Joseph_Conrad
Joseph Conrad
• The innovation embodies the tendency of reflecting the capriciously psychological space through marginalized geographical space and complicated spatial form art in modernism. • Conrad establishes the spatial form by endowing his fiction with the characteristics of music, sculpture and painting. • It probes into the marginalization of physical spaces and its significance for the illustration of particular themes of modern world.
Literature Achievements
– – – – – – • o o o o o Fiction Almayer's Folly Heart of Darkness Lord Jim Nostromo The Arrow of Gold o The Rescue • o • o • o o o o o o Non-Fiction (A True Life Novel) The Mirror of the Sea Plays One Day More Short Stories The Idiots The Lagoon Youth Prince Roman The Tale A Smile of Fortune
Legacy
• Of Conrad's novels, Lord Jim and Nostromo continue to be widely read, as set texts and for pleasure. The Secret Agent and Under the Western Eyes are also considered to be among his finest books. • Joseph Conrad's most influential work remains Heart of Darkness, The novella's depiction of a journey into the darkness of the human psyche, still resonates with modern readers. • "The Lagoon" (composed 1896; published in Cornhill Magazine 1897; collected in Tales of Unrest, 1898).
Joseph Conrad(1857-1924)
• Examples:
Light / dark Black / white Civilized / savage Outer / inner
Black and White
• Black / dark death, evil, ignorance, mystery, savagery, uncivilized A symbol existing in European society for centuries. Middle Ages, when science and knowledge was suppressed, then the Dark Ages. According to Christianity, in the beginning of time all was dark and God created light. According to Heart of Darkness, before the Romans came, England was dark. In the same way, Africa was considered to be in the "dark stage".
Joseph Conrad约瑟夫康拉德的英文介绍
Joseph ConradJoseph Conrad(3 December 1857 –3 August 1924)was a Polish-born English novelist who today is most famous for Heart of Darkness, his fictionalized account of Colonial Africa. “He was granted British nationality in 1886, but always considered himself a Pole. Conrad is regarded as one of the greatest novelists in English, though he did not speak the language fluently until he was in his twenties and he always spoke with a marked accent. ”He wrote stories and novels, often with a nautical setting, describing trials of the human spirit in the midst of an indifferent universe. He was a master prose stylist who brought a distinctly non-English tragic sensibility into English literature. He has been praised as one of the most powerful, insightful, and disturbing novelists in the English canon despite coming to English later in life, which allowed him to combine it with the sensibilities of French, Russian, and Polish literature.LIFE AND CAREERJoseph Conrad was born on December 3, 1857, in Berdyczew, Poland. His father was a writer and a translator of the works of William Shakespeare (1564–1616). He was also a member of a movement seeking Polish independence from Russia. In 1862 the family was forced to move to Russia because of his father's political activities. Conrad's mother died three years later in 1865. It was not until 1867 that Conrad and his father were allowed to return to Poland. In 1868 Conrad attended high school in the Austrian province of Galicia for one year. The following year he and his father moved to Cracow, Poland, where his father died in 1869. In the time spent with his father, Conrad became a lover of literature, especially tales of the sea. After his father's death, his uncle, Thaddus Bobrowski, took Conrad in and raised him. In the autumn of 1874 Conrad went to Marseilles, France, where he entered the French marine service. For the next twenty years Conrad led a successful career as a ship's officer. In June 1878 Conrad went to England for the first time. He worked as a seaman on English ships, and in 1880 he began his career as an officer in the British merchant service, rising from third mate to master. His voyages took him to distant and exotic places such as Australia, India, Singapore, Java, and Borneo, which would provide the background for much of his fiction. In 1886 he became a British citizen. He received his first command in 1888. In 1890 he traveled to the Belgian Congo, Zaire, and Africa, which inspired his great short novel The Heart of Darkness. In 1893 he discussed his work in progress, the novel Almayer's Folly, with a passenger, the novelist John Galsworthy (1867–1933). A year later he retired from the merchant marines and completed Almayer's Folly, which was published in 1895. In 1896 he married Jessie George, an Englishwoman. Two years later, they settled in Kent in the south of England, where Conrad lived for the rest of his life.From 1896 through 1904 Conrad wrote novels about places he visited as a merchant marine and he explored themes such as the uncertainties of human sympathy. His early novels included An Outcast of the Islands(1896), The Nigger of the "Narcissus" (1897), The Heart of Darkness (1899), and Lord Jim (1900). The nextthree novels reflected Conrad's political side, including Nostromo (1904), The Secret Agent (1907), Under Western Eyes (1911). Although Conrad's last novels, The Shadow Line (1917) and The Rover (1923), were written as a farewell, he received many honors. In 1923 he visited the United States to great fanfare. The year after, he declined an offer of knighthood in England.On August 3, 1924, Conrad died of a heart attack and was buried at Canterbury, England. His gravestone bears these lines from Edmund Spenser (1552–1599): "Sleep after toyle, port after stormie seas,/ Ease after warre, death after life, does greatly please."Joseph Conrad began writing in 1889. In total, he wrote 13 novels, 28 short stories and 2 memories.Almayer’s Folly(1895) was Conrad‟s first published novel. It is set towards the end of the 19th century in the Malay Archipelago and deals with the conflicts between European colonialism and the native population. Dreams of easy wealth drive the Dutch trader Kaspar Almayer into grandiose schemes which come to nothing. His mixed-race wife despises him and is having an affair with a local native war lord. He completely misjudges the turmoil of events in which he becomes enmeshed and eventually descends into opium addiction and self-destruction. The novel contains many stereotypes of nineteenth century imperialist ideology, but its events are related in a manner which would lead to the development of literary modernism in the 20th century.Lord Jim (1900) is the earliest of Conrad‟s big and serious novels, and it explores one of his favourite subjects –cowardice and moral redemption. Jim is a ship‟s captain who in youthful ignorance commits the worst offence – abandoning his ship. He spends the remainder of his adult life in shameful obscurity in the South Seas, trying to re-build his confidence and his character. What makes the novel fascinating is not only the tragic but redemptive outcome, but the manner in which it is told. The narrator recounts the events in a time scheme which shifts between past and present in an amazingly complex manner. This is one of the features which makes Conrad considered one of the fathers of twentieth century modernism.Heart of Darkness(1902) is a tightly controlled novella which has assumed classic status as an account of the process of Imperialism. It documents the search for a mysterious Kurtz, who has …gone too far‟ in his exploitation of Africans in the ivory trade. The reader is plunged deeper and deeper into the …horrors‟ of what happen ed when Europeans invaded the continent. This might well go down in literary history as Conrad‟s finest and most insightful achievement, and it is based on his own experiences as a sea captain.Nostromo(1904) is Conrad‟s …big‟ political novel – into which he packs all of his major subjects and themes. It is set in the imaginary Latin-American country of Costaguana –and features a stolen hoard of silver, desperate acts of courage, characters trembling on the brink of moral panic. The political background encompasses nationalist revolution and the Imperialism of foreign intervention. Silveris the pivot of the whole story – revealing the courage of some and the corruption and destruction of others. Conrad‟s narration is as usual complex and oblique. He begin s half way through the events of the revolution, and proceeds by way of flashbacks and glimpses into the future.1.Much of his writing bears a profound philosophical quality, exploring the depthsof psychology, morality, the creative impulse, and other pillars of existence.2.Most of his novels and stories have a seaboard setting.3.While some of his works have a strain of Romanticism, he is viewed as aprecursor of Modernism literature. His narrative style and anti-heroic characters have influenced many authors.4.Conrad concludes with a beautiful metaphor that captures the essence of art asboth construct and contextReferences1./Co-Da/Conrad-Joseph.html2./2009/09/17/joseph-conrad-his-greatest-works/3./wiki/Joseph_Conrad。
Heart-of-Darkness
Joseph Conrad （约瑟夫·康拉德）
1
Content
The author Brief introduction The meaning of the title
the leading roles' charactor
2
Joseph Conrad 约瑟夫·康拉德
Kurtz
7
Kurtz is in poor health by the time Marlow encounters him.Heart of Darkness is a chilling tale of horror set in the Congo during the period of rapid colonial expansion in the 19th century. More than a century after its publication（1899）,Heart of Darkness remains an indisputably classic text and argualy Conrad's finest work.The story deals with the highly disturbing effects of economic, social and political exploitation of European and African societies.
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the leading roles' charactor
Marlow
The main character of the story, Marlow is a sailor who revels in exploring the uncharted areas of the world. Unlike the characters he meets on his journey, Marlow has not yet been "subjected" to the chaos that is the African Congo and therefore is able to view things in a somewhat rational light. During his journey through the Congo, Marlow comes to realize that the seemingly uncultured natives probably have more sense than the white Europeans who have come to civilize them. It is important to note that Marlow and Kurtz are the only two people in the novel who are addressed by their actual names. This is Conrad's way of showing them
犯罪心理第一季1-14名人名言
Rose Kennedy(肯尼迪总统母亲）
“鸟儿在暴风雨后歌唱，为什么人们仍是阳光普照时还不尽情感受快乐呢？”
ONE5
Euripides(希腊悲剧诗人）
“当一个好人受到伤害，所有的好人定将与其同历磨难”
ONE6
尼采
“一件事情的不合理性，不是驳斥其存在的证据，还不如以一种特定情况来证明”
Elizabeth Barrett Browning（英国女诗人）
“在没努力完之前，不评价工作"
ONE13
卢克莱修（罗马哲学家）
“一些人的美食却是其他人的毒药”
孔子
“在你决定报复之前，先挖好两个坟墓”
ONE14
旧约创世纪
“让别人流血的人，他的血必为别人所流”
Albert Pine（英国作家）
“对自己所做的会随着死亡而消逝，对其他人和世界所做的才会永存而不朽”
“意识形态分离了我们，而梦想与痛苦使我们走到一起”
ONE11
Harriet Beecher Stowe（史杜威夫人，作家）
“
最痛苦的泪水从坟墓里流出，为了还没说过的话和还没做过的事”
ONE12
W.H.Auden（诗人）
“恶魔通常只是凡人，并且毫不起眼，他们用我们的床...与我们同桌共餐”
ONE2
爱因斯坦
“想象力比知识更为重要，知识是受限制的，想象力则包着整个世界”
福克纳
“别自寻烦恼的只想比你同时代的人或是前辈们出色，试着比你自己更出色吧”
ONE3
Samuel Johnson（英国大文豪）
“几乎所有行为的荒谬性，均源自于模仿那些我们不可能雷同的人”
《推敲自我——康拉德_吉姆爷_中的自我建构及其困境》
内容摘要《吉姆爷》（Lord Jim）是约瑟夫·康拉德（Joseph Conrad）最重要的小说之一，小说创作于大英帝国由盛而衰的转折期，集中体现了康拉德对现代社会中“人”的自我建构的探究。
现代社会的多元化将人类物理距离拉近的同时，也造成了生活的碎片化，导致人们陷入了自我建构的困境之中。
《吉姆爷》作为现代主义小说的经典作品之一，融入了康拉德对自我建构困境以及如何冲出这一困境的深邃思考。
本文从领土、语言、身体三方面切入，探索康拉德对自我建构及其危机的书写，挖掘作者在作品中表现出的强烈的认同焦虑，并试图梳理出作者对化解这一困境所提出的构想，揭示《吉姆爷》这部小说的现代启示意义。
绪论部分主要梳理了《吉姆爷》的国内外研究现状，并且提出本文的研究价值和路径。
第一章：自我与外部世界的分离。
从“家园的丧失”和“语言的丧失”两个方面来论述个人在现代性过程中自我主体性的丧失。
第二章：自我的内部分离。
康拉德将身体视为精神的载体，身体的不完备是精神危机的外化。
第三章：自我的重建。
康拉德认为人与世界、与他人、与自我存在着休戚相关之情，个人也只有通过这种休戚相关之情才能获得对自我的正确定位。
警示人们对自然保持一颗敬畏之心，呼吁人与人之间建立互助信任的关系。
康拉德意识到现代社会中人们敬畏之心的缺乏和信任的不可能性，他提出了解决这一困境的最终形式——“自杀”。
主人公在自杀中完成了自我的重建。
关键词：约瑟夫·康拉德《吉姆爷》自我建构ABSTRACTLord Jim is one of Joseph Conrad’s most important novels, it was written during the period that The Great Britain was going from properous to deline, and it intensively reflects conrad’s exploration to Man’s Self-Consititution in modern society. The pluralism of modern society connected human closer to each other in physical distance, but also fragmented people’s life and caused the dilemma ofSelf-Constitution. The problem of identification brought by pluralism become the core problem of his works. As one of moderism classics, Lord Jim engaged Conrad’s deep thoughts on Self-Constitution dilemma and how to break through it.This thesis takes territory,language and body as cutpoints, and then explores Conrad’s writing of Self-Constitution dilemma, and digs up the strong sense of cautions on self-Constitiution, moreover, tries to find out the author’s solutions to this dilemma and reveal the modern apocalypse of Lord Jim. Introduction mainly classifies research status of this novel, and presents the research value and methods of this thesis. Chapter One: The Seperation of Self and Outside World. This part discusses the loss of Subjective during the process of modernity maily from two aspects: “Loss of Homes” and “Loss of Language”. Chapter Two: Seperation of Inner Self. Conrad regards body as carrier of spirit, he thinks the incompleting of body is exteriorization of spirital crisis. Chapter Three: Self-Constitution and Impossibility of the constitution.Conrad thought that there were solidarities between human and world, between individual and others, between one and oneself, one can precisely locating himself only through this solidarity. Conrad warns human to keep respective to nature, and appeals to construct trust and solidarity between self and others. On the other hand, Conrad deconstructs trust and that declares the impossibility of self-constitution. When Conrad realized that people in modern society are lack of respects and the impossibility of trust, he proposed a final solution to this dilemma-suicide. Characters fulfil their self-constitution by suitide.Keywords: Joseph Conrad Lord Jim Self-Constitution目录ABSTRACT (6)绪论 (1)一、论题研究现状及本论文研究价值 (1)1．《吉姆爷》研究概论 (2)2. 《吉姆爷》中自我建构研究现状 (7)二．本文研究特色和框架 (8)第一章：自我与外部世界的分离 (10)第一节家园的丧失 (10)第二节语言的失落 (12)第二章：自我的内部分离 (18)第一节金钱至上——物质杀死了肉体 (18)第二节权力至上——权力杀死了肉体 (22)第三章：自我的重建 (25)第一节人与自然：敬畏之心 (26)第二节人与他人：信任 (29)第三节自杀：解决自我困境的最终形式 (36)结语 (43)参考文献 (45)致谢 (51)绪论一、论题研究现状及本论文研究价值作为现代主义作家的先驱之一，约瑟夫·康拉德（Joseph Conrad）在英国文学史上占据了重要地位，他的主要作品“为最杰出的维多利亚小说家与最出色的现代派小说家提供了一个过渡”1。
汉语言文学文献综述范文
汉语言文学专业文献综述范文题目：伪男权康拉德——从女性主义角度分析《黑暗的心》约瑟夫·康拉德(JosephConrad1857-1924)1857年生于波兰，曾航行世界各地20余年，积累了丰富的海上生活经验，1889年开始小说创作，有“海洋小说大师”之称，著有《吉姆爷》（1900年）、《神秘参与者》（1912年）等，《黑暗的心》是他最负盛誉的小说，把殖民主义者的心态刻画得淋漓尽致。
小说以马洛为叙述者，以回忆者的身份出现在故事里，他的叙述穿梭于过去与现在、自己和克尔兹及听众之间，讲述了一个叫克尔兹的白人——一个矢志将“文明进步”带到非洲的理想主义者,后来却堕落成贪婪的殖民者的经过。
一、《黑暗的心》中女性人物形象《黑暗之心》中一共只有五位女性，在小说叙述者马洛的讲述中，她们愚昧、无足轻重与野蛮无知。
按照对话语权的拥有，可以将这五位女性分为两组，一组是两个看门人和库茨的黑人情妇，她们在小说中无声地存在着；另一组是库茨的姑妈以及他在欧洲的未婚妻，她们在小说中拥有话语权。
Gabrielle McIntire（2002）认为《黑暗的心》中的女性人物在马洛的叙述中虽然只起辅助和补充的作用，但她们象征着欧洲与非洲的差异和距离，代表着不同性别、不同意识形态的不可比性。
[1]李伟（2007）从当代女性主义文学理论解读此部小说中具有代表性的五位女性：马洛的姑妈、公司的两位妇女、库尔兹的未婚妻和库尔兹的黑人情妇，表明了作者康拉德是站在女性的立场上塑造《黑暗的心》书中女性形象的。
[2朱学帆（2011）认为在《黑暗的心》这部作品中，康拉德巧妙地通过叙述者马洛之口，塑造了五位女性形象，揭露了那些强加在欧洲女性身上的男权意识形态的伪善，展示了非洲女性摆脱殖民者个人或者说强加在非洲之上的西方男权意识形态束缚的勇气。
[3]孙煥从女性主义视角对《黑暗的心》中的男性和女性形象进行解析，旨在揭示潜存的男权意识和女性的边缘化形象。
Joseph_Conrad约瑟夫_康拉德
Coppola the director
Revised from Heart of Darkness
Heart of darkness--one of the "100 best
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Lord Jim (1900) examines the effects of a cowardly act and how this act‘s moral repercussions（反应，影响） haunt a man until his death. (Lord Jim's story is told by Marlow, the narrator of Heart of Darkness.) In 1902, Conrad published
The Secret Sharer" (1912) uses the "Doppelganger theme" (where a man meets his figurative double) to examine what Conrad viewed as the shifting nature of human identity and the essential isolation of all human beings.
Joseph Conrad Square
Literary career
The Nigger of the “Narcissus” (1897) concerns a tubercular（患结核病的） Black sailor whose impending death affects his fellow crewmen in a number of profound ways.
Joseph_Conrad_约瑟夫康拉德_英文介绍_详细版PPT
Plot
D. Falling action: Kurtz‟s death. 1. Marlow‟s acceptance of responsibility for Kurtz‟s legacy. “One morning he gave me a packet of papers and a photograph- the lot tied together with a shoe-string. And „Keep this for me‟ ” “The horror! The horror!” 2. Marlow‟s visit to Kurtz‟s girlfriend. “The last word he pronounced was-your name”
Taken care of by his uncle (1869-1873)
Early life(1857-1869)
born on 3 December, 1857/Berdichev
(in Podolia, a part of modern Ukraine that had belonged to the Kingdom of Poland)
Plot
A. Background:
Time: Latter part of 19th century, probably sometime between 1876 and 1892.
Place: The Thames River outside London.
joseph_conrad_ppt
His Style
Conrad has become a great prose master of his adopted languageEnglish. In a figurative language—similes and metaphors A lush and dense style with piles of sharp images A poetic quality
Features of His Writings
He wrote stories and novels, predominantly with a nautical or seaboard setting, that depict trials of the human spirit by the demands of duty and honor. While some of his works have a strain of Romanticism, he is viewed as a precursor of Modernism literature. His narrative style and anti-heroic characters have influenced many authors. His short stories and novels reflect aspects of a worldwide empire while also plumb the depths of the human soul.
Artistic View
He claims: The artist, like the thinker or the scientist ,seeks the truth and makes his appeal. He further claims that all art appeals primarily to the senses, and that the artistic aim of literature must make its appeal through the senses. His artistic view is also influenced by impressionism.
Joseph Conrad康纳德
His Early Life
Because of the father's attempts at farming and his political activism, the family moved repeatedly.
· May 1861 they moved to Warsaw, where Apollo joined the In e against the Russian Empire. This led to his imprisonment in Pavilion X (Ten) of the Warsaw Citadel.
Education
Apollo did his best to home-school Conrad. The boy's early reading introduced him to the two elements that later dominated his life: in Victor Hugo's Toilers of the Sea he encountered the sphere of activity to which he would devote his youth; Shakespeare brought him into the orbit of English literature. Most of all, though, he read Polish Romantic poetry.
On 23 May 1869, Apollo Korzeniowski died of tuberculosis.The young Conrad was placed in the care of Ewa's brother, Tadeusz Bobrowski. Conrad's poor health and his unsatisfactory schoolwork caused his uncle constant problems and no end of financial outlays.
Conrad, Joseph 约瑟夫
Conrad, Joseph (1857-1924), was a Polish-born author who wrote in English. He became famous for the novels and short stories that he wrote about the sea.Conrad was born Jozef Teodor Konrad Nalecz Korzeniowski on Dec. 3, 1857, near Kiev, in what was then Russian Poland. He left Poland at the age of 16 and arrived in England at the age of 20, unable to speak English. During the next 16 years, he worked his way up from deck hand to captain in the British Merchant Navy. He mastered English so completely that he was able to write some of its greatest novels. Conrad's rich prose style is noted for its gripping intensity, which can be precise in its realism or filled with metaphor.Conrad used experiences of his life in many of his works. From his voyages in the Indian Ocean and Malay Archipelago came some of his best-known novels. He began with Almayer's Folly (1895) and An Outcast of the Islands (1896), both set in Borneo.Such later masterpieces as The Nigger of the "Narcissus" (1897), Lord Jim (1900), Typhoon (1903), and The Shadow Line (1917) are also set in the eastern seas. Several of Conrad's short stories, including "The Secret Sharer" and "Youth," are set there, too. "Heart of Darkness" is based onhis voyage up the Congo River, and his novel Nostromo (1904) uses memories of his early voyages in the Caribbean.Conrad's sea stories were not superficial adventure tales, though they were sometimes dismissed as such in his day. Later critics hailed Conrad for his experiments with fictional point of view and multiple narrators. Conrad's work is also exceptional for its probing psychological analysis of the isolated self torn between such conflicting influences as sympathy and greed, heroism and cowardice, and idealism and cynicism. In Nostromo, for example, Conrad presented an epic picture of the clash between capitalism and revolution in South America. Conrad also wrote two absorbing novels about revolutionaries in Europe, The Secret Agent (1907) and Under Western Eyes (1911), and the autobiographical pieces collected in The Mirror of the Sea (1906) and A Personal Record (1912). After years of praise from critics but little public attention, Conrad only began to achieve popular success with the more melodramatic material of his novels Chance (1914) and Victory (1915). Conrad died on Aug. 3, 1924.。
unit14Joseph Conrad康拉德
During his early teenage years,Conrad read about life at sea. Desire to go to sea. In 1878 he became a British subject.
In 1878,Conrad suffered from depression,being forbidden to work on any French ships due to his lying about having the proper permits. He made an unsuccessful attemp at suicide,shooting himself through the shoulder and missing had also turned to autobiography Mirror of the Sea (1906) A Personal Record (1912) Notes on Life and Letters (1921)
Heart of Darkness follows one man’s
Born in Berdyczow(now in Ukraine) into an impoverished in 1857. His father was a writer.He encouraged his son Konrad to read widely in Polish and French.
Good vs. Evil Man and the Natural World Race Identity Power Women and Femininity
兰登书屋评选的20世纪百部经典英文小说书目
兰登书屋评选的20世纪百部经典英文小说书目美国兰登书屋的《当代文库》编辑小组於1998年7月间选出了二十世纪一百大英文小说。
这份排名书单一公布,即引起举世回响和评论。
百大小说之圈选,以英国航海作家康拉德(Joseph Conrad)入选四本最多;其他如乔伊斯、福克纳、劳伦斯、福斯特、詹姆斯、渥夫各有叁本入选。
乔伊斯的《尤里西斯》是第一名,这本书在其他名单也都名列前茅。
就出版年代而言,出版最早的是1900年的《嘉莉妹妹》和《吉姆爷》;最近的则是1983年的《紫苑草》;1985年以後尚无入选作品。
20世纪百大英文小说名单:1. 乔伊斯(James Joyce)爱尔兰《尤里西斯》(Ulysses)19222. 费兹杰罗(F. S. Fitzgerald)美国《大亨小传》(The Great Gatsby)19253. 乔伊斯(James Joyce)爱尔兰《青年艺术家的画像》(A Portrait of the Artistas a Young Man)19164. 纳巴科夫(Vladimir Nabokov)俄裔美籍《洛莉塔》(Lolita)19555. 赫胥黎(Aldous Huxley)英国《美丽新世界》(Brave New World)19326. 福克纳(William Faulkner)美国《声音与愤怒》(The Sound andFury)19297. 海勒(Joseph Heller)美国《第22条军规》(Catch-22)19618. 柯斯勒(Arthur Koestler)匈牙利《中午的黑暗》(Darkness atNoon)19419. 劳伦斯(D. H. Lawrence)英国《儿子与情人》(Sons and Lover)191310. 史坦贝克(John Steinbeck)美国《愤怒的葡萄》(The Grapes of Wrath)193911. 劳瑞(Malcolm Lowry)英国《在火山下》(Under the Volcano)194712. 巴特勒(Samuel Butler)英国《众生之路》(The Way of All Flesh)190313. 欧威尔(George Orwell)英国《一九八四》(1984)194914. 格雷夫斯(Robert Graves)英国《我,克劳狄》(I, Claudius)193415. 吴尔芙(Virginia Woolf)英国《到灯塔去》(To the Lighthouse)192716. 德莱赛(Theodore Dreiser)美国《人间悲剧》(An AmericanTragedy)192517. 玛克勒丝(Carson McCullers)美国《同是天涯沦落人》(The Heart Is a Longly Heart) 194018. 冯内果(Kurt Vonnegut)美国《第五号屠宰场》(Slaughterhouse-Five)196919. 埃利森(Ralph Ellison)美国《隐形人》(Invisible Man)195220. 莱特(Richard Wright)美国《土生子》(Native Son)194021. 贝娄(Saul Bellow)美国《雨王韩德森》(Henderson the RainKing)195922. 奥哈拉(John O'Hara)美国《在萨马拉的会合》(Appointment in Samarra)193423. 多斯帕索斯(John Dos Passos)美国《美国》(U. S. A. )193624. 安德生(Sherwood Anderson)美国《小城故事》(Winesburg, Ohio)191925. 福斯特(E. M. Forster)英国《印度之旅》(A Passage to India)192426. 詹姆斯(Henry James)美国《鸽翼》(The Wings of the Dove)190227. 詹姆斯(Henry James)美国《奉使记》(The Ambassadors)190328. 费兹杰罗(F. S. Fitzgerald)美国《夜未央》(Tender Is theNight)193429. 法雷尔(James T. Farrell)美国《「斯塔兹?朗尼根」三部曲》(Studs Lonigan-trilogy) 193530. 福特(Ford Madox Ford)英国《好兵》(The Good Soldier)191531. 欧威尔(George Orwell)英国《动物农庄》(Animal Farm)194532. 詹姆斯(Henry James)美国《金碗》(The Golden Bowl)190433. 德莱赛(Theodore Dreiser)美国《嘉莉妹妹》(Sister Carrie)190034. 渥夫(Evelyn Waugh)英国《一掬尘土》(A Handful of Dust)193435. 福克纳(William Faulkner)美国《出殡现形记》(As I Lay Dying)193036. 华伦(Robert Penn Warren)美国《国王供奉的人们》(All the King's Men)194637. 威尔德(Thornton Wilder)美国《圣路易?莱之桥》(The Bridge of SanLuis Rey)192738. 福斯特(E. M. Forster)英国《此情可问天》(Howards End)191039. 包德温(James Baldwin)美国《向苍天呼吁》(Go Tell It on the Mountain)195340. 葛林(Graham Greene)英国《事情的真相》(The Heart of theMatter)194841. 高汀(William Golding)英国《苍蝇王》(Lord of the Flies)195442. 迪基(James Dickey)美国《解救》(Deliverance )197043. 鲍威尔(Anthony Powell)英国《与时代合拍的舞蹈》(A Dance to the Music of Time) 197544. 赫胥黎(Aldous Huxley)英国《针锋相对》(Point Counter Point)192845. 海明威(Ernest Hemingway)美国《太阳照样升起》(The Sun Also Rise)192646. 康拉德(Joseph Conrad)英国《特务》(The Secret Agent)190747. 康拉德(Joseph Conrad)英国《诺斯特罗莫》(Nostromo)190448. 劳伦斯(D. H. Lawrence)英国《彩虹》(Rainbow)191549. 劳伦斯(D. H. Lawrence)英国《恋爱中的女人》(Women in Love)192050. 米勒(Henry Miller)美国《北回归线》(Tropic of Cancer)193451. 梅勒(Norman Mailer)美国《裸者和死者》(The Naked and Dead)194852. 罗斯(Philp Roth)美国《波特诺伊的抱怨》(Portnoy's Complaint)196953. 纳巴科夫(Vladimir Nabokov)俄裔美籍《苍白的火》(Pale Fire)196254. 福克纳(William Faulkner)美国《八月之光》(Light in August)193255. 克洛厄(Jack Kerouac)美国《在路上》(On the Road)195756. 汉密特(Dashiell Hammett)美国《马尔他之鹰》(The MalteseFalcon)193057. 福特(Ford Madox Ford)英国《行进的目的》(Parade's End)192858. 华顿(Edith Wharton)美国《纯真年代》(The Age of Innocence)192059. 毕尔邦(Max Beerbohm)英国《朱莱卡?多卜生》(Zuleika Dobson)191160. 柏西(Walker Percy)美国《热爱电影的人》(The Moviegoer)196161. 凯赛(Willa Cather)美国《总主教之死》(Death Comes to Archbishop)192762. 钟斯(James Jones)美国《乱世忠魂》(From Here to Eternity)195163. 奇佛(John Cheever)美国《丰普肖特纪事》(The WapshotChronicles)195764. 沙林杰(J. D. Salinger)美国《麦田捕手》(The Catcher in theRye)195165. 柏基斯(Anthony Burgess)英国《装有发条的橘子》(A Clockwork Orange)196266. 毛姆(W. Somerset Maugham)英国《人性枷锁》(Of Human Bondage)191567. 康拉德(Joseph Conrad)英国《黑暗之心》(Heart of Darkness)190268. 刘易士(Sinclair Lewis)美国《大街》(Main Street)192069. 华顿(Edith Wharton)美国《欢乐之家》(The House of Mirth)190570. 达雷尔(Lawrence Durrell)英国《亚历山大四部曲》(The Alexandraia Quartet) 196071. 休斯(Richard Hughes)英国《牙买加的风》(A High Wind inJamaica)192972. 耐波耳(V. S. Naipaul)特立尼达和多巴哥《毕斯瓦思先生之屋》(A House for Mr. Biswas)196173. 威斯特(Nathaniel West)美国《蝗虫的日子》(The Day of theLocust)193974. 海明威(Ernest Hemingway)美国《战地春梦》(A Farewell toArms)192975. 渥夫(Evelyn Waugh)英国《独家新闻》(Scoop )193876. 丝帕克(Muriel Spark)英国《琼?布罗迪小姐的青春》(The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie) 196177. 乔伊斯(James Joyce)爱尔兰《为芬尼根守灵》(Finnegans Wake)193978. 吉卜林(Rudyard Kipling)英国《金姆》(Kim)190179. 福斯特(E. M. Forster)英国《窗外有蓝天》(A Room with a View)190880. 渥夫(Evelyn Waugh)英国《梦断白庄》(Bride shead Revisited)194581. 贝娄(Saul Bellow)美国《阿奇正传》(The Adventures of Augie March)197182. 史达格纳(Wallace Stegner)美国《安眠的天使》(Angle ofRepose)197183. 耐波耳(V. S. Naipaul)特立尼达和多巴哥《河曲》(A Bend in the River)197984. 鲍恩(Elizabeth Bowen)英国《心之死》(The Death of the Heart)193885. 康拉德(Joseph Conrad)英国《吉姆爷》(Lord Jim)190086. 达特罗(E. L. Doctorow)美国《爵士乐》(Ragtime)197587. 贝内特(Arnold Bennett)英国《老妇人的故事》(The Old Wives'Tale)190888. 伦敦(Jack London)英国《野性的呼唤》(The Call of the Wild)190389. 格林(Henry Green)英国《爱》(Loving)194590. 鲁西迪(Salman Rushdie)(印裔英籍)《午夜的孩子们》(Midnight's Children) 198191. 考德威尔(Erskine Caldwell)美国《烟草路》(Tobacco Road)193292. 甘耐第(William Kennedy)美国《紫苑草》(Ironweed)198393. 佛勒斯(John Fowles)英国《占星家》(The Magus)196694. 里丝(Jean Rhys)英国《辽阔的藻海》(Wide Sargasso)196695. 默多克(Iris Murdoch)英国《在网下》(Under the Net)195496. 斯蒂隆(William Styron)美国《苏菲亚的抉择》(Sophie's Choice)197997. 鲍尔斯(Paul Bowles)美国《遮蔽的天空》(The Sheltering Sky)194998. 凯恩(James M. Cain)美国《邮差总按两次铃》(The Postman Always Rings Twice) 193499. 唐利维(J. P. Donleavy)美国《眼线》(The Ginger Man)1955100. 塔金顿(Booth Tarkington)美国《伟大的安伯森斯》(The Magnificent Ambersons) 1918。
【英语论文】康拉德《黑暗之心》中柯兹的人性分析Kurtz’s Nature In the Darkness
康拉德《黑暗之心》中柯兹的人性分析Kurtz’s Nature In the Darkness摘要在英国现代文学史上，康拉德是个特殊的人物。
他早年热衷于航海事业，直到19世纪90年代，即他投身航海生涯20年之后，才开始从事文学创作。
然而他也是一位多产的作家，这些作品为他赢得了世界性的声誉。
其代表作有《台风》，《吉姆爷》及《黑暗之心》。
《黑暗之心》是约瑟夫·康拉德的重要小说作品之一。
它于1899年以连载的形式在英国的一家杂志首次发表。
自从它问世以来，《黑暗之心》的影响逐年上升。
这部小说本身是一部复杂的小说，是冒险故事，心理分析，政治讽喻，黑色幽默，和怀疑主义沉思的杂合体。
在这篇论文中，通过使用弗洛伊德心理分析法以及多角度分析的方法，我试图分析出库尔兹在黑暗中闪现出的人性。
通过以上方法，我试图使一个完整的库尔兹呈现出来。
我的论文可分为五个部分。
第一部分是对作者和他的作品《黑暗之心》的介绍。
第二部分在对库尔兹人性的分析中，借用了精神分析学派的“我”的三重划分，指出库尔兹的堕落在于本我的肆意扩张，超我(社会性的道德、规范)失去了约束能力，自我沦丧。
在第三部分中，我们可以看到一个迷失，残暴以及贪婪的库尔兹。
第四部分指出库尔兹是一个多才多艺的理想主义者，他徘徊于西方文明与非洲文化之间。
通过分析库尔兹表现出的人性，我们可以看出人性的神秘性，同时，我们可以把库尔兹整个人生的抗争看成是当时整个社会文明与个体道德的斗争。
关键词：康拉德；柯兹；人性AbstractIn English literature, Conrad is a special man. As a young man, he is fond of sailing. He is not engaged in the literature until the 90’s in 19th century. However, he writes many novels and gets the world prestige. His representative works are Lord Jim,Nostromo and Heart of Darkness. Heart of Darkness is one of Joseph Conrad's celebrated novels. It was first serialized in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine in 1899. Since its publication, Heart of Darkness has become progressively more influential during the following decades. Heart of Darkness itself is a complicated novel, since it is a mixture of adventure story, psychological case study, political satire, black humor comedy, and skeptical meditation. In the paper, I try to present Kurtz 's nature in the darkness, using Freudian psycho analysis and multi-angles analysis. With those approaches, I try to show an intact Kurtz. My paper can be divided into five parts. The first part is the introduction to Joseph Conrad and his novel Heart of Darkness. In the second part, this thesis borrows the three layers' division of "I'' in psycho analytics. This thesis indicates that the degeneration of Kurtz lies in his wantonly expanded ego while as his superego (social moral and regulation) lost binding force and his ego was mined. In the third part, we find a lost, cruel and greedy Kurtz. The fourth part presents a versatile idealist who stands between Western civilization and African culture. By analyzing Kurtz 's nature, we can find the mystery of human nature and the conflict of social civilization and individual moral. The fifth part is conclusion.Key Words: Conrad; Kurtz; natureIntroductionJoseph Conrad did not begin to learn English until he was 21 years old. He was born Jozef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski on December 3, 1857, in Polish Ukraine. When Conrad was quite young, his father was exiled to Siberia on suspicion of plotting against the Russian government. After the death of the boy’s mother, Conrad’s father sent him to his mother’s brother in Kraków to be educated, and Conrad never again saw his father. He traveled to Marseilles when he was seventeen and spent the next twenty years as a sailor. He went to an English ship in 1878, and eight years later he became a British subject. In 1889, he began his first novel, Almayer’s Folly,and began actively searching for a way to fulfill his boyhood dream of traveling to the Congo. He took command of a steamship in the Belgian Congo in 1890, and his experiences in the Congo came to provide the outline for Heart of Darkness. Conrad’s time in Africa wreaked havoc on his health, however, and he returned to England to recover. He returned to sea twice before finishing Almayer’s Folly in 1894 and wrote several other books, including one about Marlow called Youth: A Narrative before beginning Heart of Darkness in 1898. He wrote most of his other major works—including Lord Jim, which also features Marlow, Nostromo, and The Secret Agent, as well as several collaborations with Ford Madox Ford—during the following two decades. Conrad died in 1924.Heart of Darkness, one of the most famous jungle novels, is created on the basis of C onrad’s diary in 1890 when he was on the journey to Congo. On a cruising yawl at rest on Thames, the narrator, Marlow is telling his story about his travel along another river and the legend of an agent down in the jungle. He is appointed by a company that gathers ivory in Congo. Even though the journey seems quite arduous and somewhat elusive, Marlow, who has always had a passion for travel and exploration, sets out his adventure. From beginning to end, what he sees and hears are the dark Africa where the trade agents are greedily gathering ivory, seizing and grabbing the natives brutally. Especially when he witnesses the fable about Kurtz. As a well-educated white, Kurtz, who has the talent of eloquence as his trump card, is arbitrarily ruling his empire but blindly worshipped by the natives as a saint. The works provides a bridge between Victorian values and the ideals of modernism. Like much of the best modernist literature produced in the early decades of the twentieth century, Heart of Darkness is as much about alienation, confusion, and profound doubt as it is about imperialism. Imperialism is nevertheless at the center of Heart of Darkness.By the 1890s,and the major European powers were stretched thin, trying to administer and protect massive, far-flung empires. Cracks were beginning to appear in the system: riots, wars, and the wholesale abandonment of commercial enterprises all threatened the white men living in the distant corners of empires. Things were clearly falling apart. Heart of Darkness suggests that this is the natural result when men are allowed to operate outside a social system of checks and balances: power, especially power over other human beings, inevitably corrupts. At the same time, this begs the question of whether it is possible to call an individual insane or wrong when he is part of a system that is so thoroughly corrupted and corrupting. Heart of Darkness, thus, at its most abstract level, is a narrative about the difficulty of understanding the world beyond the self, about the ability of one man to judge another.Darkness is the theme of this story. It is the clue to find out the context of the story. Conrad makes an integral connection between mind, body and nature by this application. Darkness is also the color of the places where explores and colonialists settled, and the color of the black’s skin. In contrast to the darkness, the white seems extremely outstanding. But inside their white skin, the colonists have a heart of profound darkness, evil and dread.1 Id, superego, ego of Kurtz by psycho analysis1.1 Definitions of termsThis thesis intends to make a Freudian psycho analysis of Kurtz’ s nature in the darkness in terms of Sigmund Freud's theory---the structures of mind. Therefore, it is necessary to make clear two definitions: Freudian and psychoanalysis first of all. Freud, is the recognized founder of modern psychoanalysis, who has exerted an influence far beyond his own field. His theory of the workings of human mind and its descriptive terminology find application in almost all branches of humanities and social sciences. Psychoanalysis is a systematic structure of theories concerning the relation of conscious psychological processes. Or it is a technical procedure for investigating unconscious mental processes. Psychoanalytic theory is Freud's theory that the origin of personality lies in the balance between the id, the ego, and the superego. One's personality is the total sum of all of the ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that are typical for that person and make that person different from all other individuals.1.2 Three structures of mind---the id, the ego, and the superegoThe 1926 edition of The Encyclopedia Britannica described Freud's concept of the elements of personality as follows:The mental apparatus is composed of the "id," which is the reservoir of the instructive impulses, of the "ego" which is the most superficial portion of the id and the one which is modified by the influences of the external world, and of the "super-ego," which develops out of the id, dominates the ego and represents the inhibition of instinct characteristic of man.The id, according to Freud, is the inborn part of the unconscious mind that uses the primary process to satisfy its needs and that acts according to the pleasure principle. Someone further explains that the id is a cauldron of seething excitement. In the id, there is nothing corresponding to the idea of time, no recognition of the passage of time. The id knows no values, no good and evil, no morality, and blindly strives to gratify its instincts in complete disregard of the superior strength of outside forces.In his essay "The Ego and the Id", Freud presents the id as follows: an individual is looked upon as a psychical id, unknown and unconscious. The id attracts all kinds of instinctive forces in order to find their mental representation. The instincts in the id press for immediate satisfaction, regardless of all else, and in this way either fail of achievement or actually do damage. From the point of view of instinctive control, of morality, it may be saidas the "self' or "I," which perceives, remembers, evaluates, plans, and in other ways is responsive to and acts in the surrounding physical and social world. The 1974 edition of Encyclopedic World Dictionary defines it as "that part of the psychic apparatus which experiences the outside world and reacts to it, thus mediating between the primitive drives of the id and the demands of the social and physical environment." While someone points out why the ego is formed, that's because the id has to find realistic ways of meeting its needs and avoiding trouble caused by selfish and aggressive behavior. The ego operates according to the reality principle. The ego can be thought of as the executive of the personality because it uses its cognitive abilities to manage and control the id and balance its desires against the restrictions of reality and the superego.According to Freud, the ego is that part of the id which has been modified by the direct influence of the external world. It seeks to bring the influence of the external world to bear upon the id and its tendencies, and endeavors to substitute the reality principle for the pleasure principle which reigns unrestrictedly in the id. It strives to be moral, representing what may be called reason and common sense, in contrast to the id, which contains the passions. The ego is placing itself at the service of the opposing instinctual impulses. It is the representative of the external world to the id. And it tries to mediate between the world and the id. When the ego finds itself in an excessive real danger, where it believes itself unable to overcome by its own strength, it sees itself deserted by all protecting forces and makes itself die.The superego holds up certain norms of behavior, and does not regard to any difficulties coming from the id and the external world. It is the part of the mind that opposes the desires of the id by enforcing moral restrictions and by striving to attain a goal of "ideal" perfection. The Encyclopedic World Dictionary defines it as "that part of the psychic apparatus which mediates between ego drives and social ideals, acting as a conscience, which may be partly conscious and partly unconscious." In other’s angle, the superego represents the internalization of parental standards and authority. In the normal male child, it replaces the Oedipal desire for the mother. The developing superego thus absorbs the traditions of the family and the surrounding society, serving chiefly to control sexual and aggressive impulses that threaten social structures.In his "The Ego and the Id", Freud assumes the existence of a grade in the ego, a differentiation within the ego, which may be called the "ego ideal" or "superego". The superego derives from the first object of the id, from the Oedipus complex. The ego ideal has the task of repressing the Oedipus wishes. Therefore, the superego "retains the character of the father." Freud points out that the ego ideal is the heir of the Oedipus complex, that it is also the expression of the most powerful impulses and most important libidinal vicissitudes of the id, and that it exercises the moral censorship in the form of conscience. It can besuper-moral and then become as cruel as only the id can be. Then how is it that the superego develops such extraordinary harshness and seve rity towards the ego? Freud proposes, “The excessively strong superego which has obtained a hold upon consciousness rages against the ego with merciless violence. The destructive component had entrenched itself in the superego and turned against the ego.”What is the relationship between the id, the ego and the superego? "The ego is a poor creature owning service to three masters and consequently menaced by three dangers: from the external world, from the libido of the id, and from the severity of the superego." It has to reconcile between the id and the external world, to make the id pliable to the world and to make the world fall in with the wishes of the id. Whenever possible, it tries to remain on good terms with the id; it pretends that the id is showing obedience to the admonitions of reality, even when in fact it is remaining obstinate and unyielding; it disguises the id's conflicts with reality and, if possible, its conflicts with the superego too.In my thesis, I will apply the theories of the id, the ego, and the superego to the psycho analysis of Kurtz’ s nature.1.3 The application of the psycho analysisIn civilized society, on the basis of the superego, the ego harmonizes the relationship between the id and society, so people's id can only be satisfied to a certain extent. In Europe, Kurtz lives in the civilized society. Everything is set in a formed way which assumes the implement of civilization. He grows up in the atmosphere and acts according to the accepted yardstick. When he has no money, his id drove him to get money. But he will not rob from others because of the existence of the superego. In such condition, the ego can deal with the relationship between the id and the superego well. In Africa, when people are far away from the civilized s ociety, in order to meet the id’s demand, they will act by any kind of means. Colonists can do anything they want to do. They ignored the superego and did things at will. There also existed the conflict between white colonists apart from the contradiction between the black and the white. Kurtz was a great man in the Congo River. After being far away from the ethic of the civilized society, the function of the id was greater and greater .As we know, the desire of the id is limitless and he was totally controlled by the id in the end. The following state is that Kurtz regarded himself as the dominator and the desire of going in for the ivory was more endless. In order to take the ivory, he put the local’s heads on the guardrail to warn the public after massacring the local in large quantities. Marlow wrote: " I have no opinion on that point, but I want you clearly to understand that there was nothing exactly profitable in these heads being there. They only showed that Mr. Kurtz lackedhim—some small matter which, when the pressing need arose, could not be found under his magnificent eloquence. Whether he knew of this deficiency himself I can't say."1The description displays Kurtz’s miserliness along with the expansion of the id. From his last words “the horror, the horror”2, I think the knowledge came to him at last—only at the very last. But the wilderness had found him out early, and had carried out a terrible vengeance for the fantastic invasion. I think that it had whispered to him things about himself which he did not know and the whisper had proved irresistibly to be fascinating. It echoed loudly within him because he was hollow at the core. A follower of Kurtz said " This man suffered too much. He hated all this, and somehow he couldn't get away. When I had a chance I begged him to try and leave while there was time; I offered to go back with him. And he would say yes, and then he would remain; go off on another ivory hunt; disappear for weeks; forget himself amongst these people—forget himself—you know." 3Kurtz forgot himself, which means he lost himself and the ego didn’t work any more. Though he wanted to return to the civilized society very much, he cannot get rid of the control of the id. In the end, he was unable to flee from Africa. Appearance of Marlow wanted to draw Kurtz back to the civilized society, though within short time. His desperate cry expressed that he had already understood the evil completely, but he was unable to change his own destiny. His final result of destiny was the inevitable consequence, which was caused by the expansion of the id in the human natural instincts. Without doubt, another reason is the depletion of the superego.In the novel, Conrad did not make us know the destructive effect of the id, but show us the existence of the ego. We will explore the ego of Kurtz in Marlow’s view. Marlow was described as another Kurtz. They understood and trusted each other. Marlow’s road to Kurtz can also be thought to be the road to finding himself. Apart from the dark side, Conrad wants to express a positive view of life by portraying Marlow. From beginning to end, Marlow put the ego in the right place, so he kept himself under the control of reason and never lost himself. Marlow realised that the Congo River had ineluctable magic power, which brought the enlargement of the id. From Kurtz, Marlow knows the effect of the id and brings the ego into play. He never lost himself in the remote uncivilized forest. Marlow got regeneration after going through one shake, but Kurtz moved towards extinction under the control of the id.1/toc/modeng/public/ConDark.html2/toc/modeng/public/ConDark.html2 Kurtz in the center of darkness2.1 Helpless man in the indifferent worldIt is said that each person is alone and without assistance in a monstrous silence, and his presence is simply an accident in the universe where everything is superfluous. As a common person, we have to face the inevitability of death, the necessity of working for a living, and everything known and unknown. With the development of the modern sciences, man possesses more and more advanced technologies and knows more and more about the universe. Yet he sees more and more his own limitation as well. He sees now clearly how small and powerless and of no importance he himself is, compared with the vastness of the universe and all kinds of powerful instruments that man himself invents. The idea that man is the primate of the highest order and God has created everything in the world just for the service of man appears false and could not support itself any more. Thus man feels lost and has to study himself once again and tries to find out his own position in the universe and his own identity. Industrialism, science, new philosophy of life based upon science, social problems, and the wars between European countries made people feel the world was out of order and in chaos. Living in a cold, indifferent, and essentially Godless world, man was no longer free in any sense of the word. He was completely thrown upon himself for survival. People cannot hope to fall back on divine help and guide, and feel irretrievably lost. Life just became a struggle for survival. Thus a self-conscious movement with its belief that the world is absurd and life is meaningless came into being. Heart of Darkness reveals to the author of this thesis that Conrad observes the relationship between man and the world just in the same way as the twentieth-century existentialists do. In this novella he has Kurtz describe an existential world, “the earth … is a place … where we must put up with sights, with sounds, with smells … —breathe dead hippo, so to speak, and not be contaminated”1. Nature usually appears as an opposite force which fights against man constantly in the novel. To Kurtz ,the universe is purposeless and indifferent to human wish to which all his experience points to. Kurtz was described as a man that was not rich enough, so his engagement with a girl was disapproved by her parents. The hurt man tried to realize his own value in a remote and hostile environment. During the struggle against the wilderness, he exhausted himself. Before death, he was left alone and only the laugh of wilderness existed around him. In the heart of a conquering darkness, “It was a moment of triumph for the wildern ess, an invading and vengeful rush which, it seemed to me, I would have to keep back alone for the salvation ofanother soul. And the memory of what I had heard him say afar there, with the horned shapes stirring at my back, in the glow of fires, within the patient woods, those broken phrases came back to me, were heard again in their ominous and terrifying simplicity.”1And in this indifferent world, human actions to Kurtz are always restricted, frustrated and stopped right in the air. Apart from his own restriction, like poverty and physical health, he had to go into the forest and communicated with the local people. In the meantime, Kurtz had to deal with his companions. It is no wonder that Marlow comments in the story “we live, as we dream-alone.”22.2 Degeneration“I could see the cage of his ribs all astir, the bones of his arm waving. It was as though an animated image of death carved out of old ivory had been shaking its hand with menaces at a motionless crowd of men made of dark and glittering bronze. I saw him open his mouth wide—it gave him a weirdly voracious aspect, as though he had wanted to swallow all the air, all the earth, all the men before him. You should have heard him say, `My ivory.’ Oh, yes, I heard him. `My Intended, my ivory, my station, river, my---’everything belonged to him." 3 Here Marlow is talking about a voracious and weird Kurtz, a man driven by a hunger to engorge the universe. The fiction displays the conqueror who despoils the planet he craves to possess, and points to his fate as victim of its terrible vengeance for the fantastic invasion.In the descriptive paragraphs related to Kurtz, we find him a real mysterious, cruel, greedy figure. When Marlow first caught sight of Kurtz's surroundings through his glasses, he sees the slope of a hill interspersed with rare trees and perfectly free from undergrowth. A long decaying building on the summit is half buried in the high grass. And near the house half-a-dozen slim posts remains in a row, roughly trimmed, and with their upper ends ornamented with round carved balls. When getting nearer Kurtz, Marlow takes up his binoculars again, looks at the shore and had a clear view of the ornamented upper ends of the posts: "They would have been even more impressive, those heads on the stakes, if their faces had not been turned to the house. Only one, the first I had made out, was facing my way. I was not so shocked as you may think. The start back I had given was really nothing but a movement of surprise. I had expected to see a knob of wood there, you know. I returned deliberately to the first I had seen---- and there it was, black, dried, sunken, with closed eyelids-a head that seemed to sleep at the top of that pole, and with the shrunken dry lips showing a narrow white line of the teeth, was smiling, too, smiling continuously at some1/toc/modeng/public/ConDark.html2/toc/modeng/public/ConDark.htmlendless and jocose dream of that eternal slumber."1From these descriptions, we obtain a clear vision of a cruel and totally corrupted Kurtz like the decaying building and ruined house. For more ivory he could do anything as the harlequin Russian, the man of patches says: “Nothing on earth to prevent him killing whom and there was he jolly well pleased. And it was true, too.” These heads are the heads of the "rebels" who stand in the way of his ivory obtaining. This is the Kurtz, an ivory-stricken demoniac Kurtz. The opening paragraph of his report about the "suppression of savage customs" is most representative to show his white supremacy. He began with the argument that “We white, from the point of development we had arrived at, must appear to them savages. In the nature of supernatural beings, we approach them with the might as of a deity. By the simple exercise of our will, we can exert a power for good practically unbounded, etc.” 2What we read from Kurtz are very complicated feelings of the author. Like what we have read from Marlow, Kurtz is another evidence of Conrad's conflicting visions, because he is both marvelous for all his good qualities as a white man, and malicious for his lack of restraint in an alien culture.3 A desolate messenger3.1 A talent.In the works, Kurtz is described as a perfect talent, which can be reflected in many aspects. His mother is half-English and his father is half-French. Advanced European civilization provides well educational situation for him. “All Europe contributed to the making of K urtz.”1He is a remarkable politician with outstanding eloquence. “The point was in his being a gifted creature, and that of all his gifts the one that stood out pre-eminently, that carried with it a sense of real presence, was his ability to talk, his words—the gift of expression, the bewildering, the illuminating, the most exalted and the most contemptible, the pulsating stream of light, or the deceitful flow from the heart of an imp enetrable darkness.”2 Kurtz is also very good at trade. With the great moral crusade of bringing lights to the backward people of the world, he became a first-class agent, who was in charge of a very important trading post. The ivory he sent in is as much as all the others put together.In contrast with Kurtz, the manager is described as a fool. The manager got his position just because he was never ill in the remote and hos tile environment. “He had served three terms of three years out there . . . Because triumphant health in the general route of constitutions is a kind of power in itself. When he went home on leave he rioted on a large scale—pompously. Jack ashore—with a difference—in externals only. This one could gather from his casual talk. He originated nothing, he could keep the routine going—that's all of.”3 Conrad doesn’t show us a clear and overall impression of Kurtz. For K urtz’s cousin, Kurtz is a great musician. For Marlow, Kurtz is an artist. For the journalist, he is a journalist who could paint or a paint who wrote for the papers. Kurtz is regarded as a representative of all the highest aspiration of nineteenth-century individualism. Above all, Kurtz is a universal genius.3.2 An idealistA majority of Western colonists went to Africa for gold or fame. Those men’s ideal was to pursue wealth and power. “To tear treasure out of the bowels of the land was their desire, with no more moral purpose at the back of it than there is in burglars breaking into a safe.”4 A funny Dane hammered the chief of a village because he thought himself wronged in the1/toc/modeng/public/ConDark.html2/toc/modeng/public/ConDark.htmlbargain, when he bought two black hens. His life and the whole village disappeared because of the two black hens. Different from the above guy, Kurtz has his own ideal that is "Each station should be like a beacon on the road towards better things, a center for trade of course, but also for humanizing, improving, instructing."1Of course, Kurtz’s ideal seems reasonable. According to Marlow’s narration, the Congo River is so similar with the old Thames. The Romans first came to the Thames, nineteen hundred years ago. “Light came out of the river since—you say Knights? Yes; but it is like a running blaze on a plain, like a flash of lightning in the clouds. We live in the flicker—may it last as long as the old earth keeps rolling! But darkness was here yesterday. Imagine the feelings of a commander of a fine—what d'ye call 'em?—trireme in the Mediterranean, ordered suddenly to the north; run overland across the Gauls in a hurry; put in charge of one of these craft the legionaries,—a wonderful lot of handy men they must have been too—used to build, apparently by the hundred, in a month or two, if we may believe what we read. Imagine him here—the very end of the world, a sea the color of lead, a sky the color of smoke, a kind of ship about as rigid as a concertina—and going up this river with stores, or orders, or what you like. Sandbanks, marshes, forests and savages,—precious little to eat fit for a civilized man, nothing but Thames water to drink. No Falernian wine here, no going ashore. Here and there a military camp lost in a wilderness, like a needle in a bundle of hay—cold, fog, tempests, disease.”2However, the Thames has changed a lot and the Congo River is still there.From the Russian, we can know that Kurtz surely wanted nothing from the wilderness. He wanted to prove his own value and realize his ideal. Kurtz had grown out of the lower stage, which can conclude that all that was necessary to raise up the people of Africa was to introduce European culture and technology to them. This perceived responsibility to lift up the nations of Africa came to be known as the “white man’s burden”. This feeling of responsibility gave rise to the fervor to bring Christianity and commerce to Africa. However, in reality, his ideal is so uncalculating and unpractical, though absolutely pure. After all, a man can’t change the whole tendency of society. Facing the indifferent society, the only thing he can do is to stick to his own ideal and be an idealist.3.3 A man in the edge, who strives to struggle3.3.1 A man, abandoned by European civilizationAs we know, Kurtz receives European civilization. Inspired by the “noble and impartial”occasion, the European went to the centre of Africa. But Kurtz had instinct differences from。
heart of darkness《黑暗之心》
Outline
Author Background Main Content Understanding of Mine
Author
Joseph Conrad(3 Dec. 18573 Aug.1924) was a Polishborn English novelist. He is regarded as one of the greatest novelists in the 20th century of the U.K. He wrote stories and novels, predominantly with a nautical(航海的) setting, that depict(描述) trials of the human spirit by the demands of duty and honor.
Understanding of Mine
His philosophy of life A warning to “civilized” human beings
An exploration of human nature
Main Content
The story centres on Charles Marlow, who narrates most of the book. He is an Englishman who takes a foreign assignment from a Belgian trading company as a riverboat captain in Africa. Heart of Darkness exposes the dark side of Belgian colonization(殖民化) while exploring the three levels of darkness that the protagonist(主角), Marlow, encounters(遭遇): the darkness of the Congo wilderness, the darkness of the Belgian’s cruel treatment of the African natives, and the unfathomable(深不可测的) darkness within every human being for committing heinous(可憎的) acts of evil.
黑暗之心 乔瑟夫康拉德 读后感英文
黑暗之心乔瑟夫康拉德读后感英文Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad is a thought-provoking novel that delves into the depths of human nature and the darkness that resides within us all. Set in the backdrop of the African Congo during the colonial era, Conrad's exploration of imperialism and its impact on both the colonizers and the colonized forces readers to question the morality of humanity. Through a mesmerizing narrative and vivid descriptions, the author presents a damning critique of the destructive effects of exploitation and the moral decayit breeds.The story follows Marlow, a seasoned sailor, as he embarks on a journey up the Congo River to find the enigmatic ivory trader Kurtz. As Marlow travels deeper into the heart of Africa, he becomes increasingly aware of the corrupting influence of power and the atrocities committed in the nameof greed. The novel highlights the stark contrast between the civilized world of Europe and the primitive wilderness of Africa, ultimately challenging the notion of civilization itself.One of the central themes of the novel is the darkness within human nature. Conrad suggests that the jungle, withits impenetrable vastness and savage inhabitants, serves as a metaphor for the dark recesses of our own souls. As Marlow witnesses the brutality and madness of Kurtz, he realizesthat the veneer of civilization is thin and easily shattered. This realization forces Marlow to confront his own capacity for evil, blurring the line between right and wrong.Moreover, Heart of Darkness explores the devastating consequences of imperialism on both the colonizers and the colonized. Conrad exposes the ruthless exploitation of Africa by European powers, revealing the hypocrisy and inherent cruelty of imperialism. Through the character of Kurtz, whohas embraced the savage ways of the jungle, the author suggests that colonialism not only destroys the lives of those subjugated but also erodes the humanity of the oppressors themselves.The narrative structure of the novel adds to its thematic complexity. Marlow's journey up the Congo River serves as a metaphorical descent into the abyss of the human psyche. As he battles the treacherous river currents and navigates through the darkness, Marlow grapples with existential questions about the nature of truth, morality, and the meaning of life. Conrad's use of symbolism, such as the metaphor of the river as a conduit between civilization and the unknown, enhances the richness of the narrative and invites readers to delve deeper into the layers of meaning within the text.In conclusion, Heart of Darkness is a powerful and unsettling novel that delves into the darkest aspects ofhuman nature and exposes the devastating effects of imperialism. Joseph Conrad's masterful storytelling, nuanced characters, and poignant themes make it a timeless literary work. The novel challenges readers to confront their own capacity for darkness and raises profound questions about the nature of humanity and civilization. Heart of Darkness remains a thought-provoking and essential read for anyone interested in exploring the human condition.。
约瑟夫康拉德的著名诗句
约瑟夫·康拉德（Joseph Conrad）是一位波兰裔英国作家，以其小说作品而闻名。
尽管他以小说而不是诗歌而著称，但他的作品中包含一些深思熟虑的句子，表达了对人性、冒险和人类命运的深刻见解。
以下是一些约瑟夫·康拉德的著名诗句：1. "The belief in a supernatural source of evil is not necessary; men alone are quite capable of every wickedness."（对于邪恶存在于超自然力量的信仰并非必要，人类本身就足以制造一切邪恶。
）2. "We live, as we dream—alone."（我们活在梦境中，如同孤独一般。
）3. "The horror! The horror!"（恐怖！恐怖！）4. "The sea has never been friendly to man. At most it has been the accomplice of human restlessness."（海洋从未对人类友善。
充其量，它只是人类不安的帮凶。
）5. "I don't like work—no man does—but I like what is in the work—the chance to find yourself. Your own reality—for yourself, not for others—what no other man can ever know."（我不喜欢工作—没有人喜欢—但我喜欢工作中的东西—发现自己的机会。
你自己的现实—为了你自己，而不是为了别人—没有其他人能够理解的。
）这些句子反映了康拉德对人性、孤独、冒险和自我认知的深刻洞察。
约瑟夫庞德现实主义小说大师的经典语录
约瑟夫庞德现实主义小说大师的经典语录约瑟夫·庞德（Joseph Conrad）被誉为现实主义小说的大师，他的作品以其深刻的洞察力和对人性的描绘而闻名于世。
庞德的小说中融入了他对人类经历的独特理解和对现实世界的深刻反思。
他的作品中流淌着无数珍贵的经典语录，这些语录深入人心，对我们的生活和思考方式产生了深远的影响。
以下是约瑟夫·庞德的一些经典语录：1. "The sea has never been friendly to man. At most it has been the accomplice of human restlessness."（"海洋从来不对人友好，最多只是人类不安的帮凶。
"）这句话充分展现了约瑟夫·庞德的思想，他认为人类与大自然的关系并不总是和谐的。
他认为人类在追求未知时，常常面临挑战和危险，而海洋则在这个过程中扮演了并非友好的角色。
2. "The belief in a supernatural source of evil is not necessary; men alone are quite capable of every wickedness."（"不需要相信邪恶的超自然源泉；人类自己完全有能力实施一切邪恶。
"）这句话道出了约瑟夫·庞德对人性的洞察。
他认为邪恶并非来自超自然的力量，而是源自人类自身的本性。
这种对邪恶的理解，使得庞德的小说不仅是对个体的描绘，也是对整个社会的剖析。
3. "We live in the flicker- may it last as long as the old earth keeps rolling! But darkness was here yesterday."（"我们生活在闪烁的光芒中，愿它在这个古老的世界停止转动之前持续下去！但黑暗在昨天已经到来。
约瑟夫·康拉德语录
约瑟夫·康拉德语录约瑟夫·康拉德语录：探索人性和追求自由的旅程约瑟夫·康拉德（Joseph Conrad）是一位波兰裔英国作家，他以其深刻的洞察力和对人性的探索而闻名。
他的作品揭示了人类内心的黑暗面和对自由的追求。
康拉德的语录不仅是他作品的重要组成部分，也是我们思考人性、自由和探索的良好起点。
在康拉德的小说《黑暗的心灵》中，他写道：“我们都是黑暗的心灵之中的心灵”。
这句话直击了人性的核心，暗示着每个人内心深处都存在着一种不可告人的黑暗。
康拉德通过描述主人公马尔洛的旅程，展示了人性的复杂性和对内心黑暗的直面。
这个故事提醒我们，我们必须勇敢地面对自己的内心，才能真正理解和接纳自己。
康拉德还写道：“自由不是一种奖赏，而是一种责任”。
这句话反映了康拉德对自由的独特见解。
他认为自由不是一种被赋予的特权，而是一种需要我们承担责任的状态。
自由并不意味着无拘无束，而是要求我们在行动中保持理性和尊重他人的权利。
康拉德通过他的作品告诉我们，追求自由是一种艰难而复杂的过程，需要我们不断地思考和努力。
康拉德还提到：“探索是一种迷人的冒险，一种无法预测的旅程”。
这句话表达了康拉德对探索的热爱和对未知的渴望。
他相信，只有通过勇于探索未知，我们才能真正了解自己和世界。
康拉德的小说《地心游记》中的主人公菲利普斯就是一个冒险家，他通过探险发现了自己的勇气和坚韧。
康拉德的语录提醒我们，在追求自由的过程中，我们必须勇于面对未知的挑战，才能真正成长和发展。
总的来说，约瑟夫·康拉德的语录揭示了人性的复杂性和对自由的追求。
他的作品通过描述人类内心的黑暗面和对自由的渴望，向我们展示了一个关于人类本性和人生意义的深刻思考。
康拉德的语录提醒我们，我们必须正视自己的内心，承担起自由的责任，并勇于探索未知的旅程。
只有这样，我们才能真正理解和发现自己的人生意义。
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1922– Ulysses尤利西斯, a novel about three main characters in Dublin, told entirely through ―stream of consciousness‖ 1939— Finnegan’s Wake芬尼根的觉醒, a long , extremely difficult book, written in many languages, with many layers of symbolism, full of puns, linguistic gymnastics and deep complicated philosophy：
20th C. literature
The transition from 19th to 20th century in English literature
Modernism Postmodernism Joseph Conrad Virgina Woolf D.H. Lawrence E.M. Foster
Joseph Conrad
(18est novelists in the English language
Influence
"a single-minded attempt to render the highest kind of justice to the visible universe, by bringing to light the truth, manifold and one, underlying its every aspect."
Bernard Shaw
Shaw was an essaywriter， language scholar and critic， but is bestremembered as a playwright. problem plays.
Bernard Shaw
→Widowers’ Houses鳏夫的房产
A Brief Introduction to Modern English Literature
※The effects of the First World War: A new age in English literature
☆James Joyce ☆Virginia Woolf ☆D.H. Lawrence ☆W.Somerset Maugham ☆ Joseph Conrad ☆T.S. Eliot ※The effects of the Second World War on English literature William Gloding Doris Lessing Ted Hughes
Her novels have become important to feminists for the way they show women’s personalities to be limited by society. In her writing, she uses the technique called the stream of consciousness.
wrence(1885-1930)劳伦斯
David Herbert Lawrence One of the most original and controversial writers of the early 20th century
D.H. Lawrence 1885-1930
→ Mrs. Warren’s Profession华伦夫人的职 业 → The Devil’s Disciple魔鬼的门徒 → Man and Superman人与超人 → Major Barbara巴巴拉少校 → Heartbroken House伤心之家 → The Apple Cart; 苹果车
E.M. Forster福斯特 （1879-1970）
A Passage to India印度之行 Howards End 霍华德庄园 The Longest Journey最漫长
的旅程
The Room With A View可以
远眺的房间
Where Angels Fear to Tread
— one of the most famous modernist writers in English literature. His novels were critical of the modern world, especially of the modern industrial society. In his writing, he gave up the conventions and forms that had been typical of the 18th C. One of the features of his writing was that his language was easy and sentences were short.
☆ epiphany
Joyce employed symbols to create what he called an ―epiphany，” the revelation of an emotional or personal truth.
Virginia Woolf
(1882—1941)
Traditional writer
Some writers show continuity with the Victorian tradition of the novel George Bernard Shaw （1856-1950）， H.G. Wells （1866-1946）， E.M. Forster （1879-1970）
His Life
In 1861 his father was arrested . In 1865 his mother died. His father died four years later. Conrad orphaned at the age of eleven and was placed in the care of his maternal uncle.
His Life
Born in Berdyczów (now in Ukraine) into an impoverished in1857. His father was a writer .He encouraged his son Konrad to read widely in Polish and French. Political turmoil disturbes to young Josef.
天使们忘而却步的地方
James Joyce(1882-1941)乔伊斯
Irish novelist Second only to Shakespeare in his mastery of the English language definitely established ― stream of consciousness‖ as a valid way of writing fiction.
☆stream-of-consciousness， or interior-monologue:
a literary device that renders all the thoughts， feelings， and sensations of a character with scrupulous psychological realism.
His major works
1910---- The white Peacock白孔雀 1913—Sons and Lovers儿子与情人 1915—The Rainbow虹 1921—Women In Love恋爱中的妇女 1923—Kangaroo 1926—The Plumed Serpent 1928—Lady Chatterly’s Lover查泰莱夫人的情人
Major Works Sons and Lovers The Rainbow Women in Love Lady Chatterley's Lover
William Golding(1911-1993)戈尔丁
Winner of the 1983 Nobel Prize Novelist, essayist, poet
— is regarded as a modernist writer and one of the most famous writers of the century. Her works are concerned with the individual consciousness, especially female consciousness.
His works
1914—Dubliners短篇小说集（都柏林人）, short stories about the hard life of poor people in Dublin 1916– A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man青年艺术家的
画像, a novel which is largely autobiographical, about a boy
The Lord of the Flies （1954）