自考英美文学选读-作家特色与作品分析
自考-《英美文学选读》作家和作品
A Tale of a Tub 桶的故事
The Battle of the books 书籍的战争
The Drapier’s Letter 德拉皮尔的信
Gulliver’s Travels 格列佛游记
A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议
5. Henry Fielding
The great poems: Paradise Lost (1665)
Paradise Regained (1666)
Samson Agonistes (1671) 力士参孙
The Neoclassical Period 新古典主义 8个
1. John bunyan:
Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的结合
The Book of Urizen 尤来森之书
The Book of Los 洛斯之书
The four Zoas四个左义斯
Milon弥尔顿
Tiger
2. Willian Wordsworth(Lake Poets)
The Victorian Period 6
1. Charles Dickens
Sketches by Boz 勃兹速写
Life in Oliver Twist 雾都孤儿
Nicholas Nickleby 尼克拉丝尼克尔比
The Pickwick Paper 皮克威克外传
The History of Amelia阿米利亚
6．Samuel Johnson
Poems: London , The Vanity of human Wishes人类欲望的虚幻
自考英美文学选读(英国篇
The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期Beowulf 《贝奥武夫》：第一部最古老、最长的较完整的文学作品The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》小说集，描写了各行各业中的人物形象Italy 三方面：painting+sculputre+literature主要作家：William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》（1）手法：pun 双关（“Not on thy sole,but on thy soul,harsh Jew /Thou mak ’st thy knife keen.”“狠心的犹太人,你不是在鞋口上磨刀,而是在你的心口上磨刀”）（2）主人公名字：安东尼奥Antonio 巴萨尼奥Bassanio 鲍西亚Portia 犹太人Jews 夏洛克Shylock 生平2long poems 154sonnets38playsVenus and Adonis 《维纳斯与安东尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece 《鲁克丽丝受辱记》四大喜剧A Midsummer Night’s Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》（1）手法：soliloquy 独白（“To be,or not to be —that is the question ”）（2）The first and the most popular play of Shakespeare十四行诗（18）（1）起源Italy引入英国的人Wyatt 华埃特（2）经典名句：“Shall I compare thee to a summer ’s day?”我可能把你和夏天相比拟？（3）修辞：Personification 拟人手法（4）主题：美好夏日通常短暂，但诗歌之美却能永存。
英美文学选读复习资料
英美文学选读复习资料英美文学选读复习资料一、英国文学1、文艺复兴时期：莎士比亚的戏剧《哈姆雷特》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》等，以及弥尔顿的《失乐园》。
2、17世纪：约翰·多恩的玄学派诗歌，以及约翰·班扬的《天路历程》。
3、18世纪：启蒙时期，亨利·菲尔丁和理查逊的小说，以及亚历山大·蒲柏的讽刺诗歌。
4、19世纪：浪漫主义时期，包括拜伦、雪莱、济慈等人的诗歌，以及简·奥斯汀、爱米莉·勃朗特等的小说。
5、维多利亚时期：查尔斯·狄更斯、乔治·艾略特、托马斯·哈代等作家的小说，以及马修·阿诺德、约翰·罗斯金等人的诗歌。
二、美国文学1、浪漫主义时期：包括华盛顿·欧文的《睡谷传说》、爱伦·坡的短篇小说、以及纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》。
2、现实主义时期：包括马克·吐温的《汤姆·索亚历险记》、亨利·詹姆斯的小说、以及艾米莉·狄金森的诗歌。
3、20世纪：包括F.斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》、欧内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》、杰克·凯鲁亚克的《在路上》等文学作品。
三、文学术语和概念1、象征主义：通过象征性的符号或形象来表达某种思想或情感。
2、叙事视角：从特定的角度来描述故事，常见的有第一人称、第二人称、第三人称等。
3、意象主义：通过形象和比喻来表达情感和思想。
4、文艺复兴：欧洲历史上的一次文化运动，强调人文主义和古希腊罗马文化。
5、玄学派：17世纪英国的一种文学流派，强调诗歌中的哲学思考和神秘主义。
6、悲剧：一种戏剧类型，通常表现英雄人物的悲惨命运。
7、喜剧：一种戏剧类型，通常表现幽默、讽刺等轻松愉快的主题。
8、自然主义：一种文学流派，强调对自然和社会现实的客观描写。
9、超验主义：一种哲学思想，强调个人经验和直觉，反对传统权威。
新大纲自考《英美文学选读》笔记总结-背完必过
新大纲自考《英美文学选读》笔记总结-背完必过(总65页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--《英美文学选读》笔记背完必过Part One: English LiteratureAn Introduction to Old and Medieval English LiteratureI Understanding and application: (理解应用)1. England’s inhabitants are Celts. And it is conquered by Romans, Anglo Saxons and Normans. The Anglo-Saxons brought the Germanic language and culture to England, while Normans brought the Mediterranean civilization, including Greek culture, Rome law and the Christian religion. It is the cultural influence of these two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.2. The old English literature extends from about 450 to 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of England.3. The old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two groups: The religious group and the secular one4. Beowulf: a typical example of Old English poetry is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. It is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.5. After the Norman’s conquest, three languages co-existed in England. French is the official language that is used by king and the Norman lords. Latin is the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities. Old English was spoken only by the common English people.6. In the second half of 14th century, English literature started to flourish with the appearance of writers like Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John Gower, and othersII Recite: (识记再现)1. Romance:①It uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period.②It has developed the characteristic medieval motifs of the quest, the test, the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved.③The hero is usually the knight, who sets out on a journey to accomplish some missions. There are often mysteries and fantasies in romance.④Romantic love is an important part of the plot in romance.Characterization is standardized, While the structure is loose and episodic, the language is simple and straightforward.⑤The importance of the romance itself can be seen as a means of showing medieval aristocratic men and women in relation to their idealized view of the world.2. Heroic couplet:Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman.3. The theme of Beowulf:The poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader. The poem is an example of the mingling of the nature myths and heroic legends.4. The Wife of Bath in The Canterbury Tales:The Wife of Bath is depicted as the new bourgeois wife asserting her independence. Chaucer develops his characterization to a higher artistic level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.5. Chaucer’s achievement:①He presented a comprehensive realistic picture of his age and created a whole gallery of vivid characters in his works, especially in The Canterbury Tales.②He anticipated a new ear, the Renaissance, to come under the influence of the Italian writers.③He developed his characterization to a higher level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.④He greatly contributed to the maturing of English poetry. Today, Chaucer’s reputation has beensecurely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and humanity.6. “The F ather of English poetry”:Originally, Old English poems are mainly alliterative verses with few variations.①Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace it.②In The Romaunt of the Rose (玫瑰传奇), he first introduced to the English the octosyllabic couplet (八音节对偶句).③In The Legend of Good Women, he used for the first time in English heroic couplet.④And in his masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, he employed heroic couplet with true ease and charmfor the first time in the history of English literature.⑤His art made him one of the greatest poets in English; John Dryden called him “the father of Englishpoetry”.【例题】The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely ______________. (0704)A. William Langland’s Piers PlowmanB. Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury TalesC. John Gower’s Confession AmantisD. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight【答案】B【解析】本题考查的是中世纪时期几位诗人作品的创作主题和创作范围。
自考英美文学选读(美国文学史)
PART TWO: AMERICAN LITERATUREChapter1 The Romantic Period1.主要作家及其作品：i.Washington Irving:The Sketch Book; Rip Van Winkle;The Legend of Sleepy Hollowii.Ralph Waldo Emerson:Essays; The American Scholar; Self-Reliance;The Over-Soul; The Poet; Experience; Nature iii.Nathaniel Hawthorne:Mosses from an Old Manse; The Scarlet Letter;The Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told Tales;The House of the Seven Gables;The Blithedale Romance;The Marble Fauniv.Walt Whitman:Leaves of Grass; There was a Child Went Forth;Drum Taps; Cavalry Crossing a Ford; Song of Myself;When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’dv.Herman Melville:Moby-Dick; Billy Budd; Typee; Omoo;Mardi; Redburn; White Jacket.2.清教主义Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. As the word itself hints，Puritans wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They felt that the Church of England was too close to the Church of Rome in doctrine form of worship，and organization of authority. American Puritans，like their brothers back in England，were idealists，believing that the church should be restored to complete "purity". They accepted the doctrine of predestination，original sin and total depravity，and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. But in the grim struggle for survival that followed immediately after their arrival in America，they became more and more practical，as indeed they had to be. Puritans were noted for a spirit of moral and religious earnestness that determinated their whole way of life. As a culture heritage，Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind and American values. American Puritanism also had a conspicuously noticeable and an enduring influence on American literature. It had become，to some extent，so much a state of mind，so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere，rather than a set of tenets.3.超验主义Transcendentalism has been defined philosophical1y as "the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively，or of attaining knowledge transcendingthe reach of the senses." Emerson once proclaimed in a speech，"Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind." Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism inc1ude the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and，therefore，self-re1iant. The transcendentalists reacted against the cold，rigid rationalism of Unitarianism in Boston. They adhered to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation ，the innate goodness of man，and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths.4.象征主义5.自由诗Whitman is also radically innovative in terms of the form of his poetry. He adopted "free verse，" that is，poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. A looser and more open-ended syntactical structure is frequently favored. Lines and sentences of different lengths are left lying side by side just as things are，undisturbed and separate. There are few compound sentences to draw objects and experiences into a system of hierarchy. Whitman was the first American to use free verse extensively. By means of "free verse，" Whitman turned the poem into an open field，an area of vital possibility where the reader can allow his own imagination to play.6.爱默生的超验主义思想及他的自然观In his essays, Emerson put forward his philosophy of the over-soul, the importance of the Individual, and Nature. Emerson rejected both the formal religion of the churches and the Deistic philosophy. Emerson and other Transcendentalists believed that there should be an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal ―over-soul,‖ since the over-soul is an all-pervading power from which all things come from and of which all are a part. Emerson is affirmative about man’s intuitive knowledge, with which a man can trust himself to decide what is right and to act accordingly. The ideal individual should be a self-reliant man.. he means to convince people that the possibilities for man to develop and improve himself are infinite. Emerson’s nature is emblematic of the spiritual world, alive with God’s overwhelming presence; hence, it exercises a healthy and restorative influence on human mind. ―God back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.‖ By employing nature as a big symbol of the Spirit, or God, or the over-soul. Emerson has brought the Puritan Legacy of symbolism to its perfection. 7.《小伙子布朗》中的寓言和象征In ―Young Goodman Brown,‖ Hawthorne set out to prove that everyone possesses some evil secret. The story illustrates Hawthorne's allegorical theme of human evil. In the manner of its concern with guilt and evil，it exemplifies what Milville called the" power of blackness" in Hawthorne's work. In "Young Goodman Brown，" he sets out to prove that everyone possesses some evil secret. "Evil is thenature of mankind." Its hero，a naive young man who accepts both society in general and his fellow men as individuals worth his regard，is confronted with the vision of human evil in one terrible night，and becomes thereafter distrustful and doubtful.Allegorically，our protagonist，becomes an Everyman named Brown，a "young man" who will be aged in one night by an adventure that makes everyone in this world a fallen idol.However, The story is manipulated in such a way that we as readers feel that Hawthorne poses the question of Good and Evil in man but withholds his answer，and he does not permit himself to determine whether the events of the night of trial are real or the mere figment of a dream.8.霍桑的清教思想和他人性本恶的观点As we can see, Hawthorne’s literary world turns out to be a most disturbed, tormented and problematical one possible to imagine. This has much to do with his ―black‖ vision of life and human beings. According to Hawthorne, ―There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life; but circumstances may rouse it to activity. One source of evil that Hawthorne is concerned most is overreaching intellect, which usually refers to someone who is too proud, too sure of himself. He believed that ―the wrong doing of one generation lives into the successive ones,‖ and often wondered if he might have inherited some of their guilt. This sensibility led to his understanding of evil being at the very core of human life., which is typical of the Calvinistic belief that human beings are basically depraved and corrupted, hence, they should obey God to atone for their sins.9.麦尔维尔长篇小说《白鲸》的象征意义Moby-Dick is not merely a whaling tale or sea adventure，it is also a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe，a spiritual exploration into man's deep reality and psychology.Like Hawthorne，Melville is a master of allegory and symbolism. He uses allegory and symbolism in Moby-Dick to present its mighty theme. Instead of putting the battle between Ahab and the big whale into simple statements，he used symbols，that is，objects or persons who represent something else. Different people on board the ship are representations of different ideas and different social and ethnic groups；facts become symbols and incidents acquire universal meanings；the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth. The white whale，Moby Dick，symbolizes nature for Melville，for it is complex，unfathomable，malignant，and beautiful as well. For the character Ahab，however，the whale represents only evil. Moby Dick is like a wall，hiding some unknown，mysterious things behind. Ahab wills the whole crew on the Pequod to join him in the pursuit of the big whale so as to pierce the wall，to root out the evil，but only to be destroyed by evil，in this case，by his own consuming desire，his madness. For the author，as well as for the reader and Ishmael，the narrator，Moby Dick is still a mystery，an ultimate mystery of the universe，inscrutable and ambivalent，and the voyage of the mind will forever remain a search，not a discovery，of the truth.10.惠特曼《草叶集》的结构(自由诗)、主题、语言特色1. The themes in Whitman's poetry：His poetry is filled with optimistic expectation and enthusiasm about new things and new epoch. Whitman believed that poetry could play a vita1 part in the process of creating a new nation. It could enab1e Americans to celebrate their release from the Old World and the colonia1 rule. And it could also help them understand their new status and to define themse1ves in the new wor1d of possibi1ities. Hence，the abundance of themes in his poetry voices freshness. He shows concern for the whole hard-working people and the burgeoning life of cities. Pursuit of love and happiness is approved of repeatedly and affectionately in his lines. Sexual 1ove，a rather taboo topic of the time，is displayed candidly as something adorable. The individual person and his desires must be respected.2.Leaves of GrassWalt Whitman is a poet with a strong sense of mission，having devoted all his life to the creation of the "single" poem，Leaves of Grass.（1）the title ：It is significant that Whitman entitled his book Leaves of Grass . He said that where there is earth，where there is water，there is grass. Grass，the most common thing with the greatest vitality，is an image of the poet himself，a symbol of the then rising American nation and an embodiment of his ideals about democracy and freedom.（a）theme：In this giant work，openness，freedom，and above all，individua1ism（the belief that the rights and freedom of individual people are most important）are all that concerned him. Whitman brings the hard-working farmers and laborers into American literature ，attack the slavery system and racial discrimination. In this book he also extols nature，democracy，labor and creation ，and sings of man's dignity and equality，and of the brightest future of mankind . Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass sing of the "en-masse" and the self as well.（b）the poet's essentia1 purposeHis aim was nothing less than to express some new poetica1 feelings and to initiate a poetic tradition in which difference shou1d be recognized. The genuine participation of a poet in a common cultural effort was，according to Whitman，to behave as a supreme individualist；however，the poet's essentia1 purpose was to identify his ego with the world，and more specifically with the democratic "en-masse" of America，which is established in the opening lines of "Song of Myself".3.Whitman's poetic style and languageTo dramatize the nature of these new poetical fee1ings，Whitman employed brand-new means in his poetry，which would first be discerned in his style and language.（1）Whitman's poetic style is marked，first of a1l，by the use of the poetic "I." Whitman becomes all those people in his poems and yet still remains "Walt Whitman"，hence a discovery of the self in the other with such an identification. Insuch a manner，Whitman invites his readers to participate in the process of sympathetic identification.（3）Whitman is conversational and casual，in the fluid，expansive，and unstructured style of talking. However，there is a strong sense of the poems being rhythmical. The reader can feel the rhythm of Whitman's thought and cadences of his feeling. Parallelism and phonetic recurrence at the beginning of the lines also contribute to the musicality of his poems.（4）Whitman's languageContrary to the rhetoric of traditional poetry，Whitman's is relatively simple and even rather crude. Most of the pictures he painted with words are honest，undistorted images of different aspects of America of the day. The particularity about these images is that they are unconventional in the way they break down the social division based on religion，gender，class，and race. One of the most often-used methods in Whitman's poems is to make colors and images fleet past the mind's eye of the reader. Another characteristic in Whitman's language is his strong tendency to use oral English. Whitman's vocabulary is amazing. He would use powerfu1，colorful，as well as rarely-used words，words of foreign origin and sometimes even wrong words.美国现实主义时期1.Mark Twain: Adventures of Huckleberry Finn;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer;The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County;Innocents Abroad; The Gilded Age2.Henry James: The American; Daisy Miller;The Europeans; The Portrait of A Lady;What Maisie Knows; The Wings of the Dove;The Ambassadors; The Golden Bowl; The Art to Fiction3.Emily Dickinson:4. Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie; American Tragedy1.What is Realism?In art and literature, Realism refers to an attempt to describe human behavior and surroundings or to represent figures exactly as they act or appear in life. Realism emerged as a literary movement in Europe in the 1850s. In reaction to Romanticism, realistic writers should set down their observations impartially and objectively. They insisted on accurate documentation, sociological insight, and avoidance of poetic diction and idealization. The subjects were to be taken from everyday life, preferably from lower-class life. Realism entered American literature after the Civil War. William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James were the pioneers of realism in the U.S.1.What is Naturalism? (or American Naturalism)In literature, the term refers to the theory that literary composition should aim at a detached, scientific objectivity in the treatment of natural man. The movement is an outgrowth of 19th –century scientic thought, following in general the biological determinism of Darwin’s theory, or the economic determinism of Karl Marx. American Naturalism is a more advanced stage of realism toward the close of the 19th century. The American naturalists accepted the more negative implications of Darwin’s theory and used it to account for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were conceived as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces. And consciously or unconsciously the American naturalists followed the French novelist and theorist Emile Zola's cal l that the 1iterary artist ―must operate with characters, passions, human and social data as the chemist and the physicist work on inert bodies, as the physiologist works on living bodies.‖ They chose their subjects from the lower ranks of society and portrayed the people who were demonstrably victims of society and nature. And one of the most familiar themes in American Naturalism is the theme of human ―bestiality‖, especially as an explanation of sexual desire.Artistically, naturalistic writings are usually unpo1ished in language, lacking in academic skills and unwieldly in structure. Philosophically, the naturalists believe that the real and true is always partially hidden from the eyes of the individual, or beyond his control. Devoid of rationality and caught in a process in which he is but a part, man cannot fully understand, let alone contro1, the world he lives in; hence, he is left with no freedom of choice.In a word, naturalism is evolved from realism when the author's tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more detached, ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a different philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence. Notable writers of naturalistic fiction were Frank Norris, Sherwood Anderson, and Theodore Driser.2.The distinction between Realism and NaturalismNaturalism is evolved from realism when the author's tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more detached, ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a different philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.The distinction lies, first of all, in the fact that Realism is concerned directly with what is absorbed by the senses; Naturalism, a term more properly applied to literature, attempts to apply scientific theories to art. Second, Naturalism differs from Realism in adding an amoral attitude to the objective presentation of life. Naturalistic writers, adopting Darwin’s biological determinism and Marx’s economic determinism, regard human behavior as controlled by instinct, emotion, or social and economic conditions, and reject free will. Third, Naturalism had an outlook often bleaker than that of Realism, and it added a dimension of predetermined fate that rendered human will ultimately powerless.3.What is (Social) Darwinism?Social Darwinism is a belief that societies and individual human beings compete in astruggle for existence in which natural selection results in ―struggle of the fittest.‖ Social Darwinists base their beliefs on theories of evolution developed by British naturalist Charles Darwin. Social Darwinists typically deny that they advocate a ―law of jungle.‖ But most propose arguments that justify imbalances of power between individuals, races, and nations because they consider some more fit to survive than others. The theory had produced a big impact on Naturalism.马克吐温1.Twain as a local coloristTwain is also known as a local colorist, who preferred to present social life through portraits of the local characters of his regions, including people living in that area, the landscape, and other peculiarities like the customs, dialects, costumes and so on. Consequently, the rich material of his boyhood experience on the Mississippi became the endless resources for his fiction, and the Mississippivalley and the West became his major theme. Unlike James and Howe1ls, Mark Twain wrote about the lower-class people, because they were the people he knew so we1l ancl their 1ife was the one he himself had lived. Moreover he successfully used local color and historical settings to i1lustrate and shed light on the contemporary societyAnother fact that made Twain unique is his magic power with language, his use of vernacular. His words are col1oquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structures are simp1e, even ungrammatical, which is typical of the spoken 1anguage. Mark Twain's humor is remarkable, too. It is fun to read Twain to begin with, for most of his works tend to be funny, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks, etc., and some of them are actually tall ta1es.(2) The novel’s theme, characterization of ―Huck‖ and the novel’s social significance: Theme: The novel is a vindication of what Mark Twain called ― the damned human race.‖ That is the theme of man’s inhumani ty to man---of human cruelty, hypocrisies, dishonesties, and moral corruptions. Mark Twain’s thematic contrasts between innocence and experience, nature and culture, wilderness and civilization. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is best known for Mark Twain’s wonderful characterization of ―Huck,‖ a typical American boy whom its creator described as a boy with ―a sound heart and a deformed conscience,‖ and remarkable for the raft’s journey down the Mississippi river, which Twain used both realistically and symbolically to shape his book into an organic whole.Through the eyes of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed and at the same time we are deeply impressed by Mark Twain’s thematic contrasts between i nnocence and experience, nature and culture, wilderness and civilization.黛西米勒的主题和主要人物的性格分析1.The theme of the novelDaisy Miller is one of James’s early works that dealt with the international theme, i.e.,to set against a large international background, usual1y between Europe and America, and centered on the confrontation of the two different cu1tures with two different groups of peop1e representing two different value systems: American innocence in contact and contrast with European decadence and the moral and psychological complications arising therefrom.2.Characterization of Daisy MillerIn this novel, the ―Americanness ‖in Daisy is revealed by her relatively unreserved manners. Daisy Miller, a typical young American girl who goes to Europe and affronts her destiny. The unsophisticated girl is cruelly wronged because of the confrontation between the two value systems. Miller has ever since become the American Girl in Europe, a celebrated cultural type who embodies the spirit of the New World. However, innocence, the keynote of her character, turns out to be an admiring but a dangerous quality and her defiance of social taboos in the Old World finally brings her to a disaster in the clash between two different cultures. In this novel James’s sympathy for Daisy could be easily felt when we think of a tender flower crushed by the harsh winter in Rome.3.The content of this selection: Daisy has just arrived at Switzerland with her family and meets Winterborne for the first time. Two days later Daisy goes alone with Winterborne on an excursion to an old castle, which is soon in the air among theby its narration from the point of view of the American youth Winterborne狄金森诗歌的主题结构及艺术特色The thematic concerns and the original artistic features of Dickinson's poetry: 1．Themes: Dicksinson’s poems are usually based on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys. But within her litlle lyrics Dickinson addresses those issues that concern the whole human beings, which include religion, death, immortality, love, and nature.2．Artistic features: Her poetry is unique and unconventional in its own way. Her poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first lines. In her poetry there is a particular stress pattern, in which dashes are used as a musica1 device to create cadence and capital letters as a means of emphasis. Most of her poems borrow the repeated four-line, rhymed stanzas of traditional Christian hymns, with two lines of four-beat meter alternating with two lines of three-beat meter. A master of imagery that makes the spiritual materialize in surprising ways, Dickinson managed manifold variations within her simple form: She used imperfect rhymes, subtle breaks of rhythm, and idiosyncratic syntax and punctuation to create fascinating word puzzles, which have produced greatly divergent interpretations over the years. Dickinson’s irregular or sometimes inverted sentence structure also confuses readers. However, her poetic idiom is noted for its laconic brevity, directness and plainness. Her poems are usually short, rarely more than twenty lines, and many of them are centered on a single image or symbo1 and focused on one subject matter. Due to her deliberate sec1usion, her poems tend to be very personal and meditative. She frequently uses personae to render the tone more familiar to the reader, and personification to vivifysome abstract ideas. Dickinson's poetry, despite its ostensible formal simplicity, is remarkable for its variety, subtlety and richness; and her limited private world has never confined the limitless power of her creativity and imagination.美国现代时期1.Ezra Pound: The Cantos; In a Station of the Metro.2.Robert Lee Frost: The Road Not Taken; Stopping by Woods on aSnowy Evening3.Eugene O’Neill: Beyond the Horizon; The Emperor Jones; The HairyApe;All God’s Chillun Got Wings; Desire under the Elms;Anna Christie; The Great God Brown; Lazarus Laughed;Strange Interlude; The Iceman Cometh;Long Day’s Journey Into Night.4. F Scott Fitzgerald: This Side of Paradise; The Beautiful andDamned;The Great Gatsby; Tender is the Night;Flappers and Philosophers; Tales of the Jazz Age;All the Sad Young Men; Taps at Reveille;Babylon Revisited.5.Ernest Hemingway: In Our Time; The Sun Also Rises;A farewell to Arms; For Whom the BellTolls;The Old Man and the Sea; Men Without Women.6.William Faulkner: The Sound and the Fury; Light in August;Absalom, Absalom; Go Down, Moses;A Rose for Emily.1）The Imagist Movement and the artistic characteristics of imagist poems：Led by the American poet Ezra Pound，Imagist Movement is a poetic movement that flourished in the U.S. and England between 1909-1917. It advances modernism in arts which concentrates on reforming the medium of poetry as opposed to Romanticism，especially Tennyson's worldliness and high-flown language in poetry. Pound endorsed three main principles as guidelines for Imagism，including direct treatment of poetic subjects，elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words，and rhythmical composition should be composed with the phrasing of music，not a metronome. The primary Imagist objective is to avoid rhetoric and moralizing，to stick closely to the object or experience being described，and to move from explicit generalization. The leading poets are Ezra Pound，Wallace Stevens，wrence，etc.The characteristic products of the movement are more easily recognized than its theories defined；they tend to be short，composed of short lines of musical cadence rather than metrical regularity，to avoid abstraction，and to treat the imagewith a hard，clear precision rather than with overt symbolic intent. The influence of Japanese forms，tanka and haiku，is obvious in many. Most of the imagist poets wrote in free verse and they like to emply common speech. They stressed the freedom in the choice of subject matter and form.2）The Lost GenerationIt refers to，in general，the post-World WarⅠgeneration，but specifically a group of expatriate disillusioned intellectuals and artists，who experimented on new modes of thought and expression by rebelling against former ideals and values and replacing them only by despair or a cynical hedonism. The remark of Gertrude Stein，"You are all a lost generation，"addressed to Hemingway，was used as an epigraph to the latter's novel The Sun Also Rises，which brilliantly describes those expatriates who had cut themselves off from their past in America in order to create new types of writing. The generation was "lost" in the sense that its inherited values were no longer relevant in the postwar world and because of its spiritual alienation from a U.S. that seemed to its members to be hopelessly provincial，materialistic，and emotional barren. The term embraces Hemingway，F. Scott Fitzgerald，Ezra Pound，E.E.Cummings，and many other writers who made Paris the center of their literary activities in the 1920s.3）What is Expressionism？Expressionism is used to describe the works of art and literature in which the representation of reality is distorted to communicate an inner vision，transforming nature rather than imitating it. In literature it is often considered a revolt against realism and naturalism，a seeking to achieve a psychological or spiritual reality rather than to record external events.In drama，the expressionist work was characterized by a bizarre distortion of reality. writers's concern was with general truths rather than with particular situations，hence they explored in their plays the predicaments of representative symbolic types rather than of fully developed individualized characters. Emphasis was laid not on the outer world，which is merely sketched in and barely defined in place or time，but on the internal，on an individual's mental state；hence the imitation of life is replaced in Expressionist drama by the ecstatic evocation of states of mind. In America，Eugene O'Neille's Emperor Jones，The Hairy Ape，etc. are typical plays that employ Expressionism4）The concept of "wasteland" in relation to the works of those writers in the twentieth-century American literatureThe Waste Land is a poem written by T.S.Eliot on the theme of the sterility and chaos of the contemporary world. This most widely known expression of the despair of the post-War era has appeared over and again in the works of those writers in the twentieth-century American literature. Fitzgerald sought to portray a spiritual wasteland of the Jazz Age. Beneath the masks of relaxation and joviality，there was only sterility，meaninglessness and futility amid the grandeur and extravagance，。
自考 英美文学选读 书单
自考英美文学选读书单自考英美文学选读书单是一份精选的文学作品清单，涵盖了英美文学的经典之作。
下面将为大家介绍其中一些著名的作品。
第一本书是《傲慢与偏见》，这是简·奥斯汀的代表作之一。
小说以英国乡村为背景，讲述了伊丽莎白·班纳特与达西先生之间的爱情故事。
通过对社交等级、道德观念和婚姻观念的揭示，描绘了18世纪英国社会的种种现象。
第二本书是《呼啸山庄》，这是艾米莉·勃朗特的代表作之一。
小说以英格兰北部的荒野为背景，讲述了希斯克利夫和卡瑟琳之间复杂的爱恨情仇。
小说展现了人性的复杂性和对爱情的追求，同时也探讨了社会等级、阶级差异和道德观念等话题。
第三本书是《威尼斯商人》，这是威廉·莎士比亚的著名戏剧作品之一。
该剧以威尼斯为背景，讲述了商人安东尼奥与犹太人财主夏洛克的纠葛。
作品涉及了信任、友谊、爱情和复仇等主题，对人性和社会关系进行了深入的探讨。
第四本书是《鲁滨逊漂流记》，这是丹尼尔·笛福的经典之作。
故事讲述了鲁滨逊在海上遭遇风暴后被困在一个无人岛上，他靠着自己的智慧和勇气生存下来，并最终成功返回文明世界。
小说通过对人性、孤独和生存意义的思考，探讨了人与自然的关系。
第五本书是《傻乎乎与傻呵呵》，这是马克·吐温的代表作之一。
小说通过讲述汉克·摩根和吉姆·卡特的冒险故事，揭示了人性的善恶、社会的虚伪和对自由的追求。
作品以幽默和讽刺的方式展现了美国南方社会的种种现象。
以上是自考英美文学选读书单中的一些经典之作，每本书都有其独特的主题和意义。
通过阅读这些作品，我们可以更好地了解英美文学的发展历程和人性的复杂性。
希望大家通过阅读这些经典之作，能够获得更多的思考和启发。
英美文学选读自学考试大纲
英美文学选读自学考试大纲一、考试简介英美文学选读自学考试旨在测试考生对于英美文学的基本概念、发展历程、重要作家及其作品的掌握程度，以及对于英美文学的基本理论和分析方法的了解和运用能力。
考试形式为闭卷笔试，考试时间为180分钟，满分为100分。
二、考试内容1、英美文学基本概念及发展历程（20%）测试考生对于英美文学的基本概念、发展历程和重要时期的了解和掌握程度。
2、英美文学重要作家及其作品（30%）测试考生对于英美文学的重要作家及其代表作品的了解和掌握程度，包括但不限于莎士比亚、简·奥斯汀、托尔斯泰、海明威等。
3、英美文学的基本理论和分析方法（30%）测试考生对于英美文学的基本理论和分析方法的了解和掌握程度，包括但不限于新批评、结构主义、后现代主义等。
4、阅读理解与写作能力（20%）测试考生的阅读理解能力和写作能力，包括对于所给文本的理解、分析、评价和论述能力。
三、考试形式及题型1、单项选择题（20分）要求考生从四个选项中选择一个最符合题意的答案。
2、多项选择题（20分）要求考生从五个选项中选择两个或以上的答案。
21、简答题（20分）要求考生用简短的语言回答问题，考查考生的理解和概括能力。
211、分析题（30分）要求考生对所给的文学作品进行分析、评价和论述，考查考生的分析能力和语言表达能力。
2111、写作题（10分）要求考生根据给定的题目和要求进行写作，考查考生的写作能力和语言表达能力。
四、自学建议系统学习英美文学基本知识：了解英美文学的发展历程、重要时期和流派，掌握基本概念和理论。
阅读重要作家作品：选择一些经典作家及其代表作品进行阅读和研究，深入了解作家的创作风格和思想内涵。
培养阅读和分析能力：通过阅读和分析文学作品，提高自己的阅读能力和分析能力，掌握基本的文学分析方法。
加强写作训练：通过写作练习，提高自己的写作能力和语言表达能力，为考试做好准备。
英美文学选读复习资料一、英国文学1、文艺复兴时期：代表人物：莎士比亚、培根、哈姆雷特等。
自考英语本科 英美文学选读 考试大纲
《英美文学选读》考试大纲全国考办在组织全国考委外语类专业委员会研究论证后，决定对高等教育自学考试英语语言文学专业“英美文学选读”（课程代码：0604）自学考试大纲的部分内容进行调整:具体调整如下：《英美文学选读自学考试大纲》的考核知识点与考核要求（一）关于考核知识点的调整考核知识点中的各章概述内容仍为考核内容；对知识点中的作家只保留对如下主要作家的考核。
英国文学：Chapter 1III. William ShakespeareVI. John MiltonChapter 2III. Daniel DefoeIV. Jonathan SwiftV. Henry FieldingChapter 3I. William BlakeII. William WordsworthV. Percy Bysshe ShelleyVII. Jane AustenChapter 4I. Charles DickensII. Charlotte BronteVI. Thomas HardyChapter 5I. George Bernard ShawIV.T. S. EliotV.D. H. Lawrence美国文学：Chapter 1III. Nathaniel HawthorneIV. Walt WhitmanV. Herman MelvilleChapter 2I. Mark TwainII. Henry JamesIII. Emily DickinsonIV. Theodore DreiserChapter 3II. Robert Lee FrostIV.F. Scott FitzgeraldV. Ernest HemingwayVI. William Faulkner二、关于考核要求的调整考核要求中每章概述内容不作调整：“该时期的重要作家”只包含对考核知识点中保留的重要作家的相关内容的考核原大纲如下：上篇英国文学第一章文艺复兴时期一、学习目的和要求通过本章的学习，了解文艺复兴运动和人文主义思潮产生的历史、文化背景，认识该时期文学创作的基本特征和基本主张，及其对同时代及其对同时代及后世英国文学乃至文化的影响；了解该时期重要作家的文学生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、评议风格、思想意义等；同时结合注释，读懂所选作品，了解其思想内容和写作特色，培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。
自考英语本科英美文学选读英美文学选读考题分析
在自考的全部专业中，英语本科的淘汰率一直高居“榜首”，同时《英美文学选读》又是整个本科专业的瓶颈课程。
我们随机抽取了两刀（40本）试卷进行统计，发现该门课程的通过率大致在12%左右，可能是自考全部课程最低的。
绝大部分成绩徘徊在40分到58分之间，大约占了44.7%。
我们批改到的最高分大约是82分，成绩相当出色！一、试卷构成《英美文学选读》全国卷由四部分组成：第一部分是40分的选择题，每题1分，覆盖面十分广泛。
从以往几次试卷来看，该部分主要考核英美文学史，也包括少量选读中的内容，多属于常识性知识，例如今年14题要求辨别If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?的作者；2001年11题要求辨别It was a miracle of rare device, A sunny pleasure done with caves of ice.的作者和出处；还有每年必定会有一题考核作品中出现的人物，例如2001年第8题是Sheridan’s The School for Scandal中的人物，今年28题是The Scarlet Letter的人物。
由于内容大多属于大纲中的“识记”性知识，不需要多少理解，因此正确率相应比较高。
但有时题目的切入点十分灵活比如2001年第6题，需要考生有较好的基本功。
第二部分是四道共16分的阅读理解。
考题内容均取自选读部分，一般是两篇诗歌，两篇小说，要求指出：A）作者和作品出处（1分）B）作品中具体某个词或词组的确切意义（1分）C）表述该选段的思想内容（2分）。
考生需要认真研读作品，和作品后面的注释，平时做一些读书笔记。
第三部分是四道共24分的简答题，内容的跨越比较大，既有阅读理解部分的延伸，也有某一时期的文学思潮，还有对某一断代史的简论，答对率非常低。
第四部分是两题共20分的问答题。
一般是某个重要作家或作品的特色以及对他们的评价。
二、试卷评析文学术语（俗称的名词解释）是基本的文学常识，是对文学中共性问题的抽象概括，因此对于这些术语不可等闲视之。
自考英语本科英美文学选读英国文艺复兴时期一天全掌握
English LiteratureThe Renaissance Period1. age: 1500-16602. background: stimulated by the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek classic; England's Golden Age, especially in literature; the Church of England broke away from the Catholic Church3. features:(1)New poetical forms introduced, e.g. blank verse and sonnet;(2) the English drama based itself on the models of Roman and Greek classics and the precedents from Italy and Spain(3)the universal tend of humanism in emphasizing man's dignity and his worldly happinessEdmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯賓賽1. The poet's poet;2. Perfect melody; a rare sense of beauty; a splendid imagination; a lofty moral purity and seriousness; a dedicated idealismThe Faerie Queen仙后(The Shepheades Calender牧人日记;Epithalamion新婚喜歌)An allegory; "a historical poem" to present the example of a perfect gentleman; a hero represent one of the 12 virtues; fierce warres and faithful lovesChristopher Marlowe克里斯扥夫.馬洛（Blank verseUniversity wit）1. perfected blank verse and turned it into the principal medium of English drama2. created a series of images of the Renaissance hero for English dramaDr Fauctus浮士德博士The Passionate Shepherd to His Love多情的牧羊人致情人1. symbolic of a humanist in the Renaissance; based on the German legend of a magician aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the DevilWilliam Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亞The greatest playwright and the most popular sonnet writer; a creation of characters; skillful plot construction; irony; a good use of a language; skilled in various poetic forms; of three quatrains and a couplet(三节四行诗加一节偶句); national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity—“The King’s government must be carried on” (在一个强大英明的君主统治下的国家，统一是非常必要的)(Each hero has his weekness of nature: Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma between action and mind; Othello’s inner weakness is made use of by the outside evil force; the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power makes himself suffer from treachery and infidelity; and Macbeth’s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes.)literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and realitySonnets十四行詩The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人Hamlet哈姆雷特(Venus and Adonis维纳斯和安东尼斯; The Rape of Lucrece鲁克丽斯受辱记;romantic tragicomedies浪漫悲喜剧;Romeo and Juliet;Shakespeare's greatest tragedies are : Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth1. 154 poems; English form2. The traditional theme of the play is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew. Many people today tend to regard the play as a satire of the Christians' hypocrisy and their false standards of friendship and love, their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against Jews (Shylock).3. A man of contemplation rather than action; has the qualities of a “blood-and-thunder” thriller and a philosophical exploration of life and deathFrancis Bacon弗蘭西斯.培根a well known philosopher scientist and essayist; lays the foundation of modern science; his "Essays" is an important landmark in the development of English prosebrevity\compactness\powerfulnessOf Studies论学习It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human characterJohn Donne約翰.鄧恩John Milton約翰.彌爾頓the leading figure(代表人物) of the "metaphysical school(玄学派); his poems can be divided into two groups: the secular and the religious; sermons; The songs and Sonnetsa seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes and a free range of feelings and moods; dynamic rather than staticA versatile writer; fight for freedom in all aspects as a Christian humanistThe Sun Rising太阳升起Death, Be Not Proud死神，莫骄横（Holy Sonnets）Paradise Lost失樂園1. dramatizing and illustrating the state of being in love2. a bold challenge to the proud DeathSatan, after being defeated in his rebel against God, tempts Adam and Eve to eat the apples from the Forbidden Tree, and causes the Fall of Man时间界定English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott's death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament.浪漫主义时期英国“湖畔派”英国文学中最早出现的浪漫主义作家，是华兹华斯（1770－1850）、柯勒律治（1772－1834）和骚塞（1774－1843）。
英美文学选读
英美文学选读引言英美文学是世界文学发展的重要组成部分，涵盖了众多经典作品和文学流派。
本文档将介绍一些值得阅读的英美文学作品，并对其背景、主题和影响进行探讨。
一、莎士比亚戏剧莎士比亚的戏剧作品被公认为英美文学的巅峰之作。
其中，《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《麦克白》等作品被奉为经典。
莎士比亚的戏剧作品不仅在当时英国引起了轰动，而且至今仍被广泛上演，深受观众的喜爱。
二、19世纪小说19世纪是英美文学史上最辉煌的时期之一。
狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》、奥斯丁的《傲慢与偏见》和斯托夫人的《汤姆叔叔的小屋》等作品成为了经典。
这些小说以其生动的人物形象、独特的叙事风格和深刻的社会洞察力而闻名。
它们不仅展示了19世纪英美社会的方方面面，还探讨了人性、阶级和爱情等主题。
三、20世纪现代派文学20世纪是现代派文学的重要时期，包括了许多著名的英美作家。
弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的《至灯前行》、詹姆斯·乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》以及托马斯·皮金斯的《独自漫步，散步的艺术》都是这一时期的代表作品。
现代派文学尝试突破传统叙事形式，以流畅的笔触和创新的结构风格展示复杂的思想和情感。
四、美国南方文学美国南方文学是美国文学的重要分支，展现了当地特有的历史、文化和社会风貌。
马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》、威廉·菲克纳的《喧哗与骚动》以及哈珀·李的《杀死一只知更鸟》都是美国南方文学的代表作品。
这些作品描绘了南方地区的种族关系、社会格局和道德观念，带有浓厚的叙事风格和深入人心的主题。
五、现代主义文学现代主义文学是20世纪英美文学的重要流派，以其复杂的叙事结构、意义的多重解读和对传统文学规范的挑战而著称。
提琴塔·拉马瑞斯的《荒原》、詹姆斯·乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》和T·S·艾略特的《荒原》都是现代主义文学的经典作品。
这些作品充满了象征主义、意象主义和流派交融的特点，对读者提出了复杂的思考和理解挑战。
英美文学赏析
英美文学赏析英美文学是世界文学史上的重要组成部分，涵盖了广泛的文学流派和作品。
以下是一些英美文学中的经典作品和赏析：威廉·莎士比亚（William Shakespeare）：莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的戏剧家之一。
他的作品涵盖了悲剧、喜剧和历史剧等多种类型。
莎士比亚的作品深入探讨了人性、权力和爱情等主题，如《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《麦克白》等。
简·奥斯汀（Jane Austen）：奥斯汀是19世纪英国小说家，她的作品以社交风尚和婚姻为主题，揭示了当时贵族阶层的生活和价值观。
奥斯汀的作品充满了幽默和洞察力，其中最著名的作品包括《傲慢与偏见》和《爱玛》。
查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens）：狄更斯是维多利亚时代最重要的小说家之一，他的作品描绘了工业化时代的社会问题和人性的复杂性。
狄更斯的作品充满了丰富的人物描写和社会讽刺，如《雾都孤儿》和《双城记》。
威廉·福克纳（William Faulkner）：福克纳是美国南方文学的代表作家，他的作品以南方的历史、种族和家庭问题为背景。
福克纳的作品以其复杂的叙事结构和意识流的运用而闻名，如《喧哗与骚动》和《押沙龙，押沙龙！》。
弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德（F. Scott Fitzgerald）：菲茨杰拉德是20世纪美国文学的重要代表之一，他的作品描绘了上流社会的虚荣和堕落。
他最著名的作品是《了不起的盖茨比》，这部小说深入探索了美国梦的破灭和社会阶层的固化。
以上只是英美文学中的一小部分经典作品，每位作家的作品都值得深入探索和赏析。
通过阅读和研究这些作品，我们可以更好地理解和欣赏英美文学的丰富性和影响力。
《英美文学选读》课程概述
课程概述一、课程性质和学习目的英美文学选读课是全国高等教育自学考试英语语言文学专业本科段的必修课，是为培养和检验自学应考者英美文学的基本理论知识和理解、鉴赏英美文学原著的能力而设置的一门专业理论课程。
设置本课程旨在使英语自学者对英美两国文学形成与发展的全貌有一个大概的了解；并通过阅读具有代表性的英美文学作品，理解作品的内容，学会分析作品的艺术特色并努力掌握正确评价文学作品的标准和方法。
由于本课程以作家作品为重点，因此学生要仔细品味原作。
通过阅读，努力提高语言水平，增强对英美文学原著的理解，特别是对作品中表现的社会生活和人物思想感情的理解，提高他们阅读文学作品的能力和鉴赏水平。
二、课程内容本课程由英国文学和美国文学两个部分组成。
主要内容包括英美文学发展史、及代表作家的简要介绍和作品选读。
文学史部分从英美两国历史、语言、文化发展的角度，简要介绍英美两国文学各个历史断代的主要历史背景，文学文化思潮，文学流派，社会政治、经济、文化等对文学发展的影响，主要作家的文学生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义等；选读部分主要节选了英美文学史上各个时期重要作家的代表作品，包括诗歌、戏剧、小说、散文等。
三、考核目标及考核要求本课程的考试要求为全日制普通高等学校英语语言文学专业《英美文学选读》课程的结业水平。
除绪论部分外，大纲对其它部分均一一列出知识点，并提出具体的考核要求。
其中，凡要求“识记”的内容，所涉及的知识和理论都与考核点直接相关，应考者应熟知其概念和有关知识，理解其原理，并能在语言环境中予以辨认。
凡要求“领会”的内容，必须做到掌握有关知识和理论。
凡要求“应用”的内容，必须做到在掌握有关知识理论的基础上使之转化为能力，即能用有关知识和理论来分析解决英美文学中的相关问题，并指导作品的阅读。
凡要求“一般识记”的内容，所涉及的知识和理论，一般不直接作为考核时命题的内容，但由于这些内容对于其它相关知识理论以及作品阅读能力的考核有直接或间接的影响，因此要求应考者在自学过程中对这些内容要有所了解，不应忽略。
英美文学经典作品赏析与研究
英美文学经典作品赏析与研究英美文学是世界文学的重要组成部分，涵盖了从古代到现代的众多经典作品。
这些作品不仅是文学史上的瑰宝，更是人类思想和情感的宝库。
本文将就几部英美文学经典作品展开赏析与研究，探讨它们的内涵和艺术魅力。
一、《傲慢与偏见》《傲慢与偏见》是英国作家简·奥斯汀的代表作之一。
小说以19世纪英国上层社会为背景，讲述了伊丽莎白·班内特与达西先生之间的爱情故事。
通过对人性的深刻揭示，奥斯汀展示了社会等级观念和个人偏见的毒害力量。
小说中的主人公伊丽莎白·班内特是一个聪明、独立的女性形象。
她对追求地位和财富的人持有批判的态度，坚持追求真爱和内心的满足。
而达西先生则是一个傲慢自大的绅士，但在与伊丽莎白的相处中逐渐认识到自己的错误，并最终改变了对她的看法。
通过这对主角的塑造，奥斯汀揭示了人们对他人的偏见和误解是可以被改变的，同时也表达了对真爱和内心追求的重视。
《傲慢与偏见》的艺术魅力在于奥斯汀对社会风气的细腻描绘和对人物性格的深入刻画。
她通过对话和行为的描写，展示了人们的虚伪、傲慢和偏见。
小说中的幽默和讽刺手法也使得作品更加生动有趣。
同时，奥斯汀对女性地位和婚姻制度的批判也为后来的女权主义文学奠定了基础。
二、《百年孤独》《百年孤独》是哥伦比亚作家加夫列尔·加西亚·马尔克斯的代表作。
这部小说以布恩迪亚家族为中心，讲述了他们在马奇亚多的一个小村庄中的七代人的故事。
小说通过超现实主义的手法，展现了时间的循环、命运的无常和人性的复杂。
小说中的布恩迪亚家族经历了无数的悲剧和荣耀。
他们的命运似乎被注定要经历一系列的重复和循环，而无法逃脱。
马尔克斯通过对家族成员的描写，反映了人类的孤独和渺小感，同时也表达了对命运和历史的思考。
《百年孤独》的艺术魅力在于马尔克斯对语言和形式的创新。
他运用了超现实主义的手法，将奇幻和现实融合在一起，创造出一个独特的文学世界。
小说中的细节描写和丰富的象征意义也使得作品具有了深度和厚度。
湖北自考《英美文学选读》重点总结
上古及中世纪英国文学Old and Medieval English literature上古：450 to 1066 中世纪;1066-14世纪中叶CeltsOld English poetry: the religious group and the secular oneBeowulf: national epic poem Chaucer introduced from F rance the rhymed s tanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the Old English alliterative verse.<The Canterbur y Tales >The father of English poetry English Homer In the medieval period ：use narrative verse of prose to tell stori es of knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.第一章文艺复兴时期the RenaissancePeriod 14th andmid-17th centuries Humanism is the essence of theRenaissance. Golden AgeIt started in ItalyHenry VIII Defender of the FaithBible in English ancient Romanand Greekculture classstruggle Petrarchpoetry and poetic dramaElizabethan dra madramatists: Christopher Marlowe ,Willia m Shakespeare andBen Jonson3威廉莎士比亚William Shak espeare 1564-1616Playwrights , dramatist, poets 1591-1611was i n t he prime of his dramati c career.38plays 戏剧154sonnets 十四行诗 2 long poems叙事诗Stratford-on-A von“University w i ts”“an upstart crow”Sonnet18 : meditation eter nal beauty origin:Italy<Hamlet>“to be,or not t o be-that is the question”<the merchant of V eni ce> against Christians /Jews.Tw o narrative poems <venus and Adonis> <the rape of lucrece> Tragedies: <hamlet> <Othello> <k ing lear> <Macbeth><re meo and Juliet> <Julius casear>Six comedies:<a midsummer night‟s dream> <the merchant of Venice> <much ado about nothing> <sa you like it> <twelfth night> <the merry wives of Windsor><all‟s well that ends well> <measure for measure e>Romantic tragicomedi es: <[eroc;es> <Cymbeline> <The Winter‟s T ale> <the T e mpest>Romantic tragedy <Romeo and Juliet> tragedy but optimistic 乐观spirit.1 a play in t he play2 borrow plots from other stories such sa Roman,Greekand ancient myth.3 several threads running through the play4 combination of tragic and comic elements.Writing style:1 trimendous vocabulary(16,000words,invent words) 2literary devices(allit erat eion头韵，simile明喻，metaphor暗喻)3 use poetry in his playThe theme of the sonnet:1 express love and praise to a young man2 immortali ze beauty through verses3friendship or betrayal of friendship6约翰弥尔顿John Milton 1608-1674A Catholic family天主教Latin blind .<P Lost>失乐园masterpiece.a story taken from “the old Testament” ,a long epic divided into 12 book s ,taken from the Bible.the theme is “fall of man”The main idea:to beg for me rcy and worship his power were more shamefull and disgrace full than this downfall.<Samson Agonists>the most powerfull dramatic poem on the Gree k model.Three group: A the early poeticworks B the middle prosepamphletsC the last great poemsThe fre edom of the will is thek e ystone of Milton‟s creed.<Paradise Regained>第二章新古典主义时期the NeoclassicalPeriod1660-1798(18t hcentury)人社会动物industrial revolution工业革命the RestorationGothic Novel:1 content: magic, supernaturallelements, ghost s, monsters.2setting: old castle, graveyard, dardforest3atomsphere:horribleThe enlightenmen t movement（theage of reason ）：启蒙运动It was a progressive in telle ctuall进步知道份子movement which flourishedin F ranc e a nd swept the w holewestern Europe at the time. Itsenlighten the wholeworld with the light of modernphilosophical and artistic ideas.哲学和艺术思想The enlightenerscelebrated reason or rationality,equality and scienc e,理性平等科学and they also advocated universaleducation.全民普及教育1约翰班杨John Bunyan 1628-168818年坐牢，Christianity基督教<the pilgrim’s progress>”the vani tyfair”is the most successfulreligious allegory 宗教寓言i n theEnglish langua ge.Me taphor暗喻-life as a journeysearch for spiritual salvationStyle: Moded after the Bible,language:e asy to read,colloquial,concrete and concise form:allegorian form,reallystic,true to life.3丹尼尔笛福Daniel defoe1660-1731butcher‟s fa mily 卖肉家庭Englishmiddle –class<Robinson Crusoe>masterpiece,Robinson is the empire builder,thepioneer colonist.The theme:A man‟s strugglees against natureB glorifyication of the bourgeois menwho has the courage and will to facehardship and determineation toimprove his livelihood.C glorifyication of labor(Robinsonlives on hi s own hands)笛福的创作特点：Defoe w as a ver ygood story-telle r.he had a gift fororganizing minute details in such avivid w a y that his stories could beboth credible可信and fascinating神奇.his sentences ar e sometimesshort,crisp 短小干脆and pl ain,andsometimes long and rambling,w hichleave on the reader an impression ofcasual narration.his language issmooth,easy,colloquial口语andmostly vernacula r方言.there isnothing artificeial in his language: itis common English at its best.4乔纳森斯威夫特Jonathan Sw ift1667-1745<a tale of a tub><the battle of the books><Gulli ver’s travels>th e greatestsatiric w or k<a modest proposal>a greatest andbitter est satire.Lilliput yahoos bitter satire5亨利菲尔丁Henry F ield ing1707-1754Born of an old aristocratic family.老贵族家庭“father of the Englishnovel”“the third-person nar ration”第三人称叙述<the histor y of TomJones ,afoundling> “prose homer”散文荷马”comic epic in prose”散文体喜剧史诗:1 the descryiption in a grand style ofclassic epic.”classic epic”has:A a great hero Bcalls on Muses Cgive a list of na mes of gods Dcompare s mall fights to great wars.2 use verifyied language t o narrate asmall fight3 different figure of speech .esp,irony讽刺,hyperbole夸张<the histor y of Amelia>费尔丁的语言特色：Fielding‟slanguage is easy, unlaboured andfamil iar,自然流畅通俗易懂butextremely vivid and vigorous. Hissentences are always distinguished bylogic逻辑性and rhythm,韵律性andhis structure carefully planed towardsan inevitable ending. His works arealso noted for lively,dramatic dialogues戏剧性对话and other theat ricaldevices such as suspendse,悬念coincidence巧合and unexpectedness.出人意料第三章浪漫主义时期theRomantic Periodis an age ofpoetry.1798-1832人的孤单状态P assi ve , old and conservative :“lak e poets”William Wordsw or th Rober t South eySamuel Taylor ColeridgeActi ve , young and revolutionar y:Byron Shelly Keats1威廉布莱克William Blak e1757-1827候看见过天使，他父亲死后他弟弟也死了，神秘主义。
自考英语本科《英美文学选读》英国古典主义一天全掌握
自考英语本科《英美文学选读》英国古典主义一天全掌握Neoclassical period：The Neoclassical period is about 1660-1798,also known as "the Age of Enlightenment" or "the age of Reason".新古典主义英国1688年的“光荣革命”推翻复辟王朝，确定了君主立宪制，建立起资产阶级和新贵族领导的政权，英国从此进入一个相对安定的发展时期。
18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。
新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。
18世纪被认为是启蒙运动时期.现实主义小说笛福(英国实现主义小说的奠基人、英国小说之父、现代新闻报道之父)：主要作品：《鲁滨逊漂流记》标志着英国现实主义小说的诞生。
鲁滨逊是欧洲文学史上第一个资产阶级的正面形象(第一人称自述方式)。
斯威夫特(激进的民主派，开创了英国文学中的讽刺传统)：主要作品：《格列佛游记》(儿童幻想剧小说)通过幻想的环境，虚构的情节，夸张的手法对英国政治、法律、议会、党争和哲学进行讽刺和抨击)。
菲尔丁：(18世纪英国最杰出的小说家)《汤姆琼斯》(欧洲文学中的一流小说)：代表了18世纪英国现实主义小说的最高成就，被誉为“18世纪英国社会的散文史诗”。
哥特式小说哥特小说，属于英语文学派别，一般被认为随着贺瑞斯·华尔波尔的《奥特朗图堡》而产生。
哥特小说可以说是恐怖电影的鼻祖，更重要的是，它使我们今天习惯地将哥特式与黑暗、恐怖联系在一起。
显著的哥特小说元素包括恐怖，神秘，超自然，厄运，死亡，颓废，住着幽灵的老房子，癫狂，家族诅咒等。
“哥特”被用于文学流派主要因为这种流派的主题探讨这种极端感情及一些黑色话题,并且哥特小说的背景通常是哥特式的：废弃的摇摇欲坠的城堡, 修道院。
他们关注哥特式的相关建筑，艺术，诗歌 (见墓园诗人)甚至园艺．Gothic novels – mostly stories of mystery and horror which take place in some haunted闹鬼的or dilapidated摇摇欲坠的 Middle Age castles – were turned out profusely by both male and female writers.背景：It was an age full of conflicts and difference of values;It was an age of fast development for English to become the first powerful capitalist country in the world; It was an age of economic development, in which bourgeois/middle class grew rapidly.特点：In essence, the Neoclassical Period was a progressive intellectual movement. a revival of interest in the old classical workskeep to order,logic,restrained emotion,accuracya furderance of the renaissencethe enlightenment movement,advocated the universal educationhad specificrules for almost every gener of literatureliterature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity启蒙运动：he enlightenment movementin 18th-century of england is know as the age of enlightenment or the age of reason was a progressive intellectual movement which florished in french and swept through the whole western europe at the timethe moevment was a furderance of renaissance of the 15th and16th-centuryits purpose was to enlighten the word with the light of morden philosophical and artistic ideasthe enlighteners celebrated reason for reasonlity,equality and sciencethey called for a reference of order,reason,rules,advocated universal education 代表:john dryden alexander pope班扬天路历程 The Pilgrim's Progress蒲伯论批评 An Essay on Criticism笛福鲁宾逊漂流记 Robinson Crusoe斯威夫特格列佛游记 Gulliver's Travels菲尔丁汤姆·琼斯 Tom Jones约翰逊英语大词典 A Dictionary of the English Language谢里丹造谣学校 The School for Scandal格雷墓园挽歌 Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard班阳 John Bunyan语言具体生动，情节鲜明现实，通俗易懂让没受过教育的人也能得到阅读他作品的乐趣其它作品：罪人头目的赦免败德门先生生死录圣战天路历程2 as a stout puritan ,he had made a conscientiosuly study of the bible and firmly believed in salvation through spirtual struggle语言特色：concrete and living language,carefully observed,vividly presented detail选读作品： from the pilgrim's progress a religious aellgory pursue the turththe most sucessful religious allegory in the history of english literaturethe theme is to urge people to abide by christian doctrinesand seak salvation through constant struggles with their own weakness and all kinds ofsocial evil应用：The allegorical meaning of “The Vanity Fair”名利场的寓言意义 The Vanity Fair refers to the real world where people have become so degeneratedthat all they are concerned is to buy and sell everything they can. It allegorically represents vanity both in the society and in people‟s heart, so people are spiritually lost.However, the pilgrims refuse to buy any of the things in the Vanity Fair. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggle with their own weakness and social evils. Christians' refusal shows that they are one step nearer the Celestial City.蒲柏Alexander Pope是个很敏感sensitive的人,当然要用笔墨来反击，发展了犀利biting的讽刺文体satire。
自考英语本科《英美文学选读》梳理----美国文学
⾃考英语本科《英美⽂学选读》梳理----美国⽂学梳理----美国⽂学1.特⾊美国⽂学的历史不长，它⼏乎是和美国⾃由资本主义同时出现，较少受到封建贵族⽂化的束缚。
美国早期⼈⼝稀少，有⼤⽚未开发的⼟地，为个⼈理想的实现提供了很⼤的可能性。
美国⼈民富于民主⾃由精神，个⼈主义、个性解放的观念较为强烈，这在⽂学中有突出的反映。
美国⼜是⼀个多民族的国家，移民不断涌⼊，各⾃带来了本民族的⽂化，这决定了美国⽂学风格的多样性和庞杂性。
美国⽂学发展的过程就是不断吸取、融化各民族⽂学特点的过程。
许多美国作家来⾃社会下层，这使得美国⽂学⽣活⽓息和平民⾊彩都⽐较浓厚，总的特点是开朗、豪放。
内容庞杂与⾊彩鲜明是美国⽂学的另⼀特点。
个性⾃由与⾃我克制、清教主义与实⽤主义、激进与反动、反叛和顺从、⾼雅与庸俗积极进取与玩世不恭、明快与晦涩、犀利的讽刺与阴郁的幽默、对⼈类命运的思考和探索与对性爱的病态追求等倾向，不仅可以同时并存，⽽且形成强烈的对照。
从来没有⼀种潮流或倾向能够在⼀个时期内⼀统美国⽂学的天下。
美国作家敏感、好奇，往往是⼀个浪潮未落，另⼀浪潮⼜起。
作家们永远处在探索和试验的过程之中。
20世纪以来，许多⽂学潮流起源于美国，给世界⽂学同时带来积极的与消极的影响。
.2.美国⽂学美国⽂学的诞⽣美国第⼀位在⼩说和诗歌创作领域取得显著成就的作家是艾德加·爱伦·坡（1809－1849），他于1835年开始短篇⼩说的创作，其作品包括《红死病》、《陷坑与钟摆》、《颓败之屋》和《莫尔格街凶杀案》。
他的创作触及了前⼈很少涉及的⼼理学领域，并且将神秘、幻想等元素融⼊⼩说创作之中。
1837年，年轻的作家纳撒尼尔·霍桑(Hawthorne)（1804－1864）将他的⼀些短篇⼩说集结成册出版，名为《重讲⼀遍的故事》。
这是⼀部包含了丰富的象征主义及神秘主義元素的作品。
后来，霍桑⼜开始写作长篇的传奇⼩说、类寓⾔⼩说，他的本⼟⼩说《新英格蘭》以⼈类的内疚、荣耀和情感上的压抑为主题。
自考《英美文学选读》（美）浪漫主义时期（1）
下篇：美国⽂学 第⼀章 美国浪漫主义时期 ⼀、美国浪漫主义时期概述 Ⅰ。
本章学习⽬的和要求 通过本章学习，了解19世纪初期⾄中叶美国⽂学产⽣的历史、⽂化背景；认识该时期⽂学创作的基本待征、基本主张，及其对同时代和后期美国⽂学的影响；了解该时期主要作家的⽂学创作⽣涯、创作思想、艺术特⾊及其代表作品的主题思想、⼈物刻画、语⾔风格等；同时结合注释，读懂所选作品并了解其思想内容和艺术特⾊，培养理解和欣赏⽂学作品的能⼒。
Ⅱ。
本章重点及难点： 1.浪漫主义时期美国⽂学的特点 2.主要作家的创作思想、艺术特⾊及其代表作品的主题结构、⼈物刻画、语⾔风格、思想意义。
3.分析讨论选读作品 Ⅲ。
本章考核知识点和考核要求： 1.美国浪漫主义时期概述 （1）“识记”内容：美国浪漫主义⽂学产⽣的社会历史及⽂化背景 （2）“领会”内容：美国浪漫主义在⽂学上的表现 a.欧洲浪漫主义⽂学的影响 b.美国本⼟⽂学的崛起及其待证 （3）“应⽤”内容：清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、⾃由诗等名词的解释 2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家 A.华盛顿。
欧⽂ 1.⼀般识记：欧⽂的⽣平及创作主涯 2.识记：《纽约外史》《见闻札记》 3.领会：欧⽂的创作领域、创作思想，及其作品的艺术风格 4.应⽤：选读《瑞普。
凡。
温可尔》的主题及其艺术特⾊ B.拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默⽣ 1.⼀般识记：爱默⽣的⽣平及创作⽣涯 2.识记：爱默⽣的超验主义思想 3.领会： （1）爱默⽣的散⽂：《论⾃然》《论⾃助》《论美国学者》等 （2）爱默⽣与梭罗：梭罗的超验主义思想和他的《沃尔登》 4. 应⽤：《论⾃然》节选：爱默⽣的基本哲学思想及⾃然观 C.纳撒尼尔。
霍桑 1.⼀般识记：霍桑的⽣平及创作主涯 2.识记：霍桑的长短篇⼩说 3.领会： （1）《红字》的主题、⼼理描写、象征⼿法和、⼩说结构 （2）霍桑的清教主义思想及加尔⽂教条中的“原罪”对霍桑的影响（⼈性本恶的观点） （3）霍桑对浪漫主义⼩说的贡献 4.应⽤：选读《⼩伙⼦布朗》的主题结构、象征⼿法及语⾔特⾊ D.华尔特。
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1.The theme is the“Fall of Man”, i.e. man’s disobedience and the loss ofParadise, with its prime cause–Satan.
ton intends toexpose the ways of Satanand to“justify the ways of God to men”.At the center of the conflict between human love and spiritual duty liesMilton’s fundamental concern with freedom and choice, i.e. the freedom toobeyGod’s prohibition on eating the apple and the choice of disobedience made by love.He tries to convince us that an all-knowing God wasjustin allowing Adam and Eve to be tempted and to choose sin and its inevitable punishment.
3.He seldom invents his own plots, but borrows them from some old plays or storybooks, or from ancient Greek and Roman sources.He would shorten the time and intensify the story.There are usually several threads running through the play, thus providing the story with suspense andapprehension.
The Merchant of Venice(03Q)
The theme of the play is to praise the friendship betweenAntonioandBassanio, to idealizePortiaas a heroine of great beauty, wit andloyalty, and to expose theinsatiablegreed andbrutalityof the Jew.
Hamlet(01S)
1.Hamlet is amelancholicscholar-prince, and faces the dilemma between action and mind.
2.Urged to seek revenge for his father’s murder, he has none of the single-mindedblood lust.It is not because he is incapable of action, but becauseheis soindecisivethat action, when it finally comes, seems almost like defeat, diminishing rather than adding to thestatureof the hero.
2.His major characters are neithermerelyindividual ones nor type ones; they are individuals representingcertain types.By applying apsycho-analyticalapproach, he succeeds in exploring the characters’inner mind.Thesoliloquiesin his plays fully reveal thecharacters’inner conflict.
4.Ironyis a good means of dramatic presentation.Itmakes the characters who are ignorant of the truth do certain ridiculous things.Disguiseis also an importantdeviceto createdramatic irony, usually with woman disguised as man.
2.Defoe was a very good story-teller.He had a gift for organizing minute details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible andextremelyfascinating.His sentence are sometimes short,crispand plain, and sometimes long andrambling, which leave an impression of casual narration.His language is smooth, easy,colloquialand mostlyvernacular.There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its best.
Robinson Crusoe(12S)(01=08A)
1.Robinson is a real hero: a typical 18th-century English middle-class man, with a great capacity for work,inexhaustibleenergy, courage, patience and persistence in overcomingobstacles, in struggling against thehostilenatural environment.
Daniel Defoe
1.As a member of the middle class, Defoe spoke for and to the members of his class.In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working,sturdymiddle class and showed his sympathy for thedowntrodden, unfortunate poor.
作家及其创作思想/写作特点/语言风格/文学成就
选读作品及作品分析/人物性格Байду номын сангаас
William Shakespeare(09A)
1.He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality.He also states thatthe beauty inliterary works canlast for ever.
5.He can write skillfully in different poetic forms, such as the sonnet, the blank verse, and the rhymed couplet.His vocabulary is amazing; he is known to have used 16000 different words in his works.His coinage of new words and distortion of the meaning of the old ones also createstrikingeffects.
6.He is above all writers in the past and in the present time.His influence on later writers isimmeasurable.
Sonnet 18(06,08,11S)
Sonnet 18 is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare, in which he has a profound meditation on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves.A nice summer’s day is usuallytransient, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever. ThusShakespeare has a faith in thepermanenceof poetry.
John Milton
1.In his life, Milton shows himselfa real revolutionary, a master poet and a great prose writer.
2.As a Christian humanist, he fought for freedom in all aspects, while his achievements in literature make himtowerover all the other English writers of his time and exert a great influence over later ones.
3.Trapped in a nightmare world of spying, testing and plotting, and apparently bearing the intolerable burden of the duty to revenge his father’s death, hamlet is obliged to inhabit a shadow world, to live suspended between fact and fiction, language and action.