move are water, strings, air, ground-earthquake, and light. These things can move like a wave. Wavelength is the velocity or speed of a wave divided by the wave’s frequency. The wavelength equation or wavelength formula is represented as follows:Wavelength (λ) =Wa ve velocity or speed of wave (V)/frequency (f)λ = V/fThe velocity is the speed at which a wave moves in a particular direction and this velocity or the speed can be calculated by the units of meters per sec or m/sec or m/s. The frequency is the crests or troughs move through a particular point in a particular time and the formula of frequency is cycles/s or Hz. An example can be used to make wavelength equation simplified to get understood. If sound speed is almost 340m/s, the frequency of the wave is about 20.0cycles/sec, the wavelength can be calculated by using the wavelength equation in the following way:λ = V/fWavelength (λ) =Wave velocity or speed of wave (V) 340m/s / frequency (f) 20.0cycles/sWavelength (λ)= 17.0m In this way, the wavelength can be calculated.。
电磁波谱(Electromagnetic Spectrum)
电磁波谱(Electromagnetic Spectrum)电磁波包括的范围很广。
实验证明，无线电波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X射线、γ射线都是电磁波。
它们的区别仅在于频率或波长有很大差别。
光波的频率比无线电波的频率要高很多，光波的波长比无线电波的波长短很多；而X射线和γ射线的频率则更高，波长则更短。
为了对各种电磁波有个全面的了解，人们按照波长或频率的顺序把这些电磁波排列起来，制成电磁波谱。
微波波段例如，用于搜索雷达的电磁波波长为23cm，定义为L波段（Long）；后来使用10cm的电磁波后，由于波长比以前的短，所以称为S波段(Short）；在使用3cm电磁波的火控雷达出现后，被称为X波段，因为X代表座标上的某点；为了结合X波段和S波段的优点，出现了波长为5cm的雷达，称为C波段（Compromise）；在英国人之后，德国人也开始独立开发自己的雷达，他们选择1.5cm作为自己雷达的中心波长。
这一波长的电磁波就被称为K波段（德语短的意思）。
“不幸”的是，德国人以其日尔曼民族特有的“精确性”选择的波长可以被水蒸气强烈吸收，结果这一波段的雷达不能在雨中和有雾的天气使用。
后来大家都避开这个波段，使用比K波段波长略长（Ka，即英语K－above的缩写，意为在K波段之上）和略短（Ku，即英语K－under的缩写，意为在K波段之下）的波段；电磁波的波段选择电磁波的应用(Application)电磁波的应用主要是依据它的波长，如我们前面说到的，波长越短，越容易被反射，阻挡，或吸收，如果想想传输的更远，就得增大输出功率。
例如，潜艇通信，由于短波很容易被水吸收，所有必须使用长波。
例如，现在的3G，由于频率提高，由于其他物体的阻挡，原来50个基站能覆盖的区域得增加几乎一倍，所以，现在的3G只能覆盖不是很多的城市。
什么是电磁波谱
什么是电磁波谱电磁波谱（Electromagnetic Spectrum）是指电磁波按照频率或波长从低到高的有序排列。
电磁波谱包括了广泛的波长和频率范围，从极长波长的无线电波到极短波长的伽马射线。
电磁波谱的分类根据波长或频率的不同，电磁波谱可以分为不同的部分，包括射电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X射线和伽马射线。
1. 射电波射电波是具有最长波长和最低频率的电磁波。
射电波在通信、天文学和雷达等领域有着重要的应用。
一些射电天文学技术通过接收和分析射电波来研究宇宙中的天体。
2. 微波微波波长较长，频率较低，介于射电波和红外线之间。
微波在通信、雷达、卫星通讯和厨房中的微波炉等领域有广泛应用。
3. 红外线红外线具有较长的波长，介于可见光和微波之间。
红外线的热辐射可以被用于红外线热成像技术，广泛用于军事、安保、医学和科学研究等领域。
4. 可见光可见光是人眼可见的光线，包括了红、橙、黄、绿、蓝、靛、紫七种颜色。
可见光谱被广泛应用于照明、光通信、摄影和光譜分析等领域。
5. 紫外线紫外线波长较短，频率较高，介于可见光和X射线之间。
紫外线被广泛应用于杀菌消毒、紫外线光谱分析和光敏材料等领域。
6. X射线X射线具有较高的能量和频率，可用于医学影像学、材料检测、研究物质结构等领域。
7. 伽马射线伽马射线波长最短，频率最高，具有极高的能量。
它常常被用于放射治疗以及核物理和高能物理的研究。
电磁波谱的应用电磁波谱的不同部分在各个领域都有广泛的应用。
1. 通信和广播射电波和微波被广泛用于无线通信和广播领域。
无线电台、卫星通讯、无线网络等都依赖于电磁波的传播。
2. 医学诊断X射线在医学诊断中得到广泛应用。
它可以穿透人体，用于检查骨骼、牙齿和胸腔等部位。
3. 太阳能光伏可见光是太阳能光伏系统中主要的光源。
光伏技术可以将可见光转化为电能。
4. 遥感和气象预测红外线被用于遥感和气象预测。
红外线遥感技术可以通过探测红外辐射来获取关于地表温度和大气组成的信息。
遥感原理与应用-第二章
第二章 遥感的理论基础—电磁辐射与地物光谱特性
（10）黑体：绝对黑体，指能够将外来辐射能量全部吸收的物体。 （11）发射率：地物单位面积上发射（辐射）能量M与同一温度下同面积黑体
Wavelength
Energy
Speed of light = wavelength () x frequency = 3 x 108 m/s in vacuum
In resources and environment remote sensing application, the main spectrum is visible, infrared, and microwave, Ultraviolet radiation is only used in special fields under limited conditions.
超远红外（SFIR）：15m～1000m，
红外线也是RS中常用的波段之一，使用率仅次于可见光。
红外RS采用热感应方式探测地物本身的热辐射。红外线在云、雾、雨中
传播时，受到严重的衰减，因此红外RS不是全天候RS，不能在云、雾、雨
中进行，但不受日照条件的限制。
Infrared Spectrum Ranges from 0.7 to 1000μm. Reflected IR covers wavelengths approximately 0.7 μm to 3.0 μm; Thermal IR covers wavelengths from approximately 3.0 μm to 1000μm.
按照波长的长短顺序将各种电磁波排列制成的一张图表叫做电磁波谱。 在电磁波谱中，从左到右，波长逐渐增大。从左到右依次是宇宙射线、 射线、X射线、紫外线、可见光、红外线、微波、以及其它无线电波等。
天然药物化学-专业英语期末复习资料
spreading glass plates: 铺板automatic spreading devices：自动铺板器acetone：丙酮petroleum ether ：石油醚ether：乙醚chloroform：氯仿ethyl acetate : 乙酸乙酯methanol：甲醇ethanol：乙醇butanol ：正丁醇grease ：n. 油脂（状物）slurry ：n. 浆，泥浆hemihydrate：半水合物air dried ：a. 风干的，晾干的activated：a. 活化的，活性的，激活的inorganic salt ：无机盐inorganic：a. 无机的，无生物的organic: a. 有机的，有机体的inorganic acid / chemistry 无机酸/无机化学organic acid/solvent/ chemistry有机酸/有机溶剂/有机化学silver nitrate 硝酸银nitrate 硝酸根precoated plates ：预制板aluminium sheets ：铝片fluorescent indicator: 荧光指示剂quench the fluorescence：荧光淬灭wavelength：波长microparticles of silica：硅胶微粒HPLC：high performance liquid chromatography高效液相色谱HPTLC：high performance thin layer chromatography高效薄层色谱solvent system：溶剂系统reference compounds ：参照（对照）化合物paper-lined：衬上滤纸saturated： a. 饱和的Horizontal TLC：水平薄层色谱over-run：过度展开electrophoresis：电泳by spraying: 喷雾，喷洗conc. H2SO4：浓硫酸sulphuric acid : 硫酸nitric acid ：硝酸hydrochloric acid：盐酸detection reagent：检测试剂steroids：甾体，甾族类化合物steroidal: a.甾族的sterol: n. 甾醇，固醇preparative TLC: 制备薄层色谱adsorbent：n. 吸附剂eluting：洗脱elute: v. 洗脱（提），流出elution: n. 洗脱，流出，淋洗buffer elution 缓冲洗脱gradient elution 梯度洗脱isocratic elution 等度(无梯度)洗脱eluant: n. 洗脱（提）液，展开剂eluate: n. 洗脱液，提取液（物）centrifuging：离心( centrifuge)GLC：气相色谱Gas liquid chromatographysensitivity:灵敏度、灵敏性quantitative: 定量的qualitative: 定性的linearity and limit of detection (LOD)线性和检测限precision（精密度）reproducibility（重复性）recovery（加样回收率）stability（稳定性）bond: 键，结合bonded：键合的，化合的stationary phase: 固定相C18 or ODS C8 silica gel Sephadex ion exchange resinmobile phase：流动相miscible solvent mixture: 可互溶的混合溶剂methanol, acetonitrile(乙腈) distilled wateracetic acidphosphoric acid(磷酸)buffer salt(缓冲盐)polymer：聚合物polymerase 聚合酶hydrolase 水解酶polymerization 聚合作用decomposition 分解作用isocratic elution: 等度洗脱gradient elution: 梯度洗脱elute:洗脱, 流出,流出物eluting:洗脱, 流出elution:洗脱, 流出elution time/ volume/program/ systemdetector：检测器UVD: ultraviolet-visible detector (紫外可见吸收检测器)PDAD: photodiode array detector (光电二极管阵列检测器)RID: refractive index detector (示差折光检测器）FD: fluorescence detector (荧光检测器)ECD: electrochemical detector (电化学检测器)ELSD: evaporative light-scattering detector(蒸发光散射检测器）at ambient temperature常温，室温，环境温度be subjected to: 使遭受，使属于，可能thermal re-arrangement：热重排thermostatically controlled jacket：温度控制护套coated:被包裹的，覆盖的precoated: 预制的poisoning：污染，毒害impurities: 杂质，不纯物purify ：纯化，精练putification:精制, 纯化plant extracts: 植物提取物extract: v. 提取，萃取，抽提n. 提取液，萃取液，浸膏extractant：提取剂，萃取剂extraction ：提取(法)，萃取(法)extractive：n. 提取物, 浸出物, 浸出制剂a. 抽提的, 浸出的non-volatile：非挥发性的spectrum：n. 光谱，波谱，谱refractive index detector：示差折光检测器terpenoids：萜类化合物terpene : 萜，萜烯terpane：萜烷alkaloids：生物碱carbohydrates：碳水化合物flavonoids：黄酮类化合物coumarins: 香豆素quinone: 醌benzoquinone苯醌naphthoquinone萘醌anthraquinone蒽醌steroids: 甾体类化合物lignanoid：木脂素prepacked columns：预填充柱prepacked：预先装入的silica microporous particle column ：硅胶微孔粒柱non-polar compounds：非极性化合物polar compounds：极性化合物ultrapure ：超纯ultra：超，过，越，极端，异常degas：脱气chromatographic technique: 色谱技术phytochemist’s：植物化学家的phytochemistry: 植物化学armoury：装备，武器库，军械库quantitative: 定量的separations on a preparative scale：制备分离electromagnetic spectrum 电磁谱spectrum：光谱, 波谱, 谱spectra(复数）spectral: 光谱的spectroscopy: 光谱学, 波谱学,光谱法spectroscopic: 分光镜的spectroscope: 分光器，分光镜infrared：红外visible light：可见光wave numbers: 波数proportional to energy: 能量成正比red light: 红外线violet light: 紫射线ultraviolet (UV) spectrum 紫外谱conjugated diene 共轭二烯absorption maxima 最大吸收峰UV spectra 紫外光谱absorption peak 吸收峰wavelength 波长absorbance A 吸收值Aconcentration in solution 溶液的浓度path length 厚度molar absorptivity 摩尔吸收系数nmr spectroscopy：核磁共振光谱nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy infrared (ir) spectroscopy：红外光谱unknown compound：未知化合物spectroscopic methods：光谱（仪器）方法functional groups：官能团molecule：分子molecular: 分子的molecular weight（M.W.) 分子量molecular formular (M.F.) 分子式Infrared radiation：红外辐射electromagnetic spectrum: 电磁波光谱microwaves：微波wave number：波数micrometer(μm)：微米reciprocal centimeters (cm-1)：厘米的倒数be directly proportional to: 与….成正比例be inversely proportional to:与….成反比例electromagnetic radiation：电磁波辐射vibrational energy states：振动能级状态photon：光子lowest vibrational state ：最低的振动能级状态ground vibrational state：基态stretching modes ：伸缩振动bending modes：弯曲振动methylene ：亚甲基fingerprints：指纹，指印snowflakes：雪花superposability：相似性，重合superposable：可重合的, 可叠合的hexane:己烷absorption peaks：吸收峰carbon-hydrogen stretching vibrations：碳-氢伸缩振动bending vibrations：弯曲振动physical state：物理状态neat sample：纯样品sodium chloride ：氯化钠disk：片, 圆板, 圆盘, 圆盘状物thin film：薄膜carbon tetrachloride：四氯化碳chloroform：氯仿potassium bromide：溴化钾thin wafer：薄片structure determination : 结构鉴定vibrations characteristic: 振动特征functional groups：官能团fingerprint region：指纹区pattern of peaks：峰形frequencies：频率wave numbers：波数Mass spectrometry: 质谱spectrometry n. [物]光谱测定法,度谱术spectrometric adj. [物]光谱测定的,分光仪的,光谱仪的spectrometer n. [物]分光计molecule：分子bombarded ：轰击high-energy electrons ：高能量电子electron-volts：电子伏特collides with ：碰撞molecule : 分子electron ：电子cation radical ：正离子ionize: vt. 使离子化，vi. 电离ionization : n. 离子化, 电离electron impact ：电子轰击molecular ion ：分子离子fragment ion : 碎片离子positively charged ：带正电荷odd number of electrons ：奇数电子，不成对电子odd : 奇数even：偶数mass ：n. 质量, 块, 大多数, 大量molecular ion : 分子离子dissociating ：裂解，分离，游离fragments ：n. 碎片, 断片, 片段fragmental adj. 破片的, 断片的fragmentation n. 分裂, 破碎cation radical ：正离子neutral fragment ：中性碎片positively charged one ：正离子，带正电荷fragmentations：断裂，分裂, 破碎Ionization and fragmentation：电离和裂解particle：粒子electron-impact mass spectrometer：电子轰击质谱分光仪bombarded with ：轰击molecular ion: 分子离子fragment ions：碎片离子analyzer tube：分析器magnet ：n. 磁体, 磁铁, 磁场magnetic : adj. 磁的, 有磁性的, 有吸引力的magnetically : adv. 有磁力地, 有魅力地deflects ：v. (使)偏斜, (使)偏转deflect from : 使...从...偏斜, 使...从...转变方向deflected : 偏离的original trajectory : 起始轨道original ：adj. 最初的, 原始的, 独创的, 新颖的n. 原物, 原作trajectory：n. [物](射线的) 轨道, 弹道, 轨线circular path ：环形轨迹radius ：n. 半径, 范围, 辐射光线, 有效航程,mass/charge ratio (m/z)：质量/电荷比，质/荷比magnetic field strength ：磁场强度analyzer ：分析仪，分析器narrow slit ：狭缝detector ：检测器scan ：扫描positive ions : 正离子mass spectrum：质谱图computerized data handling systems：计算机数据处理系统bar graphs ：棒状图bar : n. 条, 棒, 横木, 酒吧间, 栅, 障碍物vt. 禁止, 阻挡, 妨碍, 把门关住, 除...之外graph : n. 图表, 曲线图relative intensity：相对丰度benzene：苯shielding : 屏蔽proton : n. [核]质子chemical shifts：化学位移standard substance：标准物质tetramethylsilane (CH3)4Si ，TMS) ：四甲基硅烷coincides with：与...一致, 与...相符frequency：频率hertz：n. 赫, 赫兹(频率单位：周/秒); (Hz)赫兹downfield：低场magnetic field strength：磁场强度60-MHz: 60 兆周nmr spectrum: 核磁共振光谱chloroform (CHCl3)：氯仿signal due to the proton：氢信号downfield from：比…低场chemical shifts (δ)：化学位移parts per million (ppm)：百万分之几chemical shift for the proton：氢化学位移Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra：核磁共振光谱nuclear magnetic resonance：核磁共振nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy：核磁共振(光谱)分析 parts per million (ppm)：百万分之几zero point：零点field strength：场强度nmr spectrometer：核磁共振仪nuclear spin：核自旋nuclear：adj. [核]核子的, 原子能的, 核的, 中心的nuclear resonance：核共振irrespective of：adj. 不顾的, 不考虑的, 无关的magnetic field strength：磁场强度signal due to the proton：氢信号carbon：碳hydrogen：氢oxygen：氧nitrogen: 氮splitting : 裂分nmr spectra：核磁共振谱structure determination ：结构鉴定ethyl group：乙基nmr spectrum：核磁共振光谱ethyl bromide：溴乙烷ethyl：n. [化]乙基, 乙烷基bromide ：n. [化]溴化物bromide chloride ：一氯化溴electronegative atom or group : 电负性的原子或基团electronegative：adj. 负电的, 带负电的bromine：溴ethyl bromide ：溴乙烷triplet-quartet pattern ：三重-四重峰系统triplet ：n. 三重峰, 三个一组, 三份quartet: n. 四重峰, 四重奏, 四重唱methylene：亚甲基methyl：甲基coupling with ：与…偶合coupling : n. 联结, 接合, 耦合vicinal coupling：邻位偶合adjacent：adj. 邻近的, 接近的carbon n. [化]碳(元素符号C), (一张)复写纸carbon paper 复写纸Magnetic resonance spectroscopy 核磁共振谱Nuclei n. [nucleus的复数] 核心、中心、细胞核nuclear [核]核子的, 原子能的, 核的, 中心的isotope n. [化]同位素isotopic adj. 同位素的nuclear spins ：核自旋skeleton n. 骨架, 骨骼, 基干, 纲要, 万能钥匙substituent n. 取代adj. 取代的substitute n. 代用品, 代替者, 替代品v. 代替, 替换, 替代substitute A for B 用A替Bsubstituted 取代的, 代替的substituted aromatic 取代的芳香化合物substituted benzene 取代苯苯的同系物structure determination 结构鉴定isotopic form of carbon 碳的同位素nuclear spin 核自旋sensitivity 灵敏度Tune vt. 调音, 调整, 拨收, 收听n. 曲调, 调子, 和谐, 合调 13C magnetic resonance 13C核磁共振background noise 背景噪音13C nmr (cmr) spectroscopy 13C核磁共振光谱routine technique 常规技术organic structure determination 有机结构鉴定nmr spectrometers 核磁共振仪sensitivity-enhancing 提高灵敏度strategy n. 策略, 军略, 计划random n. 随意, 任意adj. 任意的, 随便的, 胡乱的regardless of 不管, 不顾Scanned v. 扫描, 细看,审视,浏览n. 扫描signal-to-noise ratio 信噪比值solution to n. 解答, 解决办法, 溶解, 溶液from low field to high field 从低场到高场pulse n. 脉搏, 脉冲radiofrequency 射频higher spin state 高能级自旋态excited nuclei 被激发的核relax to their lower energy state 弛豫到低能级态Fourier Transform 傅立叶变换/转换(FT) nmr spectrometers 傅立叶变换核磁共振仪FT nmr 傅立叶变换核磁共振13C nmr 13C核磁共振1H Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 氢核磁共振光谱 external magnetic field 外界磁场nuclear spin 核自旋proton 质子flip vt. 掷, 弹, 轻击,抽打, vi. 用指轻弹, 抽打nucleus 核shielded 屏蔽molecule 分子chemical shifts 化学位移1H nmr spectrum 氢核磁共振波谱chemical shift nonequivalent protons 化学位移不等价质子integrated areas 积分面积splitting pattern 裂分图形adjacent 邻近的, 接近的13C Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy碳核磁共振光谱 signal enhancement 提高信号强度13C nmr spectra 碳核磁共振光谱carbon signals 碳信号singlets 单峰off-resonance decoupling 偏共振去偶multiplets 多重峰bonded hydrogens 键合的氢Infrared spectroscopy 红外光谱molecular structure 分子结构transitions 跃迁vibrational energy levels 振动能级electromagnetic radiation 电磁波辐射functional groups 官能团absorption 吸收frequencies 频率Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy紫外-可见吸收光谱Transitions 跃迁electronic energy levels 电子能级uv-vis spectroscopy 紫外-可见吸收光谱absorption peaks 吸收峰conjugated π-electron systems 共轭π-电子系统Mass spectrometry 质谱ionized 电离，使离子化electron impact 电子轰击dissociates 裂解, 分裂fragments 碎片Positive ions 正离子mass/charge ratio 质荷比deduce 推论, 推断，演绎出。
中英文地理信息系统(GIS)英语词汇表
accreditation 委派accuracy 准确度acquisition 获取activity patterns 活动模式added value 附加值adjacency邻接Aeolian 伊奥利亚人的, 风的, 风蚀的Age of Discovery 发现的年代aggregation聚合algorithm, definition算法,定义ambiguity 不明确analytical cartography 分析制图application programming interfaces(APIs) 应用编程接口ARCGis 美国ESRI公司开发的世界先进的地理信息系统软件ArcIMS 它是个强大的，基于标准的工具，让你快速设计和管理Internet地图服务ArcInfo 在ArcGIS软件家族中，ArcInfo是GIS软件中功能最全面的。
它包含ArcView和ArcEditor 所有功能，并加上高级空间处理和数据转换ArcNews 美国ESRI向用户终生免费赠送的ArcNews报刊ArcSDE ArcSDE在ESRI GIS软件和DBMS之间提供通道，是一个空间数据引擎ArcUser Magazine 为ESRI用户创建的报刊ArcView 桌面GIS和制图软件，提供数据可视化，查询，分析和集成功能，以及创建和编辑地理数据的能力ARPANET ARPA 计算机网（美国国防部高级研究计划局建立的计算机网）aspatial data 非空间数据？Association of Geographic Information (AGI) 地理信息协会attribute data 属性数据attributes, types 属性，类型attributive geographic data 属性地理数据autocorrelation 自相关Autodesk MapGuide 美国Autodesk公司生产的Web GIS软件Automated mapping/facility management(AM/FM) systems 自动绘图/设备管理系统facilities 设备avatars 化身A VIRIS 机载可见光/红外成像光谱仪azimuthal projections 方位投影batch vectorization 批量矢量化beer consumption 啤酒消费benchmarking 基准Berry, Brianbest fit line 最优线binary counting system 二进制计算系统binomial distribution 二项式分布bivariate Gaussian distribution 二元高斯分布block encoding 块编码Bosnia, repartitioning 波斯尼亚，再分离成两个国家buffering 缓冲区分析Borrough, PeterBusiness and service planning(retailing) application in petroleum and convenience shopping 石油和便利购物的业务和服务规划（零售）应用business drivers 业务驱动business, GIS as 业务，地理信息系统作为Buttenfield, Barbaracadasters 土地清册Callingham, Martincannibalizing 调拨Cartesian coordinate system笛卡尔坐标系Cartograms 统计地图cartographic generalization 制图综合cartographic modeling 地图建模cartometric transformations 量图变换catalog view of database 数据库目录视图census data人口普查数据Census of Population 人口普查central Place Theory 中心区位论central point rule 中点规则central tendency 中心倾向centroid 质心choropleth mapping分区制图choosing a GIS 选择一个地理信息系统class 类别classification generalization 分类综合client 客户端client-server C/S结构客户端-服务器cluster analysis 聚类分析clutter 混乱coastline weave 海岸线codified knowledge 编码知识COGO data 坐标几何数据COGO editing tools 坐标几何编辑工具Collaboration 协作Local level 地方级National level 国家级Collection-level metadata 获取级元数据Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) systems 成熟的商业化系统chemas-microsoft-comfficeffice" />>> Commom object request broker architecture (CORBA) 公共对象请求代理体系结构Community, GIS 社区，地理信息系统Competition 竞争Component GIS 组件地理信息系统Component object model (COM) 组件对象模型Computer assisted mass appraisal (CAMA) 辅助大量估价，>>Computer-aided design (CAD)-based GIS 基于计算机辅助制图的地理信息系统Models 数据模型Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tool 计算机辅助软件工程工具Concatenation 串联Confidence limits 置信界限Conflation 异文合并Conformal property 等角特性Confusion matrix 混淆矩阵Conic projections 圆锥投影Connectivity 连接性Consolidation 巩固Constant term 常数项Contagious diffusion 传染扩散Continuing professional development (CPD) 持续专业发展Coordinates 坐标Copyright 版权Corridor 走廊Cost-benefit analysis 成本效益分析Cost-effectiveness evaluation 成本效率评估Counting method 计算方法Cresswell, PaulCustomer support 客户支持Cylindrical Equidistant Projection 圆柱等距投影Cylindrical projections 圆柱投影> >Dangermond, Jack 美国ESRI总裁>> dasymetric mapping 分区密度制图>>data 数据>>automation 自动化>>capture costs 获取代价>>capture project 获取工程>>collection workflow 采集工作流>> compression 压缩>>conversion 转换>>definition 定义>>geographic, nature of 地理数据，数据的性质>> GIS 地理信息系统>>industry 产业>>integration 集成>>mining 挖掘>>transfer 迁移>>translation 转化>>data model 数据模型>> definition 定义>>levels of abstraction 提取等级>> in practice 实际上>>types 类型>>database 数据库>>definition 定义>>design 设计>>generalization 综合>>global 全球的>>index 索引>>multi-user editing 多用户编辑>> structuring 结构>>database management system (DBMS) 数据库管理系统>>capabilities 能力>>data storage 数据存储>>geographic extensions 地理扩展>>types 类型>>Dayton Accord 达顿协定，1995年12月达顿协定(DAYTON ACCORD)签订,巴尔干和平已经实现,波斯尼亚(包括黑塞哥维那)再被分解成两个国家>>decision support 决策支持>>deductive reasoning 演绎推理>>definitions of GIS 地理信息系统的各种定义>>degrees of freedom 自由度>>density estimation 密度估算>>dependence in space 空间依赖>>desktop GIS 桌面地理信息系统>>desktop paradigms 桌面范例>>Digital Chart of the World (DCW) 世界数字化图>>digital divide 数字鸿沟>>Digital Earth 数字地球>>Digital elevation models (DEMs) 数字高程模型>>Digital line graph (DLG) 数字线划图>>Digital raster graphic (DRG) 数字影像图>>Digital representation 数字表现>>Digital terrain models 数字地形模型>>Digitizing 数字化>>DIME (Dual Independent Map Encoding) program 美国人口调查局建立的双重独立地图编码系统>> Dine CARE >>Discrete objects 离散对象>>Douglas-Poiker algorithm 道格拉斯-普克算法，一种矢量数据抽稀算法>>Dublin Core metadata standard 都柏林核心元数据标准>>Dynamic segmentation 动态分割>>Dynamic simulation models 动态仿真模型>>> >Easting 朝东方>>Ecological fallacy 生态谬误>>e-commerce 电子商业>>editing 编辑>>education 教育>>electromagnetic spectrum 电磁光谱>>ellipsoids 偏振光椭圆率测量仪>>of rotation 旋转的>>emergency evacuation 应急撤退>>encapsulation 封装>>environmental applications 环境应用>>environmental impact 环境影响>>epidemiology 流行病学>>equal area property 等面积特性>>Equator 赤道>>ERDAS ERDAS公司是世界上最大的专业遥感图像处理软件公司，用户遍布100多个国家，软件套数超过17000套。
光谱学英语
光谱学英语一、单词1. spectrum（复数：spectra）- 英语释义：A band of colors, as seen in a rainbow, produced by separation of theponents of light by their different degrees of refraction according to wavelength.- 用法：可以用作名词，如“The spectrum of light includes colors f rom red to violet.”（光谱包括从红色到紫色的颜色。
） - 双语例句：The visible spectrum is just a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum.（可见光谱只是电磁光谱的一小部分。
）2. spectroscopy- 英语释义：The study of the interaction between matter and radiated energy, especially in terms of the frequencies present in a spectrum of the radiation.- 用法：作名词，例如“Spectroscopy is widely used in chemical analysis.”（光谱学在化学分析中被广泛应用。
）- 双语例句：Infrared spectroscopy can be used to identify different chemicalpounds.（红外光谱学可用于识别不同的化合物。
）3. wavelength- 英语释义：The distance between successive crests of a wave, especially points in a sound wave or electromagnetic wave.- 用法：名词，如“Each color has a different wavelength.”（每种颜色都有不同的波长。
电子顺磁共振波谱仪EPR的基本原理和基本应用
波源
传统微波波段的频带宽度以及g＝2的磁场
波段 L S C X K Q V W 频率范围/GHz 0.390～1.550 1.550～3.900 3.900～6.200 6.200～10.900 10.900～36.000 36.000～46.000 46.000～56.000 56.000～100.000 代表性频率/GHz 1.5 3.0 6.0 9.5 23 36 50 95 代表性磁场/mT 54 110 220 340 820 1300 1800 3400
质子数和中子数不同时为偶数时，原子核具有磁 性；反之，原子核没有磁性。
电子的磁性
电子轨道磁矩 μL=−gLμBL
其中L是轨道角动量，gL=1。
电子自旋磁矩（本征磁矩） μe=−geμBS
其中S=½是电子自旋角动量，ge=2.002319。
自旋—轨道耦合
朗德g因子或光谱分裂项
电子轨道磁矩 μL=−gLμBL 电子自旋磁矩 μe=−geμBS
波谱学的基本原理
净信号强度∝ΔN=Nβ –Nα， Nα/Nβ = exp(‒ΔE/kT)
本生灯
塞曼效应（Zeeman effect） 磁场对谱线的裂分
磁性现象
• 宏观物质的磁性是由构成原子的电子、质子、中子 所携带的内禀自旋所导致的：
电子
电子的轨道磁矩 电子的自旋磁矩（本征磁矩）
原子核的磁性
质子 中子
谐振腔
矩形腔
圆柱腔
样品管
普通玻璃毛细管的背景信号 杂质Fe3+, 3d5
水溶液厚度 L: ~几cm X: <1 mm W: <0.1mm
flat cell
低温系统
检测系统
高频小振幅调制信号示意图
(完整版)ch04_-_the_electronic_structure_of_atoms
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New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 1
4.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum (SB p.96)
How can we know the energy levels are getting closer and closer together?
Niels Bohr
Bohr’s Model of H atom
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New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 1
4.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum (SB p.91)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
bright lines
c
c
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New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 1
4.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum (SB p.92)
Continuous spectrum of white light
Fig.4-5(a)
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New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 1
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New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 1
4.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum (SB p.94)
Interpretation of the Atomic Hydrogen Spectrum
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New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 1
IR Spectrum 红外光谱学
A • A = amplitude, height of peak • Frequency (n), number of waves that pass a point in a second
– unit = hertz (Hz) – 1 Hz = 1 wave/second
Application of Hooke’s Law
Bond type Force constant (g/s2) 5.0 x 105 7.0 x 105 4.5 x 105 9.7 x 105 15.6 x 105 5.0 x 105 12.1 x 105 Calculated Observed vvib (cm-1) vvib (cm-1) v v
Putting It Together
Wavenumber (cm-1) 4000 3000 single bonds to hydrogen C H O H N H 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 triple double single fingerprint bonds bonds region bonds C C C N C C C O C N N O C C C O C N N O
•
n, Wavenumber
(m-1)
n
1
l
n
c
8
• c, speed of light (m/s)
c ln 3.0 10 m/s
• E, energy
– h is Planck’s constant – h = 6.626 x 10-34 J s
E hn
hc
l
Infrared Spectroscopy Overview
2-1 Waves and the Electromagnetic Spectrum2-1波与电磁波频谱
2-2: Visible Light and Color
How does visible light interact with an object? What determines the color of an opaque object?
Mechanical Waves:
• Transfer energy but require a medium to travel through
• Example: Ropes, waves in water
Electromagnetic Waves:
• Transfer energy but do not require a mepoint of wave.
• Frequency = number of complete waves that pass a given point in a certain amount of time
• Speed = how far a wave travels in a certain amount of time
Transparent Materials
• See-through • Example: clear glass • Transmits most of the light that strikes it • Particles of the material absorb the light, then
Opaque Materials:
• Not see-through • Example: construction paper, wood • Reflects or absorbs all of the light that strikes it • Can’t see through material, because light cannot
UV术语中文英文对照表
UV术语中文英文对照表the depth of the cure 固化深度screen printing丝网印刷UV-curable ink 紫外光固化油墨curing technology固化技术UV curable speed紫外光固化速度conventional ink 常规油墨traditional ink传统油墨the printing speed印刷速度the surface of curing effect表面固化效果focal length 焦距wavelength波长spectrum光谱spectral distribution光谱分布lamp spectral distribution灯管光谱分布adhesion附着性working principle 工作原理ultra-violet light 紫外光灯peak radiation 峰值辐射basic formula基本配方curing process固化过程a key element of “photoinitiator”关键成分光引发剂photoinitiator photon光引发剂分子ultra-violet light source紫外光源characteristics of ultraviolet light紫外光特性chromatography色谱electromagnetic spectrum电磁波频谱infrared红外线visible light可见光visible spectrum可见光谱UV spectrum可见光谱the scope of ultraviolet light紫外光的范围UV wavelength range紫外光波长范围a wide range of wavelengths 一系列的波长mercury水银mercury vapor水银蒸汽mercury lamp汞灯ordinary mercury lamp普通汞灯reflective shield反射罩photon penetration光子穿透ultraviolet photon紫外光光子lamp output power灯管输出功率radiation energy辐射能量ultraviolet light spectrum of ultraviolet light紫外光光谱short wavelength 短波长two sections of curing两个固化区段ultraviolet light absorption紫外光吸收ultraviolet light absorption rate紫外光吸收率short-wavelength surface absorption短波表面吸收UV-absorbent紫外光吸收性UV lamp紫外灯管add-style lamp添加式灯管lamp tube灯管plasma state等离子状态launch wavelength发射波长the range of 300~450nm 300~450nm波长范围short-wavelength UV light短波紫外光long-wave长波medium-wave中波short-wave短波UV energy absorption UV能量吸收optical thickness光学厚度coating thickness涂层厚度ink components油墨构成ink manufacturer油墨制造商screen printing ink丝印油墨division of the formula配方intensity强度irradiation辐照lamp intensity灯管强度the arrival to reach surface到达表面能量workpiece surface radiation工件表面辐照key component关键成分。
物理常用英汉词汇
Physics Vocabularya.c. generator 交流发电机absorption 吸收absorption line 吸收谱线absorption spectrum 吸收光谱，吸收谱accelerate 加速acceleration n.加速度acceleration due to gravity重力加速度acceleration-time graph 加速度—时间关系线图accelerator 加速器accuracy 准确度acoustics 声学act vi.产生...的效果 act on 作用于activation 激活，活化activity 放射强度，放射性addition n.加, 加起来, 增加物, 增加, 加法aerodynamic adj.空气动力学的air track 气垫导航airbag n.安全气袋algorithm n.[数]运算法则alignment 对准，校整alpha decay α衰变alpha particle α粒子alternating current 交流电alternating voltage 交变电压，交流电压alternative n.二中择一, 可供选择的办法, 事物adj.选择性的, 二中择一的alternator 交流发电机altimeter 高度计，测高仪altitude n.(尤指海拔)高度, 高处(海拔甚高的地方), (等级, 地位等)高等amendment n.改善, 改正ammeter 安培计amorphous 非结晶的，无定形的amount n.数量;vi.(to) 总计, 等于ampere 安培，安ampere-hour 安培小时，安时amplification放大，放大率amplifier 放大器amplify 放大amplitude 振幅analogue-to-digital conversion 模拟转换analyser 检偏振器angle of diffraction 衍射角，绕射角angle of dip 倾角angle of elevation 仰角angle of incidence入射角angle of inclination 倾角angle of projection 投射角anode 阳极，正极antenna 天线antinodal line 腹线antinode 波腹antiparticle 反粒子antiphase 反相，逆相apply vi.施加（力）appreciable adj.可感知的, 可评估的approximation n.接近, 走近, [数]近似值armature 电枢arrow n.箭, 箭头记号artificial disintegration 人工蜕变artificial radioactivity 人工放射aspect n.样子, 外表, 面貌, (问题等的)方面assume vt.假定, 设想, 采取, 呈现astronomical adj.天文学的, 庞大无法估计的n.天文at infinity 在无穷远处at rest 静止atmosphere大气，大气层，大气压atmospheric adj.大气的atmospheric pressure大气压强atom 原子atomic bomb原子弹atomic diameter 原子直径atomic energy 原子能atomic nucleus原子核atomic number 原子序数atomic radius 原子半径atomic separation原子间距atomic spacing 原子间距atomic structure 原子结构atomic theory原子论attenuation 衰减attraction 吸引attractive force 吸力audible frequency range 听频范围audible signal 可听讯号audio frequency 声频autofocus 自动聚焦，自动对焦average acceleration平均加速度average speed 平均速率average velocity 平均速度axis 轴axis of rotation 转轴background radiation 背景辐射balance 天平，秤，平衡balanced force 平衡力ball bearing 球轴承，滚珠轴承Balmer series 巴耳末系，巴耳末光谱band spectrum 带状光谱，带状谱bandwidth 带宽bank n.(车或飞机)倾斜转弯bar magnet 磁棒battery 电池组beaker 烧杯beam splitter 分束器，射束分离becquerel 贝克勒耳，贝克bend v.弯曲, 专心于, 屈服n.弯曲beta decay β衰变beta particle β粒子bilevel两层平房(第二层入口低于地面) 错落式住宅billiard adj.台球的, 弹子戏的binary system 二进制binding 结合binding energy 结合能bombardment 轰击bond n.化学键bond energy 键能bonding 键合bow n.弓, 乐弓, 弓形, 鞠躬, 船首v.鞠躬, 弯腰bremsstrahlung 轫致辐射bright fringe 亮纹brightness 亮度brittle 脆的，易碎的Bunsen burner 本生灯buoyancy 浮力cable 电缆calculus n.微积分学calibrate 校准，标上刻度calipers 测径器，卡钳cancer cell 癌细胞capacitor n.电容器; 电容capacity 容量，载量capture 俘获carbon 碳carbon-14 dating碳14年代测定法cartesian adj.笛卡尔的, 笛卡尔哲学的Cartesian coordinates直角坐标（系）categorise v.加以类别, 分类cathode 阴极，负极cathode ray 阴极射线cathode ray deflection tube 阴极射线偏转管cathode-ray oscilloscope 阴极射线示波器，示波cathode-ray tube 阴极射线管causative adj.成为原因的celestial adj.天上的cell 电池，细胞centimetre 厘米centre of gravity 重心centre of mass 质心centre of oscillation 振荡中心centripetal adj.向心的，利用向心力的centripetal acceleration 向心加速度centripetal force 向心力chain reaction 连锁反应chamber n.室, 房间, 议院, 会所, (枪)膛change of state 物态变化characteristic 特性，特征characteristic spectrum 特征光谱，特征谱charge 电荷，充电，起电charge carrier 载荷子charge conservation 电荷守恒charge density 电荷密度charge distribution 电荷分布charged particle 带电粒子charging by contact 接触起电charging by friction 摩擦生电charging by induction 感应起电charging by sharing 授受起电circular motion 圆周运动circular orbit 圆周轨道circular wavefront 圆形波阵面，圆形波前circumference n.圆周, 周围cite vt.引用, 引证, 提名表扬clamp 夹钳，夹紧clip 夹子coefficient n.[数]系数 coefficient of friction coherent 相干的cohesive adj.粘着的coil 线圈collision 碰撞combustion n.燃烧commutator 换向器compass 指南针，罗盘component 组件，分量，组分component of force 分力compress vt.压缩comprisable adj.能被包含的,可被包括的comprise v.包含, 由...组成concrete adj.具体的, 有形的n.混凝土v.用混凝土修筑, 浇混凝土, 凝结condensation 凝结，凝聚conductor 导体configuration n.构造, 结构, 配置, 外形conjoint adj.相连的, 结合的conservation n.守恒conservation of energy 能量守恒conserved 守恒constant acceleration 恒加速度constant force 恒力constant motion 恒速运动constant pressure 定压constant speed 恒速率constant temperature 定温constant velocity 恒速度constant volume 定容constructive interference 相长干涉continuous spectrum 连续光谱，连续谱continuous wave 连续波contract 收缩control experiment 对照实验，比对实验control rod 控制棒conversation of charge 电荷守恒core 心，核心corona discharge 电晕放电correspondence n.相应, 通信, 信件cosmic radiation 宇宙辐射coulomb 库伦Coulomb's law 库伦定律crane n.起重机cricket n.[昆]蟋蟀, [运动]板球critical mass 临界质量cross hairs 十字丝，叉丝cross section n.横截面cross-sectional area截面积crystal 晶体crystal diffraction 晶体衍射，晶体绕射crystal lattice 晶体点阵，晶体格子，晶格crystal planes 晶面crystalline 结晶的crystallization 结晶crystallography 晶体学current n. 电流, 水流, 气流curvature n.弯曲, 曲率cyclotron回旋加速器cylinder n.圆筒, 圆柱体, 汽缸, 柱面d.c. generator 直流发电机d.c. motor 直流电动机dark fringe 暗纹data 数据dating 年代测定daughter nucleus 子核daughter nuclide 子核素de Broglie relation 德布罗意关系式de Broglie wave 德布罗意波decay 衰变decay curve 衰变曲线decay law 衰变定律decay product 衰变产物decelerate 减速deceleration 减速度decibel 分贝decimal adj.十进的, 小数的, 以十为基础的, 十进制n.小数 d ecimal part小数部分decimal place小数位decimal point小数点decimal system十进制decode 译码，解碼decoder译码器，译码器definition n.定义, 解说, 精确度, (轮廓影像等的)清晰度deflection 偏转degree 度degree Celsius 摄氏度demagnetization去磁，退磁demonstration diode 演示用二极管density n.密度depict vt.描述, 描写depletion layer耗尽层，阻挡层depth of field 景深derivate adj.引出的, 系出的n.派生的事物, 派生词derivation n.引出, 来历, 出处, (语言)语源, 词源derivative adj.引出的, 系出的n.派生的事物, 派生词derived quantity 导出量derived unit 导出单位destructive interference 相消干涉deuteron 氘核，重氢核deviation 偏向，偏差device 装置，设计，器件devolve vt.转移, 传下, [生物] 退化, 衰落vi.被移交diagonal adj.斜的, 斜纹的, 对角线的n.对角线, 斜纹织物diatomic molecule 双原子分子dielectric 电介质，介电的diffracted ray 衍射线，绕射线diffraction 衍射，绕射diffraction grating 衍射光栅，绕射光栅digital 数字的digital display 数字显示digital signal 数字讯号digital-to-analogue conversion 数模转换dimension n.尺寸, 尺度, 维(数), 度(数), 元dimensional adj.空间的dimensionless无量纲的, 无因次的dipole 偶极子direct current 直流电direction of propagation 传播方向discharge 放电discipline n.纪律, 学科v.训练disintegration 蜕变dispersion 色散dispersive power 色散能力，色散本领，色散率displacement n.位移displacement-time graph位移—时间关系线图dissipate v.驱散, (使)(云、雾、疑虑等)消散, 浪费(金钱或时间) distance traveled路程distance-time graph距离—时间关系线图distortion 失真，扭曲，畸变dose 剂量double slit 双缝drag force 阻力，曳力driving force驱动力dynamic adj.动力的, 动力学的, 动态的dynamics n.动力学earth 接地，地线ease vi.减弱, 减轻, 放松, 灵活地移动ebonite 硬橡胶，硬质胶echo 回声，回波effective adj.有效的, 被实施的, 给人深刻印象, 有生力量effectively adv.有效地, 有力地Einstein's mass-energy relation 爱因斯坦质能关系式eject vt.逐出, 撵出, 驱逐, 喷射n.推断的事物elastic adj.弹性的elastic collision 弹性碰撞elasticity 弹性electric charge 电荷electric current 电流electric field 电场electric field intensity 电场强度electric field pattern 电场图形electric line of force 电力线electric motor 电动机electric potential 电势，电位electric power 电功率electrical conductivity 导电率electrical energy 电能electrical potential energy 电势能，电位能electricity 电，电学electromagnet 电磁铁，电磁体electromagnetic adj.电磁的electromagnetic coil 电磁感应圈electromagnetic force 电磁力electromagnetic induction 电磁感应electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射electromagnetic spectrum 电磁波谱electromagnetic wave 电磁波electromagnetism 电磁学electron 电子electron beam 电子束electron cloud 电子云electron diffraction 电子衍射，电子绕射electron energy level电子能级electron gun 电子枪electron transition 电子跃迁electron tube电子管electron-volt 电子伏特，电子伏embed vt.使插入, 使嵌入, 深留, 嵌入, [医]包埋embellish v.修饰emission 发射emission line发射谱线emission spectrum 发射光谱，发射谱emit vt.发出, 放射, 吐露, 散发, 发表, 发行energetic particle高能粒子energy 能量，能energy conversion 能量转换energy level 能级energy output 能量输出energy transfer 能量转移enriched uranium 浓缩铀equator n.赤道, 赤道似的圈.圆equatorial orbit 赤道轨道equipotential 等势的，等位的equipotential line 等势线，等位线equipotential surface 等势面，等位面equivalence n.同等, [化]等价, 等值escape velocity 逃逸速度ether以太，醚eventual adj.<古>可能的, 最后的, 结局的, 万一的, 终于的excited 受激excited energy level 受激能级excited state 受激态expand vt.使膨胀, 详述, 扩张vi.张开, 发展expansion 膨胀exponential change 指数式改变exponential decay 指数式衰变exposure 曝光量，照射extended adj.伸出的, 延长的, 广大的, 扩大范围的, 长期的external adj.外部的, 客观的, [医]外用的, 外国的, 表面的n.外部, 外面external force外力extract n.精, 汁, 榨出物, 摘录, 选粹vt.拔出, 榨取, 开方, 求根, 摘录, 析取, 吸取fascinating adj.迷人的, 醉人的, 着魔的fender n.防卫物, 挡泥板ferromagnetic substance 铁磁性物质ferromagnetism 铁磁性field intensity 场强field lines 场力线field strength 场强filament 灯丝，丝极final state 终态，末态final velocity 末速度fine-adjustment 微调，细调first order spectrum 第一级光谱，第一级谱fission 裂变fission reactor 裂变反应堆fluid 流体fluorescence 荧光focus 焦点，聚焦，对焦force 力forced oscillation受迫振荡formalize vt.使正式, 形式化formula n.公式, 规则, 客套语fossil n.化石, 僵化的事物adj.化石的, 陈腐的, 守旧的frame of reference参照系, 观点, 理论Franck-Hertz experiment弗兰克—赫兹实验Fraunhofer diffraction 夫琅和费衍射，夫琅和费绕射Fraunhofer lines 夫琅和费谱线free electron 自由电子free fall 自由下坠，自由下落free falling body 自由落体frequency 频率frequency response 频率响应friction n.摩擦, 摩擦力frictionless motion 无摩擦运动fringe条纹fringe pattern 条纹图形fuel rod 燃料棒fundamental adj.基础的, 基本的;n.基本原则, 基本原理fundamental quantity 基本量fundamental unit 基本单位fusion reactor聚变反应堆galaxy 星系galvanometer 电流计，检流计gamma radiation 伽玛辐射gamma ray 伽玛射线gap 隙gas 气，气体gaseous state 气态gauge 规，计gear n.齿轮, 传动装置v.调整, (使)适合, 换档Geiger counter 盖革计数器Geiger-Muller counter盖革—弥勒计数器generate vt.产生, 发生generator 发电机genetic effect 遗传效应geothermal adj.地热的, 地温的, 地热(或地温)产生的geyser n.间歇泉, 烧水锅炉globe n.球体, 地球仪, 地球, 世界gradient adj.倾斜的n.梯度, 倾斜度, 坡度（slope斜率）graph 图，线图，图表graphical method 图解法grating 光栅grating spectrometer 光栅光谱仪，光栅分光计gravitational acceleration 重力加速度gravitational attraction 引力，重力gravitational constant 引力常数，引力常量gravitational field 引力场，重力场gravitational force 引力，重力gravitational mass 引力质量gravitational potential 引力势，重力势gravitational potential difference 引力势差，重力势差gravitational potential energy 引力势能，重力势能gravity 重力ground 接地ground state基态half-life 半衰期heat radiation 热辐射heat transfer 热传递，热转移heater 发热器，加热器heating effect 热效应heating element 发热组件helical adj.螺旋状的Helmholtz coils 亥姆霍兹线圈hertz 赫兹，赫hinge n.（门、盖等的）铰链, 枢纽, 关键vt.装铰链v.装以绞链, 依...而转移Hooke's law 虎克定律horizontal adj.地平线的, 水平的horizontal component 水平分量horizontal deflection 水平偏转horseshoe magnet蹄形磁铁hot cathode 热阴极Huygens' principle 惠更斯原理hydrodynamic adj.水力的hydrogen bomb氢弹hygrometer 湿度计hypothesis假说，假设i.e. (id est)[拉](=that is (to say)略作i.e.)即, 那就是;adv.也就是identical adj.同一的, 同样的ignite v.点火, 点燃illustrate vt.举例说明, 图解, 加插图于, 阐明vi.举例image 像imagine vt.想象, 设想impact 碰撞impede v.阻止implication n.牵连, 含意, 暗示impulse n.冲量 vt.推动in parallel 并联in phase 同相in series 串联in terms of adv.根据, 按照, 用...的话, 在...方面incident ray 入射线incident wavefront 入射波阵面，入射波前inclined倾向...的inclined plane 斜面incoherent 不相干的independently adv.独立地, 自立地index n.索引, [数学]指数, 指标, (刻度盘上)指针vt.编入索引中, 指出vi.做索引indicate vt.指出, 显示, 象征, 预示, 需要, 简要地说明indicate vt.指出, 显示, 象征, 预示, 需要, 简要地说明induced charge 感生电荷induced current 感生电流induced e.m.f. 感生电动势induced voltage 感生电压inducing charge 施感电荷inducing current 施感电流induction 感应inelastic adj.无弹性的inelastic collision 非弹性碰撞inertia 惯性，惯量infinite n.无限的东西(如空间、时间), [数]无穷大adj.无穷的, 无限的, 无数的, 极大的infinitesimal adj.无穷小的, 极小的, 无限小的n.极小量, 极微量, 无限小infra-red radiation 红外辐射infra-red ray 红外线inhabitant n.居民, 居住者initial state 初态initial velocity 初速度initiate vt.开始, 发动, 传授v.开始, 发起inner adj.内部的, 里面的, 内心的n.内部input 输入instantaneous adj.瞬间的, 即刻的, 即时的 Instantaneous velocity瞬时速度instantaneous acceleration 瞬时加速度instantaneous speed 瞬时速率instantaneous velocity 瞬时速度insulation 绝缘insulator 绝缘体intensity 强度intensity of current 电流强度interaction 相互作用interatomic adj.[核](同一分子中的)原子间的interatomic force 原子间力interatomic separation 原子间距intercept 截距，截段interference 干涉interference pattern 干涉图形internal adj.内在的, 国内的internal energy 内能internal force 内力internal resistance 内电阻international system of units国际单位制，公制，十进制intersection n.[数]交集, 十字路口, 交叉点interval 间隔intuitive adj.直觉的invariably adv.不变地, 总是n.总是(in-不+variable可变的+-y…地)inverse-square law 平方反比定律inverted 倒立的ion 离子ionization 电离作用ionization energy 电离能ionization voltage电离电压ionize 电离ionized atom 离子ionizing power 致电离能力，致电离本领ionizing radiation 致电离辐射ionosphere 电离层iris 虹膜，可变光阑iron core 铁心iron filings 铁粉irreversible process 不可逆过程isolated adj.隔离的,孤立的, 单独isotope同位素joule焦耳Kepler's law 开普勒定律kinematically adv. [物]运动学上地kinematics n.[物]运动学kinetic adj.(运)动的, 动力(学)的kinetic energy 动能Kirchhoff's law基尔霍夫定律laser 激光，激光器laser beam 激光束lateral n.侧部, 支线, 边音adj.横(向)的, 侧面的lattice 点阵，晶格lattice spacing 点阵间隔，点阵间距launch n.下水, 汽艇, 发射, 发行, 投放市场 v t.使(船)下水, 掷(标枪等), 发射(导弹、火箭等), 开办, 发动, 发起 v i.起飞, 下水, 投入, 开始launching pad n.导弹或火箭发射场, 发射台law of conservation of momentum 动量守恒定律lever杠杆light 光，光学light beam 光束，光柱light ray 光线light source光源lightning 闪电line of force 力线line spectrum 线状光谱，线状谱linear air track线性气,垫导航linear momentum 线动量lodestone 磁石long wave长波longitudinal wave 纵波loop 回路，圈loudness 响度loudspeaker扬声器low voltage 低电压lower limit 下限Lyman series赖曼系，赖曼光谱macroscopic 宏观的magnet 磁铁，磁体magnetic domain磁畴，磁域magnetic effect 磁效应magnetic field 磁场magnetic field intensity磁场强度magnetic field strength 磁场强度magnetic flux 磁通量magnetic flux density 磁通量密度magnetic force 磁力magnetic induction磁感应强度，磁感应magnetic line of force磁力线magnetic material 磁性材料magnetic north pole 磁北极magnetic permeability 磁导率magnetic pole 磁极magnetic shield磁屏magnetic south pole 磁南极magnetic susceptibility 磁化率magnetism 磁学，磁性magnetization 起磁，磁化作用magnetize 磁化magnification放大，放大率magnified 放大的magnifying power 放大率magnitude n.大小, 数量malleable 展性的，韧性的manifest n.载货单, 旅客名单adj.显然的, 明白的vi.出现vt.表明, 证明manipulation n.处理, 操作, 操纵, 被操纵manual n.手册, 指南 a dj.手的, 手动的, 手工的, 体力的, 手册(性质)的, [律]实际占有的manually adv.用手mass 质量mass defect 质量亏损mass number 质量数mass spectrometer 质谱仪mass-energy relation 质能关系matter wave 物质波maximum error最大误差measurement 测量mechanical adj.机械的, 机械制的, 机械似的, 呆板的mechanical energy 机械能mechanics n.(用作单数)机械学、力学, (用作复数)技巧, 结构mechanism机制，机理medium 介质merry-go-round n.旋转木马metastable 亚稳态的，介稳态的methodical adj.有方法的, 有系统的metric adj.米制的, 公制的micrometer 测微计microphone 微音器，传声器microscope 显微镜microscopic 微观的microwave 微波millimetre 毫米minimum deviation 最小偏向mode 模式moderator 减速剂，缓和剂mole 摩尔molecular bombardment 分子撞击molecular force 分子力molecular motion 分子运动molecular polarization 分子极化molecular separation 分子间距molecular structure 分子结构molecule 分子moment 矩moment of inertia 转动惯量momentum动量monatomic molecule 单原子分子monochromatic light 单色光motion 运动motor 电动机motor rule 电动机法则moving-coil loudspeaker 动圈式扬声器moving-coil meter 动圈式电表multiflash photography 多闪照相法multimeter 万用电表，多用电表multiple image 复像multiple-slit interference多缝干涉multiply v.繁殖, 乘, 增加mutation 突变mutual adj.相互的, 共有的 mutually adv.互相地, 互助mutually perpendicular互相垂直的namely adv.即, 也就是nature 本质navigation n.航海, 航空, 导航, 领航, 航行negative charge 负电荷negative ion 负离子negative terminal 负端钮，负接线柱neglect vt.忽视, 疏忽, 漏做n.忽视, 疏忽, 漏做negotiate v.通过, 越过net force合力 net effect 合效果neutral 中性，中线neutrino 中微子neutron 中子neutron number 中子数Newtonian mechanics 牛顿力学Newton's first law of motion 牛顿运动第一定律Newton's law of gravitation 牛顿万有引力定律Newton's ring牛顿环Newton's second law of motion 牛顿运动第二定律Newton's third law of motion 牛顿运动第三定律nichrome wire 镍铬线，镍铬合金线nitrogen 氮nodal line 节线node 节点，波节nomenclature n.命名法, 术语normal Being at right angles; perpendicular.缩写 norm.【数学】垂直的；直角的;法线normal incidence 正入射nozzle n.管口, 喷嘴nuclear adj.[核]核子的, 原子能的, 核的, 中心的nuclear energy 核能nuclear energy level 核能级nuclear fission核裂变nuclear force 核力nuclear fusion 核聚变nuclear radiation 核辐射nuclear reaction核反应nuclear waste 核废料nuclear weapon 核武器nuclei n.nucleus 的复数形nucleon 核子nucleon number核子数，质量数nucleus[nuclear的复数, 见nuclear]n.核子nuclide核素object 物，物体oblate adj. [几]扁平的, 扁圆的oblate spheroid扁球面, 扁球obligatory adj.义不容辞的, 必须的oblique adj.倾斜的observable adj.看得见的, 引人注目的ohm 奥姆Ohm's law 奥姆定律opaque 不透明的operating voltage操作电压opposite phase 反相optical fibre 光导纤维，光纤optical path光程optical path difference 光程差optimal adj.最佳的, 最理想的orbit 轨道orbital electron轨道电子order of magnitude 数量级ordinary ray 寻常光线orientation取向，定向oscillation 振荡out of focus 离焦out of phase 异相output 输出overload超负荷，超载parabola n.[数] 抛物线parallel forces 平行力parallel rays 平行光线parallelogram of forces 力平行四边形parameter 参量，参数parcel n.小包, 包裹vt.打包, 捆扎parent nucleus 母核parent nuclide母核素particle n.粒子, 点, 极小量, 微粒, 质点particle movement 粒子运动，质点运动pascal帕斯卡Paschen series 帕邢系，帕邢光谱path 路程path difference程差peak value 峰值pendulum 摆penetrating power 贯穿能力，贯穿本领，穿透能力，穿透本领penetration depth 贯穿深度，穿透深度perceive vt.察觉v.感知, 感到, 认识到percentage error百分误差perfectly elastic 完全弹性的period 周期periodic motion 周期运动periodic table 周期表permanent magnet 永久磁铁，永磁体permeability 磁导率perpendicular adj.垂直的, 正交的n.垂线perpendicular distance 垂直距离pervade v.遍及phase 相，相位phase angle 相角phase constant 相位常数，相位常量phase difference 相差，相位差photoelectric cell光电池photoelectric current 光电流photoelectric effect 光电效应photoelectric threshold 光电阈photoelectron 光电子photographic negative照相底片photographic plate 照相底片，感光片photon 光子photosensitive光敏的photosensitive surface 光敏面photosynthesis n.光合作用physical property 物理性质physical quantity 物理量pick-up 拾音器，拾音pitch 螺距，音高，音调高度，音调Planck constant 普朗克常数，普朗克常量plane mirror 平面镜plane of polarization 偏振面plane polarization 平面偏振plane polarized wave面偏振波plane wave平面波planetary motion 行星运动plug 插硕plutonium 钚point charge点电荷point mass 点质量point of application of force 施力点point of incidence 入射点point source 点源pointy adj.非常尖的polar 极性polarity 极性polarization偏振，极化polarized light 偏振光polarized wave 偏振波polarizer起偏振器，偏振器polarizing angle 起偏振角，偏振角polarizing filter起偏振滤波器，偏振滤波器polaroid 偏振片pole 极polonium 钋polyatomic molecule多原子分子polystyrene bead 聚苯乙烯珠polystyrene cup 聚苯乙烯杯positive charge正电荷positive ion 正离子positive terminal 正端钮，正接线柱potential adj.潜在的, 可能的, 势的, 位的n.潜能, 潜力, 电压potential barrier 势垒，位垒potential difference 电势差，电位差potential energy势能，位能potential gradient 势梯度，位梯度power 功率power factor 功率因子power pack 电源箱power rating 电功率额定值power station 电力站，发电厂power supply 电源，供电premise n.[逻][法]前提, (企业, 机构等使用的)房屋连地基vt.提论, 预述, 假定vi.作出前提pre-requisite n.首要事, 必要事adj.首要的, 必须的pressure 压强pressure gauge 压强计previous adj.在前的, 早先的adv.在...以前,返回上一级菜单primary coil 原线圈primary current 原电流primary voltage 原电压primary winding 原绕组principal axis 主轴principle 原理principle of superposition 迭加原理prism棱镜projectile 抛体，抛射体projectile motion 抛体运动projection 投影，投射，抛射projector 投影机，放映机，投射器pronumeral n.[数]变元,变项,未知数propagation 传播propel vt.推进, 驱使property 性质property n.性质, 特性proportionality比例(性) 均衡(性) 相称proportionality constant 比例常数，比例常量protective screen防护屏proton 质子proton number 质子数pseudo-force假力，伪力pulley n.滑车, 滑轮pulse 脉冲pump泵quantity n.量, 数量quantization 量子化quantum 量子quantum number 量子数quarter-wave aerial四分之一波长天线radial adj.光线的, 光线状的, 放射状的, 半径的n.光线, 射线radial acceleration 径向加速度radial component 径向分量radial field 辐向场，径向场radially adv.放射状地radiation 辐射，放射radiation n.发散, 发光, 发热, 辐射, 放射, 放射线, 放射物radiation hazard 辐射危害性radiation protection 辐射防护radio frequency 射频，无线电广播频率radio wave无线电波radioactive 放射性radioactive decay 放射衰变radioactive disintegration 放射性蜕变radioactive fall-out 放射尘radioactive isotope放射性同位素radioactive nucleus 放射性核radioactive series 放射系radioactive source 放射源radioactive waste 放射性废料radioactivity 放射现象，放射学radioisotope 放射性同位素radionuclide 放射性核素radiotherapy 放射疗法radium镭radius of curvature 曲率半径radon 氡random无规，随机random error 随机误差random motion 无规运动，随机运动random nature 无规性，随机性range 范围，射程，量程rarefaction 疏部，稀疏rate of decay衰变率rate of disintegration 蜕变率rating 额定值ray 光线reaction 反作用，反作用力reactor 反应堆reactor core 反应堆堆芯real depth 实深rear n.后面, 背后, 后方, 屁股adj.后面的, 背面的, 后方的rearward adv.在后面, 向后面n.后面, 后部adj.向后方的recoil反冲，弹回recuperate v.复原reference frame 参考坐标系，参考系reference level 参考级reflected ray 反射线reflected wavefront 反射波阵面，反射波前reflection 反射refracted ray 折射线refraction 折射relative motion 相对运动relative velocity 相对速度relativity 相对论，相对性relay继电器reliance n.信任, 信心, 依靠, 依靠的人或物replenish v.补充repulsion 相斥repulsive force斥力requisite adj.需要的, 必不可少的, 必备的n.必需品resistance n.反抗, 抵抗, 抵抗力, 阻力, 电阻, 阻抗resolution 分解，分辨，分辨率resolution of force 力的分解resolution of vector 矢量的分解，向量的分解resolve v. (使)分解resonance 共振，共鸣response time 响应时间restore vt.恢复, 使回复, 归还, 交还, 修复, 重建resultant 合量resultant displacement合位移resultant force 合力resultant of vector 合矢量，合向量resultant velocity 合速度retard vt.延迟, 使减速, 阻止, 妨碍, 阻碍retina 视网膜retort stand 铁支架，铁架reverse current 反向电流revert v.回复revolution 绕转，旋转，转数rheostat 变阻器，可变电阻right-hand grip rule 右手握拳定则right-hand screw rule 右手螺旋定则rigid刚硬的, 刚性的, 严格的rigid body 刚体ripple tank 水波槽rocket 火箭roller coaster过山车rotation旋转，自转，转动rotational energy 转动能rotational motion 旋转运动rotor 转子rule 定则，法则ruling 刻度，划线Rutherford scattering 卢瑟福散射Rutherford's atomic model卢瑟福原子模型safety device 安全装置satellite 卫星satellite communication 卫星通讯scale 标度，比例尺，音阶scan 扫描scattering 散射scattering angle散射角scenario n.想定,游戏的关,或是某一特定情节screen 屏，幕sealed radioactive source 密封放射源second order spectrum 第二级光谱，第二级谱segment n.段, 节, 片断v.分割selective absorption选择吸收semiconductor 半导体sever v.切断short wave 短波significant figure 有效数字significant figure n.有效数，有效数字silicon 硅，硅simple harmonic motion 简谐运动simple pendulum 单摆simulation 模拟single slit 单缝sink vi.沉下, (使)下沉n.水槽, 水池,接收器sinusoidal wave 正弦波slab-shaped magnet平板形磁铁slide projector 幻灯片放映机slide-wire potentiometer 滑线分压器，滑线电势差计，滑线电位差计sliding friction 滑动摩擦slinky spring 软弹簧slit缝，狭缝slope 斜率slotted weight 有槽砝码socket 插座sodium lamp 钠灯soft iron 软铁soft iron core 软铁心solar cell 太阳能电池solar energy 太阳能solenoid 螺线管solid n.固体, 立体adj.固体的, 实心的sonar声纳sound intensity 声强度sound intensity level 声强级sound proofing 隔声sound track 声迹，声道sound wave 声波south pole 南极specifically adv.特定的, 明确的spectral analysis 光谱分析spectral line 光谱线spectral order 光谱级spectrometer 光谱仪，分光计spectroscopy 光谱学spectrum谱，光谱，波谱spectrum tube 光谱管speculate vi.推测, 思索, 做投机买卖speed速率speed 速率speed-time graph速率—时间关系线图spheroid n.球状体, 回转椭圆体spin 自旋spiral 螺线，螺旋形spiral spring 螺旋弹簧spontaneous 自发的spontaneous disintegration自发蜕变spontaneous emission 自发发射spring 弹簧，簧片，发条spring balance 弹簧秤stable state 稳定态stall n.静止v.(使)停转, (使)停止, 迟延standardize vt.使符合标准, 使标准化starch n.淀粉, [喻] 拘谨, 古板, 生硬state 态statement n.声明, 陈述, 综述states of matter 物态static adj.静态的, 静力的stationary 固定的stationary wave 驻波，定态波steady flow 稳流，定常流动steady state 稳态，定态stimulated absorption 受激吸收stimulated emission 受激发射stop clock秒钟stop watch 秒表stopping potential 遏止电势，遏止电位straightforward adj.正直的, 坦率的, 简单的, 易懂的, 直接了当的adv.坦率地stretch 伸长，紧张stroboscope 频闪观测器，频闪仪stroboscopic photography 频闪照相法strontium 锶submerge浸没subsequent adj.后来的, 并发的subsonic speed 亚声速，亚音速substitute n.代用品, 代替者, 替代品v.代替, 替换, 替代substituting取代subtraction n.【数学】减法：求出两个量或数的差别的算数运算superposition 迭加surface energy表面能surface tension 表面张力susceptibility 磁化率suspend vt.吊, 悬挂v.延缓sweep扫描，扫掠sweep rate 扫描速度symbol 符号symmetry n.对称, 匀称synchronization 同步syringe 针筒system系统systematic error规律性误差，系统误差tangential acceleration 切向加速度tangential component 切向分量telescope 望远镜television 电视temperature difference 温差temperature scale 温标tension 张力terminal 端钮，接线柱terminal speed 终端速率terminal velocity 终端速度tesla 忒斯拉test charge检验电荷theoretical理论的theory 理论thermodynamics n.[物] 热力学thermonuclear reaction 热核反应thin film薄膜Thomson's atomic model 汤姆生原子模型thorium 钍threshold frequency临阈频率threshold intensity 临阈强度threshold voltage 临阈电压thrust n.推力 vt.推进tidal adj.潮汐的, 定时涨落的tidal energy 潮汐能tightness n.坚固, 紧密time 时间time constant时间常数，时间常量time interval时距（时间间隔）torsional force 扭力tow n.拖, 拖曳所用之绳, 麻的粗纤维vt.拖, 曳, 牵引vi.拖行, 被拖带trace 迹线，描迹，示踪trajectory n.[物](射线的) 轨道, 弹道, 轨线transformation 变换transition 跃迁，转变，过渡transition energy跃迁能transmission grating 透射光栅transmitted ray 透射光线transparent透明transverse 横向的transverse wave 横波tribology n.摩擦学trigonometric function n.[数]三角函数trolley n.电车, (电车)滚轮, 手推车, 手摇车, 台车vt.用手推车运vi.乘电车trough 波谷true (true north)正北方Determined with reference to the earth's axis, not the magnetic poles: 根据地极确定的：根据地球中轴而非磁极确定的：tugboat n.拖船, 拖轮tungsten filament钨丝tuning fork音叉ultimate adj.最后的, 最终的, 根本的n.最终ultra high frequency 超高频ultra-violet radiation 紫外辐射ultra-violet ray 紫外线unbalanced force 不平衡力underpin v.加强...的基础, 巩固, 支撑unified统一的, 统一标准的, 一元化的uniform 均匀uniform acceleration 匀加速度uniform electric field 匀强电场uniform magnetic field 匀强磁场uniform motion 匀速运动uniform speed 匀速率uniform velocity 匀速度uniformly accelerated motion 匀加速运动unit n.(计量)单位；[数学]最小的整数unit mass 单位质量unit temperature 单位温度universal adj.普遍的, 全体的, 通用的, 宇宙的, 世界的universal gravitational constant 万有引力常数，万有引力常量unpolarized light 非偏振光unpolarized wave 非偏振波unsteady state 非稳态upper limit 上限upthrust 浮力uranium 铀uranium ore铀矿utilization n.利用vacuum 真空vacuum discharge 真空放电vacuum pump 真空泵vacuum tube真空管valid adj.[律]有效的, 有根据的, 正当的, 正确的Van de Graaff generator 范德格拉夫起电机vaporize v.(使)蒸发variable motion变速运动variable resistor 变阻器，可变电阻variable speed 可变速率variable velocity 可变速度variation 变化vector n. [数]向量, 矢量vector addition矢量加法，向量加法vectorial resultant矢量合成velocity 速度。
颜色与波长的关系（Therela...
颜色与波长的关系（The relationship between color andwavelength）For the convenience of studying the color properties of light, the visible spectrum is surrounded by a circle and divided into nine regions (see Fig.), called the color ring. Digital color ring said corresponding light wavelength, unit (nm), nano color ring two on top of any sector in color, are called complementary. For example, blue (435 ~ 480nm) complementary yellow (580 ~ 595nm). It is found that light colors also have the following characteristics: (L) complementary colors are mixed in a certain proportion to obtain white light. White light, such as blue light and yellow light, is white. Similarly, blue and orange light is obtained by mixing white light; (2) any kind of color ring can be used two kinds of monochromatic light on both sides of the adjacent, even from two kinds of monochromatic light mixed subneighbouring reproduced. Orange light is mixed with yellow light and red light. Typically, red light and green light are mixed into yellow light; (3) if you choose three separate monochromatic lights on the color ring. It can be blended into different shades of everyday life in different proportions. These three kinds of monochromatic light is called primary colors. The primary colors in the optics are red, green and blue. It should be noted that the primary colors of the pigments are red, yellow and blue. However, the choice of colors is quite arbitrary; (4) when the sun light irradiation of an object, a wavelength of light by the object from the object, the display color (reflected light) for the light color. If the sun is shining on the object, if the object absorbs the violet light with a wavelength of 400 ~ 435ntn, the object appears yellow green. It should be noted that some people say that theobject's color is that the object absorbs other colors and reflects the light of this color. It's wrong to say that. For example, yellow green leaves actually absorb only violet light of 400 to 435urn, showing that yellow green is the reflection of other colors, rather than reflecting yellow green light.The laser frequency range of 3.846*10^ to 7.895*10^ (14) Hz (14) Hz. electromagnetic spectrum can be divided into: (1) - radio wavelengths from thousands of meters to 0.3 meters, general TV and radio band is in this wave; (2) microwave wavelength from 0.3 meters to 10^ meters -3, these wave used in radar or other communication system; (3) - infrared wavelengths from 10^-3 * 10^-7 meters to 7.8 meters; (4) visible light. This is a very narrow band of people can be sensitive. The wavelength ranges from 780 to 380nm. Light is the electromagnetic wave produced by the change of the motion of electrons in atoms or molecules. Because it is the very little part of the electromagnetic wave that we can feel directly; (5) ultraviolet rays - wavelengths from 3 x 10^-7 meters to 6 x 10^-10 meters. The causes of these waves are similar to those of light waves, often emitted during discharge. Because its energy is similar to the energy involved in general chemical reactions, the chemical effects of ultraviolet light are strongest; (6) roentgen rays - this part of the electromagnetic spectrum, wavelengths from 2 x 10^-9 meters to 6 x 10^-12 m..Visible light (English visible light) is a human electromagnetic spectrum can be perceived, no accurate visible spectral range; electromagnetic waves generally people's eyes can perceive the wavelength between 400 to 700 nm, but there are some people can perceive the wavelength around theelectromagnetic wave between 380 to 780 nm. The human eye with normal vision is most sensitive to electromagnetic waves with a wavelength of about 555 nanometers, which is in the green region of the optical spectrum (see item: luminosity function).Visible light sourceThe main natural light source of visible light is the sun, and the main artificial light source is incandescent objects (especially incandescent lamps). The visible spectrum emitted by them is continuous. The gas discharge tube also emits visible light, and the spectrum is discrete. Various gas discharge tubes and filters are used as monochromatic light sources.The range of light visible to the human eye is affected by the atmosphere. The atmosphere is opaque to most of the electromagnetic radiation, only visible light bands and other exceptions, such as radio bands. Many other creatures can see light waves that are different from human beings,For example, some insects, including bees, can see the ultraviolet band, which is very helpful for finding nectar.The spectrum does not contain all the colors that the human eye and the brain can recognize, such as brown, pink, and purplish red, because they need to be mixed with a variety of light waves to adjust the red shade.The wavelength of visible light can penetrate the optical window, which can penetrate the earth's atmosphere and attenuation of electromagnetic wave range is not much (bluelight scattering is red is serious, which is why we see the sky is blue). The human eye's response to visible light is a subjective definition (see CIE), but the window of the atmosphere is defined in terms of physical measurements. It's called the visible light window because it just covers the visible spectrum of the human eye. The near infrared (NIR) window is just outside the visible range of the human eye, while the mid wavelength infrared (WMIR) and far infrared (LWIR, FIR) are far away from the visible section of the human eye. As a result, the appearance of various plants under ultraviolet light has more influence on the attraction and reproduction of insects than the color in our eyes.Explanation of visible spectrumThe early 2 explanations of spectra came from Isaac Newton's optics and the color of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Newton first used the word "spectrum" in Latin for his optical experiments in 1671 (in Latin for appearance and imaging). Newton observed a beam of sunlight entering the glass prism at an angle, partially reflecting, and partly through the glass and showing a different ribbon. Newton assumes that the sun is made up of small particles of different colors, and that these colors move differently across the material. The red light is faster than the violet light, resulting in the deflection of the red light after the prism passing, which is smaller than that of the violet light, resulting in various spectra.Newton divides the spectrum into 7 colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, purple (the order in children's nursery rhymes), so that you can remember it. He ancient Greekphilosopher thought, selected the 7 colors, and notes, and links the days of the solar system planets, and for a week. As a result, some experts, such as Isaac Asimov (Isaac Asimov), have suggested that indigo should not be considered as a color. It is just a blue and purple shade of different shades. Goethe claims that continuous spectrum is a composite phenomenon. And Newton believes that only the visible spectrum is a separate phenomenon, Goethe observed a much broader part, he found that no interval of the spectrum, such as red yellow and blue border boundary is white, originally in the boundary region there will be light overlapping. So far the popular acceptance of light is composed of photons from (some light has wave characteristics, other time is particle characteristics, see wave particle characteristics, light is all double) speed of light in a vacuum, and the speed of light in the other material, compared with the speed of light in vacuum is low. This ratio is the refractive index of the substance. In some known substances (non dispersive material) light speed has no difference in different frequencies, but other substances in light of different frequencies have different speed: glass belongs to this material, so the glass prism of white light. The rainbow of nature is an ideal example of the spectrum seen by refraction.Green 495 – 570 nmYellow 570 – 590 nmOrange 590 – 620 nmRed 620 – 750 nmThe rainbow spectrum, as we know it, includes all the visible light of a single wavelength, that is, pure monochromatic light. Although there is no distinct boundary between adjacent colors, the range of wavelengths mentioned above is a commonly used approximation.spectroscopyThe science of studying the radiation spectrum of objects is called spectroscopy. One of its important applications is astronomy, because spectroscopy is the basis for analyzing the nature of distant objects. Common astronomical spectroscopy applied to spectral analysis of high refractive index and extremely high resolution. For example, helium is the first element found in the solar spectrum; the chemical elements in the planet can be read by their emission spectrum or absorption spectrum;。
国外典型电磁频谱作战概念汇编与解析
国外典型电磁频谱作战概念汇编与解析国外典型电磁频谱作战概念汇编与解析电磁频谱作战是现代战争中的一种重要战略手段，通过对电磁频谱的有效利用和干扰，可以对敌方的通信、雷达、导航等电子设备进行干扰和破坏，从而削弱敌方的战斗力。
以下是国外典型的电磁频谱作战概念的汇编与解析。
1. 电子战（Electronic Warfare，EW）电子战是指利用电磁能量进行战斗的一种方式，包括电磁干扰、电磁侦察和电磁反制等手段。
电子战可以干扰敌方的通信、雷达和导航系统，从而削弱其战斗力。
2. 电磁干扰（Electromagnetic Interference，EMI）电磁干扰是指通过发射电磁信号干扰敌方的电子设备，使其无法正常工作。
电磁干扰可以分为主动干扰和被动干扰两种方式，主动干扰是指主动发射电磁信号干扰敌方设备，被动干扰是指利用敌方设备的漏洞进行干扰。
3. 电磁侦察（Electromagnetic Intelligence，ELINT）电磁侦察是指通过侦察和分析敌方的电磁信号，获取敌方的情报和战术信息。
电磁侦察可以通过截获敌方的通信信号、雷达信号和导航信号等，从而了解敌方的通信网络、雷达布置和导航系统等情况。
4. 电磁反制（Electromagnetic Countermeasures，ECM）电磁反制是指通过采取措施对抗敌方的电磁干扰和侦察，保护自己的电子设备免受敌方的干扰和破坏。
电磁反制可以包括改变通信频率、加密通信信号、增强设备的抗干扰能力等手段。
5. 电磁战（Electromagnetic Warfare，EMW）电磁战是指利用电磁能量进行战斗的一种方式，包括电子战、网络战和信息战等。
电磁战可以通过干扰敌方的电子设备、破坏敌方的通信网络和操纵敌方的信息系统等手段，削弱敌方的战斗力。
6. 电磁频谱管理（Electromagnetic Spectrum Management，ESM）电磁频谱管理是指对电磁频谱资源进行有效的管理和利用，以满足军事和民用的需求。
物理层接口及其协议
3 典型的物理层标准接口（5）
机械特性
- 15针连接器，ISO 4903。
电气特性
- 采用非平衡型电气特性和平衡型电气特性。 - 传输速率：600，2400，4800，9600，48000bps - DTE使用非平衡型电气特性和平衡型电气特性；DCE使用平衡型 电气特性
功能特性
- 定义了8条功能线。
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4 传输介质（2）
基带同轴电缆
- 50欧姆，用于数据传输； - Fig. 2-4
宽带同轴电缆
- 75欧姆，用于模拟传输， - Cable TV技术，300MHz或450MHz
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25
4 传输介质（3）
光纤
- 目前，在试验室中光纤带宽超过50Tbps；8 2.5 Gbps，8 10 Gbps ，32 10 Gbps的光纤传输已经实用； - 光纤分类：单模光纤和多模光纤 - 模式（mode）：是一个与很多参数有关的量，可以简单地理解 为偏振方向，单模光纤可以传输多种波长，但每个波长只能有一 种模式。 - 常用的三个波长窗口（光纤波段） Fig. 2-6 • 0.85um：衰减（attenuation)大，传输速率和距离受限制， 但价格便宜； • 1.30um：衰减小，无色散（dispersion）补偿、功率放大情 况下，最大传40km（最坏情况）； • 1.55um：衰减小，无色散补偿、功率放大情况下，最大传 80km（最坏情况）
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2 物理层的特性（3）
功能特性
- 主要定义各条物理线路的功能。 - 线路的功能分为四大类： • 数据 • 控制 • 定时 • 地
规程特性
- 主要定义各条物理线路的工作规程和时序关系。
电磁波与电磁波谱
2、遥感常用的电磁波波段的特性
➢ 紫外线(UV)：0.01-0.4μm，碳酸盐岩分布、水面
油污染。
➢ 可见光：0.4-0.76 μm，鉴别物质特征的主要波段；
是遥感最常用的波段。
➢ 红外线(IR) ：0.76-1000 μm。近红外0.76-3.0
μm’中红外3.0-6.0 μm；远红外6.0-15.0 μm；超远 红外15-1000 μm。（近红外又称光红外或反射红外； 中红外和远红外又称热红外。
Solar Spectrum = Shortwave spectrum =visible spectrum:
Sun at 6000K; peak emission at 0.5 mm
Terrestrial Spectrum = Longwave Spectrum = Infrared Spectrum =
short wavelength
0.5 mm
Outgoing from Earth Low energy
Long wavelength
20 mm
10 mm
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Earth
Sun
High energy Short wavelength / high frequency
❖ 粒子性：它是由密集的光子微粒组成的，电
磁辐射的实质是光子微粒的有规律的运动。
电磁波的粒子性，使得电磁辐射的能量具有 统计性
❖ 波粒二象性的程度与电磁波的波长有关： 波长愈短，辐射的粒子性愈明显；波长愈 长，辐射的波动特性愈明显。
二、电磁波谱
1. 电磁波谱：将各种电磁波在真空中的波长按其长
短，依次排列制成的图表。
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Radio Waves: Mobile Phones
Radio Waves: Mobile Phones
Mobile phones use microwave energy. We know that microwaves can cook food – can a mobile phone cause heating?
Visible: Scanning laser ophthalmoscope
Visible: Scanning laser ophthalmoscope
With thanks to Dr. A Manivannan
Visible: Scanning laser ophthalmoscope
With thanks to Dr. A Manivannan
Visible: New approaches to Endoscopy
Another new method is virtual endoscopy. Here, we take a high resolution CT scan of the body using x-rays and then, using a computer, identify the gut wall and show it as if it is viewed through an endoscope. This prevents the discomfort which patients may feel during endoscopy This movie shows a polyp in the wall of the gut.
Visible: Endoscopy
Visible: Endoscopy
Visible: Endoscopy
This is the endoscope coming out of the oesophagus
Parasitic Worm!
The stomach wall has relapsed back into the oesophagus. This is a hernia.
Infrared: Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Infrared: Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Infrared: Near Infrared Spectroscopy
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Flashing lights
6
concentration (molar.cm)
Radio Waves: Mobile Phones
0.2C temperature rise
Infrared: Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Infrared: Pulse oximetry
Heart rate:81 bpm
Blood oxygenation: 99%
Visible: Endoscopy with a camera pill
On the right is an x-ray movie showing a pill which has been swallowed which contains a camera. It passes through the gut, taking a movie which is sent to a receiver outside the body, shown on the left.
X-rays: x-radiography
X-rays: Computed tomography image (CT scan)
Second metatarsal bone
(the bone that David Beckham and Wayne Rooney broke!)
X-rays: Computed tomography image (CT scan)
HbO2 Hbvol Hb
4
2
0
-2
-4 -10 0 10 20 Time (seconds) 30 40 50
Infraredmography
Infrared: Thermography
Infrared: Thermography
Visible: Endoscopy
X-rays: Radiotherapy
• • • • • X-rays or other radiation can damage the DNA in cells and kill them This is why radiation can be dangerous But cells which are dividing rapidly are more likely to be killed So we use x-rays to kill the rapidly-dividing cancer cells We must still ensure that healthy tissue is undamaged
X-rays: Radiotherapy
X-rays: Radiotherapy
X-rays: Radiotherapy
Cancer occurs when cells divide too quickly. The dividing cells become a tumour which can damage surrounding tissue or spread to the rest of the body
Visible: Photodynamic therapy
Visible: Photodynamic therapy
Blue: Treatment of jaundice
Blue: Blue light treatment of jaundice in babies
X-rays: X-radiography