小浪底英汉词汇汇编
黄河小浪底景区英文导游词
Yellow River Dam Project Scenic Area at Xiaolangdi, Luoyang Good morning, ladies and gentlemen! It’s so nice to meet you here!First of all, please allow me to introduce us to you. My name is Li, you can call me English name Heather, your local guide from Henan Youth Travel Agency, while our driver is Mr. Wang who is serious and very experienced. So you are in safe hand. On behalf of Henan Youth Travel Agency, we would like to extend our warmest welcome to you: welcome to Henan. During your stay in Henan, we two would do our utmost to make your stay pleasant! And your cooperation would be appreciated! If you have troubles or problems, don’t be hesitated to tell us. We would be very pleased to help you. Wish you a wonderful stay in Henan! Thank you!Perhaps it is the first time for you to visit Henan, so I’d like to give you a brief introduction about it!Henan province, also called “Yu” for short, meaning a man pulling an elephant, is situated right in the heart of China, covering an area of 167,000 square kilometers, with a total population of 97 million, which is the largest of all provinces in China.Henan is also named “central plain” or “Central State”, for over 4,000 years ago, China was divided into nine state. Henan was called Yu State, and was located in the middle of the nine state, hence the name. And you must heard Luoyang, a city which has a long history.Luoyang is located at the western part of Henan Province. It stretches over both the south and north banks of the central reaches of the Yellow River. As the city is also situated on the northern bank of the Luohe River and faces the sun, hence the name, Luoyang. Luoyang is famous for being ancient capitals of 9 dynasties. During the time of serving as capitals, Luoyang was always the center of China’s politics, economy and culture. Lots of historical events of great importance took place here. It is also one of the excellent tourists cities in China and now is striving for the title of the best tourist city in our country. Luoyang is a city, not only rich in natural landscape but also abundant in man-made scenery. Today, I’d like to show you one of the famous natural landscapes in the region -- Yellow River Dam Project Scenic Area at Xiaolangdi. I’m sure you’ll love it.So, now please take your valuable things along with youand get ready to get off the bus.Dear friends, we have now entered the largestheavenly-created fairyland on water—the Thousand-Island Lake of Xiaolangdi on the Yellow River. Looking eastward, the dyke we see is the Xiaolangdi Main Dam, named after Xiaolangdi village of Mengjin Country where it is built.The Yellow River Dam Project Scenic Area at Xiaolangdi at the mouth of the last gorge of the middle reaches of the Yellow River some 40 kilometers to the north of Luoyang city, Henan Province. As the largest water-control project on the Yellow River, Xiaolangdi is able to play an important role not only in flood control, ice prevention, silt reduction, irrigation, water supply and electric power generation in Henan Province and even in the whole region of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, but also in providing a new tourist attraction for tourists both at home and abroad. The dam is 1317 meters long and 281 meters in height, stretching from Xiao Mountain in south, to Wangwu Mountain in north. It is the biggest soil-based dam built on the rivers of our country and is able to control theflood occurred once every thousand years. Not only can the quantity of water supply be increased by 40 billion stere, but als o industrial and agricultural production and people’s daily water supply condition along the Yellow River banks can be improved a lot. Protected anti-drought area can reach 25 million Mu; 2.1 million tons of coal can be saved in generating electricity yearly.It is a super-huge type multi-purpose water-control project built by means of international bidding, partly with the loan from the World Bank. The three principle parts, namely, the dam, the flood and sand discharge system, and the electricity generating system, of the project were respectively constructed and fixed by some Italian, German and French experts, who brought us advanced technology in construction and referencable experience in management. We really appreciate it.Please come with me. We are going to the next scenic spot. According to the Zhengzhou-Luoyang center tourism route set up by the central government of China, the Xiaolangdi Beauty Spot on the Yellow River is divided into four grand areas, which are Xiaolangdi Dam, Zijin Mountain, Eight-li Gorge andSanmen Gorge. There are 13 sightseeing districts and 113 scenic spots. Each spot has its own historical stories; therefore, we can appreciate the scenic glamour of large mountains with lakes, gorges and rivers featured by the middle-lower reaches of the Yellow River Project.Next, we are going to reach the Yellow River Eight-li Gorge, which is regarded as the “last gorge on the Yellow River ”. The gorge is named this because of its eight-li length. It is the last gorge at the joint point of the middle and the lower reaches of the 5,464-kilometer-long Yellow River. Tall mountains stand high on both the south and the north side of the gorge, with steep cliffs and steady flowing water, peaceful and mild. It was said that there are eight scenic spots within eight li in ancient times. According to “Mountain and Ocean Classics” , the story about this gorge goes like this: ”Emperor Yu’s father was killed by Shun after nine years harnessing floods without success. But his father’s will to harness the Yellow River never died, and he turned into Danzhu Island to help his son Yu to control the flood finally.OK, so much for my explanation. Thank you for yourcooperation. Now you have 40 minute to go around and take photos. We will meet at 5:30 in the parking lot. Please remember the time and our bus number, Yu A 12345. Enjoy yourselves.。
洛阳小浪底英语导游词
Dear friends, we have now entered the largest heaveenly-created fairyland on water—the Thousand-Island Lake of Xiao Langdi on the Yellow River. Looking eastward, the dyke we see is the Xiao Langdi main dam, named after Xiao Langdi village of Mengjin Country where it is built.The original name of the village was Danyang. It is said that when Da Yu was controlling floods, one day when he passed by this village, all villagers were willing to sacrifice their own home to help control the flood. In memory of them, the village was renamed from Danyang to Xiao Langdi.The Xiao Langdi yellow River Water Conservancy Hinge Project is located in Mengjin County of Henan province. It is a super control project with integrated benefits of flood controlling, water logging controlling, silt reduction, irrigation, water supply, and electricity generation. The total height of the dam is 281 meters; the length of it is 16, 667 meters. Stretching from Mang Mountain in south, to Wangwu Mountain in north, it is the biggest soil-based dam built on the rivers of our country. The storage capacity of the project is 1256.5 billion stere, water area 296 square meters, normal water storage line 250 meters, the highest water storage line 275 meters, and electricity capacity 1,800 thousand kilowatt with a yearly average of 51 billion kilowatt. A total investment of 337 billion Yuan has been completed. The total controlled drainage area takes 92.3% after its completion, of which the flood-control threat to the lower reaches. Not only can the quantity of water supply be increased by 40billion stere, but also industrial and agricultural production and people’s daily water supply condition along the Yellow River banks can be improved a lot. Protected anti-drought area can reach 25 million mu; 2.1 million tons of coal can be saved in generating electricity yearly. This is a miracle in the history of and invites international bidding with three bidding stages, involving 51 countries and areas, 700 foreign business representatives and thousand s of Chinese constructors. So many countries’ participation in a single project is rare in the world, so it also has a nick name ―mini United Nation‖.The project structure is exceptionally complicated and the difficulty level for construction is unusually high as well. Only the soil dug out of the main body of the project comes to 88.11 million stere. The flood discharge and sand drainage and water guiding tunnels total 16 main channels and nearly a hundred branch channels, all gather in the body of a thin mountain. Among them are there huge diversion tunnels, 3,480 meters long in total with a 14.5-meter diameter each, big enough to hold two four-story buildings standing side by side. The water-intake tower of the flood discharge system has multiple layers; its bee-hive -shaped room is so huge and complex that it can be ranked No.1 in the world. The new style indoor multi-hole energy-consuming device is rarely seen in either domestic or foreign water conservancy projects. The world’s largest force-scattering dyke is built up at the entrance of the three flood-discharge holes. Thebody of the mountain consists of gently obliquitous gritstone and argillaceous dusty gritstone with more than 20 layers, just like a―thousand-layer pie.‖ It is quite difficult to co nstruct in the mountain. The \reinforcement and the support of the rocks at the entrance to the outside tunnels of the mountain alone costs 3,224 pieces of 12-meter anchor stocks, 578pieces of 30~40 –meter anchor cables, and drilling12-meter-deep scuppers with a number of 1,382 on the rock wall. Actually the wall was so densely drilled that it was described vividly as―sewing-densely-the-bottom-of-shoes project‖. At the foot of the dam, there are 70-12 meters thick, 81.9 meters deep, has been built to prevent leakage, and it is the deepest leakage-proof wall in our country presently.It is well known that the Yellow River is the Mother River of China, whereas the huge amount of mud and sand dashing out of it is said to able to circle around the earth three times if piled up in a 1-meter high and1-meter wide wall, which makes it harnessing of the Yellow River had long been a dream of Chinese people and it was the Communist party of China that really solved the problem. Not long after the People’s Rep ublic of China was founded, Mao Zedong looked at the muddy water in the river and gave an instruction: ―Things concerning the Yellow River must be handled well. ― During the 40 years ever since then, thousands of experts participating in harnessing the Yellow River have conducted elaborated exploration designs. The sluice and electricity-generation dam projectthat started from 1990 has been completed ahead of schedule, taking more than ten years. The building of the dam not only chains up the obstinate and unruly yellow dragon and exerts fully its integrated effects such as flood control, water logging control, silt reduction, water supply and electricity generatio0n, but also adds up an attractive scenic spot to our country.According to the Zhengzhou-Luoyang center tourism route setup by the central government of China, the Xiao Langdi beauty spot on the Yellow River, with a total area of 1,262 square kilometers, is divided into four grand areas, which are Xiao Langdi Dam, Zijin Mountain, and Sanmen Gorge. There are 13 sightseeing districts and 113 scenic spots. Each spot has its own historical stories; therefore, we can appreciate the scenic glamour of large mountains with lakes featured by the middle-lower reaches of the yellow river hydro-junction-project, gorges and rivers, which embodies the Yellow River culture and natural view.One kilometer ahead under the water there is an ancient battlefield called ―Red River Beachhead‖, where Cao’s army fought against Yuan Shao’s at the late years of Jianghan.Now please look to the right, you can see a place in the middle of the mountainside. It is the Big Mountain Stockade Village, where Yuan Shao once garrisoned. Look to the left, the mountain you see is the Yellow Deer Mountain; the valley at the mountain foot is called Cao Camp Valley, whereCao Cao’s army garrisoned. The Red River Bottomland is below the place we are at.There were totally 215 people of 41 families at the Red River Bottomland, and now they have moved to Songzhuang Town in Mengjin Coun try. As the story goes that Cao Cao’s army garrisoned in the valley, so the valley was named after this. Official outer gate was built in front of the camp; horses were depastured at the place called Fruit-eating Bottomland and watered along the Yellow River. The valley where Cao Cao feasted his meritorious were buried is called Tomb Slope Village at the other side of the Yellow River. Before an ancient battle, there would always be a written-challenge-to war. When during the battle, Yuan’s soldiers would get to the place below us by boats, and then returned to their camp across the river by boats again. A time consuming war had been on between the two sides. There were severe deaths on both sides and blood flowed like a river, which dyed the whole Fruit-eating Bottomland into deep red. The original 300-mu fruit trees were destroyed completely. Since then, it was named Red River Bottomland.The Fruit-eating Bottomland Valley belongs to the Yellow Deer Mountain. Talking about the Yellow River Mountain, there is a legendary story. It took place during the years of Li Shimin, Emperor Tang Tai. He once came to Mengjin to hunt, protected by a large group of his men. He suddenly caught sight of a white deer, so he spurred his horse to chase it.When he rode to the last valley of the Yellow River, which was on the southern bank, southwest to the Xiao Langdi Valley, he found the white deer had turned into a yellow one! He exclaimed:‖what a divine deer!‖ And he ordered all his men to kneel down to apologize for their offence.Next, we are going to reach the Yellow River Eight-li Gorge, whose original name was Eight-li Bystreet and which was regarded as the ―last gorge on the Yellow River ‖. The gorge is named this because of its eight-li length. It is the least gorge at the joint point of the middle and the lower reaches of the 5,464-kilometer-long Yellow River . Tall mountains stand high on both the south and the north side of the gorge, with steep cliffs and steady flowing water, peaceful and mild. The torrential Yellow River flows down vigorously, and is spectaculars. It was said that there are‖ eight scenic spots within eight li‖ in ancient times. According to ―Mountain and Ocean Classics‖ , the story about this gorge goes like this: ‖Emperor Yu’s father was killed by Shun after nine years harnessing floods without success. But his father’s will to harness the Yellow River never died, and he turned into Danzhu Island to help his son Yu to control the flood finally. ―We now have arrived at the Gu Mountain Gorge scenic spot. It lies the middle area of the Eight-li gorge. The south end of the gorge starts form the Qing Hekou and Fuzi Cliff, and stretches all the way to north Fengshi Lack, finally reaches the highest point, about 230 to 275 meters high.However, it is just a start point of the beautiful sceneries at Xiao Langdi. When you get to the Shizu Mountain , you will see: the place was surrounded by a high mountain at one side and by water at the other three sides，Which forms the biggest peninsula beside the lake in the Wanshan Island and the biggest island in the middle of the lake. And this is the golden area of the whole Xiao Langdi tourism fairyland on water.Dear friends, when Xiao Langdi dam’s water storage reaches the highest point, the water area will stretch to where it is only one kilometer away from the Sanmen Gorge Dam. How spectacular it will be when the project is completed in 2005! We are expecting to see much more attractive scenes here! Thank you!。
水利水电英汉词汇1
水利水电工程地质常用词汇（汉英对照）2.岩性rock character 2．1 第四系沉积物quaternary deposit堆积物accumulation冲积物alluvium洪积物diluvium坡积物slope wash滑坡堆积物slide sediments 2．2 沉积岩sedimentary rock漂石erratic boulder孤石lonestone块石rock block卵石pebble碎石debris砾石gravel砂sand粉土silt砂壤土sandy loam壤土loam淤泥mud粘土clay填筑土backfill砾岩conglomerate砾砂岩conglomeratic sandstone 砂质粘土sandy clay粘土质砂clayey sand粘土质砂岩clayey sandstone锆石zircon电气石tourmaline红柱石andalusite绿柱石beryl堇青石cordierite 十字石staurolite黄玉topaz刚玉corundum金刚石diamond伊利石illite glimmerton4. 颜色(Colour)粉红色pink橙红色salmon pink浅粉红色baby pink鲜粉红色shocking pink褐色, 茶色brown灰褐色beige红褐色, 赭石色chocolate浅褐色sandy beige驼色camel琥珀色amber卡其色khaki褐红色maroon绿色green蓝色blue红色red紫色purple, violet白色white灰色gray6.4结构面性状平直Gentle波动起伏fluctuation,rolling,wave 光滑Smooth粗糙Rough7.物理地质现象7.1风化、蚀变、卸荷风化weathering风化带zone of weathering风化壳crust of weathering风化砂weathering sandstone风化程度weathering degree全风化completely weathered强风化highly weathered弱风化moderately weathered微风化slightly weathered新鲜fresh蚀变alteration物理蚀变physical alteration化学蚀变chemical alteration热液蚀变hydrothermal alteration 蚀变矿物altered mineral蚀变火山岩altered volcanic rocks 卸荷relaxation岩石松弛relaxation of rock应力松弛relaxation of stress卸载岩石,消除应力的岩石relaxed rock7.2崩塌、滑坡崩塌collapse滑坡landslide7.3岩溶(karst)岩溶地形karst topography岩溶[侵蚀]基准karst base level 岩溶景观karst landscape岩溶盆地karst basin 岩溶井karst well岩溶水karst water岩溶侵蚀karst erosion 8．水文地质8.1地下水类型地下水,潜水ground water地下水位,潜水位ground water level 地下水排泄区discharge area of ground water地下水位坡降gradient of water table 孔隙潜水pore groundwater裂隙潜水fissure groundwater裂隙承压水fissure artesian groundwater8．2渗流状态渗流,渗漏seepage渗流控制seepage control渗流区vadose region渗流速度percolation velocity渗流压力percolation pressure渗透性permeability渗透系数coefficient of permeability 渗透流量seepage discharge9．岩体力学指标9．1岩石力学参数强度strength抗压强度compressive strength 抗剪强度shear strength抗拉强度tensile strength抗弯强度,抗折强度bending strength 单轴抗压强度uniaxial compressive strength单轴抗拉强度uniaxial tensile strength 无侧限抗压强度unconfined compressive strength无排水抗剪强度undrained shear strength残余强度residual strength长期强度long term strength峰值(抗剪强度) peak value (of shearing strength)凝聚力,内聚力cohesion围压强度strength under peripheral pressure9．2土力学参数变形deformation 弹性变形elastic deformation塑性变形plastic deformation弹塑性变形elastic-plastic deformation粘弹性变形viscoelastic deformation 粘滞塑性变形,粘塑性变性visco-plastic deformation均匀变形homogeneous deformation 不均匀变形nonaffine deformation不可恢复变形,永久变形irreversible deformation屈服变形yield deformation徐变变形,蠕变变形creep deformation 渗透变形seepage deformation9.3岩体力学参数弹性模量elasticity modulus变形模量deformation modulus 剪切模量shear modulus粘弹性模量viscoelastic modulus 压缩模量modulus of compression 10. 建筑材料(construction material)天然骨料natural aggregate人工骨料artificial aggregate粗骨料coarse aggregate细骨料fine aggregate混凝土骨料concrete aggregate 人工砂artificial sand掺和料admixture配料batching石料rock material土料earth material开挖料excavation material渣料rock spoil天然砂砾料natural sand and gravel 粉煤灰fly ash碎石土debrisc soil砾质土gravelly soil粘性土cohesive soil; clayey soil 细度模数fineness modulus(FM) 骨料级配gradation间断级配gap gradation连续级配continuous gradation砂砾石sand and gravel针状颗粒needle-shaped particle 片状颗粒flake-shaped particle软弱颗粒soft particle平均粒径mean diameter比重specific gravity天然密度natural density干密度dry density 最大干密度maximum drydensity最优含水量optjmum water content 天然休止角nature angle of repose 堆积密度piling density紧密密度compation density石料场rock quarrying土料场soil borrow area存料场stockpile弃渣场spoil area有用层effective layer无用层unavailable layer剥离层overburden stripping formation 剥采比stripping ratio剥离量overburden amount开采quarry运输transportation质量quality储量reserve运距haul distance水泥cenment11. 试验(experiment)岩土现场测试field investigation of soils and rocks土工原位测试in-situ measurement of soils标准灌入试验standard penetration test动力触探试验dynamic cone penetration test静力触探试验static cone penetration test比灌入阻力specific penetration resistanc旁压试验pressuremeter test载荷试验plate bearing test十字板剪切试验vane shear test岩体原位测试in-situ measurement of rocks三维应力测试three-dimensional stess measurement地应力测量geostress survey应力解除法stress relief method应力恢复法stress restoration method 狭缝法（刻槽法）narrow slot method 收敛测量convergence measurement 现场直剪实验in-situ shear test承压板试验bearing plate test水力致裂法hydrofracturing method 声测井acoustic emission well (AEW) 现场监测field monitoring压水试验water-pressure test吕荣试验Lugeon test抽水试验pumping test注水试验water injection test 灌浆试验grouting test点荷载试验point-loading test回弹测试rebond hammar test实验室试验laboratory test取样sampling原状土样undisturbed soil sample扰动土样disturbed soil sample物理力学性试验physical and mechanic properties test颗粒分析grading analysis三轴试验triaxial test击实试验proctor compaction test崩解试验slaking test尺寸效应scale effect时间效应time effect长期观测long-term observation试验资料test data试验成果test result试验报告test report12.水工设计(hydraulic design)12.1设计阶段(design stage)河流规划river planning选坝selecting damsite预可行性研究pre-feasibility study可行性研究feasibility study初步设计preliminary design技施设计tech-construction design招标设计tender design施工详图设计detail construction drawing design12.2水工建筑物(hydraulic structure)水利枢纽hydroproject枢纽布置layout of hydroproject挡水建筑物water retaining structure 取水建筑物water intake structure泄水建筑物water release structure输水建筑物water conveyance structure通航建筑物navigation structure过鱼建筑物fish pass structure永久性建筑物permanent structure临时性建筑物temporary structure水工建筑物级别工程规模project scale主坝main dam副坝auxiliary dam坝轴线dam axis 坝高high dam坝长length of dam坝顶dam crest坝底dam base坝坡dam slope坝间dam abutment坝踵dam heel坝趾dam toe坝段dam monolith重力坝gravity dam实体重力坝solid gravity dam混泥土重力坝concrete gravity dam 碾压混泥土坝roller compacted concrete dam浆砌石重力坝masonry gravity dam 预应力重力坝prestressed gravity dam 溢流重力坝overflow gravity dam灌浆廊道grouting gallery排水廊道drainage gallery检查廊道inspection gallery交通廊道access gallery拱坝arch dam拱轴线centerline of arch单曲拱坝single curvature arch dam 双曲拱坝double curvature arch dam 抛物线拱坝parabolic arch dam椭圆形拱坝elliptical arch dam薄拱坝thin arch dam重力拱坝gravity arch dam空腹重力拱坝hollow gravity arch dam溢流拱坝overflow arch dam支墩坝buttress dam平板坝flat slab buttress dam大头坝massive-head dam连拱坝mutiple-arch dam土石坝earth-rock dam土坝earth dam均质土坝homogeneous earth dam粘土心墙土石坝clay core earth-rock dam沥青混凝土心墙土石坝asphaltic concrete core earth-rock dam粘土斜墙土石坝sloping core earth-rock dam沥青混凝土面板土石坝asphaltic concrete facing earth-rock dam溢流土石坝overflow earth-rock dam 钢筋混泥土面板堆石坝reinforced concrete facing rockfill dam防浪墙wave wall (parapet)护坡slope protection防渗铺盖impervious blanket棱体排水prism drainage 反滤层filter溢洪道spillway开敞式溢洪道open channel spillway 正常溢洪道main spillway非常溢洪道emergency spillway陡槽式溢洪道chute spillway虹吸式溢洪道siphon spillway进水渠entrance channel闸门gate泄槽chute跳流鼻坎flip bucket;deflecting bucket 出水渠outlet channel冲刷坑scour hole; washout水工隧洞hydraulic tunnel导流隧洞diversion tunnel泄洪隧洞spillway tunnel发电隧洞power tunnel灌溉隧洞irrigation tunnel放空隧洞emptying tunnel有压隧洞pressure tunnel无压随洞free-flow tunnel不衬砌随洞unlined tunnel排水随洞drainage tunnel涵洞culvert填埋管buried pipeline沟埋管trenched pipeline钢性管rigid pipe柔性管flexible pipe钢筋混凝土管reinforced concrete pipe塔式进水口tower intake竖井式进水口shaft intake沉沙池sedimentation basin渡槽aqueduct(fiume)倒虹吸管inverted siphon落差建筑物drop structure通航建筑物navigation structure船闸navigation lock (ship lock)多级船闸muti-line lock (mutiple lock) 13.地质图件和图表13.1地质图件第四纪地质图quaternary geology map, quaternary geology plan 覆盖层地质图drift map, overburden map, drift plan基岩地质图bedrock map, bedrock plan构造地质图geological structure map, geological structure plan地质剖面图geological section, geological profile实测地质剖面图field-acquired geological profile横剖面图transverse profile, cross-section 纵剖面图longitudinal profile综合柱状图composite columnar section立体投影图fence diagram钻孔柱状图geological log of drill hole , borehole log平硐展视图geological log of adit 水文地质图hydrogeological map 渗透剖面seepage profile等水位线图water table contour map实际材料图primitive data map, primitive data plan赤平投影图stereogram极点图point diagram等密图contour diagram节理玫瑰图rose diagram of joints, rosette joint diagram, strike diagram of joints区域地质图regional geological map水库地质图geological map of reservoir枢纽区工程地质图engineering geological plan of project area坝址区工程地质图engineering geological plan of damsite area引水渠尾水渠工程地质图engineering geological plan of Diversion and Tailwater channel厂房工程地质图engineering geological plan of power house浸没区及防护区工程地质图geological plan of immersion area and protection area天然建筑材料产地分布图distribution plan of a quarry and borrow areas for natural construction 坝址区实际材料图location plan of in-situ exploratory works on damsite心滩天然砂砾料场地质图geological plan of Xinta sand and gravel borrow area料场分布图 A distribute plan of borrow area土料场地质平面图geological plan of soil borrow area石料场地质平面图geological plan of rock quarry土料场地质剖面图geological section of soil borrow area石料场地质剖面图geological section of rock quarry坝轴线工程地质剖面图engineering geological profile of dam axis坝趾板线工程地质剖面图engineering geological section along dam plinth厂房机组中心线工程地质剖面图engineering geological profile along central line of turbo generator units坝轴线防渗帷幕水文地质剖面图hydrologic engineering geological profile along imrervious curtain on dam axis右岸引航道轴线工程地质剖面图engineering geological profile along right-bank navigation approach channel axis河床地质纵剖面图geological longitudinal profile of river bed上游围堰工程地质剖面图engineering geological profile upstream cofferdam下游围堰工程地质剖面图engineering geological profile downstream cofferdam上游子围堰轴线工程地质剖面图engineering geological section along axis of upstream cofferdam下游子围堰轴线工程地质剖面图engineering geological section along axis of downstream cofferdam施工大桥轴线工程地质剖面图engineering geological profile along proposed construction ridge axis防护堤工程地质剖面engineering geological profile along protection embankment心滩天然砂砾料场地质剖面图geological profile of xintan sand and gravel area引水渠工程地质纵剖面图engineering geological lognitudinal profile along approach channel厂房工程地质横剖面图engineering geological transverse section of powerhouse厂房纵1工程地质剖面图engineering geological longitvpinal profile Ⅰof poweehouse土料场工程地质剖面图engineering geological profile of soilmaterial borrow area导流洞工程地质纵剖面图engineering geological section along diversion tunnel放空隧洞工程地质纵剖面图engineering geological section along intermediate outlet tunnel溢洪道工程地质纵剖面图engineering geological section along spillway route溢洪道工程地质横剖面图engineering geological cross section of spillway区域主干断裂及强震带分布图Distribution of the regional major faults and pleistoseismic zones工程区外围地震危险区active seismic zones around the project area 枢纽区Ⅱ、Ⅲ级结构面走向玖瑰图Strike rose diagram of discontinuity plane class Ⅱ、Ⅲin the project area 枢纽区Ⅱ、Ⅲ级结构面极点等密图Pole contour diagram of discontinuity plane classⅡ、Ⅲin the project area 枢纽区f、g极点等密图Pole contour diagram of f and g on the project area枢纽区左岸节理极点等密图Pole contour diagram of joints on the left bank in project area左岸坝肩上、下游侧边坡开挖示意图The schematic diagram of upstream and downstream side slop excavating on the left abutment砂砾层天然砂颗分曲线图Gradation curve of natural sand in sand and gravel layer心滩天然砂砾料场初勘探布置示意图Sketch map of exploratory arrangement during detailed exploration for Xintan sand and gravel borrow area天然含水量随深度变化图Variation of natural Moisture content with depth左岸颗粒分析粒配曲线图Grain size distribution curve of the left bank 左岸料区ρd~ω关系曲线图Left bank borrow area ρd ~ ωrelationship curves孔隙比（e）与（p）关系图Relationship between void ratio (e) and pressure (p)抗剪强度与垂直压力的关系曲线图Relationship curves between shear strength and vertical pressure物探工作布置图Layout of geophysical prospecting workA剖面地震勘探成果图Results of seismic prospecting on A profile PD2平洞锤击法Vp成果图V P results of hammer-blow survey on left wall of PD2aditZK14钻孔电阻率测井柱状图Log of comprehensive logging of ZK14 drillhole尾水渠开挖线excavation line of tailwater channel开采线excavation depth开挖线excavation line原地面线natural ground工程建筑物轮廓线outline of engineering structure正常蓄水位线normal storage water level设计蓄水位线design storage level 正常蓄水位normal WL.死水位min operating WL.百年洪水位100-tear flood WL. 正常尾水位normal TWL.最低尾水位min TWL.校核洪水位check flood WL.设计洪水位design flood WL.水库蓄水位线及高程storage leave and elevation of reservoir料场范围线boundary of borrow area or quarry area普查范围线boundary line of general survey初查储量计算范围线boundary line of preliminarily investigated reserves风化界线boundary of weathered zones地下水位线groundwater level相对隔水层界线boundary of relative confining bed坝基开挖线及高程dam foundation excavation line and EL.厂房开挖线及高程powerhouse excavation line and EL.剖面线及编号geological section line and numbed, profile line and No. 端点end point 转点transition测量控制点control point of survey接图表index to adjoining sheets 交厂横cross section of plant location 交纵1 cross profile 1剖面交点cross point of profile剖面距离distance勘探深度depth勘探间距spacing剖面方向direction13.2地质图表料场概况一览表summary of borrow areas and quarry ones with construction各坝料颗粒分析级配曲线gradation curves of rock fill materials 表3-1泉水类型及流量Table 3-1 type and discharge of springs钻孔地下水位Groundwater level in drill holes钻孔压水试验单位吸水量汇总Summerized unit leakage rate value of water pressure test in drill holes钻孔岩芯试验室试验成果Laboratory testing of drill corn冲积层砂砾石试验成果Test results of alluvial gravel and sands冲积层粘土试验成果Test results of alluvial clay现场承压板变形模量试验成果In-situ plate-bearing test results现场剪力试验成果In-situ shear test resultsVp测定成果Results of Vp measurements现场地应力测量成果In-situ stress measurement results土料试验成果汇总表Test results of earth material土料试验成果表Test results of soil物理力学性试验成果Physical and mechanical test results显微镜鉴定矿物组成结果Mineral composition determined by microscope化学分析成果Results of chemical analysis岩石试验综合成果表Physical and mechanical properties化学分析结果Results of chemical analysis砂桨膨胀率试验成果Test results of mortar expansion ratio 化学试验结果Result of chemical tests节理统计表Summary of join可行性研究阶段完成钻探工作量统计表Completed drilling work quantities at feasibility study stage可行性研究阶段完成坑、槽探工作量统计表Completed test pits and trenches prospecting work quantities at feasibility study stage岩石力学现场试验项目及工作量统计表Field rock test items and their work quantities可行性研究阶段钻孔地下水位长期观测汇总表summary of long-term groundwater table observations in the drill holes at feasibility study in the project area工作量统计表Summary of work quantity本区地震统计表seismic summary in the region历史地震对坝址影响烈度表Influence intensity of the historic earthquake on the damsite工程区断层主要特征表Main characteristics of the fault in the project area库区滑坡、崩塌体特征表Characteristics landslide and collapse in reservoir area库区褶皱形态特征表Characteristics of fold form in reservoir area库区断裂汇总表Summary of faults in reservoir area水库库岸分段特征及稳定性评价表Evaluation on stability and divisional characteristics on reservoir banks库区断裂破裂长度与诱发地震强度关系表The relationship between the induced earthquake magnitudeand the fractured length of the reservoir fault景洪水电站枢纽区结构面分级表Classification of discontinuity planesin project area枢纽区主要断层、挤压带汇总表Summary of major faults and compressive zones in project area枢纽区f、g发育特征表Dereloped characteristics of f and g in the project area枢纽区断层、挤压带（面）破碎带矿物分析成果表Mineral analysis results of the faults andcompressive zone (planes) in project area枢纽区断层、挤压带（面）破碎带物质化学分析成果表Chemical analysis results of mineral from faults and compressive zones (planes) in project area枢纽区滑坡、松动体特征表Characteristics of landslide and loosened mass in project area枢纽区主要冲沟特征汇总表summary of characteristics of major gully in project area景洪水电站岩体风化程度分级表Classification of the weathering degree of rock mass of the Jinghong hydropower project枢纽区覆盖层及风化深度表Overburden layer and weathering depth in project area景洪水电站坝址区水质简分析成果汇总表Summary of simple analysis of water quality in dam area of Jionghong hydropower project枢纽区地下水水位长期观测资料统计表Summary of long-term observation data for groundwater table in project area枢纽区风化带、破碎带透水性统计表Permeability of the weathered and fractured zone in the project area岩石物理力学性试验成果汇总表Summary of test results of physico-mechanical property of rock 岩体现场变形试验成果表Results of in-situ deformation test of rock mass枢纽区各类岩体M、E建议值Recommended value of M & E of various type of the rock mass in the project area枢纽区各类岩体抗剪强度指标建议值Recommended value of indexes of the shear strength of various type of the rock mass in the project area枢纽区现场抗剪试验成果汇总表Summary of results of In-situ shear-resisting test in project area原位剪切试验成果（结构面）In sit shear test results (discontinuities)枢纽区混凝土/基岩抗剪强度指标建议值Recommended value of indexes of the shear strength for concrete on bedrock in the project area 枢纽区平洞岩体纵波波速成果表Results of the longitudinal wave velocity of the rock mass at the adits in the project area枢纽区钻孔岩体纵波波速成果表Results of the longitudinal wave velocity of the rock mass at the drillholes in the project area枢纽区岩体结构类型划分表Classification of type of rock structure in project area坝（厂）基岩岩体质量分级表Classification of bedrock quality at dam (powerhouse) foundation for jinghong hydropower project枢纽区不同岩体结构类型百分比统计表Various type of rock structure in project areaⅠ、Ⅱ坝轴线方案坝基风化层深度对比表A comparison of the weathered layer depth at the dam foundation between dam axisⅠandⅡalternatives坝（厂）基河床冲积层厚度表Thickness of the alluvium in the riverbed at the dam and the owerhouse foundation坝（厂）基主要断层、挤压带汇总表Summary of main faults and compressive zones at dam and (powerhouse) foundationG48各揭露点挤压带性状汇总表Summary of G48 compressive zone behaviour exposed points坝基f、g平均发育间距汇总表Summary of f and g developed spacing in average at the dam foundation坝（厂）基各部位节理组发育情况汇总表Summary of the developed condition of the join sets at the various parts of the dam (powerhouse) foundati坝（厂）基勘探平洞缓倾角节理汇总表（∠30°）Summary of lower angle (<30°) joints in exploratory adits on dam (and power house) foundatio坝（厂）基缓倾角节理连通率统计汇总表Summary of lower angle join continuity at the dam (powerhouse) foundation坝（厂）基风化带及覆盖层底界埋深表Depth of different weathering zone and overburden at dam and powerhouse foundation坝（厂）基地段岩体卸荷裂隙发育深度表Summary of the stress relieved fissure developed depth in the rock mass at the dam (powerhouse) foundation area坝基地段极微透水层（ω〈0.01l/min.m.m) Depth of very little permeable layer总体埋藏深度(w<0.011/min.m.m(<1 lugeon)) at the dam foundation area左坝肩各部位开挖深度表Excavation depth at the various parts on the right dam abutment右坝肩各部位开挖深度表Excavation depth at the various parts on the left dam abutment心滩砂砾料场勘探资料一览表Exploratory data at Xintan borrow area 天然建筑材料需求量表Requiredengineering quantity of natural construction material心滩天然砂砾料场砂砾层试验成果汇总表Summary of test results of sand and gravel layer of Xintan natural and grave borrow area混凝土粗骨料质量技术要求与Concrete coarse aggregate comparison of quality technical试验值（加权平均值）对比表requirements with the test value (weightaverage value)混凝土细骨料质量技术要求与Concrete fine aggregate comparison of quality technical试验值（加权平均值）对比表requirements with the test value (weightaverage value)砂砾层天然砂颗分级配（加权平均值）表Grading of natural sand in sand and gravel layer (weighted average value)储量计算成果表results of reserves calculations石料场勘探资料汇总表Summary of exploratory data in quarry area右岸料区天料含水量、天然密度汇总表Natural moisture content and natural density in the right bank borrow area颗粒级配百分含量统计表Grain composition土料分散度统计表Soil dispersity test results 天然含水量与击实、可塑性关系表Relationship between natural moisture content, compactness and plasticity土料定名统计表Classification of earth materials压缩系数a v(0.1-0.3)统计表Compression factor a v(0.1~0.3)摩擦角及凝聚力统计表Friction angle and cohesion渗透系数统计表Permeability coefficients现场原状土样湿化试验统计表In-situ undisturbed soil sample slaking test results扰动土样湿化试验统计表Disturbed soil sample slaking test results化学分析统计表Chemical analysis results胀缩性试验统计表Swelling-shrinkage test resultsⅠ号土料场天然含水量、天然Summary of natural moisture content and natural density密度试验成果汇总表test results of No.1 borrow area天然含水量、天然密度与击实、Natural moisture content, density, compaction,Liquid液塑限试验成果统计表Limit and plastic limit test results土壤分类统计表Soil classification土料压缩系数，压缩模量统计表Compressibility coefficient andcompression modulus of soil material 土料直剪强度Ф、С值统计表Direct shear strength ( and C values) of earth material samples土料渗透试验成果统计表Results of permeability test on soil samples土料湿化试验成果统计表Slake durability test results of soil material土料有机质、易溶盐试验成果表Organic matter and strongly soluble salt content test results of soil material 土料胀缩性试验成果统计表Swelling shrinkage test results of soil material物理性及易溶盐含量统计表Physical property and soluble salt content test results soil material颗粒分析、渗透系数及力学性统计表Grain Size analysis, permeability coefficient and mechanical property test results of earth material砂料视比重及吸水率统计表Sand apparent specific gravity and absorption rate砂干松密度及空隙率统计表Min. sand dry density and porosity砂颗粒级配百分含量统计表Sand grain composition (%)砂粒度模数及平均粒径统计表Grain size modulus and average grain size砂云母含量及含泥量统计表Mica and silt content 砂硫化物（SO3）及水溶盐含量统计表达式Sulphide (SO3) content and dissolved salt content砾石比重及吸水率统计表Gravel specific gravity and absorption rate砾石干松密度及空隙率统计表gravel min. density and porosity砾石颗粒全级配百分含量统计表Full grading of gravel砾石5~150MM粒径颗粒级配百分含量统计表Grading of gravel (5 mm~150 mm)软弱颗粒含量统计表Soft particle content针片状颗粒含量统计表Needle-shaped & flake-shaped grain content砾石含泥量统计表Silt content test results砂、砾石骨料碱活性试验成果表Alkali aggregate reaction test results岩石物理性试验成果汇总表Summary of physical properties test results of rock samples岩石物理力学性试验成果汇总表Rock physical and mechanical properties test results岩石力学性试验成果统计表Laboratory rock mechanical test results岩石三轴抗剪强度、直剪强度试验成果表R ock triaxial shear strength & direct shear strength test results岩石力学性试验成果统计表Rock physical and mechanicalproperties test results原状土样试验成果统计表Test results of undisturbed soil samples颗粒分析及抗剪强度统计表Grading analysis and shear strength test results物探工作量统计表达式Geophysical prospecting work quantities地震勘探成果表Seismic prospecting results声波测试岩体分类标准表Rock mass classification criteria by acoustic test平洞岩体分类成果表Classification results of adit Rock mass14.其它14.1地形、地貌等高线contour等高距contour interval高程elevation绝对高程absolute elevation相对高程relative elevation地形land form地貌geomorphy平原plain丘陵地hill山地mountain高地highland垭口col河谷river valley 峡谷gorge纵谷longitudinal横谷transverse分水岭waterdivide, watershed河漫滩floodplain阶地terrace侵蚀阶地erosional terrace堆积阶地constructional terrace 基座阶地bedrock seated terrace 牛轭湖ox-bow lake古河道ancient river course准平原peneplain夷平面planation surface残丘inselberg洪积扇proluvial fan三角洲delta冲积平原alluvial plain河流阶地fluvial terrace冲积扇alluvial fan洪积扇diluvial fan坡积裙talus apron坳沟shallow flat ravine冲沟gully岩溶地貌karst land feature, karst landform土洞karstic earth cave14.2 地震地震区seismic area, earthquake area 震源seismic source, seismic focus震源深度focus depth震中epicenter地震波seismic wave主震main shock前震foreshock余震aftershock震源机制focusmechanism地震前兆premonitory symptom 地震区划seismic zoning纵波longitudinal wave横波transverse wave水库诱发地震reservoir impounding induced seismicity, reservoir induced earthquake地震震级earthquake magnitude 地震烈度seismic intensity, earthquake intensity场地烈度site intensity设计烈度design intensity地震反应谱seismic response spectrum震陷earthquake subsidence砂土液化liquefaction of sand液化指数liquefaction index地震系数seismic coefficient地震影响系数coefficient of seismic effect地震小区划seismic microzonation, seismic microzoning地震危险性分析earthquake hazard evaluation等震线isoseismals罗氏烈度rossi-forel intensity麦加利烈度mercalli intensity里氏震级richter magnitude修正麦氏烈度modified mercalli intensity 14.3 地应力地应力ground stress, geostatic stress初始应力initial stress构造应力tectonic stress残余应力residual stress感生应力induced stress地应力场ground stress field, geostatic stress field自重应力self-weight stress岩土体中的应力stresses in soil-rock mass附加应力superimposed stress应力水平stress level应力路径stress path应力历史stress history有效应力effective stress初始应力状态initial stress state 侧压力系数lateral pressure coefficient周围压力（三轴压力室围压）confining pressure , ambient pressure 基底压力foundation pressure ,gross loading intensity岩体初始应力（地应力，天然应力）initial stress of rock mass岩体应力重分布stress redistribution周边应力circumferential stress应力集中系数stress concentration factor岩芯饼化现象formation of disk-shaped rock cores岩体中的静水压力状态hydrostatic pressure hypothesis岩体原位测试in-situmeasurement of rocks应力解除法stress relief method 应力恢复法stree restoration method狭缝法（刻槽法）narrow slot method水力破裂法hydrofracturing method土体的沉降及变形计算settlement and deformation calculation of soil mass地基沉降ground settlement最终沉降量ultimate settlement 不均匀沉降differential settlement, unequal settlement沉降计算经验系数empirical coefficient of settlement calculation瞬时沉降initial settlement固结沉降consolidation settlement次固结沉降secondary consolidation settlement初始压缩曲线initial compression curve, virgin compression curve现场初始压缩曲线field initial compression curve容许变形（允许变形）allowable deformation湿陷系数coefficient of collapsibility湿陷起始压力initial collapse pressure自重湿陷系数coefficient of collapsibility due to overburden pressure围岩应力secondary stress state, surrounding rock stress围岩应力集中系数factor of stress-concentration in surrounding rock岩石压力rock pressure应力松弛stress relaxation松动区loosened zone, loose zone 围岩偏压non-uniform rock pressure内水压力internal water pressure 外水压力external water pressure14.4 边坡岩土边坡earth slope and rock slop边坡稳定slope stability边坡临界高度critical height of slop边界条件boundary condition, edge condition休止角angle of repose岩体结构structure of rock mass 结构面structural plane, discontinuity结构体structural mass, structural body, structural element滑动面slip plane拉裂面pull apart plane切割面cutting plane临空面free surface硬性结构面rigid structural plane软弱结构面soft structural plane 贯通结构面through structural plane非贯通结构面disconnected structural plane平直结构面flat structural plane 波状结构面wavy structural plane 台阶结构面step structural plane 起伏度waviness软弱夹层weak intercalation泥化夹层siltized intercalation块状结构massive structure碎裂结构clastic structure镶嵌结构interlocked structure层状结构stratified structure 14.5 基础基础foundation, footing浅基础shallow foundation, shallow footing深基础deep foundation埋深embedment depth扩展基础spread footing条形基础strip foundation, strip footing筏形基础raft foundation, mat foundation板式基础slab foundation格排基础grillage foundation, grillage raft联合基础combined footing箱形基础box foundation补偿基础floating foundation, compensated foundation 沉井open caisson沉箱caisson地梁foundation beam, grade beam桩基础pile foundation, piled foundation群桩pile group桩承台pile cap高桩承台highrise pile cap低桩承台buried pile cap摩擦桩friction pile端承桩end bearing pile嵌岩桩socketed pile排土桩displacement pile少排土桩small displacement pile 不排土桩nondisplacement pile预制混凝土桩precast concrete pile板桩sheet pile旋喷桩jet－grouted pile灌注桩cast－in－place pile沉管灌注桩driven cast－in－place pile法兰基灌注桩Franki pile墩pier扩底墩belled pier, under－reamed pier被动桩passive pile支护桩soldier pile, tangent pile 地下边续墙diaphragm wall,slurry wall支撑bracing井点降水well－point dewatering 桩极限承载力ultimate bearing capacity of pile。
小浪底工程英汉词汇汇编
一、基础词汇access，交通agreement，同意，协议allocation，分配，配制approval，同意，批准arbitration，仲裁Asia Development Bank，亚洲开发银行Assistant，助理，助手Authorize（delegate），授权，委托Bill of Quantities（BOQ），工程量表civil works，土建工程claim，索赔comment，评论，意见commercial manager，商务经理conditions of contract，合同条件general conditions，通用条件conditions of particular application，专用条件special conditions of contract，特别条件conditions of contract for works of civil engineering construction，土木工程施工合同条件construction management，施工管理consultant，顾问contract agreement，合同协议contractor，承包商cooperation，合作coordination，协调cost，费用cost control，成本控制counterclaim，反索赔delay，延误demobilization，退场department，部门designer，设计者drawing，图纸shop drawing，车间图design drawing，设计图as-built drawing，竣工图blue drawing，蓝图transparent drawing，透明图construction drawing，施工图electric works，电气工程employer（client owner），业主engineer，工程师engineer’s representative，工程师代表engineering project，工程项目international project，国际工程overseas project，海外工程equipment，设备expatriate，外籍职员expert，专家export，出口federation of civil engineeringcontractor，土木工程承包商联合会formal，正式的hydromechanical works，金结工程import，进口in charge of，负责，主管informal，非正式的institution of civil engineers（ICE），土木工程师协会instrument，仪器，器械insurance，保险labour，劳务layout，布置leading company，牵头公司，责任公司liability （responsibility，obligation），责任，义务lump sum，总包machinery，机械manpower，人力资源manufacturer，制造商material，材料measure，办法，措施take effective measures，采取有效措施measurement，测量，计量memorandum，备忘录mobilization，进场objection，反对payment，支付plant，设备point of view（opinion），观点，意见prequalification，资格预审procurement，采购profit，利润progress control，进度控制project manager，项目经理quality control，质量控制request（application），申请，要求review，审查risk，风险river closure，截流river diversion，导流safety，安全signature，签名site，现场site engineer，现场工程师specification，规格，规范staff，职员subcontractor，分包商submission，提交supervise，监督，监视supplier，供货商the international chamber ofcommerce，国际商会unit price，单价variation（change），变更word bank，世界银行二、工程施工类（一）工程施工、土建类开挖与支护明挖（open excavation）bench excavation，台阶开挖concrete excavation，砼开挖fault excavation，断层开挖foundation excavation，基础开挖local excavation，局部开挖mass（bulk）excavation，大面积开挖protective layer excavation，保护层开挖rock excavation，岩石开挖slope excavation，边坡开挖soft ground excavation，软基开挖soil excavation，土方开挖精品资料Word 欢迎使用structural excavation，结构开挖tooth excavation，齿槽开挖unclassified material excavation，不分类开挖coefficient of nonuniformity，开挖不均匀系数cutoff trench截水槽dewatering（drainage），排水excavation pit，开挖基坑intensity of excavation，开挖强度overexcavation（overbreak），超挖pump sump，水泵坑underexcavation（underbreak），欠挖underbreak treatment，欠挖处理洞挖及地下开挖（tunnel and underground excavation）a round of excavation，一个开挖循环adit，支洞advance，进尺advanced depth，进尺深度breaking hole，崩落孔cushion hole，缓冲孔drift，掏槽bottom drift，底部掏槽center drift，中心掏槽side drift，边部掏槽top drift，顶部掏槽drilling，钻孔driving（progress）rate，进尺率easer，掏槽孔erecting supports for the roof and side wall，对顶拱及边墙进行支护full face excavation，全断面开挖heading and bench excavation，导洞与台阶开挖loading and hauling muck （mucking），装拉碴loading（charging），装药perimeter hole，周边孔pilot tunnel，导洞removing dust，除尘removing ground water，清除地面积水shooting the explosive（blasting），放炮，爆破top heading excavation，上导洞开挖ventilation，通风钻孔爆破（drilling and blasting）abandoned hole，废孔average hole depth，平均孔深average quantity used in unitvolume blasted，平均单耗blasting result，爆破结果blockness，块度controlled perimeter blasting，周边控制爆破data of explosive filled，装药参数data of holes drilled，钻孔参数delayed blasting，延时爆破exploratory hole，探孔explosive quantity，药量explosive quantity in a sound，单响药量handing misfire，处理哑炮light charge，少量装药loosening blasting，松动爆破pattern，布孔方式distance between holes，孔距distance between rows，排距post shearing blasting，微差爆破prespliting blasting，预裂参数quantity of holes，孔数smooth blasting，光面爆破岩石支护（rock support）expansion shell rock bolt，胀壳式张拉锚杆feature rock anchor，随机锚索feature rock bolt，随机张拉锚杆feature rock dowel，随机砂浆锚杆feature rock reinforcement，随机加固lattice girder，钢珩架，格够大梁pattern cement grouted rockdowel，系统水泥砂浆锚杆pattern resin grouted rockdowel，系统树脂浆锚杆pattern rock dowel，系统砂浆锚杆pattern rock reinforcement，系统加固permanent rock support，永久支护post-tensioned cement groutedtendon rock anchor，后张拉水泥浆锚索rebound material，回弹料return rock bolt，回头张拉锚杆return rock reinforcement，回头加固shotcrete anchorage，喷锚shotcrete with wire mesh，挂网喷砼steel fabric shotcrete，钢纤维喷砼steel rib，钢拱架temporary rock support，临时支护tensioned resin grouted rockbolt，树脂张拉锚杆土石料的填筑及碾压（workingsequence）backfill，回填blend，混合compact，碾压controlled sprinkling，控制散水cut the slope，削坡dump，卸料exploit，开采level，整平load，装料moisture condition，分水调节place and spread，摊铺remove，清除replace，重新填筑retread（do the work again），返工scarify，翻松，刨毛screen and wash，筛分和冲洗take s sample，取样test，测试transport，运输treat，处理trim，休整缺陷（defects）calcium particles姜石精品资料Word 欢迎使用contaminated material，受污染料declination of the boundary，料界偏差dry，干燥lack of compaction，漏压lump，结块muddy，泥泞oversize material，超粒径料pocket，囊穴seepage，渗流separation，分离shear area，剪力区lens，透镜体其他（others）bonding surface，结合面byproduct，副产品controlling parameter，控制参数fill placement record，填筑记录frog area，蛙夯区required embankment，必要填方subzone，分区混凝土（concrete）air-entrained concrete（aerated concrete）加气混凝土asphalt concrete，沥青混凝土blinding concrete，垫层混凝土cast-in-site（site，place）concrete，现浇混凝土plastic concrete，塑性混凝土fibrous concrete，纤维混凝土fist stage concrete，一期混凝土foamed concrete，泡沫混凝土high-performance concrete，高性能混凝土high-strength concrete，高强混凝土intrusion concrete，压浆混凝土lean concrete（poor concrete），贫混凝土lightweight aggregate concrete，轻骨料混凝土mass concrete，大体积混凝土non-fines concrete，无砂混凝土non-plastic concrete，干硬性混凝土non-shrinkage concrete 无受缩混凝土normal concrete，常态混凝土plain concrete，素混凝土porous concrete，多孔混凝土prestressed concrete，预应力混凝土reinforced concrete，钢筋混凝土pump concrete，泵送混凝土roller compacted concrete（rollcrete），碾压混凝土second stage concrete，二期混凝土作业（activity）clearance（cleaning），清理concrete pouring（placement，casting），混凝土养护curing，养护membrance curing，薄膜养护moist curing，湿润养护normal curing，标准养护stream curing，蒸汽养护repairing，修补scabbling（chipping，roughening），凿毛greencutting，冲毛surface finishing，收面vibrating，振捣缺陷（defects）bug hole （pitted surface）麻面cavity狗洞cold joint，冷缝crack，裂缝deformation，变形depression，坑洼fire-damaged concrete，火损坑formwork shifting（moving），跑模grout leakage，漏浆（挂帘）honeycomb，蜂窝incomplete vibration，不完全振捣，漏振irregularity，不规则segregation（bleeding），离析stair（staggered joint），错台tie rod hole，拉杆孔water leakage，漏水water seepage，渗水外加剂（admixture）accelerator，速凝剂air-entraining agent，引气剂bloating（bulking，expansion）agent，膨胀剂coloring admixture，着色剂early-strength admixture，早强剂gas-forming admixture，发气剂fluidizer，塑化剂retarding agent，缓凝剂set-controlling admixture，调凝剂super-plasticizer，增塑剂，高效减水剂surface-active agent，表面活性剂water-reducing agent，减水剂accelerating water reducer，速凝型减水剂retarding water reducer，缓凝型减水剂waterproof agent，防水剂指标（indexes）compressive strength，抗压强度compressive stress，压应力concrete class，混凝土等级final strength，终凝强度graduation，级配graduation curve，级配曲线impermeability，抗渗性initial setting strength，初凝强度mix design，配合比设计resistance to freezing andthawing，抗洞融性shear strength，抗剪强度slump，塌落度specific weight/gravity，比重stability against sliding，抗滑稳定性strain，应变surface finish，表面平整度tensile strength，抗拉强度tensile stress，拉应力thermal stress，温度应力water-cement ratio，水灰比working stress，工作应力精品资料Word 欢迎使用其他（others）acceptance，验收age，龄期aggregate，骨料fine aggregate，细骨料coarse aggregate，粗骨料air pocket，气囊airtightness，气密性alternative，替代物，替换方法apply，应用，施加bending moment，弯矩block，仓号binding strength，黏结强度calibration，标定cement anchor，锚固卷concrete plug，混凝土塞concrete precast element，混凝土预制件concrete release sheet，发料单construction joint，施工缝contamination/pollution，污染conversion（reconstruction），改建coverage，覆盖范围curing agent，养护剂delivery sheet，运料单direct discharge，直接入仓elevation，高程，正视图epoxy mortar application，环氧砂浆抹面existing，现有的expansion joint，伸缩缝facilitate，使容易，使便利gabion，铅丝笼humidity，湿度identify，识别，标志ingredient，成分，配料inspection，视察，检查，验收preliminary inspection，初验final inspection，终验appearance inspection，外观检查intact，未被触动的，完整的inter-tower joint，踏间缝introduce into，将穿入isolate，隔离laitance，乳浆皮layer（lift）height，层高meet design requirement，满足设计要求moment of inertia，惯性距pocket（box out，preset hole），预留孔post-cooling，后冷却post tensioning，后张拉pre-cooling，预冷却pre-stressing，预应力pre-tensioning，先张拉pull-off test，拉拔试验reinforcement cover，钢筋保护层remark，备注section area，截面面积shearkey，抗剪键key groove，键槽shotcrete dry-mix process，干喷砼生产shotcrete wet-mix process，湿喷砼生产simplify，简化simultaneously，同时的spacer，水泥垫块spacing，间距stress concentration，应力集中symmetry，对称technical data，技术参数temperature control，温度控制temperature difference，温差temperature rise（gain），温度升高theoretical elongation，理论伸长量unloading，卸载water stop，止水PVC water stop，PVC止水Rubber water stop，橡皮止水Copper water stop，铜止水Watertightness，闭水性Winter protection，冬季保温模板（formwork，shuttering form）erecting（setting up，fixing）formwork，立模stripping（removing，dismantling）formwork，拆模bond breaker，脱模剂climbing cone，爬升锥dam bracket，大坝支架distance piece，横支撑double-curvature formwork，双曲模板flat formwork，平面模板formwork oil，模板油pigtail anchor，猪尾筋retractable formwork，进退式模板shearkey box，键槽盒sliding formwork，滑模steel form carrier，钢模台车steel formwork，钢模steel waling，钢围令，钢支撑stopend，堵头，封堵模板temporary formwork，临时模板tie rod（form tie），拉杆tiltable formwork，侧斜式模板vault and invert formwork，顶拱及底拱模板wood formwork，木模钢筋（reinforcement rebar）distribution bar，分布筋dowel，插筋horizontal bar，水平筋lap length，搭结长度main stress bar，主应力overlap，搭结shear bar，剪力筋splice welding，绑条焊接starter bar，起始筋，苗子筋stirrup，箍筋support，架立筋vertical bar，竖直筋灌浆（grouting）backfill grouting，回填灌浆consolidation grouting，固结灌浆contact grouting，接触灌浆curtain grouting，帷幕灌浆gap grouting，接缝灌浆gravity grouting，自重灌浆jet grouting，旋喷灌浆multi-stage grouting，多次灌浆精品资料Word 欢迎使用pressure grouting，压力灌浆ring grouting，环行灌浆single-stage grouting，一次灌浆工艺过程（activities）air test，通风试验backfilling hole，封孔flushing test，通水试验joint washing，洗缝seal，密封soak，浸泡water pressure test，压水试验管路及组件（circuit and elements）air supply，风包arising pipe，升浆管circuit，回路clamp，卡子cock，旋塞coil，蛇行管cylinder，缸套double nipple，对丝连接套expansion coupling，伸缩节female-quick coupling，内丝块接头fixed clamp，死卡flow rate meter，流量计galvanized elbow，渡锌弯头grout cap，灌浆帽grout cell，出浆盒grout stop plate，止浆片grout valve，灌浆阀inlet pipe，进浆管large radius elbow，大弧弯头main pipe，总管male-quick coupling，外丝块接头outlet pipe，出浆管packer，灌浆塞piston，活塞plug，堵头reducer 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spacing，加密灌浆孔举距waste mix，弃浆测量（survey）测量方法及术语（method andterms）adjust，校正，调整adjustment，平差allowance，容许误差backsight point，后视点basic point，基础点bench mark，水准点compass，罗盘chainage（station number），桩号chain of triangulation，三角锁check，校核，对照control point，控制点coordinate point，坐标点datum，基准面，已知数，数据datum point，基准点deviation，偏差easily identifiable point，容易识别点error，误差first order triangulation，一等三角测量geodetic，大地测量学的geodetic surveying，大地测量joint survey，联合测量known point，已知点level surface，水准面local triangulation networks，局部三角网national coordination system，国家坐标网observe，观测，监视point to be located，待定点position，定位，位置reconnaissance，选点，踏勘精品资料Word 欢迎使用reference point，参考点second order triangulation，二等三角测量set out，放线，放样stake-line，测桩线state plane coordinate system，国家平面坐标系survey point，测点theoretical point，理论点traverse，导线，导线测量，横段error of traverse，导线闭合差lattice traverse，网格状导线long side traverse，长导线open traverse，非闭合导线short side traverse，短导线traverse closure，导线闭合traverse station，导线点traverse survey，导线测量triangulation，三角测量triangulation 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河南英文导游词黄河小浪底风景区
Yellow River Dam Project Scenic Area atXiaolangdi,Luoyang(黄河小浪底风景区）Ladies and gentlemen ,good morning!You’ve enjoyed most of the artificial sights or historical sights in Luoyang.Today I’d like to show you a mixture one,both artificial and natural------The Yellow River Dam Project Scenic Area at Xiaolangdi---in Luoyang.I hope you’ll enjoy it,too.The dam project is located at the mouth of the last gorge of the middle reaches of the Yellow River some 40 kilometers to the north of Luoyang City,130km west to the Sanmenxia Dam on the Yellow River.It started in September 1992,and completed in the end od 2001 with an investment of around 35 billion RMB.It is a super huge type multi-purpose water-control project built by means of international bidding,partly with the loan from the World Bank.The three principle parts (the dam,the flood and sand discharge system and the electricity generating system)of the project were respectively constructed and fixed by some Italian,German and French experts,who brought us advanced technology in construction and referencable experience in management.Maybe you’ll ask why we invested so great a number of funds in the project.Now let me begin with the Yellow River.I believe most of you know the Yellow River.It is the second big river in China.It’s so well-known is the world largely for the color of its water.Its popularity even exceeds the Yangtse River,which is the biggest river in China. I wonder if you know the why.As a lucid tricklet at the headstream, the Yellow River originates from the Yuegozonglie Bason of the Northern Bayan Har Mountain in Qinghai Province,It flows through nine provinces such as Qinghai,Sichuan,Shandong,Gansu,Ningxia,Inner Mongolia,Shanxi,Shaanxi,Henan and Shandong admitting over forty tributaries and thousands upon thousands of streams along the way and empties into the Bohai Sea in Kenli County, Shandong Province.Thus it has become a might torrent with 5,464kilometers or 3395miles in total length and annual water yield of 48billion cubic meters.It has 752,443square kilometers in drainage area totally.With full of wists and turns,the water of the river starts out crystal clear with neither rolling waves nor roaring furious billows extending and flowing slowly eastward.But when it flowed into the common boundary of Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces,its way was held back by the broad loess plateau.However,its torrent cut the loess plateau into two,forming a deep valley by a great fall of 600meters,As the soil texture is loose here,so vegetation is damaged and topsoil eroded seriously.As a result,the water brings a great deal of topsoil from the plateau to the lower reaches,making the river a world-known muddy river,hence the name,the Yellow River.It had started to make troubles since ancient times,The river washed away large amounts of topsoil from the plateau,especially after a rainstorm.The erosion affects an area of 434,000square kilometers,and every year 1.6billion tons of topsoil from the plateau fell into the river,making the riverbed higher and higher.As a result,the riverbed in Kaifeng(another city is the province on the lower reaches of the Yellow River)is now higher than the city,leading to trouble on the 120,000-square-kilometer region of the lower reaches of the river,and making itself one of the most difficult rivers to be in control in the world.According to historical records,with2500years,26 changes of the Yellow River course occured and 1590 cases of disastrous flooding,hence the saying.The Yellow River brings disasters every year and breaks its dikes two times out of three.None of the provinces of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River---Henan or Shandong could escape the floods.So old saying went:People go well-being,when the Yellow River becomes clear,Those,who father the Yellow River,appease the country,Taming the Yellow River has been the wishes of the Chinese people as well as the rulers of China since ancient times.The work of harnessing the Yellow River can be traced back to as early as over 4,000years ago,The stroy that Yu the Great passed by his home to work on the project of the Yellow River during the Xia Dynasty 4,000years ago is widely known is China. After the founding of new China in 1949,the Chinese Government turned special attention to harnessing the Yellow River.In October 1952,Chairman Mao Zedong made his first inspection tour to the Yellow River region and gave out a call upon the Chinese people,Work on the Yellow River must be done well, The central government held special meetings to summarize experiences and lessons on the control of the Yellow River,making overall plans for further harnessing of the river.One of them was to build a key dam at the mouth of the last gorge of the Yellow River in Xiaolangdi Village in Luoyang.However,it was only a long-range plan then,because we didn’t have the advantage or technical ability to build such a complicated and grand project in the newly founded China.So a series of workable measures was adopted,such as,building large water-control projects at the upper reaches,which was major means for the purpose of both generating electricity to bring benefit to the people and controlling the flow to ensure safety of the middle and lower reaches.The main work done at the middle reaches was promoting afforestation in a large scale so as to conserve water and soil.While at the lower reaches,reinforcing the river embankments by means of planting trees on both sides to heighten the ability of flood control .In addition,clearing the water by sedimentation was also adopted for integrated utilization of water and soil resources. More recently,President Jiang Zemin gave instruction,Make use of the harmful river so as to benefit the Chinese nation.More senior officials of the central government came to Luoyang to inspect the Yellow River.Finally,a historical important decision was made to build a giant project on the Yellow River in Luoyang-----the Xiaolangdi Water-control Project.It was listed as one of the most important state’s projects in China at the fourth plenary session of the Seventh National People’s Congress in 1991.Three years later that was in 1994 the former Premier Li Peng came to the spot purposely to exclaim the initiation of the historical grand project----the Yellow River Dam at Xiaolangdi.The Dam,built like a huge skewed wall with rock and cohesive soil filles inside,is 1317meters along and 281meter in heights,which is able to control the flood occurred once every thousand years.The total measurement of the reservoir is 12.65billoin cubic meters.Its final water level is 275meters above sea level,which 128kilometers in backwash and273.3square km in area,of which 199.2kilometers are in Henan Province,possessing 73.1%of the total.In addition,after being built,the project can reduce or slow down the sediment deposit in the river of 29years and prevent flood threat in the range of 120,000square kilometers .It can control an drainage area of 694,000 square kilometers accounting for 90%of the total,increasing 4 billion cubic meters of water supply,which can not only meet the needs of industrial use but also make the water supply rate of 1,500Mu Yellow River-irrigated area in the lower reaches rising from 30% at present to 75%.The total installed capacity of the hydroelectric power station is 1.56million kw,with an annual generating capacity of 5.1billion kwh.As the largest water-control project on the YellowRiver,Xioalangdi is able to play an important role not only in flood control,ice prevention,silt reduction,irrigation,water supply and electric power generation in Henan Province and even in the whole region of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River,but also in providing a new tourist attraction for tourist both at home and abroad.At present,a beautiful lake with a water surface of over 300 square km and green islands standing in like forest has already taken shape,which has formed a large area of tourist zone.It is as large as 1,262 square km in area,divided into four tourist attractions in total with 13tourist areas including 113scenic spots.According to the plan made by the province and the Ministry of Water Resources and Electric Power,a series of suited scenic spots will be built in a few years,which will be more appealing to tourists.。
Removed_小浪底国际工程常用英汉词汇汇编
一、基础词汇access 交通agreement 同意、协议allocation 分配、配置approval 同意、批准arbitration 仲裁Asia Development Bank 亚洲开发银行assistant 助理、助手authorize(delegate) 授权、委托Bill of Quantities(BOQ) 工程量表civil works 土建工程claim 索赔comment 评论、意见commercial manager 商务经理conditions of contract 合同条件general conditions 通用条件conditions of particular application 专用条件special conditions of contract 特别条件Conditions of contract for Works of Civil Engineering Construction土木工程施工合同条件construction management 施工管理consultant 顾问contract agreement 合同协议Contractor 承包商cooperation 合作coordination 协作cost 费用cost control 成本控制counterclaim 反索赔demobilization 退场department 部门Designer 设计者drawing 图纸shop drawing 车间图design drawing 设计图as-built drawing 竣工图blue drawing 蓝图transparent drawing 透明图construction drawing 施工图Engineer's representative 工程师代表engineering project 工程项目international project 国际工程overseas project 海外工程domestic project 国内工程equipment 设备expatriate 外籍职员expert 专家export 出口Federation of Civil Engineering Contractor土木工程承包商联合会formal 正式的hydromechanical works 金结工程import 进口in charge of 负责、主管informal 非正式的Institution of Civil Engineers(ICE) 土木工程师协会instrument 仪器、器械insurance 保险labour 劳务layout 布置leading company(sponsor)牵头公司、责任公司liability(responsibility/obligation) 责任、义务lump sump 总包machinery 机械manpower(human resource) 人力资源Manufacturer 制造商material 材料measure 办法、措施take effective measures 采取有效措施measurement 测量、计量memorandum 备忘录mobilization 进场objection 反对payment 支付plant 设备小浪底国际工程常用英汉词汇汇编point of view(opinion) 观点、意见prequalification 资格预审Employer(Client/Owner) 业主Engineer 工程师profit 利润progress control 进度控制project manager 项目经理quality control 质量控制request(application) 申请、请求review 审查risk 风险river closure 截流river diversion 导流safety 安全signature 签名site 工地、现场site engineer 现场工程师specification 规格、规范staff 职员Subcontractor 分包商submission 提交supervise 监督、监视Supplier 供货商the International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会unit price 单价variation(change) 变更World Bank 世界银行二、工程施工类（一）工程施工-土建类◆开挖与支护（Excavation and Support)明挖（Open Excavation )bench excavation 台阶开挖concrete excavation 砼开挖fault excavation 断层开挖foundation excavation 基础开挖local excavation 局部开挖mass(bulk) excavation 大面积开挖protective layer excavation 保护层开挖rock excavation 岩石开挖slope excavation 边坡开挖soft ground excavation 软基开挖soil excavation 土方开挖structural excavation 结构开挖tooth excavation 齿槽开挖unclassified material excavation 不分类料开挖coefficient of nonuniformity 开挖不均匀系数cutoff trench 截水槽dewatering(drainage) 排水excavation pit 开挖基坑intensity of excavation 开挖强度overexcavate ( overbreak ) 超挖pump sump 水泵坑Underexcavate ( underbreak ) 欠挖underbreak treatment 欠挖处理洞挖及地下开挖（Tunnel and Underground Excavation)a round of excavation 一个开挖循环adit 支洞advance 进尺advances depth 进尺深度breaking hole 崩落孔cushion hole 缓冲孔drift 掏槽cutting holebottom drift 底部掏槽center drift 中心掏槽side drift 边部掏槽top drift 顶部掏槽drilling 钻孔driving(progress) rate 进尺率easer 掏槽孔erecting supports for the roof and side wall对顶拱及边墙进行支护full face excavation 全断面开挖heading and bench excavation 导流与台阶开挖loading and hauling muck(mucking ) 装拉渣loading (charging) 装药perimeter hole 周边孔pilot tunnel 导洞removing dust 除尘removing ground water 清除地面积水shooting the explosive (blasting) 放炮top heading excavation 上导洞开挖ventilation 通风钻孔爆破(Drilling and Blasting)abandoned hole 废孔average hole depth 平均孔深average quantity used in unit volume blasted平均单耗blasting result 爆破结果blockness 块度controlled perimeter blasting 周边控制爆破data of explosive filled 装药参数data of holes drilled 钻孔参数delayed blasting 延时爆破exploratory hole 探孔explosive quantity 药量explosive quantity in a sound 单响药量handling misfire 处理哑炮light charge 少量装药loosening blasting 松动爆破pattern 布孔方式distance between holes 孔距distance between rows 排距post shearing blasting 微差爆破prespliting blasting 预裂爆破quantity of holes 孔数smooth blasting 光面爆破岩石支护(rock support)expansion shell rock bolt 胀壳式张拉锚杆feature rock anchor 随机锚索feature rock bolt 随机张拉锚杆feature rock dowel 随机砂浆锚杆feature rock reinforcement 随机加固lattice girder 钢桁架、格构大梁pattern cement grouted rock dowel 系统水泥浆锚杆pattern resin grouted rock dowel 系统树脂浆锚杆pattern rock dowel 系统砂浆锚杆pattern rock reinforcement 系统加固permanent rock support 永久支护post-tensioned cement groutedtendon rock anchor 后张拉水泥浆锚rebound material 回弹料return rock bolt 回头张拉锚杆return rock reinforcement 回头加固shotcrete anchorage 喷锚shotcrete with wire mesh 挂网喷砼steel fabric shotcrete 钢纤维喷砼steel rib 钢拱架temporary rock support 临时支护tensioned resin grouted rock bolt 树脂张拉锚杆◆土石料的填筑及碾压施工工序（Working Sequence) backfill 回填blend 混合compact 碾压controlled sprinkling 控制洒水cut the slope 削坡dump 卸料exploit 开采level 整平load 装料moisture condition 水分调节place and spread 摊铺remove 清除replace 重新回填retreat (do the work again) 返工scarify 翻松、刨毛screen and wash 筛分和冲洗take a sample 取样test 测试transport 运输treat 处理trim 修整缺陷（Defects）calcium particles 姜石contaminated material 受污染料declination of the boundary 料界偏差dry 干燥lack of compaction 漏压lump sump 结块muddy 泥泞oversize material 超粒径材料pocket 囊穴seepage 渗流separation 分离shear area 剪力区lens 透镜体其它（Others)bonding surface 结合面byproduct 副产品controlling parameter 控制参数fill placement record 填筑记录frog area 蛙夯区required embankment 必要填方subzone 分区◆混凝土（Concrete ）air-entrained concrete(aerated concrete) 加气砼asphalt concrete 沥青砼blinding concrete 垫层砼cast-in situ(site/place)concrete 现浇砼plastic concrete 塑料砼fibrous concrete 纤维砼first stage concrete 一期砼foamed concrete 泡沫砼high-performance concrete 高性能砼high-strength concrete 高强砼intrusion concrete 压浆砼lean concrete (poor concrete) 贫砼lightweight aggregate concrete 轻骨料砼mass concrete 大体积砼non-fines concrete 无砂砼non-plastic concrete 干硬性砼non-shrinkage concrete 无收缩砼normal concrete 常态砼plain concrete 素砼porous concrete 多孔砼prestressed concrete 预应力砼pump concrete 泵送砼reinforced concrete 钢筋砼roller compacted concrete( rollcrete) 碾压砼second stage concrete 二期砼作业（Activity）clearance(clearing) 清理concrete pouring(placement/casting) 砼浇筑curing 养护Membrance curing 薄膜养护moist curing 湿润养护normal curing 标准养护steam curing 蒸汽养护repairing 修理Scabbling (chiping/roughening) 凿毛greencutting 冲毛surface finishing 收面vibrating 振捣缺陷（Defects）bug hole(pitted surface) 麻面cavity 狗洞cold joint 冷缝crack 裂缝deformation 变形depression 坑洼fire-damaged concrete 火损砼formwork shifting(moving) 跑模grout leakage 漏浆（挂帘）honeycomb 蜂窝incomplete vibration 不完全振捣、漏振irregularity 不规则segregation(bleeding) 离析stair(staggered joint) 错台tie rod hole 拉杆孔water leakage 漏水water seepage 渗水外加剂（Admixture）accelerator 速凝剂air-entraining agent 引气剂bloating(bulking /expansion)agent 膨胀剂coring admixture 着色剂early-strength admixture 早强剂gas-forming admixture 发气剂（起泡剂）fluidizer 塑化剂retarding agent 缓凝剂set-controlling admixture 调凝剂super-plasticizer增塑剂、高效减水剂surface-active agent 表面活性剂water-reducing agent 减水剂accelerating water reducer 速凝型减水剂retarding water reducer 缓凝型减水剂waterproof agent 防水剂指标（Indexes）compressive strength 抗压强度compressive stress 压应力concrete class 砼等级final strength 终凝强度graduation 级配graduation curve 级配曲线impermeability 抗渗性initial setting strength 初凝强度mix design 配比设计resistance to freezing and thawing 抗冻融性shear strength 抗剪强度slump 坍落度specific weight/gravity 比重stability against sliding 抗滑稳定性strain 应变surface finish 表面平整度tensile strength 抗拉强度tensile stress 拉应力thermal stress 温度应力water-cement ratio 水灰比working stress 工作应力其他（Others）acceptance 验收age 龄期aggregate 骨料fine aggregate 细骨料coarse aggregate 粗骨料air pocket 气囊airtightness 气密性alternative 替代物、替换方法apply 应用、施加bending moment 弯矩block 仓号binding strength 黏结强度calibration 标定cement anchor 锚固卷concrete plug 砼塞concrete precast element 砼预制件concrete release sheet 发料单construction joint 施工缝contamination /pollution 污染conversion(reconstruction) 改建coverage 覆盖范围curing agent 养护剂delivery sheet 运料单direct discharge 直接入仓elevation 高程、正视图epoxy mortar application 还氧砂浆抹面existing 现有（存）的expansion joint 伸缩缝facilitate 使容易（便利）gabion 纤丝笼humidity 湿度identity 识别、标记ingredient 成分、配料inspection 检查、验收preliminary inspection 初验final inspection 终验appearance inspection 外观检查intact完整的、未被触动的inter-tower joint 塔间缝introduce into 将……穿入isolate 隔离laitance 浮浆皮layer(lift)height 层高meet design requirement 满足设计要求moment of inertia 惯性距Pocket (box out/preset hole) 预留孔post-cooling 后冷却post tensioning 后张拉pre-cooling 预冷却pre-stressing 预应力pre-tensioning 先张拉pull-off test 扒拉试验reinforcement cover 钢筋保护层remark 备注section area 截面面积shearkey 抗剪键key groove 键槽shotcrete dry-mix process 干喷砼生产shotcrete wet-mix process 湿喷砼生产simplify 简化simultaneously 同时地spacer 水泥垫块spacing 间距stress concentration 应力集中symmetry 对称technical data 技术参数temperature control 温度控制temperature difference 温差temperature rise(gain) 温度升高theoretical elongation 理论延长量unloading 卸载water stop 止水PVC water stop PVC止水rubber water stop 橡皮止水copper water stop 铜止水watertightness 闭水性winter protection 冬季保温◆模板（Formwok/Shuttering form)erecting(setting up/fixing)formwork 立模Stripping (removing/dismantling) formwork 拆模bond breaker 脱模剂climbing cone 爬升锥dam bracket 大坝支架distance piece 横支撑double-curvature formwork 双曲模板flat formwork 平面模板formwork oil 模板油pigtail anchor 猪尾筋retractable formwork 进退式模板shearkey box 键槽盒sliding formwork 滑模steel form carrier 钢模台车steel formwork 钢模steel waling 钢围令、钢支撑stopend 堵头、封堵模板temporary formwork 临时模板tie rod(form tie) 拉杆tiltable formwork 倾斜式模板vault and invert formwork 顶拱及底拱模板wood formwork 木模◆钢筋（Reinforcement Rebar）distribution bar 分布筋dowel 插筋horizontal bar 水平筋lap length 搭接长度main stress bar 主应力筋overlap 搭接shear bar 剪力筋splice welding 绑条焊接starter bar 起始筋、苗子锦stirrup 箍筋support bar 架立筋vertical bar 竖直筋◆灌浆（Grouting）backfill grouting 回填灌浆consolidation grouting 固结灌浆contact grouting 接触灌浆curtain grouting 帷幕灌浆gap grouting 接缝灌浆gravity grouting 自重灌浆jet grouting 旋喷灌浆multi-stage grouting 多次灌浆pressure grouting 压力灌浆ring grouting 环行灌浆single-stage grouting 一次灌浆工艺过程（Activity）air test 通风试验backfilling of hole 封孔flushing test 通水试验joint washing 洗缝seal 密封soak 浸泡water pressure test 压水试验管路及组件（Circuit and Elements）air supply 风包arising pipe 升降管circuit 回路clamp 卡子cock 旋塞coil 蛇形管cylinder 缸套double nipple 对丝连接套expansion coupling 伸缩节female-quick coupling 内丝快接头fixed clamp 死卡flow rate meter 测量计galvanized elbow 镀锌弯头grout cap 灌浆帽grout cell 出浆盒grout stop plate 止浆片grout valve 灌浆阀inlet pipe 进浆管large radius elbow 大弧弯头main pipe 总管male-quick coupling 外丝快接头outlet pipe 出浆管packer 灌浆塞piston 活塞plug 堵头reducer socket 变径管套return pipe 回浆管tee piece 三通管reduce tee piece 变径三通管swivel-clamp 转卡U-bend U弯头union 活接头ventilation pipe 排气管water supply 水包参数及指标（Parameter and Indexes）consistency 稠度fineness 细度grout take 吃浆量high take 吃浆量大grouting pressure 灌浆压力leakage rate 漏水率Lugeon 吕容mix proportion 浆比pumping rate 泵浆率refusal criteria 排浆标准refusal time 抽浆时间water aborptin 吸水率仪器设备（Plant and Instrument）agitator 搅拌站automatic recorder 自动记录仪chiller plant(cooling plant) 制冷站displancement point 位移点electronic grout flow meter 电子流量计extensometer 变位计flow transmitter 流量传感器foundation displacement indicator 基础位移指示器grout pump 灌浆泵hydrometer 比重计joint meter 测缝计mixing plant 制浆站monitor 监测器osmometer 渗压计pendulum 钟摆portable instrument 便携式仪器pressure gauge 压力表pressure sensor 压力传感器reinforcement meter 钢筋计steel basin 搅拌槽strain meter 应变计temperature sensor 温度传感器terminal station 集线站其他（Others）check hole 检查孔compartment 灌区dense mix 浓浆foundation uplift 基础隆起grout hole 灌浆孔instrument hole 仪器孔primary/secondary and tertiary一序、二序、三序grout holes灌浆孔spilt spacing 加密灌浆孔距waste mix 弃浆◆测量（Survey）测量方法及术语（Methods and Terms）adjust 校正、调整adjustment 平差allowance 容许误差backsight point 后视点basic point 基础点bench mark 水准点compass 罗盘chainage(station number) 桩号chain of triangulation 三角锁check 校核、对照control point 控制点coordinate point 坐标点datum 基础面datum point 基准点deviation 偏差easily identifiable point 容易识别点error 误差first order triangulation 一等三角测量geodetic 大地测量学的geodetic surveying 大地测量joint survey 联合测量known point 已知点level surface 水准面local triangulation networks 局部三角网national coordination system 国家坐标网observe 观测、监视point to be located 待定点position 定位、位置reconnaissance 选点、踏勘reference point 参考点second order triangulation 二等三角测量set out 放线、放样stake-line 测桩线state plane coordinate system 国家平面坐标系survey point 测点theoretical point 理论点traverse(polygon) 导线（测量）、横断error of traverse 导线闭合差lattice traverse 网格状导线long side traverse 长导线open traverse 非闭合导线short side traverse 短导线traverse closure 导线闭合traverse station 导线点traverse survey 导线测量triangulation 三角测量triangulation network 三角网triangulation of high order 高等级三角网triangulation point 三角点trilateration 三边测量vertical-control net 高程控制网wood pile 木桩角度测量（Angular Measure）azimuth 方位角bearing 方位、象限角buddle 气泡、水准器circle 度盘、圆盘circular bubble 圆水准器collimation axis 视准轴cross-line(cross-hair) 十字丝depression angle 俯角elevation angle 仰角eyepiece(ocular) 目镜field pole(staff) 标杆foot-screw 脚螺栓horizontal angle 水平角mark 标志（明）objective lens 物镜plumb(plummet) 铅垂、垂线sight 瞄准、观测target 目标、瞄准theodolite 经纬仪tranverse axis 横轴tripod 三脚架vertical angle 竖直角vertical axis 竖轴望远镜（Telescope）centering 对中face left 盘左face right 盘右focus 集中、焦点focusing 调焦index error 指标误差inverted position oftelescope(reverse telescope) 倒镜、盘右normal position of telescope(direct telescope) 正镜、盘右optical plummet 光学垂准器round 测回set 套、组station 测站距离测量（Distance Measure）barometer 气压计base line(basic line/datum line) 基线battery 电池EDM(electromagnetic distance measurement) 电磁波测距filter 滤光片、滤波器laser alignment system 激光准直系统laser beam 激光束prism 棱镜range 测程、距离long range 远程medium range 中程short range 短程range finder 测距仪signal 信号spring balance 弹簧称tape 卷尺invar tape 铟瓦钢卷尺高程测量（Height Measurement）altitude/elevation 高程、海拔approximate leveling 近似置平、粗平automatic level 自动定平水准仪difference in altitude(difference of elevation ,height difference) 高差error of closure in leveling 水准闭合差exact leveling 精平、确置平level 水准仪（测点）level circuit 水准闭合环level shoe 水准尺垫line of level 水准线路national geodetic vertical datum国家大地高程基准面reduced level 归化高差run back 返测run out 往测three-wire leveling 三丝法水准测量地形测量（Topographic Survey）boundary 边界、界线construction stake 施工标桩contour 等高线contour interval 等高距contouring 绘等高线contour-length method 等高线延长法contour line 等高线control network 控制网detail 细部、详图draw 绘图field 外业fix 固定、确定form line 地形图grid 格网information 注记、资料、情报marginal information 轮廓注记large-scale 大比例尺的latitude 纬度、范围latitude circle 纬圈latitude line 纬线legend 图例location 定线、定位longitude 经度longitude line 经线map 地图、制图、制图、测图、地质mapping 素描match line 拼接线monument 标石、石柱object 地物、目标plan 平面图、略图plot 绘图profile 断面（图）、纵剖图record 记录、资料setup 定置仪器site location 定位stake out 放样、定线、立桩symbol 符号、记号topographic detail 地形细部topographic map 地形图◆原形观测观测仪器和设施（Instrumentation and Facilities）air-entraining meter 掺气剂Carlson-type piezometer 卡尔逊式渗压计concrete strain meter 砼应变计convergent point 收敛测点direct plumb line 正垂线earth pressure cell 土压力盒embankment piezometer 坝体渗压计embankment strain meter 堤应变计extended wire 引张线foundation piezometer 基础渗压计horizontal inclinometer 水平测斜仪hydraulic instrument 水力学仪器hydrophone 水听器inclinometer casing 测斜管interface joint meter 界面变位计inverted plumb line 倒垂线micro piezometer 微压计multiple position extensometer 多点位移计observation point 观测标点observation well 观测井optical alignment line 视准线plate strain meter 钢板计pneumatic piezometer 气压式渗压计pressure fluctuation meter 脉动压力计prestressed tendon anchoragedynamometer 预应力锚索测力计rock bolt extensometer 锚杆测力计single point extensometer 单点位移计spiral sensor 测扭仪standpipe 测压管strong-motion seismogragh 强震仪surface monument 表面标点temperature sensor 温度传感器terminal house 终端房terminal station 终端站tilt meter 倾角计time average pressure cell 时均压力计total pressure cell 总压力盒velometer 流速计vertical inclinometer 垂直测斜仪vibrating wire piezometer 震旋式渗压计vibrating wire settlement sensor 振旋式沉降仪weir with micro piezometer 带微压计的量水堰working base point 工作基点zero stress-strain meter 砼无应力计附件及配件（Acessories and Spare Parts）coil 盘绕component 零部件coordinator 坐标仪damping box 阻尼角differential resistance 差动电阻double layer rubber sleeve 双层保护forced centering plate 强制对中盘instrument lead 仪器电缆invar wire 铟瓦丝metal ring 金属环plumb coordinate meter 垂线坐标仪pulley 滑轮regulator 调节器riser 立管sensor 传感器spool 绕轴steel socket 钢底座tablet 药片tensioning weight 张拉重锤thermistor 热敏电阻tip 测头安装过程（Procession of Installation）assemble 组装couple 连接embed 埋设install 安装insulate 绝缘maintenance 维护monitor 监测protection of instrumentation 仪器保护reduce 归纳seal 密封splice 拼接supply 提供test 测试资料（Information）assemble schematic 装配简图certificate 合格证书description 使用说明书maintenace guideline 维护指南manual 说明书operating principle 工作原理operating restraint 操作范围procedure 程序trouble shooting procedure 鼓掌分析程序其他（Others）annular space 环行空间data acquisition 数据采集data recording 数据记录leas drilling hole 引线孔permanent record 永久记录readout device 读数设备saturated 饱和的seepage isolation dike 截渗堤trapezoidal 梯形◆水工常规试验砼原材料试验（Test of Raw and Processed Material of Concrete）骨料（Aggregate）abrasion volume by Los Angeles rattler 洛杉机磨耗量accumulated retained percentage 累计筛余百分率acicular and flaky grain in aggregate针状与片状颗粒含量alkali-aggregate reaction 碱骨料反应apparent density 视密度bulk density (unity weight) 容重clay lumps and friable particles in aggregate黏土块及易碎颗粒含量coefficient of softening 软化系数crush index 压碎指标dry state 干燥状态exceeding and inferior grain in aggregate 超逊径颗粒含量fineness modulus 细度模数gaping place rate 空隙率grader retained percentage 分计筛余百分率grain composition 颗粒级配grain size 粒径lightweight matter in aggregate 轻物质含量mica content 云母含量moisture content(water rate) 含水率mud content 含泥量organic content 有机质含量potential reactivity of aggregate 骨料潜在活性saturation 饱和的sieving curve 筛分曲线soft grain in aggregate 软弱骨料含量soundness 坚固性surface moisture content 表面含水率water-soluble sulphide 水溶性硫化物水硬性胶凝材料(Hydraulicity cementitious material)age 龄期cement mark(strength of cement /cement grade) 水泥标号consumptive use of water normal consistance 标准稠度用水量degree of mobilization 流动性dissolution heat ( solution heat ) 溶解热final set 终凝flexural strength 抗弯强度flyash 粉煤灰hydration heat 水化热initial set 初凝loss on ignition(ignition loss) 烧矢量setting time 凝结时间silica fume 硅粉soundness 水泥的安定性specific surface area 比表面积specific heat 比热water demand ratio 吸水量比外加剂（Admixture）bubble stability 泡沫稳定性bubbling ability 起泡能力chloride content 氯化物含量compressive strength rate 抗压强度比contract with dry rate 干缩率dispersing coefficient 分散系数dispersing ability of water -reducing agent 减水剂分散能力loss of slump 塌落度损失sulphate content 硫酸盐含量solid content 固体含量surface tension 表面张力water-reducing rate 减水率水（Water）alkalinity 碱度calcion 钙离子carbonic acid 钙酸chlorion 氯离子equivalent concentration 当量浓度oxygen consumption 耗氧量normal solution (standard solution) 标准溶液PH value PH值water analysis 水值分析砼（Concrete）砼拌和物（Mixture）assurance strength of concrete 砼保证强度bleeding rate 泌水率cement-sand ration 灰砂比design strength of concrete 砼设计标号flowability of concrete 砼的流动性mix proportion (proportion of mixture) 砼配合比mixture uniformity 拌和物的均匀性penetration-obstruction method 贯入阻力法probability of ensuring strengthof concrete 砼强度保证率sand rate 砂率unit consumption of water 单位用水量water retention (water retentiveness) 保水性water-cement ratio 水灰比硬化砼（Hardened concrete）axial tensile strength 轴向抗拉强度coefficient of thermal conductivity 导热系数cooling rate 冷却率core of concrete 砼芯样creep deformation (time deformation ) 徐变变形form coefficient(form factor) 形状系数freezing -melting circulation 冻融循环frost-resistance mark 抗冻标号heat property of concrete 砼热学性能height-diameter ration 高径比linear expansion coefficient 线膨胀系数loss of weight 重量损失natural frequency 自振频率permeate 渗透permeated height 渗透高度permeated-resisting mark 抗渗标号relative coefficient ofpermeability 相对渗透系数resonance frequency 共振频率sample 试件self-grown volume deformation（砼）自生体积变形splitting tensile strength 劈裂抗拉强度static compressive modulus of elasticity 静力抗压弹数temperature conductivity 导温系数tensile modulus of elasticity 抗拉弹性模量thermal insulation warming 绝热温升ultimate tensile strain 极限拉应变ultimate tensile strength 极限抗拉强度wear rate 磨损率wear-resisting strength 抗冲磨强度砂浆（Cement）cement lime mortar 水泥石灰砂浆cement mortar 水泥砂浆cement-clay mortar 水泥黏土砂浆epoxy mortar 环氧砂浆lime mortar 石灰砂浆plastering mortar 抹面砂浆pointing joint mortar 勾缝砂浆土（Soil）accumulation curve (cumulative curve) 累计曲线activity index 活性指标angle of friction 摩擦角Atterberg limits(water content as limit)阿太堡界限（界限含水量）California bearing ratio 载重比coarse-grained soil 粗粒土coefficient of compressibility 压缩系数coefficient of cubical compressibility 体积压缩系数coefficient of curvature 曲率系数compression 压缩compression index 压缩指数compression modulus 压缩模数consolidated-undrained (quick) shear test固结不排水剪（固结快剪）试验consolidated-undrained (slow) shear test固结不排水剪（慢剪）试验consolidation 固结consolidation coefficient 固结系数consolidation settlement 固结沉降consolidation stress 固结应力continuous grading/gradation 连接级配contraction test(shrinkage test) 收缩试验core cutter method 环刀法creep curve 蠕变曲线critical slope逸出坡降（临界坡降）Darcy's law 达西定律degree of consolidation 固结度degree of free swelling 自由膨胀率direct shear test 直接剪切试验direct shear test of reiteration 反复直剪强度试验distribution curve 分布曲线drift soil (shifting soil/mass flow) 流土effective angle of inner friction 有效内摩擦角effective strength envelope 有效强度包线expansion force 膨胀力expansion ration(specific expansion) 膨胀率filtering flow(seepage flow) 渗流fine-grained soil 细粒土flow net(drift net) 流网hydraulic slope 水力坡降hydrometer method 比重计法hydrostatic head method 常水头法limit equilibrium state 极限平衡状态liquefaction 液化liquid limit 液限liquidity index 液化指标maximum dry density 最大干密度method of sieving 筛分法Mohr's stress circle 莫力应力圆Mohr-coulomb failure criteria 莫尔-库伦破坏准则normal stress 法向应力（正应力）oedometer curve 压缩曲线optimum moisture content 最优含水量piping 管涌plastic limit 塑限plasticity index 塑性指标pore water pressure 空隙水压力porosity 空隙率principal stress 主应力Proctor compaction test 普氏击实试验relative density 相对密度sand replacement method 灌砂法saturability (saturation degree/percent saturation) 饱和度saturated unit weight 饱和容重seepage deformation 渗透变形seepage force(seepage pressure) 渗透力seepage line 渗透线seepage speed 渗透速度shear stress 切向应力（剪应力）shrinkage limit 缩限skip(gap/jump) grading 间断级配specific gravity of soil particle 土粒比重steady seepage field 稳定渗流场stress path 应力路径total strength envelope 总强度包线triaxial compression test 三轴压缩试验unconfined compression strength 无侧限抗压强度unconsolidated undrained test不固结不排水剪（快剪）试验variable head method 变水头法void(pore) ratio 孔隙比water replacement method 灌水法wet density 湿密度其它建筑材料钢筋（steel ）bending and unbending 反复弯曲cold bending test 冷弯试验elongation test 拉伸试验nominal diameter 公称直径ratio of elongation 伸长率relaxation test 松弛试验steel strand 钢绞线tensile yield strength 拉伸屈服强度ultimate tensile strength 极限抗拉强度木材（Wood）curshing strength paralled to the grain 顺纹抗压强度tensile strength paralled to the grain 顺纹抗拉强度crushing strength across the grain 横纹抗压强度tensile strength across to the grain 横纹抗拉强度沥青（Asphalt）brittle temperature test 脆化点试验expansion test 延伸度试验penetration test 针入式试验softening point test 软化点试验test of aging 老化试验viscosity test 粘滞性试验质量管理（Quality Management）average 平均值deviation standard(error of mean squares) 均方差deviation coefficient(dispersion coefficient) 离差系数index of correlation 相关系数management limit 管理界限mathematic statistics 数理统计maximum 最大值minimum 最小值normal distribution 正态分布quality assurance 质量保证quality examination 质量检测regression curve 回归曲线relative dampness 相对湿度sample capacity 样本容量sampling frequency 取样频率specimen 样品statistical analysis 统计分析technical specification 技术规范technical standard 技术标准testing circumstance 试验环境testing error 试验误差testing regulation 试验规程variance analysis 方差分析◆地质(Geology)地质年代（Geochronology of Geologic Ages）Archaeozoic era (erathem) 太古代（界）Proterozoic era (erathem) 元古代（界）Palaeozoic era (erathem) 古生代（界）Mesozoic era (erathem) 中生代（界）Cenozoic era (erathem) 新生代（界）Sinian period (system) 震旦纪（系）Cambrian period (system) 寒武纪（系）Ordovician period (system) 奥陶纪（系）Silurian period (system) 志留纪（系）Devonian period (system) 泥盘纪（系）Carboniferous period (system) 石碳纪（系）Permian period (system) 二叠纪（系）Triassic period (system) 三叠纪（系）Jurassic period (system) 侏罗纪（系）Cretaceous period (system) 白垩纪（系）Tertiary period (system) 第三纪（系）Quaternary period (system) 第四纪（系）地质构造（Geologic Structural）fault 断层normal fault 正断层reversed fault 逆断层parallel fault 平移断层gouge 断层泥stria 擦痕joint 节理primary joint 原生节理secondary joint 次生节理tension joint 张节理unloading joint 卸荷节理schistosity 片理bedding 层理foliation 板理（叶理）ripple mark 波痕mud crack 泥痕rain print 雨痕orientation of bedrock 岩层产状strike 走向dip 倾向angle of dip (dip angle ) 倾角fold 褶皱anticline 背斜syncline 向斜Monocline (homocline) 单斜dome 穹隆soft stratum 软弱岩层zone of fracture(broken zone ) 破碎带affected zone 影响带platy structure 板状构造cleavage 解理fracture(rupture) 断裂fissure(crack/fracture) 裂隙岩石类型（Rock type）petrology 岩石学igneous rock 火成岩magmatic rock 岩浆岩lava(vocanic rock) 火山岩intrusive (invade) rock 侵入岩effusive rock 深成岩pypabussal rock 浅成岩acid rock 酸性岩inter-mediate rock 中性岩basic rock 基性岩ultrabasic rock 超基性岩granite 花岗岩porphyry 斑岩rhyolite 玢岩syenite 流纹岩trachyte 粗面岩diorite 闪长岩andesite 安山岩gabbro 辉长岩basalt 玄武岩aplite 细晶岩pegmatite 伟晶岩lamprophyre 煌斑岩diabase 辉绿岩dunite 橄榄岩pumice 浮岩sedimentary rock 沉积岩clastic rock 碎屑岩clay rock 黏土岩chemical rock 化学岩biolith 生物岩conglomerate 砾岩siltstone 粉砂岩mudstone 泥岩shale 页岩saline rock 盐岩limestone 石灰岩dolomite 白云岩marl 泥灰岩volcanic breccia 火山角砾岩volcanic agglomerate 火山块集岩tuff 凝灰岩metamorphic rock 变质岩slate 板岩phyllite 千枚岩schist 片岩gneiss 片麻岩。
小浪底游玩作文英语
小浪底游玩作文英语Exploring the Wonders of Xiaolangdi: An Unforgettable AdventureNestled amidst the breathtaking landscapes of China's Henan Province lies the captivating destination of Xiaolangdi, a natural wonder that has captivated the hearts and minds of countless visitors from around the world. As I embarked on my journey to this remarkable site, I knew that I was in for an experience that would leave a lasting impression on me.From the moment I stepped foot in Xiaolangdi, I was immediately struck by the sheer grandeur of the surroundings. The towering cliffs, carved by the relentless forces of nature, stood as silent sentinels, their rugged beauty a testament to the power and resilience of the earth. The crystal-clear waters of the Yellow River, which flows through the heart of this stunning region, sparkled in the sunlight, inviting me to explore its depths and uncover the secrets it held.As I wandered through the winding paths and trails that crisscrossed the landscape, I couldn't help but be in awe of the diverse array ofnatural wonders that Xiaolangdi had to offer. From the intricate rock formations that seemed to defy gravity to the lush, verdant forests that provided a soothing respite from the heat, every step I took revealed a new and captivating sight.One of the highlights of my visit to Xiaolangdi was the opportunity to witness the impressive Xiaolangdi Dam, a colossal engineering feat that has played a crucial role in the region's development and flood control efforts. As I stood in the shadow of this mammoth structure, I couldn't help but feel a sense of wonder and respect for the human ingenuity that had brought it into existence.But Xiaolangdi is not just about its natural beauty and impressive infrastructure; it is also a place rich in cultural heritage and history. As I explored the various scenic spots and attractions within the region, I was struck by the deep connection between the local people and the land they call home. From the intricate carvings and murals that adorned the ancient temples to the traditional festivals and celebrations that were held throughout the year, every aspect of Xiaolangdi seemed to be imbued with a sense of timelessness and tradition.One of the most memorable experiences I had during my visit to Xiaolangdi was the opportunity to witness the annual Xiaolangdi Water Carnival, a vibrant celebration that showcases the region'sunique water culture and heritage. As I watched the dazzling array of boats, dancers, and performers take to the waters of the Yellow River, I was struck by the sheer energy and joy that radiated from the crowd. It was a truly unforgettable experience that left me with a deep appreciation for the rich cultural tapestry of this remarkable region.But beyond the stunning natural beauty and cultural riches of Xiaolangdi, what truly captivated me was the sense of serenity and peace that permeated the entire region. As I wandered through the tranquil gardens and meandered along the banks of the Yellow River, I found myself drawn into a state of deep contemplation, my mind and body alike finding solace in the soothing rhythms of nature.It was during these moments of quiet reflection that I truly began to understand the profound significance of Xiaolangdi, not just as a tourist destination, but as a place of profound spiritual and emotional resonance. The way in which the natural world and the human experience seemed to intertwine so seamlessly within this remarkable landscape left me with a deep sense of reverence and humility, a recognition of the profound interconnectedness of all things.As my time in Xiaolangdi drew to a close, I found myself reluctant to leave, my heart and mind filled with a deep sense of wonder andappreciation for all that I had experienced. In the days and weeks that followed, I found myself constantly reflecting on the memories I had made, the lessons I had learned, and the profound impact that this remarkable place had had on my life.In the end, my visit to Xiaolangdi was not just a vacation, but a transformative journey that had left an indelible mark on my soul. It was a testament to the power of nature to inspire, to heal, and to connect us to something greater than ourselves. And as I look back on my time in this remarkable region, I know that I will forever cherish the memories and the lessons that I have taken away, a testament to the enduring wonder and beauty of Xiaolangdi.。
机电工程英汉词汇汇编
小浪底工程英汉词汇汇编一、基础词汇drawing，图纸blue drawing，蓝图construction drawing，施工图electric works，电气工程engineer，工程师expert，专家hydromechanical works，金结工程instrument，仪器，器械machinery，机械material，材料safety，安全site engineer，现场工程师specification，规格，规范二、工程施工类（一）工程施工、土建类retread（do the work again），返工water leakage，漏水water seepage，渗水symmetry，对称plug，堵头tee piece，三通管reducer tee piece，变径三通管union，活接头ventilation pipe，排气管其他（others）basic point，基础点plumb（plummet），铅锤，垂线battery，电池tip，测头安装过程（procession of installation）install，安装insulate，绝缘maintenance，维护monitor，监测certificate，合格证书description，使用说明书maintenance guideline，维护指南manual，说明书operating principle，工作原理procedure，程序pressure tunnel，压力隧洞flood control，防汛（二）工程施工、机电类金属结构（hydromechanical work）闸门（gate）service gate，工作门emergency gate，事故门maintenance gate，检修门sector gate，弧型闸门eccentric hinge sector gate，偏心铰弧型闸门plane gate，平面闸门fixed wheel plane gate，定轮平面闸门trashrack，拦污栅trash rake，清污机预埋件（embedded parts）sill，底坎main guide，主轨auxiliary guide，副轨reverse guide，反轨side guide，侧轨lintel，门楣steel liner，钢衬组件/部件（assembly/parts）gate leaf，门叶crank，拐臂arm，支臂seal，水封main seal，主水封top seal，顶水封side seal，侧水封bottom seal，底水封auxiliary seal，辅助水封，节流器clip plate，压板slide block，滑块reverse slide block，反向滑块side slide block，侧向滑块fixed wheel，定轮main wheel，主轮side wheel，侧轮ballast，配重lifting ear，吊耳lifting link，拉杆trunnion，支铰hinge，铰链hinged support，铰座hinged shaft，铰轴cover，端盖trunnion beam，支铰梁dogging beam，锁定量启闭机（hoist）wire rope hoist，固定卷扬机hydraulic hoist，液压启闭机monorail hoist，单轨启闭机overhead crane，桥机bridge crane，桥机support frame，机架reducer，减速器motor，电动机pulley，滑轮live pulley，动滑轮fixed pulley，定滑轮equalizer pulley，平衡滑轮drum，卷筒steel wire rope，钢丝绳position sensor，高度传感器load sensor，荷载传感器brake，制动器hydraulic system，液压系统oil cylinder，油缸piston rod，活塞缸pump station，泵站oil tank，油箱pipe，管道filter，过滤器accumulator，蓄能器lubricating oil，润滑油valve，阀logic valve，逻辑阀check valve，单向阀ball valve，球阀cartridge valve，插装阀solenoid operated directional valve，电磁换向阀门式起重机（gantry crane）rail，轨道lifting mechanism，起升机构traveling mechanism，运行机构inspection trolley，检修小车gantry，门架support column，门腿primary beam，主梁bridge beam，横梁cross beam，端梁side beam，边梁lifting beam，起吊梁hook，吊勾buffer，缓冲装置rail clamping device，夹轨器driving wheel，主动轮driven wheel，从动轮其他（others）abnormal vibration，反常震动activate，激活anti-clockwise，逆时针anticorrosion，防腐carry on，继续进行carry out，执行clockwise，顺时针commissioning，试运行concentricity deviation，同心度偏差connect，连接debris，碎片de-energize，断电detect，探测dry test，无水试验dynamic loading test，动载试验energize，给加电erection，架立expansion，伸展fasten，扣紧fit，安装flowing water，动水gate closure，闭门gate opening，启门gate position restoration，门卫恢复idle test，空载试验impact，碰撞in pressure balance condition，平压条件下lift into position，将起吊到位locate，定位lower，降下manual operation，手动操作noise，噪声note，记录operating gap，运作间隙pack，衬垫particle，微粒perform，执行position accurately，精确定位precise，精确的pre-set，预留，预置press button，按下按纽progressively，逐渐的purity，纯度push，推reliable，可靠的residual oil，余油retraction，回缩run，运行secure，保护sensitive，反应灵敏的separately or simultaneously，单独或同时的set up，架设setting，设置，读数shim，薄垫片slack，松弛static loading test，静载试验still water，静水switch off，切断synchronize，同步tighten，拧紧under water head condition，水压作用条件下wet test，有水试验焊接和无损检验（welding and nondestructive test）焊接（welding）arc strike，引弧、弧伤arc welding，电弧焊automatic welding，自动焊back gouging，背面清根backing，垫板base metal，母材build-up welding，堆焊，补焊butt joint，对接接头carbon rode，炭棒complete fusion，完全融合corner joint，角接接头covered electrode，涂料焊条coupon，试件direct current electrode negative（DCEN），直流电极接负direct current electrode positive（DCEP），直流电极接正double welding，双面焊double-bevel groove weld，双斜边坡口焊缝double-j groove weld，双面J型坡口焊缝double-u groove weld，双面U型坡口焊缝double –V ee groove weld，双面V型坡口焊缝electrode，焊条，电极electrode holder，焊钳electrosgas welding，电气焊electroslag welding，电渣焊filler metal，填充金属fillet weld，角焊缝、full fillet weld，大填角焊缝flat welding，平焊flux，焊剂flux cored arc welding，药芯焊丝弧焊forehand welding，左焊法friction welding，摩擦焊full penetration weld，全融透焊缝fusion，熔合fusion line，熔合线groove weld，坡口焊缝heat affected zone，热影响区horizontal welding，横焊lap joint，搭接接头machine welding，机器焊manual welding，手工焊overhead welding，仰焊oxyfuel gas cutting（OFC），氧燃料气割oxyfuel gas welding（OFW），氧燃料气焊partial penetration weld，非全熔透焊缝pass，焊道peening，锤击plasma arc welding，等离子弧焊plug weld，塞焊porosity，气孔posdtheading，后热postweld head treatment，焊后热处理preheating，预热resistance welding，电阻焊seal weld，密封焊缝seam welding，焊缝semi-automatic welding，半自动焊缝single-bevel groove weld，单斜边坡口焊缝single-J groove weld，单面J型坡口焊缝single-U groove weld，单面U型坡口焊缝single-V groove weld，单面V型坡口焊缝slag inclusion，夹渣spot welding，点焊square groove weld，直坡口焊缝submerged arc welding，埋弧焊tack welding，定位焊undercut，咬边vertical welding，立焊weld bead，焊道weldment，焊件无损检验（nondestructive testing）angled beam，斜射波back scatter，背散射calibration block，校准试块cleaning agent，清洗剂contact beam，接触剂couplaut，偶合剂crimp，褶皱definition，清晰度delayed sweep，延时扫描detergent，去污剂developer，显像剂double-wall viewing，双壁透照echo，回波eddy current examination，涡流检验emulsifier，乳化剂examination medium，检验介质exposure，暴光image quality indicator，象质显示器inspector，检验师liquid penetrants testing，渗液检验magnetic particle testing，磁粉检验mass spectrometer，质谱仪nondestructive inspection，无损探伤penetrameter，透度计penetrant，渗透计radiographic testing，射线检验scan，扫描scratch，滑痕search unit，探头single-wall viewing，单壁透照sniffer，嗅探器straight beam，直射波streak，条纹ultrasonic instrument，超生仪ultrasonic testing，超声波检验visual testing，外观检验，目测wheel search unit，轮式探头x-ray machine，X射线水轮机（hydraulic turbine）hydraulic turbine，水轮机reaction turbine，反击式水轮机impulse turbine，冲击式水轮机francis turbine，混流式水轮机axial turbine，轴流式水轮机prototype turbine，原型水轮机rated head，额定水头effective head，有效水头net head，净水头maximal head，最大水头minimal head最小水头spiral case，蜗壳stay ring，座环wicket gate，导叶main shaft，主轴shaft seal，主轴密封coupling flange，连接法兰runner，转轮runner crown，转轮上冠runner band，转轮下冠runner cone，转轮泄水锥runner blade/bucket，转轮叶片head cover，顶盖bottom ring，底环discharge ring，基础环draft tube，尾水管draft tube cone，尾水锥管draft tube elbow，尾水肘管governor，调速器governor cubicle/cabinet，调速器柜oil pressure tank/vessel，压力油灌oil sump tank，回油灌gate ring，控制环distributor，导水机构shear pin，剪断销ring gate，筒型筏servomotor，接力器efficiency，效率output，出力discharge，流量air admission system，补气系统vortex，涡流special tool，专用工具auxiliary equipment，辅助设备damper/absorber/cushion，阻力器、减震器runout，摆渡water hammer，水击guide bearing，导轴承operation condition，运行工况opening，开度cavitation，空蚀erosion resistant coating，抗磨涂层load，负荷inertia，惯性flywheel effect，飞轮效应time constant，时间常数mandoor，进人门pit liner，机坑里衬elastic layer，弹性垫层turbine pit，机坑feedback，反馈main distributing valve，主配压阀solenoid，线圈relay，继电器transfer function，传递函数机械通用词汇abrasion performance，耐磨性abrasion test，磨耗试验accessory，零件、附件，配件accuracy，准确性，精度anti-corrosion，抗蚀balance test，平衡试验bearing，轴承bearing box，轴承箱bearing bush，轴瓦，轴套bearing carrier，轴承座bearing collar，轴承环，推力头bearing cover，轴承盖bearing journal，轴颈bend，弯头bend radius，弯曲半径bending strength，抗弯强度bolt，螺栓bore，钻孔bore machine，镗床brake valve，制动阀by-pass，旁通callipers，卡尺cardan shaft，万向轴cast，铸造characteristic test，特性试验chock，垫块clamp，卡头，夹板clearing of fault，故障排除clip，夹具，钳coat，涂层correction value，矫正值cottor pin，开口销coupling flange，联结法兰damping device，缓冲装置deflection，挠度density，密度derusting，除锈descale，除垢deviation，偏移dial，刻度盘dial gauge，千分尺distort，变形dowel pin（setpin），定位销eccentric cam，偏心凸轮eccentric pin，偏心销eccentricity，偏心，偏心率，偏心度elastic bearing，弹性轴承elastic deformation，弹性变形elastic limit，弹性极限facility，设备、设施factory assembly，工厂装配fashioned iron，型钢feed pipe，供水管female end，内止口field welding，现场焊缝finish，精加工，表面光洁度fitting allowance，装配公差fitting assembling，零件装配fitting face，配合面flange，法兰flatness，平整度flaw，缺陷flexibility，挠性，柔性forge，锻造foundation，基础friction，摩擦gauge，规、计、表gear，齿轮globe valve，球阀grade，等级hardness，硬度heat treatment，热处理interface，分界面，接触面，接口joint，接头，接缝，连接，焊接joint face，接缝面，结合面lubricant，润滑剂、润滑材料lubrication circuit，润滑管路lubrication oil，润滑油machine，机加工machine tool，机床male end，外止口monkey wrench，活动扳手nail，钉子nipple，管接头nut，螺母o-ring，O形环operating condition，运行情况pretreatment，预处理process，流程，过程，工艺，工序screw cap，螺帽spigot，套管，止口stroke，行程valve，阀门verticality，垂直度washer，垫圈wedge，楔子板电气设备及元器件（electrical equipment element parts）generator，发电机motor，电动机3-phase squirrel-cage asynchronous motor，三相鼠笼式电动机3-phase wind asynchronous motor，三相绕线式电动机armature，电枢brush，电刷coil，线圈，绕组energizing coil，励磁线圈stator，定子stator core，定子铁芯stator winding，定子绕组rotator，转子transformer，变压器isolating transformer，隔离变压器mutual inductor，互感器current transformer（CT），电流互感器potential transformer（PT），电压互感器high-voltage equipment，高压电气breaker，断路器isolating switch，隔离开关bushing，套管insulator，绝缘子suspended insulator，悬式绝缘子column-type insulator，支柱绝缘子reactor，电抗器capacitor，电容器lightning rod，避雷针（器）low-voltage electric appliance，低压电器knife switch，刀开关fuse，熔断器automatic switch，自动开关contactor，接触器contact，触点constant close contact，常闭触点constant open contact，常开触点starter，起动器overtravel-limit switch，行程开关changeover switch，转换开关controller，控制器resistor，电阻器light resistor，光敏电阻varistor，变阻器electromagnet，电磁铁bus，母线bare bus bar，裸母线cable，电缆power cable，电力电缆control cable，控制电缆armored cable，铠装电缆cab-type cable，橡皮绝缘电缆cable clamp，电缆夹cable connector，电缆接头cable core，电缆芯cable drum，电缆卷筒cable hanger，电缆挂钩cable rack，电缆架cable terminal end，电缆终端H cable，屏蔽电缆bare wire，裸线ammeter，电流表ohmmeter，欧姆表voltmeter，电压表kilowatt-hour meter，电度表megger，兆欧表relay，继电器over current relay，过流继电器under current relay，欠流继电器time relay（timer），时间继电器thermal relay，热继电器shortdown relay，短路继电器battery，蓄电池battery charger，蓄电池充电器pannel，盘屏switchboard，配电盘distributing cabinet，分线盒wiring terminal，接线端子terminal block，接线板，接线盒illuminator，照明lamp，灯lighting distribution box（board），照明配电箱screw socket，螺口灯头fluorescence lamp，日光灯bulb，灯泡socket，插座grounding，接地grounding resistance，接地电阻earthing switch，接地开关ground connector，接地体galvanized flat steel，镀锌扁钢ground wire，接地线working grounding，工作接地protection grounding，保护接地others，其他master switch，主令开关induction coil，感应线圈magnetic coil，电磁线圈stabilizator，稳压器bell，电铃IPC，工控机local control unit（LCU），现地控制单元programmable logic controller（PLC），可编程控制器programmer，编程器motor valve，电动阀electromagnetic value，电磁阀电气通用词汇alternation current（AC），交流电allowed value，容许值ampere，安培automatic operation，自动操作bridge，电桥cabling diagram，电缆连接图capacity of storage battery，蓄电池容量charging，充电charging current，充电电流close，闭合constant close contact，常闭触点constant open contact，常开触点control circuit，控制电路current intensity，电流强度direct current（DC），直流电de-energise（deenergize），切断，断电dynamic test，动态试验electric arc，电弧electric leakage，漏电flash test，高压闪络试验generator active power，发电机有功功率generator efficiency，发电机效率generator reactive power，发电机无功功率input，输入、输入量insulation coating，绝缘涂层insulation grade，绝缘等级insulation test，绝缘试验interlocker（interlocking），连锁装置kilowatt-hour，千瓦小时，度（电）leakage protection，漏电保护line-to-line short circuit，线间短路malfunction，误动作manual operation，手动操作megohm，兆欧mis-operation，误操作ohm，欧姆outlet，引出线，电源插座outlet box，引出盒（箱），接线盒outlet line，输出线路output，输出量over current protection，电源过载保护power circuit，并联电路parallel factor，功率因数power supply，电源primary circuit，一次电路rated current，额定电流rated voltage，额定电压recharging current，充电电流release，释放（机构，线圈），断开remote control，远控secondary circuit，二次电路secondary coil，二次绕组secondary winding，二次线圈series circuit，串联电路shielding，屏蔽short-circuit，短路shunt running，漂移simulation test，模拟试验spark over，绝缘击穿static test，静态试验switching-in，合闸，接通（入）switching-off，断开（路），开闸，掉闸three phase circuit，三相电路three-phase four-wire system，三相四线制transient current，瞬时电流transient voltage，瞬时电压volt，伏特voltage，电压wiring scheme，接线图withstand voltage test，耐压试验计算机监控系统（computer supervisory and control system）A/D converter，模数变换器analog control loop，模拟控制回路automatic-restoration，自恢复automatic element，自动化元件block diagram，方框图coaxial cable，同轴电缆command，指令communication，通信compatibility，兼容性console，控制台current transducer，电流变送器cursor，光标D/A converter，数模变换器data bus，数据总线database ，数据库digital signal，数字信号digital screen，显示屏electric quantity transducer，电量变送器electromagnetic interference，电磁干扰fiber optic cable，光纤电缆floppy disk，软盘flowchart，流程图function，功能hardware，硬盘I/O （input/output），输入/输出industry television system，工业电视系统ink jet printer，喷墨打印机interface，接口keyboard，键盘laser printer，激光打印机local control，现地控制logic diagram，逻辑图man-machine communicate，人机交换man-machine dialogue，人机对话memory，储存器microwave，微波mimic board，模拟屏mimic board driver，模拟屏驱动器module，模（数、量）monitor terminal，监视终端mouse，鼠标multi-electric quantity transducer，多窗口network，网络node，接点non-electric quantity transducer，非电量变送器off-line，脱机on-line，连机，在线open system，开放式系统operating system，操作系统optic isolator，光频隔离器peripheral equipment，外围设备plug-in card，插件pressure transmitter，压力变送器printer，打印机procedure，程序，工艺programming language，程序设计语言pulse，脉冲pulse signal，脉冲信号real-time control，实时控制real-time multi-tasking system，实时多任务系统remote control，远方控制remote diagnostic，远方诊断resolution，分辨率self-diagnostic，自诊断程序self-diagnostic，自诊断程序self-start，自启动software，软件storage battery，蓄电池（组）storage cell，储存单元supervisory circuit，监控电路temperature transmitter，温度变送器trackball，轨迹球transducer，变送器uninterruptable power supply（UPS），不间断电源version，版本voltage transducer，电压变送器workstation，工作站三、工程管理（management of project）car driver，小车司机winchman，卷扬机手skilled labour（grade/grade3），熟练工plumber，管工rigger，装配工truck driver，卡车司机mechanic，机械工electrician，电工welder，焊工tester，试验人员hydromechanical installer，机电安装工safety officer，安全人员senior engineer，高级工程师construction plant，施工机械quality assurance，质量保证quality of materials，材料质量（二）进度progresscommence（commencement of work，start），开工construction progress（rate of progress），施工进度continue，继续continuous，连续的critical，关键的penstock，压力钢管main power house，主厂房generator floor，发电机层turbine floor，水轮机层auxiliary powerhouse，副厂房erection bay，安装间drainage system，排水系统high-voltage cable tunnel，高压电缆transformer chamber，主变室附录2 小浪底工程常用机械起重机械bridge crane，桥吊chain block，倒链gantry crane，门机hoist，启闭机hydraulic hoist，液压启闭机wire rope hoist，固定卷扬机式启闭机mobile crane，汽车吊portal crane，桥式启闭机tower crane，塔吊truck with crane，汽车式起重机运输机械lorry，货车，载重车pick-up，小吨位卡车（皮卡车）percussion chisels，冲击钻electric welder，电气焊机sand blasting machine，喷砂枪shield circular saw bench，手工电弧焊radio walkie（talkie），无线电步话机其他设备及工具air compressor，空压机diesel generator，柴油发电机electric motor，电动机extinguisher，灭火器hammer，锤子hydraulic jack，液压千斤顶lighting equipment，照明设备pump，泵air operated diaph pump，气动膜泵centrifugal pump，离心泵deepwell pump，深井泵submersible pump，潜水泵screw driver，螺栓刀spade，铁锹spanner/wrench，扳手wire brush，钢丝刷canvas glove，帆布手套safety belt，安全带safety helmet安全帽附录3，小浪底工程常用材料钢材（steel）steel bar，钢筋angle bar，角钢angle bar of uneven sides，不等边角钢I-beam，工字钢channel bar，槽钢flat bar，扁钢thin steel plate，薄钢板medium steel plate，中厚钢板galvanized thin steel plate，镀锌薄钢板checkered steel plate，花纹钢板welded steel pipe，焊接钢管galvanized welded pipe，镀锌焊接钢管spiral welded pipe，螺纹焊接钢管hot seamless pipe，热扎无逢钢管light steel rail，轻型钢轨heavy steel rail，重型钢轨steel rail for crane，起重机钢轨steel wire，钢丝thin copper plate，薄钢板木材woodlathe，木条square timber，方木kerosene，煤油petrol/gasoline，汽油其他othersacetylene，乙炔anti-rust paint，防锈漆expansion bolt，膨胀螺栓hose，软管nail，钉子oxygen，氧气plug，插头prime paint，底漆PVC （polyvinyl chloride）pipe，PVC管Rivet，铆钉Sleeve，套筒stainless steel，不锈钢tarpaulin，油布water cock，水龙头wing nut，蝶型螺母。
（整理）名词术语英汉对照索引
（整理）名词术语英汉对照索引名词术语英汉对照索引（依英文名词字顺排列）A舷梯accommodation ladderacidic solution 酸性溶液adjust valve 调节阀aft perpendicular 艉垂线aft peak tank 艉尖舱-------------aft peak bulkhead 艉尖舱壁alkaline solution 碱性溶液aileron 副鳍air diffuser 空气扩散器air hole 通风孔，透气孔air intake 进气口aircraft carrier 航空母舰air-driven water pump 气动水泵aluminum alloy structure 铝合金结构amidships engined ship 中机型船amidships / stern engined ship 中艉机型船anchor arm 锚臂anchor chain 锚链anchor crown 锚冠anchor fluke 锚爪anchor link 链环anchor mouth 锚唇anchor recess 锚穴anchor shackle 锚卸扣anchor shank 锚干anchor stock 锚杆angle bar 角钢angled deck 斜角甲板antenna 天线anti-rolling tank 减摇水舱automatic releasing hook 自动脱钩装置automatic sprinkler 自动喷水器-------------automatic ventilator 自动通风筒auxiliary engine seating 副机基座auxiliary ship 辅助船舶auxiliary tank 调节水舱awning 天幕，帐篷awning girder 天幕纵木awning pole 天幕支柱Bback of blade 叶背（见blade）baffle 挡板，隔板baggage room 行李舱balance weight 平衡锤balanced rudder 平衡舵ball 球ball bearing 滚珠轴承ball valve 球阀ballast (water) tank 压载水舱barge carrier 载驳船barrel 圆筒、桶base 基础、底座base block 垫块batten 长条护板batten seat 板条椅beam 横梁beam knee 横梁肘板beam bracket 横梁肘板-------------bearing 轴承bearing seat 轴承座becket line 把手索bed-plate girder 基座纵桁bed room 寝室bell-mouth of hawpipe 锚链筒喇叭口bench 长凳berth 软垫床bi-colored light 两色灯bilge bracket 舭肘板bilge keel 舭龙骨bilge plating 舭肘板bilge sounding pipe 舭部边舱水深探管bilge strake 舭列板bitt 单柱系缆桩bitts 双柱系缆桩blade （螺旋桨）桨叶blade face 叶面blade root 叶根blade tip 叶梢blockage 堵塞blue peter 出航旗boarding deck 登艇甲板boarding ladder 登船梯boat 小船，艇boat davit 吊艇架boat deck 艇甲板-------------boat fall 吊艇索boat guy 稳艇索boat hook 艇吊钩，（舢板）挽钩boat shell 艇壳boatswain’s store room 帆缆库bobstay 首斜桅拉索boiler 锅炉boiler bearer 锅炉基座boiler seat 锅炉基座bollard 系缆桩bolt 螺栓bolt lock 插销锁book case 书柜book rack 书架booth 舱室boss （螺旋桨）轴毂bossing 轴包架，轴毂bosun store 帆缆库bottle 瓶体bottom ceiling 舱底铺板bottom center girder 中底桁bottom frame 船底肋骨bottom grating 艇底垫板bottom plate 船底板bottom side girder 旁底桁bottom side tank 底边舱bottom transverse 底肋板（纵骨架式结构）------------- buoy tender 航标船bow door 艏门（滚装船）bowsprit （帆船）艏斜桅bow structure 艏端结构bower anchor 艏锚box keel 箱形龙骨brace 转帆索bracket 肘板，支架bracket floor 框架肋板brake 制动装置brake band 制动带brake crank arm 制动曲柄brake hydraulic cylinder 制动液压缸brake drum 刹车卷筒brake hydraulic pipe 刹车液压管breasthook 艏肘板breadth 船宽breeding pond 养鱼槽bridge 桥楼、驾驶台bridge console stand 驾驶室集中操作台bridge panel of engine remote主机遥控柜controlbuffer spring 缓冲弹簧bulb plate 球扁钢bulbous bow 球鼻艏bulk cargo carrier 散货船bulkhead 舱壁-------------bulkhead deck 舱壁甲板bulkhead plate 舱壁板bulwark 舷墙bulwark plate 舷墙板bulwark stay 舷墙支撑buoyant box 浮箱buoy 浮筒buoyancy tank 浮力舱butterfly screw cap 蝶形螺帽Ccable 缆索cable chock 导缆钳cable drum 缆索卷筒cable releaser 弃链器cable ship 布缆船cable winch 钢索绞车cage 起货机操纵室camber 梁拱cant beam 斜横梁cant frame 斜肋骨cantilever beam 悬臂梁captain 船长captain room 船长室cargo 货物cargo battens 货物护板条cargo block (tackle) 吊货滑车-------------cargo boom 吊杆cargo chain 吊货短链cargo fall, cargo runner 吊货索cargo hatch 货舱口cargo hook 吊钩cargo hook shackle 吊货钩卸扣cargo hook swivel 吊钩转环cargo hose 货油软管cargo runner lead block 吊货索导向滑轮cargo winch 起货绞车cargo winch platform 起货机平台cast steel stem post 铸钢艏柱cat walk 步桥（油船）catamaran 高速双体船ceiling 室顶板ceiling lamp 吊灯cement 水泥cement draining 水泥流水沟center girder 中纵桁center keelson 中内龙骨centerline bulkhead 中纵舱壁chock 导缆钳circular mooring pipe 圆形导缆孔chain axle 链轮轴chain clamp 制链钳chain cable fairlead 导链滚轮chain cable roller fairlead 导链滚轮-------------chain cable stopper 制链器chain controller 制链器chain link 锚链环chain locker 锚链舱chain wheel 链轮chain wheel shaft 链轮轴chair 椅子chart 海图chart light 海图灯chart room 海图室chart table 海图桌chief engineer room 轮机长室children room 儿童活动室clear view screen 旋回视窗clearance hole 通焊孔cleat 系缆扣（汽艇）cleat post 羊角系缆桩clip 夹扣clipper bow 飞剪型船首closed mooring chock 闭式导缆钳clutch 离合器clutch handwheel 离合器手轮CO2fire extinguisher 二氧化碳灭火器coastal cargo / passenger ship 沿海客货船coastal vessel 沿海船coat and hat hook 衣帽钩cofferdam 隔离舱-------------collision bulkhead 防撞舱壁column 立柱combined cast and rolled stem 混合型艏柱combined skirt 组合围裙common link 普通链环communicating pipe 连通管communicating tank 连通水柜commuter 交通船compartment (3rd class) 三等舱区compass 罗经compass deck 罗经甲板compressed air bottle 压缩空气瓶condenser 冷凝器conductor tube 导管connecting tank 连接水柜connecting traverse 吊钩梁container 集装箱container ship（liner, vessel）集装箱船舶control desk 操纵台control console of main engine 轮机控制台control valve 控制阀cork 软木，软塞corrugated bulkhead 槽形舱壁coupling 接头（法兰）cover plate 盖板cowl head ventilator 头巾型通风筒cushion 软垫-------------crane 克令吊、起重机crank 曲柄crew 船员crew’s bed room 普通船员寝室crew’s mess room 船员餐厅crow’s nest桅杆瞭望台crew’s quarters船员居住区crew’s W.C 船员厕所crosshead 十字头cruciform bitts 双十字系缆桩cruciform post bollard 单十字系缆桩cruiser 巡洋舰cruiser stern 巡洋舰式船尾cup and ball joint 球窝关节curtain 窗帘cycloidal propeller 直叶推进器cylinder 缸体，圆柱体Ddamper 缓冲器davit arm 吊臂（吊艇架）davit hook 吊艇钩day room 起居室deadlight （舷窗的）风暴盖deck centerline 甲板中心线deck framing 甲板骨架deck flange of hawse pipe 甲板锚链孔凸缘-------------deck girder 甲板纵桁deck house 甲板室deck longitudinal 甲板纵骨deck side line 甲板边线deck stringer 甲板边板deck transverse 强横梁（纵骨架是结构）deep sea vehicle 深潜器deep tank 深舱detent (stopper) 棘爪，制动器derrick 起重机，吊杆derrick boom 吊杆derrick fall 吊货索derrick post 吊杆柱derrick rig 吊杆装置desk 书桌desk lamp 台灯destroyer 驱逐舰detachable shackle 散合式连接卸扣devil’s claw 链式制链器diagonal stiffener 斜置加强筋diesel engine 柴油机dining saloon (cabin class) 头等舱餐厅direction finder 方位测定器direction finder antenna 测向仪天线dispensary 医务室displacement 排水量displacement type vessel 排水型船-------------distance line 张索dock 船坞doctor room 船医室dog type cable releaser 横闩式弃链器domed bulkhead 球形舱壁door 门door curtain 门帘door frame 门框door handle 门把door hook 门钩door plate 门板doorway 出入门double bottom 双层底double bottom tank 双层底舱double bunk 双层床double hook 山字钩double roller chock 双滚轮式导缆钳doubling plate 复合板，加厚板down halyard 降帆索draft 吃水draft line 吃水线draft mark 水尺dragline 拉索drain hole 流水孔、污水孔drain well 污水井drawer 抽屉drawer handle 抽屉把手-------------drawer lock 抽屉锁dredger 挖泥船dresser with sink 带槽厨台drillship 钻井船driving gear box 传动齿轮箱driving shaft system 传动轴系drum 卷筒drum flange 卷筒凸缘dry cell 干电池dry power container 干粉容器dry power fire extinguisher干粉灭火器drying agent 干燥剂dynamic supported craft 动力支撑型船舶Eeccentric wheel 偏心轮eccentric roller jacking device 偏心起升滚轮装置echo-sounder 回声测深仪electric motor 电动机electric plug 电源开关插头electric rudder gear 电动舵机electric revolving crane 电动回转式起重机electric motor windlass 电动锚机elevating system, elevator 升降机装置elliptical mooring pipe 椭圆形导缆孔elliptical stern 椭圆形船尾embarkation deck 登乘甲板-------------emergency dynamo room 紧急发电机室emergency exit 紧急出口enclosed lifeboat 封闭式救生艇end open link 末端链环endshackle 末端卸扣engine 主机、发动机engine air inlet 发动机进气口engine casing 机舱棚engine foundation 机座engine room 机舱engine room opening 机舱口engine room frame 机舱肋骨engine room hatch end beam 机舱口端梁engine room hatch girder 机舱口纵桁engine telegraph 车钟enlarged link 加大链环ensign staff 船尾旗杆enter guide （集装箱格栅）入口导承entrance hall (tourist class) 二等舱大厅入口exhaust pipe （发动机）排气管exhaust valve 排气阀expanded bracket 延伸肘板expansion joint 伸缩接头expansion trunk 膨胀井eyeplate 眼板-------------Fface plate 面板fairlead 导缆器fan 鼓风机fan vent 鼓风机排气口fast craft 高速船舶fender 护舷材ferry 渡船filling board 垫板filter 过滤器fin 鳍fin angle feedback set 鳍角反馈装置fin box 鳍箱fin shaft 鳍轴fin stabilizer 减摇鳍fire boat（fire fighting ship）消防船fire extinguishing agent 灭火剂fire fighting gun 消防水枪fire hose 消防水带fire hydrant (fire plug) 消火栓fishing boat（vessel）渔船fishing hatch 鱼舱口fixed water fire extinguisher 固定式水灭火器flange（flanged edge）折边flap 折板（滚装船艏艉跳板）flap-type rudder 襟翼舵-------------flat steel plate 扁钢floating crane 起重船floating dock 浮船坞floor 肋板flume tank 槽形水舱flush deck vessel 平甲板型船flush lift 拉手（柜子）flush valve 冲水阀fly 苍蝇fly net纱窗flying bridge （游艇）驾驶台flying jib 首三角帆flying passage 步桥（油船）foam concentrate container 泡沫液容器foam fire extinguisher 泡沫灭火器foamed plastic buoy 泡沫塑料浮folding hatch cover 折叠式舱口盖folding retractable fin stabilizer 折叠收放式减摇鳍foot brake 脚踏刹车foot plate 搁脚板（救生艇）foot ring 地铃foot lock 甲板侧栏板footrope 根缆fore and aft stay 前后拉索fore lower topsail 前下中桅帆fore staysail 前支索帆fore upper topsail 前上中桅帆-------------forecastle 艏楼forecastle deck 艏楼甲板fore peak 艏尖舱fore perpendicular 艏垂线forged steel stem 锻钢艏柱forward draft mark 船首水尺foundation 基座framing 骨架freeboard 干舷freeing port 排水口fresh water loadline 淡水载重线fresh water tank 淡水柜fuel / water supply vessel 油水供给船fuel box 燃油箱fuel oil tank 燃油舱fullload waterline 满载水线funnel 烟囱fusible alloy 易熔合金Ggaff 纵帆斜桁gaff foresail 前桅主帆gaff mainsail 主帆gangway 舷梯galley 厨房gas line valve 气管阀gasket 垫圈-------------gasoline tank 汽油箱gear 小齿轮gearwheel 大齿轮general cargo ship (vessel) 杂货船guest cabin (cabin class) 头等舱客房girder of foundation 基座纵桁goalpost 门形桅（柱）go-ahead and go-back 前进和后退grating 防滑格子gravity type boat davit 重力式吊艇架guide rail 导轨guide roller 导向滚轮gunwale 船舷上缘gunwale angle 舷边角钢gunwale rounded thick strake 舷边圆弧厚板gusset plate 菱形板guy 稳索guy drum 拖索用卷筒guy of collision mat 顶索（堵漏毯）guyline 定位索gypsy 链轮（锚机上的）gyro-pilot steering indicator 自动操舵操纵台gyroscope 回转仪Hhalf beam 半梁half depth girder 半深纵骨-------------。
水利工程常用机械英语词汇
sand blasting machine，喷砂枪
shaping machine，刨床
sharpening machine，磨钻机
shield circular saw bench，手工电弧焊
stationary circular saw bench，固定圆锯平台
conveyor belt，输送代
dump truck，自卸卡车
fire engine，消防车
flat bed trailer，平板拖车
front dumper，前自卸车
front tipper，前翻斗车
fuel tank，油罐车
loader，装载机
loader for shafts，竖井用装运机
special compactor，专门压土机
tamping foot vibratory roller，羊足碾
vibration plate compactor，平板振动碾压机
vibration roller，振动碾
材料加工机械
hand saw，带锯
bar bending machine，弯筋机
backhoe，反铲
breaker hammer，jet hammer手风钻
bulldozer，推土机
clamshell，抓铲
climbing platform，升降平台
column drill，架式风钻
crawler excavator，履带式挖掘机
down-hole drill，潜孔钻
explosive truck，炸药车
face shovel，正铲
hand drill，手钻
小浪底一日游英语作文六年级
小浪底一日游英语作文六年级$$A Day at the Xiaolangdi Reservoir$$Once a year, our school organizes a field trip for us to visit various places of interest and learn about our country's rich cultural and natural heritage. This year, we were thrilled to learn that our destination was the Xiaolangdi Reservoir, a magnificent engineering marvel and an important part of China's water management system.On the day of our trip, the sun was shining brightly, and our excitement knew no bounds. As we boarded the bus, our hearts were filled with anticipation and curiosity about what awaited us at the reservoir. The journey to Xiaolangdi was filled with lively chatter and laughter as we shared stories and jokes with our classmates.Upon arrival, we were greeted by the vast expanse of the reservoir, its calm waters reflecting the clear blue sky. The sight took our breath away. Our guide, a knowledgeable and enthusiastic individual, began by explaining the importance of the reservoir and its role in flood control, water supply, and irrigation.We learned that the Xiaolangdi Reservoir is located on the Yellow River, a crucial river in China's history and culture. The reservoir was built to tame the river's fierce floods and provide a stable source of water for millions of people. Its construction was a remarkable feat of engineering, involving thousands of workers and years of hard labor.As we walked along the reservoir's dam, we could see the powerful turbines that generated electricity from the river's flow. Our guide explained how the reservoir worked, from storing water during the rainy season to releasing it during the dry season to ensure a steady supply for agriculture and domestic use.After exploring the dam, we took a boat ride on the reservoir. The calm waters were a stark contrast to the river's former wildness. We saw birds flying overhead and fish swimming below the surface of the water. The scenery was breathtaking, and we couldn't help but marvel at the beauty of nature and the ingenuity of humankind.Later, we visited an exhibition hall that showcased the history and development of the reservoir. There werephotographs, models, and interactive displays that helped us understand the reservoir's significance and the challenges overcome during its construction.As the day drew to a close, we gathered together for a picnic by the reservoir's shores. We shared food and stories, and enjoyed the serene atmosphere. It was a perfect ending to a perfect day.Reflecting on our trip to the Xiaolangdi Reservoir, I realized how much we had learned and experienced. Not only did we gain knowledge about engineering and water management, but we also appreciated the beauty of nature and the importance of preserving our environment. The trip was a valuable lesson in the interconnectedness of human beings and the natural world, and I am grateful for the opportunity to have visited such an amazing place.In conclusion, our trip to the Xiaolangdi Reservoir was an enriching and memorable experience. It taught us about the importance of water management and the engineering feats that have helped shape our country. It also reminded us of the beauty and fragility of nature and theresponsibility we have to protect it. I will always cherish the memories of this trip and the lessons it taught me.。
特色英语词汇——C3
长江三峡和黄河⼩浪底⽔利枢纽⼯程 the key water projects at the Three Gorges on the Yangtze River and at Xiaolangdi on the Yellow River 长江三⾓洲 Yangtze River delta 长江中下游 the middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River 唱名表决 roll-call vote 场内交易⼈ floor trader 长跑 a long-distance running 敞蓬轿车 open-topped limousine 长期共存、互相监督、肝胆相照、荣辱与共 "long-term coexistence, mutual supervision, sincere treatment with each other and the sharing of weal or woe " 长期国债 long-term government bonds 常设国际法庭 permanent international tribunal 唱双簧 play a duet——collaborate； echo each other 畅通⼯程 Smooth Traffic Project 长途电话 long-distance calls 场外证券市场 over-the-counter market 常委会 standing committee 常务董事 managing director； excutive director 常务理事 executive member of the council 长线产品 product in excessive supply 倡议书 initial written proposal 长治久安 a long period of stability； prolonged political stability； lasting political stability 常驻代表 permanent representative 常驻记者 resident correspondent 常驻联合国代表 permanent representative to the United Nation 常驻使节 permanent envoy 长期建设国债 long-term treasury bonds for construction 产权和资产出让 property right and asset transfer 产权界定 delimitation of property rights 产权收益 income from property 超编⼈员 exceed personnel 超导元素 superconducting elements 超短波 ultrashort wave 超负荷运转 overloaded operation 超⾼速巨型计算机 giant, ultra-high-speed computer 炒汇 speculate in foreign currency 超级巨型油轮 ultra large crude carrier 炒⾦热 stock-market fever 炒买炒卖 speculation 超期羁押 detention beyond the legally prescribed time limits 超前教育 superior education 超前精神 a surpassing spirit 超前消费 pre-mature consumption； overconsume； excessive consumption 超前意识 superior consciousness 超⽣游击队 （sarcastic） people who give more births than birth quota allows 超⽂本传送协议 hypertext transfer protocol （HTTP） 潮汐电站 tidal power stations 超现实主义 surrealism 超载过牧 overgraze 超⽀户 household （or family） living perpetually in debt 炒作 speculation （stock）； sensationalization （news） 朝鲜半岛核问题 the nuclear issue on the Korean Peninsula。
小浪底英汉词汇汇编
blinding concrete，垫层混凝土
cast-in-site（site，place）concrete，现浇混凝土
drawing，图纸
shop drawing，车间图
design drawing，设计图
as-built drawing，竣工图
blue drawing，蓝图
transparent drawing，透明图
construction drawing，施工图
electric works，电气工程
employer（client owner），业主
prequalification，资格预审
procurement，采购
profit，利润
progress control，进度控制
project manager，项目经理
quality control，质量控制
request（application），申请，要求
review，审查
risk，风险
river closure，截流
screen and wash，筛分和冲洗
take s sample，取样
test，测试
transport，运输
treat，处理
trim，休整
缺陷（defects）
calcium particles姜石
contaminated material，受污染料
declination of the boundary，料界偏差
instrument，仪器，器械
insurance，保险
labour，劳务
layout，布置
leading company，牵头公司，责任公司
韩国语导游词——黄河小浪底
黄河小浪底现在我们已经进入中国北方最大的水上乐园----黄河小浪底千岛湖, 黄河小浪底风景区, 由小浪底大坝, 荆紫山,八里峡，三门峡大坝四个片区, 13个景区, 113个景点组成, 景区处在国家黄金旅游线路河南“三点一线”的中心部位, 是以小浪底工程为依据, 以山, 水, 林, 草为特色的大型生态园林, 每个景点都有其悠久的历史故事, 由此, 我们可以领略到河南省以黄河中下游水利枢纽工程峡谷河流为主要特色, 体现黄河历史文化和自然风光的大型山岳, 湖泊型的美好风景.孟津小浪底景区属小浪底大坝片区,位于孟津县小浪底黄鹿山, 王良, 横水, 四个多镇,游览面积48平方公里, 其中水面20平方公里,它是由小浪底水利枢纽, 柏崖山, 黄鹿山,红崖山景区组成.向东, 我们看到的堤坝就是小浪底大坝, 大家请看大坝巍峨的进水塔, 壮观的出水口, 在不足1平方公里的范围内拥有纵横交错的108条洞群,而在每年6月上旬至7月上旬的观瀑节,是继“五一”黄金周之后, 景区迎来又一个旅游热潮,其景观令人惊叹, 洞群飞瀑从天而降, 绚丽如虹,高压水流从大坝的数个闸口喷射而出,形成巨大的水体抛物线, 惊涛拍岸, 逐浪排空, 一泻千里, 令人叹为观止,而小浪底观瀑则成了古都洛阳一处独具特色的人间奇观.朋友们, 俗话说南有长江三峡, 北有黄河三峡, 现在我们乘船来到的就是黄河三峡, 它东距小浪底大坝30公里外, 即龙凤峡, 八里峡, 孤山峡.大家请看, 右边的呢就是龙凤峡, 它位于济源县境内, 是在黄河水位上升后形成的新的一峡,这里群峰冲天, 巨石丛生, 拟型百态, 如“四百神”远远看去酷似埃及金字塔, 与狮身人面像极其相似, 因它位于峡谷北端入口处人们又称它为“守山神”.峡谷西山顶上又姐妹峰, 东山顶上有兄弟岗, 一沟之隔, 遥遥相对. 他们中间也有一段“非兄弟二人不嫁”和“非姐妹二人不娶”的故事, 虽然他们婚姻都很美满, 但据说这个美好的结果是经过了很大的曲折斗争的, 但终究也是个“有情人终成眷属”了.接下来, 我们将要到达的是黄河八里峡, 原名八里胡同,号称万里黄河第一峡, 该峡谷全长八华里, 故称八里胡同,八里峡, 它是我国5464公里长的黄河中下游交界处的最后一个峡谷, 该峡谷南北高山耸立, 悬崖峭壁, 滔滔黄河一泻千里, 十分壮观, 古有八里八景之称. 传说是大禹治水在这里所开, 在它东出口的不远处, 便是大禹的父亲鲧治水九年无果被舜所杀之地, 其父治黄壮志不移, 其子继承父业, 治水十三年, 留下三过家门而不入的美谈.我们现在来到的孤山峡景区, 它位于八里峡的中部, 它是小浪底大坝蓄水最高时形成的,那里群峰突地, 山水奇秀, 有“犀牛望月”, “孟良寨”, 岸边八角山上有神仙洞, 大闺女洞, 还有峰峦相似的黄河大佛, 高达80米, 纯天然形成, 可与四川乐山大佛相媲美.然而这仅仅是一个美好的开始, 到了始祖山我们就会看到: 那里的城一面临山三面环水,形成了万山湖景区最大的一个滨半岛和一个最大的湖中全岛, 这里是黄河小浪底水上旅游的黄金地带,站在白云缭绕的始祖山巅极目望去, 烟波浩渺, 蔚为壮观, 恍若走入, “一碧万顷, 气象万千的洞庭湖.황하소랑저현재우리는중국북방최대의수상락원인황하소랑저천도호에들어섰습니다. 황하소랑저관광지역은소랑저댐,협자산,팔리협그리고삼문협댐등네개의지역13개의구역, 113개의관람지점으로구성되어있고우리나라황금의관광코스인하남성의“삼점일선”의중심에위치하고있습니다. 여기는소랑저공사를의거한산과물숲과풀이특색으로된대형생태유원지이며가는곳마다유구한역사이야기들이담겨있습니다.이로부터우리는하남성황하중하류의수력중축공사와협곡그리고강하천을위주로한황하의역사문화와자연풍경을펼쳐주는대형산악과호수를감상할수있습니다.맹진소랑저풍치구역은소랑저댐지역에속하며맹진현의소랑저,황록산,왕량,횡수등네개진에위치하고있으며면적은 48평방키로미터이고수면면적은20평방키로미터이며소랑저수력공사, 백애산,황록산과홍애산관람구역으로나누어져있습니다.동쪽으로보이는댐이소랑저댐입니다.저댐의아아한입수구와웅장한배수구를보십시요.일평방키로미터도안되는곳에 108개의구멍들이가로세로얽혀져있습니다.해마다 6월초에서 7월중순까지이어지는“관포절”이되면 (폭포를구경하는명절) “5월일일”관광황금주에이어이곳은또하나의관광성수기를맞이하게됩니다. 그광경을보시면감탄하지않을수없습니다. 저기구멍들에서쏟아지는폭포는하늘에서갑자기내려오는것과도같이찬란합니다. 고압의물줄기가댐구멍을타고뿜어나오면서거대한포물선을그려냅니다. 사나운파도가기슭을힘차게치며파도가파도를쫓아멀리사라지는일사천리의광경은장관이아닐수없습니다.그리하여이소랑저폭포구경은고대수도인락양의보기드문광경으로되였습니다.여러분, 예로부터남쪽에는양자강(장강)삼협이있고북쪽에는황하삼협이있다고들합니다. 우리가지금배를타고온곳이소랑저에서30키로떠러진황하삼협입니다. 즉용봉협,팔리협그리고고산협입니다.여러분우측으로보이는것이제원현내에있는용봉협이며그는황하의수위가높아지면서새로생긴협곡입니다.거기에는수많은산봉우리들이하늘을찌르고무더기로생긴거대한바위돌들은참으로백태만상입니다. 예를들면“사백신”이라는광경은멀리서바라보면이집트의피라미드와닮았으며스핑크스와꼭같습니다.그리고협곡북단입구에위치하고있어“수산신”이라고도합니다.협곡서산정상에는자매봉이있고동산정상에는형제봉이있으며두봉우리는협곡을사이에두고멀리마주보고있습니다. 그들사이에는“비형제이인불가”와“비자매이인불취”라는옛말이있습니다. 그들의혼인은아름답고원만했지만그역시많은우여곡절을겪은끝에거둔결과입니다. 이것이바로“정이있는남녀는결국부부가된다”는것이아닌가싶습니다.우리가곧도착할곳은황하의팔리협인데본명은팔리골목이며만리황하의제일협곡이라불리웁니다. 이협곡의길이가팔리이기때문에팔리골목이라고합니다.팔리협은 5464키로미터나되는황하의중하류경계선에있는마지막협곡입니다. 이협곡은남북으로높은산들이우뚝솟아있고깎아지른듯한절벽사이에서도도한강물이일사천리로흘어가면서장관을이루고있습니다. 예로부터팔리팔경이라는말이있습니다.그것은대우가치수할때만든것이랍니다. 그곳동쪽출구에서멀지않는곳이바로대우의아버지곤이구년동안이나치수를했으나아무런결과가없어순임금한테죽음을당한곳입니다. 아버지게서는황하를다스리겠다는굳은뜻을실현하지못했으나아들인대우가그뜻을이어받아 13년에걸쳐치수를계속했으며그동안세번이나집앞을지나면서도집에들리지않아오늘날까지미담으로전해지고있습니다.지금우리가들어선곳이고산협관람지역입니다. 이곳은팔리협의중간지역이며소랑저댐이수위가제일높을때이루어진협곡입니다.여기는산봉우리들이우뚝솟아있고산과물이그처럼아름다우며“소우망월”그리고“맹량채”라는경치도있고기슭에있는팔각산에는신선동(굴)과맞딸동(굴)이있습니다. 순수천연으로형성된높이가무려80미터나되는황하대불은사천성에있는낙산대불과아름다움을비길만합니다.그러나이것은시작에불과합니다. 시조산에도착하면한쪽은산을끼고삼면은물에둘어싸인만산호에서제일로가는반도풍경과호수중간에있는제일큰섬을구경할수있습니다. 거기가바로황하소랑저수상관광의황금지역입니다.힌구름이감돌고있는시조산정상에서서멀리바라보면만리연파가이루는장관이마치“만경창파요,아름답고변화무쌍한동정호”에들어선것만같을것입니다.。
小浪底一日游英语作文六年级
[英语作文]小浪底一日游英语作文六年级Title: A Day Trip to XiaolangdiLast weekend, my family and I went on a one-day trip to Xiaolangdi, a famous scenic spot in China known for its magnificent dam and beautiful landscape. We started our journey early in the morning, and after a two-hour drive, we arrived at our destination.As soon as we got there, we were amazed by the stunning view of the dam. It was huge and impressive, standing tall against the blue sky. We took some photos and then decided to take a closer look at the dam by walking across the bridge that spans the river. The view from the bridge was even more breathtaking, with the water flowing beneath us and the mountains rising up on either side.After crossing the bridge, we visited the Xiaolangdi Dam Museum, where we learned about the history and construction of the dam. We watched a short film that explained how the dam was built and the benefits it brings to the local community, such as flood control and electricity generation. It was interesting to see how science and technology can be used to improve people's lives.In the afternoon, we went on a boat ride on the river. The boat slowly navigated through the calm waters, and we enjoyed the peaceful scenery around us. We saw birds flying overhead and fish swimming in the river. It was a relaxing and enjoyable experience.As the day came to an end, we had a picnic by the riverside. We spread out a blanket and enjoyed sandwiches, fruits, and snacks while watching the sunset. The colors of the sky changed from orange to pink to purple, creating a beautiful and unforgettable scene.Overall, our day trip to Xiaolangdi was a memorable and enjoyable experience. We not only appreciated the natural beauty of the area but also learned about the importance of the dam and its benefits to the local community. I hope to visit again in the future and explore more of what this fascinating place has to offer.。
小浪底
Involuntary Resettlement,Production and Income:Evidence from Xiaolangdi,PRCMICHAEL WEBBERandBROOKE MCDONALD*The University of Melbourne,Victoria,Australia Summary.—This paper examines how the capacities of the Chinese state and the institutional structure of agriculture have affected the manner in which resettlement has influenced the livelihoods of peasants in two Henan villages.The villages were resettled because of construction of the Xiaolangdi dam on the Yellow River.Although located in the same region,the original villages exhibited different income levels,equality,and forms of production;since resettlement,incomes in the poorer village have risen,but in the richer village have fallen.The villagers now have access to less land than formerly(though more of it is irrigated)but many now work in new construction and transport activities,building the dam and the village infrastructure.In both villages,when construction ceases,incomes are expected to fall.Ó2004Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Key words—China,resettlement,dams,villages,Xiaolangdi,impoverishment1.INTRODUCTIONThere has been a long history around the world of poorly managed resettlement schemes instigated by dam construction.Probably the majority of resettlements have involved the majority of resettlers in a downward economic trajectory(McCully,1996).In India alone,15 million of the21million people displaced over the last four decades are worse offthan before resettlement(Parasuraman,1999).There has been wide debate in such regions as Scandi-navia over the wisdom of providing aid for constructing dams in developing countries when so many projects leave behind a‘‘laby-rinth of broken communities,broken families and broken lives...beyond numerical calcula-tion’’(Mathur,1995,p.2).No country in the world matches the mag-nitude of displacement caused by infrastructure development in China(WCD,2000).Over45 million people have been resettled since1949 (WCD,2000).The expansion of cities is the greatest cause of displacement;even so,12 million people have been displaced by85,000 reservoirs since1949(an average of240,000per year).China is now building fewer and larger dams than in the Maoist era(WCD,2000).Five large multipurpose dams have been supported by World Bank loans since1985––the Shuikou, Daguangba,Ertan,Jingya and Xiaolangdi dams––that have collectively inundated25,000 ha and displaced343,000people(WCD,2000). In the1990s the Chinese government became the world’s largest recipient of World Bank aid for dam construction(Skar&McNully,1994). Yet there has been remarkably little indepen-dent evidence in English of the impact of Bank-sponsored construction on resettled people (independent that is of the World Bank or the Chinese government).Moreover,few of the published reports in English rely on careful surveys or stated methods.The aim of this paper therefore is to provide some independent evidence of the impact of involuntary resettle-ment on income and production within ruralWorld Development Vol.32,No.4,pp.673–690,2004Ó2004Elsevier Ltd.All rights reservedPrinted in Great Britain0305-750X/$-see front matter doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.10.010*Research for this paper was supported by an ARCSmall Grant in2000and ARC grant DP0209563toWebber.Thefield work was conducted by McDonald.Final revision accepted:30October2003.673households that were resettled because of con-struction of the Xiaolangdi dam,on which preparatory work began in September1991. Specifically,we ask:under what circumstances does resettlement affect people’s levels of pro-duction and the resources they can command to produce?The question concerns changes in material production,measured at an individual level. Resettlement can induce changes in individual capacities to produce(for example,by changing areas and qualities of land holdings)and in social capacities(for example,by altering gov-ernance structures or cooperative workplaces). It can also influence material well-being (consumption possibilities),access to cultural artifacts(tombs of ancestors,for example), physical health(incidence of disease,for example),psychological health(stress,for example),and changes in emotions toward housing and environment.These are all important effects.Nevertheless,it is changes in income and production that are the focus of this paper.We seek to answer this question in the six sections that follow.We begin in Section2by briefly reviewing some evidence about previ-ous resettlements,before identifying in Sec-tion3the policies that were reportedly followed by the World Bank and the PRC in planning this resettlement.Section4provides information about the history of the dam’s construction and the resettlement program as well as outlining the methods that we fol-lowed.Section5describes the villages before they were inundated and Section6the villages as they were in mid-2000after resettlement. The conclusions about the experiences of these people and the practice of planning for their futures are drawn together in Section7 in order to answer the question we have posed.2.WHAT TOEXPECT Resettled populations commonly become impoverished after they have been relocated.In poorly handled displacements,severe impover-ishment and social disintegration affect many people,not simply the immediately affected population(Cernea,1996).India’s Narmada Valley Project provides a pertinent example (Fox&Brown,1998;Hancock,1989;Mehta, 1994;Parasuraman,1999;Rich,1994;Schacht, 1997;Thukral&Singh,1995).Approved in 1987by the Indian Government,the Narmada Valley Project consists of more than3,000 major and minor dams along the Narmada River(Alvares&Billorey,1988).The project was originally funded by the World Bank; however,funds were withdrawn in1993after the Morse Report highlighted the dam’s social and environmental impacts(Roy,1999).This project has caused impoverishment for many communities(for discussion see Fox,1998; Hancock,1989;Mehta,1994;Parasuraman, 1999;Rich,1994;Roy,1999;Schacht,1997; Thukral&Singh,1995).Schacht(1997) describes how those displacedfind themselves exiled to‘‘resettlement ghettos’’on poor land, far from their former communities. Unfortunately,such examples are replicated in country after country,project after project. There is no quantitative evidence that any World Bank-financed dam construction in Latin America has adequately rehabilitated the resettled people,in terms of income,health or other social welfare measures(Wilks&Hild-yard,1994;see,too,Ribeiro,1994).Roder (1994)on Nigeria,Elder(1976)on Nepal, Wilks and Hildyard(1994)and McCully(1996) on Thailand continue the story.Even the World Bank(1994c)admits that during1986–93,more people were unsatisfactorily than satisfactorily resettled.There is some indication that the record of involuntary resettlement in China may be the exception to this pattern of failure.Many Chinese commentators regard resettlements undertaken since the mid-1980s as smooth and effective operations that have reflected new policies(Tang,2002).The World Bank’s review of projects involving involuntary resettlement 1986–93found that resettlement in China now generally works well and even adds to project benefits(World Bank,1994c).Some however, are more skeptical of resettlement outcomes in China.Both Stein(1997)and McElroy(1999) observe that involuntary resettlement in China all too frequently implies the abandonment of those displaced to conditions of chronic impoverishment.Chau(1995)estimates that 30%of China’s involuntary resettlements have failed.Qing(1989)comments that there are no cases of successful involuntary resettlement in China.People resettled from the Sanmenxia dam region during1957–61still live in relative poverty,with90%still living in temporary shelters30years later(Chen,1991).Residents in Shandong remain dissatisfied about the effects of resettlement on them(Croll,1999a):WORLD DEVELOPMENT 674‘‘to help the relocatees move was much easier than helping them to stand on their own two feet’’(Croll,1999a,p.28).There is,then,confusion over the economic costs of dislocation in China(Cernea,1999, 2000).In principle,people who are being resettled face a variety of risks.To understand these,we need to modify Cernea’s(1997) model of risks,both to reflect the institutional structure at Xiaolangdi and to separate cause and effect.The main risks identified by Cernea are:(a)landlessness;(b)joblessness;(c) homelessness;(d)marginalization;(e)food insecurity;(f)loss of access to common prop-erty resources;(g)increased morbidity;and(h) community disarticulation.The resettlements at Xiaolangdi have been planned as reloca-tions of entire villages,and villagers have been provided with the funds with which to con-struct new houses and communal infrastruc-ture:thus homelessness has not occurred. However,people’s capacity to produce may deteriorate,leading to such observed effects as food insecurity,marginalization and loss of income.That deterioration in turn may origi-nate in causes––the loss of such productive assets as land,common property resources, jobs,health and community articulation.Croll (1999b)comes to a similar conclusion:the main causes of dissatisfaction in all the villages he examined were precarious livelihoods, declining standards of living and uncertainty of production and development,for which both villagers and officials held the other responsible.According to Mahapatra(1999),loss of land sets the level of impoverishment in involuntary displacement.Expropriation of land removes the main foundation upon which people’s productive systems,commercial activities and livelihoods are constructed.This is the principal form of decapitalization and pauperization of displaced people as they lose both physical and man-made capital(Cernea,1997,p.1572).Casualfield observation in Chinese villages suggests that the relationship between farmers and land remains close,especially where there are few economic activities that are not based on land;for all farmers,the presence of acces-sible land continues to be of both practical and symbolic importance in ensuring potential or long-term security.In China,the development of production––with its goals of maintaining and improving villager’s incomes––caused the most adminis-trative stress and the most hardship among resettled populations(Mahapatra,1999).Pro-duction has been difficult to develop,not only because villages were frequently located in remote and inhospitable resource-scarce moun-tain regions,but also because relocation and development are insufficiently linked,in con-cept and practice.In China,these phases are still regarded as separate and sequential rather than as overlapping or interlinked;frequently planning and preparation for production and development at the time of relocation are insufficient(Croll,1999b).The risk of joblessness is also high.The construction of a dam and the reconstruction of a village lead to a temporary boom in employment.But employment‘‘severely drops toward the end of the project.This compounds the incidence of chronic and temporary job-lessness among the displaced population’’(Cernea,2000,p.25).‘‘Joblessness among re-settlers often surfaces after a time delay,rather than immediately,because in the short run they may receive employment in project related jobs’’(Cernea,1997,p.1573).When people are forcibly displaced,production sys-tems are dismantled.Many jobs,much valuable land and other income generating assets are lost...And not only the affected people are worse off:when dis-placement is massive,it also weakens the local and re-gional economy(Cernea,1996,p.46).1These,then,are the central risks to which––according to current knowledge––the villagers have been exposed.Food insecurity, marginalization and loss of income are the principal measures of productive capacity in villages;and we explicitly measure them. These effects may arise because of changes in land resources(including common property resources),jobs,health and community orga-nization.In a country such as China,where land is so scarce and yet agriculture so fun-damental to people’s lives,the inundation of even small areas of arable land must signify a reduction in rural resources(both privately managed and common property).When fac-tories and other sources of off-farm work are lost to a dam’s effects,then the villagers also face the risk of losing potential income.It is possible that people’s health status may change and that the move may disrupt the ability of the village to operate as a produc-tive unit.INVOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT6753.POLICY:THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OFCHINA AND THE WORLD BANK The total cost of constructing the dam was estimated to be2,866million RMB,of which resettlement will account for about one-fifth (The World Bank,1994a).The project has been partlyfinanced by the World Bank;the agree-ment was signed in June1991(YRWHDC, 1997).One-tenth of the resettlement budget has been donated by The World Bank––about 57.13million RMB(YVWRP,1999).In addi-tion,financial aid has been provided by the State Planning Commission,Ministry of Finance, Bank of Reconstruction,Bank of Development and Henan/Shanxi Governments(YRWHDC, 1997).The policies that have informed the planning of this resettlement are thus those of the PRC and the World Bank.The World Bankfirst formulated policy about involuntary resettlement in1980.But, practice in Bank-sponsored projects has lagged far behind policy:Rumansara(1998)provides a cogent example of the struggle of local villagers and international nongovernmental organiza-tions(NGOs)against blatant violations of World Bank policy in Kedung Ombo(Indo-nesia).Indeed,Caufield(1996)and Rich(1994) claim that the greening of World Bank policies has been largely a facßade.After a deal of such external criticism(reviewed by Covey,1998and Wirth,1998)and(apparently)of internal debate,the World Bank in the early1990s reviewed resettlement policies for its dam pro-jects and their implementation(Fox,1998). After a detailed evaluation,Fox and Brown (1998)conclude that there has been a small but significant strengthening of World Bank policy. The current World BankOperational Manual, Operational Directive4.30states that resettle-ment should be conceived as a‘‘development project’’with resettlers provided sufficient investment and opportunities to share in pro-ject benefits.Particular attention should be paid to the needs of the poorest.Indigenous people,ethnic minorities,pastoralists,and other groups that may have customary rights to land or other resources taken for the project, must be provided with adequate land,infra-structure,and other munity participation should be encouraged and reset-tlers should be integrated socially and eco-nomically into host communities.The Directive identifies specific steps to plan resettlement to meet these aims.For thefirst time in any major dam project,the World Bank set aside a fund specifically to pay for the resettlement of vil-lagers affected by Xiaolangdi.PRC policies give the government overall responsibility for all resettlement.The govern-ment aims to encourage self-reliance among the resettled populations and to restore their original living standards.Compensation and assistance before resettlement,and support for production after resettlement are provided as the displaced persons’needs require and to the ex-tent that national resources permit in order to enable the displaced persons’livelihood reach or exceed the former level(Zeng,1994,p.59).The government should compensate and provide employment to affected people if no land is available.Displaced farmers should be allowed to resettle on land.In addition,the PRC has adopted special policies for the Xiaolangdi project,including aims to improve infrastructure,to use the revenue from power generation to rehabilitate affected people and to invest tax revenues for the welfare of the resettled people(Yao,1994).Such intentions do not necessarily translate into good practice.Clark(1999)provides an example of the manner in which both World Bank and Chinese government policies have beenflouted to speed up the resettlement of Han farmers in Qinghai.Nor are the policies without theirflaws(how is a net reduction in agricultural land to be made compatible with improved living standards?).Yet this study of resettlement at Xiaolangdi is an evaluation of outcomes under policy conditions as good as are to be found anywhere.Resettled people in other projects may well fare worse than the people whose villages were inundated by the Xiaolangdi reservoir.4.THE XIAOLANGDI EXAMPLE The Xiaolangdi project consists of a dam,flood release structures and power facilities on the middle reaches of the Yellow River(Huang He)(YRWHDC,1997).It is located where the Yellow River leaves the Loess Plateau and enters the North China Plain,about40km north of Luoyang City,130km downstream of Sanmenxia Dam and128km upstream of Huayuankou in Zhengzhou City(YRWHDC, 1997).Figure1illustrates the locations of the dam and the sample villages.WORLD DEVELOPMENT 676Major work began in September1994(YR-WHDC,1997).A total of174villages infive Henan counties(Jiyuan,Mengjin,Xin’an,Mi-anchi and Shanxian)and three Shanxi counties (Yuanqu,Xiaxian and Pinglu)have to be resettled(YRWHDC Resettlement Office, 1999).The total population directly affected by the Xiaolangdi project is181,050(World Bank, 1994b).The reservoir covers12township gov-ernment seats,182administrative villages and 787mines/industries(YRWHDC Resettlement Office,1999).The actual resettlement will take place over18years.People will be moved out in four phases,depending on the elevation of their homes.In the early stages(to1996),villages below the dam were resettled(about31,500 people).The third stage(1997–2000)witnessed the resettlement of the bulk of those affected by the project––131,500people––who had lived at higher elevations.In the subsequent decade(to 2011),as the damfills,another17,900people will have to be relocated.Two villages were surveyed,Baigou and Dongpo,both in Jiyuan county,Henan.Henan is a large,relatively poor province.It had in 1999an estimated population of nearly94 million people,82.5%of whom were rural dwellers(numbers in this paragraph are from SSB,2000).Its annual per capita income of 1948RMB was only88%of the Chinese aver-age.2The relative poverty of rural households in Henan arises largely from the lack of laboring jobs rather than from low incomes in household businesses(mainly farming).In He-nan,cultivated land per household averaged 1.54mu,with another0.01mu of hilly land (compared to the China averages of2.07and 0.47respectively).The farmland is planted mainly to wheat and corn(78.3%of the sown area),with lesser areas planted to oil crops, cotton,peanuts,soybeans and tubers.There are some13.5million cattle in the province,and smaller numbers of pigs,sheep and goats. The evidence derives from a survey of households in the two villages,some informal discussions with half a dozen households in each village,discussions with village leaders and the doctor.The survey was a written questionnaire(in Chinese),circulated to about 50households in each village(we sought,but were not permitted to interview the house-holds).The survey was conducted in2000,after pilot work in1999and informal contact with the YRWHDC.Although an attempt was made to distribute the survey instrument ran-domly,in practice the village leaders guided the distribution of the instrument.There is also some evidence,detailed in McDonald(2000), that village leaders attempted to rewrite some of the responses to the questionnaire;however,INVOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT677this could be distinguished by the fact that the alterations were made by a common pen and a common handwriting.The questionnaire surveyed a variety of the experiences of the villagers,including their compensation,the notice given,their involve-ment in planning the move,and their emotional responses to the move.In this paper,we employ the responses to questions concerned with people’s livelihoods.(Note that there was also a change in people’s assets;most houses in the relocated villages were newer,more modern and larger than the old houses.)The central questions that are relevant to the analyses are listed in Table 1.The empirical strategy was to measure the effects of the shift on income,production and marginalization.We also sought to identify the causes of these effects––people’s access to land,jobs and common property.It proved impossible to measure health status and community functioning,so changes in these causes are inferred rather than identified.The categories that were used to denote occupations and sources of income are those used by the SSB.Since off-farm employ-ment may be important,people living tempo-rarily outside the village were included as household members,if respondents regarded them as such.In practice,the quality of responses from residents of Dongpo was far poorer than those from residents of Baigou.In Dongpo,more questions were not answered;the variances of some variables were higher;and inspection of data indicated that some outliers were in fact errors.Several households ran foul of a com-mon problem,the inconsistency of Chinese and western number systems;so some responses were obviously wrong by a factor of 10(these were corrected).The data are subject to some limitations.A sample of two villages is not sufficient to gener-alize about the experiences of people resettled because of construction of the Xiaolangdi dam.We have not surveyed people who moved to towns or cities.Nor have we surveyed the res-idents of the villages that became host to the resettled farmers.The sample of households is probably not random.Moreover,there must be errors in responses––the farmers’statements about life before resettlement reflect memory and its fallibilities (however,there is no avail-able pre-move survey with which we can com-pare these data).There are too some unavoidable limitations to our claim that this research is independent of the Chinese government and the World Bank.The collection of data was designed,funded and analyzed independently.But we had to cooperate with the provincial and county resettlement offices in selecting villages to sur-vey,since permission was required to undertake the survey.Officials were asked to select one village that had been resettled in phase two of the scheme and one that was resettled in phase three,but we were unable to select the specificTable 1.Relevant portions of the questionnaire aIssueQuestionHousehold Information1.How many people live in this house?2.How many adults live in this house?3.What sex are the adults?4.How many are working?Income1.How much total income does this household earn per year?2.What types of work does this household do?3.What percentage does each of these types of work contribute to total income?Production1.How many mu of land does this household farm?2.What is the yearly amount of grain (jin)produced by this household?3.How adequately can the amount of jin produced per year on the farmland feed this household?4.What percentage of your farmland is used for:(a)irrigated agriculture,(b)dryland agriculture,(c)vegetable plots,(d)orchards and (e)fishponds?5.What percentage of your agricultural income does the output of these (question 4)make up?6.How would you rate the quality of your farmland?aQuestions were asked twice,once for the previous village and land;once for the new village and land.WORLD DEVELOPMENT678villages that satisfied this criterion.We may have been steered away from villages in which resettlement has been disastrous.Furthermore, despite our best efforts,it is probable that vil-lage leaders biased the sample of respondents; however,casual observations in these and similar villages confirm the more formal con-clusions that we draw.5.THE VILLAGES BEFORERESETTLEMENT(a)General conditionsBaigou was a small,village of285house-holds.With an average annual income of only 590±57RMB per head,it was poorer than most of rural Henan(Table2).3Like other parts of the province,it relied heavily on agri-culture––primarily wheat and corn production, combined with the raising of pigs,goats and other small animals.Households had relatively little land––only1.1±0.05mu per person,and only11±6%of that was irrigated cropland.At 588±39jin/mu,crop yields were significantly below the provincial average of659jin/mu. Little was grown in the way or fruit or vege-tables.Most households thought that their land was of inferior quality(on average rating their land as1.9±0.2on a5-point scale).The village was quite equal in its poverty.As in most of rural China,land was relatively equally divided,in Baigou according to the number of people per household:the coefficient of variation of farm land per person is only 0.17,meaning that about two-thirds of house-holds farmed land an area of land within17% of the average.(Figure2indicates variations in major household characteristics.)Equally, incomes were quite equal,with coefficients of variation of about0.3.Virtually all households produced1,500–3,000jin of grain.Dongpo was small(426households),too,but richer(Table3and Figure2).Its average income of1956±337RMB was near the Henan rural average and significantly greater than the average in Baigou.Dongpo’s residents reliedTable2.Characteristics of Baigou before resettlement aUnit N obs Mean Confidence interval Coefficient of variation Persons/household57 4.10.300.27Adults/household57 2.40.230.37Income/head RMB57590.657.130.36Income/adult RMB571045.0115.660.42Income from crops%5647.4 3.750.29Forestry%560.0Fish%56 1.1 2.187.41Animal husbandry%56 1.8 1.08 2.23Small animals%5641.0 5.280.48Nonagriculture%568.7 4.71 2.02Land area/household mu56 4.50.330.28Person mu56 1.10.050.17Adult mu56 2.00.170.31Grain output jin562592.9222.540.32Yield jin/mu56588.238.980.25Land in irrigatedcrops%5611.0 5.82 1.98 Dryland crops%5682.97.780.35Vegetables%56 5.9 5.02 3.17Orchards%550.20.37 6.75Average land quality52 1.90.240.45Source:Author’s survey,June2000;calculations by SPSS.a N obs is the number of valid observations for that variable.The confidence interval is at95%.Confidence intervals should be interpreted carefully:most distributions are not normal.INVOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT679WORLD DEVELOPMENT 680less on crops and more on forestry,animal husbandry(cattle)and nonagricultural work than did the residents of Baigou.While Don-gpo’s residents engaged in many forms of nonagricultural work,the two principal sources of employment were state-owned enterprises and construction.Even the agricultural econ-omy of Dongpo was more productive than that of Baigou.Though the areas of land per household,per person or per adult were not significantly different,Dongpo’s households had access to a high proportion of irrigated land(55±9%),far higher than in Baigou. Dongpo’s land was also deemed to be of higher quality.Thus both yields and production per household were significantly higher than in Baigou.Dongpo had orchards andfishponds, providing a variety of food that was absent in Baigou.Yet,as the coefficients of variation in Table3 and the graphs of Figure2indicate,Dongpo was also a more unequal society than Baigou. Land was far less equally divided,whether by household,adult or person,and so too were grain output,yields and incomes;among all these indicators of well being,the range that encompassed two-thirds of household was60–70%of the average.Over one-quarter of Don-gpo’s residents earned over5,000RMB per adult,and were well offby the standards of rural China;yet20%earned less than1,000 RMB per adult.(b)Producing grainIn order to understand how the farmers in the two villages responded to resettlement,weTable3.Characteristics of Dongpo before resettlement aUnit N obs Mean Confidence interval Coefficient of variation Persons/household52+4.540.290.23Adults/household52++3.020.390.46ÃÃIncome/head RMB49++1956.04337.410.60ÃÃIncome/adult RMB49++3353.23694.790.72ÃÃIncome from crops%47)36.837.380.68ÃÃForestry%47++11.31 3.160.95ÃÃFish%470.320.47 5.07Animal husbandry%47++8.39 2.50 1.02ÃÃSmall animals%47))8.16 2.160.90ÃÃNonagriculture%47++34.998.210.80ÃÃLand area/household mu52 5.51 1.000.65ÃÃPerson mu52 1.200.200.59ÃÃAdult mu52 2.010.360.64ÃÃGrain output jin51++5612.551060.990.67ÃÃYield jin/mu51++1178.34169.260.51ÃÃLand in irrigated crops%47++54.589.400.59ÃÃDryland crops%47))33.098.670.89Vegetables%47 6.71 1.280.65Orchards%47++4.35 1.97 1.54ÃÃFishponds%46+1.30 1.01 2.61ÃÃAverage land quality51++3.840.280.27ÃÃSource:Author’s survey,June2000;calculations by SPSS.a See notes on Table2.The asterisks(*)attached to the coefficients of variation indicate whether or not,according to Levene’s test,the variances of Dongpo and the Baigou responses are significantly different;*indicating difference at p<0:05and**indicating difference at p<0:01.The plus(+)and minus())signs attached to the means indicatewhether or not the Dongpo and the Baigou responses are significantly different.The tests were independent sample, two-tailed t-tests,assuming equality of variances if Levene’s test did not indicate significantly different variances; otherwise equality of variances was not assumed.++or))indicates a difference that is significant at p<0:01;+or )indicates a difference that is significant at p<0:05;+or++indicates that the Dongpo means were significantly greater than those at Baigou;)or)),indicates that the Dongpo means were significantly lower than those atBaigou.INVOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT681。
英语翻译重点词汇（３）
英语翻译重点词汇（３）内廷 the Inner Court⾦⽔桥 the Golden Water Bridge太和门 the Gate of Supreme Harmony中和殿 the Hall of Complete Harmony保和殿 the Hall of Preserving Harmony御花园 the imperial garden⽩塔 the White Dagoba琉璃⽡ glazed tiles粮⾷⾃给率 self-sufficiency rate of grain净进⼝量net import rate消费量consumption quantity农业⾃然资源 Natural agricultural resources⽣产条件 production condition技术⽔平technical level耕地cultivated land单位⾯积per unit area复种指数 the multiple crop index内陆⽔域 inland waters⽔产品 aquatic products集约化intensification⽊本植物 arbor foodstuffs知识经济 knowledge economy劳动密集型产业 labour intensive industries贸易与⾦融关系 commercial and financial ties中国少年⼉童出版社 China Children Press⼉童⽂学 Children’s Literature丝绸之路 the Silk Road井地之蛙 a frog at the bottom of a well落汤鸡 like a drowned rate陆地⾃然资源 land natural resources淡⽔资源 freshwater resources矿产资源 mineral resources⼤陆岸线 mainland coastline岛屿岸线islands’ coastline联合国海洋法公约 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea中国海域 China’s sea areas浅海 shallow seas⼈⼯养殖 aquatic products沉积盆地sedimentation basin中国沿海China’s coasts深⽔岸线 deep-water stretch of coast可再⽣能源regenerable energy resources全球⽣命⽀持系统the global bio-support system全国⼈民代表⼤会 National People’s Congress中外合资经营 Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures国际经济合作 international economic cooperation技术交流 technological exchange经济组织 economic organization外国合营者 foreign joint venturer平等互利的原则 the principle of equality and mutual benefit and subject公共利益 public interest 塔多思--TRADOS 塔多客--tradoser: 1. trados user; 2. TRAnslation DOubled SERvice有限责任公司 limited liability company对外经济贸易主管部门 State’s competent department in charge of foreign economic relations and trade⼯商⾏政管理主管部门 the State’s competent department in charge of industry and commerce administration 营业执照 business license注册资本 registered capital合营企业经营期间 in its practicing deception董事会 a board of directors董事长 chairman企业发展规划 the venture’s development plans。
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return rock bolt，回头张拉锚杆
return rock reinforcement，回头加固
shotcrete anchorage，喷锚
shotcrete with wire mesh，挂网喷砼
steel fabric shotcrete，钢纤维喷砼
unit price，单价
variation（change），变更
word bank，世界银行
二、工程施工类
（一）工程施工、土建类
开挖与支护
明挖（open excavation）
bench excavation，台阶开挖
concrete excavation，砼开挖
fault excavation，断层开挖
controlling parameter，控制参数
fill placement record，填筑记录
frog area，蛙夯区
required embankment，必要填方
subzone，分区
混凝土（concrete）
air-entrained concrete（aerated concrete）加气混凝土
export，出口
federation of civil engineering contractor，土模工程承包商联合会
formal，正式的
hydromechanicalworks，金结工程
import，进口
in charge of，负责，主管
informal，非正式的
institution of civil engineers（ICE），土木工程师协会
foundation excavation，基础开挖
local excavation，局部开挖
mass（bulk）excavation，大面积开挖
protective layer excavation，保护层开挖
rock excavation，岩石开挖
slope excavation，边坡开挖
soft ground excavation，软基开挖
洞挖及地下开挖（tunnel and underground excavation）
a round of excavation，一个开挖循环
adit，支洞
advance，进尺
advanced depth，进尺深度
breaking hole，崩落孔
cushion hole，缓冲孔
drift，掏槽
bottom drift，底部掏槽
pattern resin grouted rock dowel，系统树脂浆锚杆
pattern rock dowel，系统砂浆锚杆
pattern rock reinforcement，系统加固
permanent rock support，永久支护
post-tensioned cement grouted tendon rock anchor，后张拉水泥浆锚索
heading and bench excavation，导洞与台阶开挖
loading and hauling muck（mucking），装拉碴
loading（charging），装药
perimeter hole，周边孔
pilot tunnel，导洞
removing dust，除尘
removing ground water，清除地面积水
shooting the explosive（blasting），放炮，爆破
top heading excavation，上导洞开挖
ventilation，通风
钻孔爆破（drilling and blasting）
abandoned hole，废孔
average hole depth，平均孔深
average quantity used in unit volume blasted，平均单耗
asphalt concrete，沥青混凝土
blinding concrete，垫层混凝土
cast-in-site（site，place）concrete，现浇混凝土
explosive quantity，药量
explosive quantity in a sound，单响药量
handing misfire，处理哑炮
light charge，少量装药
loosening blasting，松动爆破
pattern，布孔方式
distance between holes，孔距
一、基础词汇
access，交通
agreement，同意，协议
allocation，分配，配制
approval，同意，批准
arbitration，仲裁
Asia Development Bank，亚洲开发银行
Assistant，助理，助手
Authorize（delegate），授权，委托
，工程量表
engineer，工程师
engineer’s representative，工程师代表
engineering project，工程项目
international project，国际工程
overseas project，海外工程
equipment，设备
expatriate，外籍职员
expert，专家
river diversion，导流
safety，安全
signature，签名
site，现场
site engineer，现场工程师
specification，规格，规范
staff，职员
subcontractor，分包商
submission，提交
supervise，监督，监视
supplier，供货商
the international chamber of commerce，国际商会
civil works，土建工程
claim，索赔
comment，评论，意见
commercial manager，商务经理
conditions of contract，合同条件
general conditions，通用条件
conditions of particular application，专用条件
distance between rows，排距
post shearing blasting，微差爆破
prespliting blasting，预裂参数
quantity of holes，孔数
smooth blasting，光面爆破
岩石支护（rock support）
expansion shell rock bolt，胀壳式张拉锚杆
center drift，中心掏槽
side drift，边部掏槽
top drift，顶部掏槽
drilling，钻孔
driving（progress）rate，进尺率
easer，掏槽孔
erecting supports for the roof and side wall，对顶拱及边墙进行支护
full face excavation，全断面开挖
steel rib，钢拱架
temporary rock support，临时支护
tensioned resin grouted rock bolt，树脂张拉锚杆
土石料的填筑及碾压（working sequence）
backfill，回填
blend，混合
compact，碾压
controlled sprinkling，控制散水
dewatering（drainage），排水
excavation pit，开挖基坑
intensity of excavation，开挖强度
overexcavation（overbreak），超挖
pump sump，水泵坑
underexcavation（underbreak），欠挖
underbreak treatment，欠挖处理
cut the slope，削坡
dump，卸料
exploit，开采
level，整平
load，装料
moisture condition，分水调节
place and spread，摊铺
remove，清除
replace，重新填筑
retread（do the work again），返工
scarify，翻松，刨毛
blasting result，爆破结果
blockness，块度
controlled perimeter blasting，周边控制爆破
data of explosive filled，装药参数
data of holes drilled，钻孔参数
delayed blasting，延时爆破
exploratory hole，探孔
special conditions of contract，特别条件
conditions of contract for works of civil engineering construction，土木工程施工合同条件
construction management，施工管理
consultant，顾问
drawing，图纸
shop drawing，车间图
design drawing，设计图
as-built drawing，竣工图
blue drawing，蓝图
transparent drawing，透明图
construction drawing，施工图
electric works，电气工程