A Methodology for Producing Uniform Distribution of UO2 in a Tungsten Matrix
《G4可持续发展报告指南》简体中文版第二部分
ReferenceCase Studies – Examples of CompetenciesPage 1Surf the waves CCreate the waves DBStay afloatPROCESS REDESIGNBUSINESS MODEL INNOVATION PRODUCT INNOVATIONOPTIMISATIONAbility to innovateACOMPLIANCESTAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENTAbility to scaleSus tainabili t y c ompet enc i es (Cas e s tudies ) I J onath on Hanks I CSR Retreat As ia 2013 Page 2© Incite 2008Risk getting dumpedGOVERNANCECOLLABORATIVE VALUE CREATION1Surf the waves CProcess re-design: Significantly change products or processes to address societal challenges at any stage of the value chain.Create the waves DBusiness model innovation: Introduce a new, viable business model that addresses societal challenges and which at scale could help to reverse unsustainable trendsBStay afloatOptimisation: Develop human potential and reduce resource use and toxicity per unit of value added.Product innovation: Create viable new products or services that address societal challengesAbility to innovateARisk getting dumpedGovernance: Provide direction and systemic management of the organisation’s purpose, risks and responsibilitiesCollaborative value creation: Partner with an external organisation to design, produce or distribute products or services to address societal challengesAbility to scaleSus tainabili t y c ompet enc i es (Cas e s tudies ) I J onath on Hanks I CSR Retreat As ia 2013 Page 3Organisation: Ford Motor Company and Affiliates Project description: FORD2GO, part of Ford’s Blueprint for Mobility. Collaboration and technology for car sharing. Research has shown that in Europe 56% of people would consider car sharing. In another study one car share vehicle replaces nine to 13 vehicles on the road. • Their response is FORD2GO, a collaboration between Ford Germany, it’s dealers, branches and repair shops. A network of almost 1 900 locations • Each location is encouraged to purchase one or two vehicles; these vehicles are then rented via keyless entry to car share clients • Each location receives 80% of the usage fee, a portion goes to Ford and a portion to the software developerSus tainabili t y c ompet enc i es (Cas e s tudies )IJ onath on HanksICSR Retreat As ia 2013© Incite 2008 Page 4Compliance: Track and comply with legal requirements.Engagement: Listen to, interact and transact with a range of stakeholders.2Organisation: Tesla Motors Project: Realising that vehicle range is a key issue for many consumers, Tesla Motors has two solutions:• With the 85kWh battery, charging at supercharger stations is free, for life and it takes only 40 minutes to charge the battery to 80% capacity. The 60kWh model can be upgraded for US$2 000 for life. • If customers are in a rush, a complete battery swap can be made in 90 seconds, for a fee of US$60-80, about the same as filling up with conventional fuel.Sus tainabili t y c ompet enc i es (Cas e s tudies )IJ onath on HanksICSR Retreat As ia 2013Page 5Organisation: General Electric Project Description: Embedding environmental and economic sustainability in your strategy, across your value chain and operations – Ecomagination: • In 2010 GE set a goal to grow ecomagination revenue at twice the company growth by 2015, this was achieved in 2012. • Shifting from sustainable technology (wind, solar, fuel cells) to solutions for mining and oil and gas. • GE Ventures invests in small business and scales up great ideas by providing capital, technical and commercial expertise. • GE has reduced its absolute GHG emissions by 32% on the 2004 baseline and reduced fresh water use by 46% on the 2006 baseline.Sus tainabili t y c ompet enc i es (Cas e s tudies )IJ onath on HanksICSR Retreat As ia 2013Page 63Organisation: BMW Group Project Name: Demographic change of employees, BMW identified that their workforce was aging, what did that mean for productivity and how can experience be leveraged? • Working with engineers, employees, physiotherpists and doctors to make workplaces more appropriate • Tilted screens, elastic flooring and education programmes about how to move keep peoples bodies healthy • Stress optimised job rotation and age and healthappropriate shift plans were also implemented • These changes and simulating the predicted age structure ensure the production lines are as efficient as everSus tainabili t y c ompet enc i es (Cas e s tudies )IJ onath on HanksICSR Retreat As ia 2013Page 7Organisation: Nike Project Description: Mapping the value chain and sharing your IP • Nike has fully mapped its global contract factories and gives each a rating, with the aim of incentivising good performance. • Nike’s impacts are split into six areas, Energy & Climate, Labour, Chemistry, Water, Waste and Community • Recently launched, MAKING, a mobile application that ranks materials based on their environmental sustainability • MAKING is free and aids designers to choose lower impact materials • Demonstrates how recycling, organic, green chemistry and water conservation impact on a material’s sustainabilitySus tainabili t y c ompet enc i es (Cas e s tudies )IJ onath on HanksICSR Retreat As ia 2013Page 84Organisation: Nike Project: Collaboration across divisions designing a shoe made from one thread: • Listening to feedback from runners and their focus on waste reduction led Nike to start a journey of innovation • A four year design phase involving programmers, engineers and designers to create the perfect technology • The shoe upper is woven from a single thread, reducing weight and minimising waste • Resulting in a shoe that is lighter, fits better and has 80% less waste than a standard running shoeSus tainabili t y c ompet enc i es (Cas e s tudies )IJ onath on HanksICSR Retreat As ia 2013Page 9Organisation: Dockers Project Name: Wellthread apparel, creating lasting value through product durability • Product durability – maintaining a garments integrity: a new long staple yarn that holds up to the recycling process • Incremental efficiencies in water and energy use, building on learnings from Levis Water<Less collection • Rethinking the relationship between Levi’s and it’s suppliers lead to a 30% cost reduction that will be passed on to consumers • Core factories and their surrounding communities will benefit from tailor made investments by Levi’sSus tainabili t y c ompet enc i es (Cas e s tudies )IJ onath on HanksICSR Retreat As ia 2013Page 105Organisation: Unilever Project Name: Sustainable living plan – working across the entire value chain. Recognising that the majorty of their impacts are in sourcing or consumer use, Unilever is tackling the issues: • The lifebuoy brand aims to reach 1 billion consumers, promoting the benefit of washing hands with soap at key times • A key part of the programme is better livelihoods for growers, 450 000 tea farmers have been trained to date and a methodology is in development for assessing improvements in smallholder livelihoodsPage 11Organisation: SABMiller Project Name: Developing a cassava-based beer, through localising supply chains, partnering with other organisations and enterprise development • Cassava is difficult to farm on a commercial scale due to the quick deterioration of the root once harvested • Cassava is one of the most widely grown subsistence crops in Africa • SABMiller partnered with the Dutch Agricultural Development and Trading Company, finding an innovative solution, a mobile cassava processing plant, producing a product ready for the brewery • Through localisation, the cost of brewing is reduced, 1 500 smallholder farmers have additional income and environmental impacts are reducedSustainability competencies (Case studies)IJonathon Hanks IEM M Network Retreat Bangkok 2013Page 126Organisation: Global e-Sustainability Initiative (GeSI) Project description: A global ICT business partnership for sharing knowledge and resources to drive sustainable innovation in the sector. • GeSI works to identify, understand and share ICT solutions to help individuals, businesses and governments to be more resource efficient. • The organisation has a diverse and global membership base comprising more than 30 of the world’s leading ICT firms. • GeSI offers a network of support for member organisations as they address climate change, energy efficiency, e-waste management, resource efficiency, responsible supply chain practices and human rights. • Building on its membership’s collective experience and technical knowledge, GeSI is a hub for thought leadership for the industry. • Examples of projects include a carbon abatement study on cloud computing, and cooperating with the World Resources Institute (WRI) to provide guidance for the ICT sector in applying the Greenhouse Gas Protocol.Sustainability competencies (Case studies) I Jonathon Hanks I EM M Network Retreat Bangkok 2013Page 13Organisation: Vodafone Foundation in partnership with the UN Foundation Project description: Collaborating to use ICT-based solutions to solve developmental challenges. • This five-year technology partnership commenced in 2005. It was one of the first high profile initiatives to breach the public / private divide. • The partnership deployed ICT solutions to three developmental challenges.• Challenge 1: reliable communications during humanitarian crises. The solution: rapid response telecoms deployment, improving use of and access to life-saving mobile and satellite technology. Challenge 2: access to healthcare. The solution: mobile health data systems giving health workers rapid and reliable access to the data on, for example, medicine stocks and disease outbreaks. Challenge 3: accelerate ICT innovation for social development. The solution: developing and sharing thought leadership, research and recommendations to NGOs, governments and different industries.••Sustainability competencies (Case studies)IJonathon Hanks IEM M Network Retreat Bangkok 2013Page 147Organisation(s): MTN Project description: MTN’s ReadySet solar charger released in selected African markets, including Rwanda and Uganda. • In response to energy access challenges in emerging markets, MTN has begun to distribute the ComekaReadySet. This portable energy device can charge phones, power lights, tablets, and other devices. • It can be charged using solar power or electricity. • This energy access allows for the use of mobile technology and the use of MTN’s services in energy poor communities. It removes the need for dangerous fuels to generate power and can charge up to 10 phones once fully charged. • Added to these benefits, ReadySets provide opportunities for local entrepreneurship, with small businesses selling power on to communities.Sustainability competencies (Case studies)IJonathon Hanks IEM M Network Retreat Bangkok 2013Page 15Organisation(s): Grameenphone Project description: Using renewable energy to power base stations. • Grameenphone started the “Building Greener Network” project in 2007, committing to reduce its GHG emissions by 40% by 2015. • Currently, 134 sites that were previously powered by diesel are powered by solar and wind power. This environmental goal had the added benefit of driving energy cost efficiency. • The aim is to extend this technology to sites that are currently using electricity from the national power grid. • Grameenphone has positioned this initiative as a case study for the industry.Sustainability competencies (Case studies)IJonathon Hanks IEM M Network Retreat Bangkok 2013Page 168Organisation(s): European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT) ICT Labs Project description: The ICT labs are Knowledge and Innovation Communities set up by EIT, as an initiative of the European Union. • With these labs, EIT brings academic institutions and private organisations together to drive European leadership in ICT innovation. The aim is to leverage this innovation for economic growth and to improve Europeans’ quality of life. • EIT has 110 partners across Europe, including large companies such as Deutsche Telekom, Nokia and Alcatel-Lucent. The labs stimulate innovation by facilitating dialogue and collaboration between researchers, academics and businesses. • The ICT labs are focused on specific innovation areas, including smart cities and smart energy systems. • One of the primary overarching objectives of research and collaboration is to enable the ICT sector to support the growth of small and medium enterprises.Sustainability competencies (Case studies)IJonathon Hanks IEM M Network Retreat Bangkok 2013Page 17Organisation(s): IBM Project description: Finding applications for ICT products in smarter, better functioning cities. • IBM’s strategy responds to an increasing demand for more interconnected approaches to city planning. These are approaches in which major amenities such as traffic, power and water are managed in an integrated way. • IBM has identified a role for ICT, and several concrete business opportunities in the “smart city” of the future. This includes the management and use of data as a basis for better decision-making and planning for cities, and in order to increase resource efficiency. • The project has worked with large sets of raw data, converting this into knowledge that can be applied to solve challenges faced by government and businesses. • The IBM Smarter Cities initiative has already engaged in 200 projects across many different cities. Establishing trust and longterm partnerships is a key part of the success of these projects.Page 189Organisation: Ghanaian Government Project description: Using Public Private Partnerships to drive infrastructure and economic development • Ghana is currently facing significant infrastructure challenges that are proving to be constraints to economic development. • Infrastructure, specifically roads linking areas of economic activity, has been identified as a key driver of development and job creation. • The Ghanaian government has identified Public Private Partnerships as the most efficient means of plugging the infrastructure deficit that exists in this middle-income country. • As part of this broader initiative, the Accra-Takoradi road is a very important project for the country. This is because the Takoradi port, the second largest seaport in the Greater Accra Region, serves about 35% of all sea freight into Ghana and undertakes exports of cocoa, timber, bauxite and manganese. The road will unlock further economic potential in the port. • As of 2013, the Ghanaian government has taken steps to determine the feasibility and design of the project.Page 19Organisation: KK Plastic Waste Management Project description: Redesigning the business model to turn waste into revenue • Rasool and Ahmed Khan were faced with a challenge. They had been running a successful plastic bag manufacturing business, when they were faced with a possible ban on all plastic bags in the city of Karnataka (India). • The brothers had been intrigued by the possibility of plastic bags being used as an input for road tar. With advice from experts at Bangalore University, they started with pothole repair, using a mix of plastic, tar, stones and aggregate. The new formula was found to be both effective and cost efficient. • Soon the plastic manufacturers were reborn as KK Waste Management. They were awarded a patent and the backing of the Central Roads Research Institute in Dehli. • The company has also boosted the livelihood of traditional kabaadiwalas (waste collectors) and rag pickers, who are paid INR6/kilo for the waste they collect from homes and streets.Page 2010Organisation(s):Lafarge and WWF global partnershipProject description:Partnering for sustainable development•The partnership has run from 2000-2013 (due for renewal thisyear), and is based on the guiding principles of: a collaborativerelationship, ongoing dialogue and mutual trust, leading to jointlydefined goals. The WWF is seen to be the “critical friend” in thisrelationship.•Key areas addressed are: Climate change; Persistent pollutants;Water management; Biodiversity; Sustainable construction•Local operations are empowered to act, linking with nationalPage 21。
Lingustics lecture 1
Key issues in LinguisticsLanguageDefinition of human language---- A system of vocal symbols used for human communicationThe nature of languageA definition:Language is human speech; the ability to communicate by this means; a system of vocal sounds and combinations of such sounds to which meaning is attributed, used for the expression or communication of thoughts and feelings; the written representation of such a system. (Webster's New World Dictionary)Definitions“Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.”Language is “the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral auditory arbitrary symbols.”(Hall, 1968)Generally accepted definition:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Definitions of linguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. (Dai & He, p. 1) Linguistics, as the name suggests, is the science of language and thus is usually defined as the systematic study of language or, a discipline that describes all aspects of language and formulate theories as to how language works. (Yang, 2005, p. 27)Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics defines linguistics as the study of language as a system of human communicationWhat is linguistics?Linguistics is the scientific study of human language in all its aspects, providing a methodology for exploring the structure of particular languages and investigates what is universal to all human languages: how languages are different, how language varies over time and between different societies, how language is learnt, and how language is usedfor human communication (Jia Guanjie, 2004).What is linguistics?Main branches of linguisticsPhonetics the production of speech.Phonology studies the rules governing the structure ,the sequencing of speech sounds and theshape of syllables.Morphology the internal organization of words, the minimal units of meaning –morphemes and word-formation process.Syntax principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences.Semantics How meaning is encoded in a language.Pragmatics the study of meaning in context.Psycholinguistics the interrelation of language and mind in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition.Sociolinguistics the social function of language and the social characteristics of its users. Anthropological linguistics the history and structure of unwritten languages .Computational linguistics the use of computer to process or produce human language. Language is systematicTwo basic systems:◆a system of sounds ;◆a system of meanings;◆duality of language.Concern: features of the two systems and their relationship.Language is symbolic□People use signs to communicate.□The working of signs is called by Saussure "semiology", by Pierce "semiotics“.□Signs ---ubiquitous in human society. The location of language in sign systems and the relationship between an object and the sign that stands for the object.Language is ArbitraryA. No logical connection between meaning and sounds. e.g. dog to denote the animal dog, pig ,animal pige.g. skin not skni has nothing to do with the nature of skinB. Implied meaning of Arbitrarysign = a concept and a sound image combinedsign= a signified and a signifiera. The speaker of a language does not have the power to change a sign in any way once it has become established in the language community.b. Arbitrary = the result of the need to express a wide range of meanings speakers associate linguistic signs with things and concepts, based on the convention established in the community.Language is Primarily V ocalAll languages use sounds. Writing is based on speaking, to capture sounds and meanings on paper.The primary medium of language is sound.Five reasons:1. Children learn to speak before they learn to read and write.2. Children automatically learn a language as they grow up.18 months -12 yrs : sufficient exposure to writing: not natural, needs teachers3. The spoken form came earlier than written form in history.4. Writing is based on speech.5. Spoken language is used more often than writing..Language is used for communicationWe use more words than we use gestures when we communicate with others.Language is Human SpecificHuman language is different from animal communications in the following aspects.1. the ability to refer to things far removed in time and space= displacement of lg2. the ability to produce the understand an indefinite number of novel sentences.=creativity of lg3. learning -a more important factor in human language than in animal communication.4. Language is complex in its structure.5. Animal communication system is closed, whereas human lg is open6. Humans can perform acts with lg.= performative function of lgDesign features of languageArbitrariness: Generally there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. Exceptions are onomatopoeic words compound words. This nature makes language have an unlimited source of expressions.Creativity (productivity): Much of what we say and hear or we are saying or hearing for the first time. This makes human language totally different from any animal language.Duality: Or double-structured. Language consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. Lower level: sounds which are meaningless. Higher level: units of meaning by grouping or regrouping sounds. Units of meaning can be arranged into infinite number of sentences.Displacement: Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.Cultural transmission: Language is culturally transmitted. A language is taught and learned within a particular cultural background.Interchangeability: Any human being can be both a producer and receiver of messages.Design featuresWhat do we study in linguistics?Linguistics is interdisciplinaryBy interdisciplinary we mean that it is a field that across the boundaries of many academicfields. The discipline has its roots in philosophy and philology, and its interfaces comfortably with anthropology, archaeology, modern languages, psychology, and sociology.Phonetics: the study of sounds used in linguistic communicationPhonology: how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication Morphology: the study of the way in which the linguistic symbols are arranged and combined to form wordsSyntax: the study of the rules governing how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentencesSemantics: the study of meaningPragmatics: the study of language useSociolinguistics: the study of different social aspects of language and its relation with society Psycholinguistics: relates the study of language to psychologyApplied linguistics: application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languagesNeurolinguistics: the study of the relationship between brain and languageWhat does it mean to “know’’a language?knowing the sounds that are part of the language and those that are not;the strange pronunciation of the foreigner.B. knowing which sounds may start a word, end a word, and follow each other.C. knowing that certain sounds or sound sequence signify or represent different concepts or meanings.D. knowledge of a language enables you to combine words to form phrases, and phrases to form sentences, to be able to produce new sentences never spoken before and to understand sentences never heard before.Noam Chomsky calls this ability ---the part of the creative aspect of language use.I saw a big red elephant in red skirt dancing on the small bed in the tiny wooden hotel.E. knowing what sentences are appropriate in various situations; (pragmatics more details)There is no limit on the length of any sentence and therefore no limit on the number of sentences. E.g. When you know the sentence you can say:This is the house.orThis is the house that Jack built.orThis is the malt that lay in the house that Jack built.orThis is the dog that chased the cat that killed the rat thatate the malt that lay in the house that Jack built.The functions of languageInformative ,referential and ideational record the facts, speakers experience determine our ways of looking at thingsInterpersonal function the individual is identified and reinforced, personalityPerformative speech act theory , naming of a shipEmotive function nervous energyPhatic communion ritual exchanges about health or weather e.g. nice day Good luck Recreational fuction chanting verbal duelings poetry writingMetalingual function talk about itselfInformative function: Language is the instrument of thought and people often feel need to speak their thoughts a loud.Interpersonal function: Language is used for the interaction between the addresser and addressee in the discourse situation.Performative function: Language is primarily used to change the social status of persons, then to extend to control of reality as on some magical or religious occasions.Emotive function: Language is crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something.Phatic communion: Language is used to maintain a comfortable relationship between people without involving any factual content.Recreational function: Language is used for the sheer joy.Metalingual function: Language can be used to talk about language itself.Descriptive and prescriptiveGeneral linguistics provides descriptive linguistics with a general framework in which a particular language can be analyzed and described.General linguistics and descriptive linguistics are complementary to each other. English linguistics is a kind of descriptive linguistics. (termed by John Lyon, in Wen, p. 1)Synchronic: description of a language at some point of time in historyDiachronic: the description of a language as it changes through time. Modern linguistics enjoys employing synchronic approachSpeech and writingSpeech is prior to writingThe writing system is invented when neededToday there are languages which can only be spoken but not writtenSpeech plays a greater role than writing in daily communicationEach human being first acquires speech and then learns writingModern linguistics tends to pay more attention to authentic speechLangue: Refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use. What linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole which is too varied and confusing for systematic investigation.Parole: Refers to the realization of langue in actual use. It is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring languageCompetence: the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, a speaker has internalized a set of rules about his language which enables him to use the languagePerformance: the actual realization of the knowledge in linguistic communication, a speaker’s performance in using his language can be imperfectThese two distinctions are quite similar to each other. Langue lays more emphasis on social conventions while competence is more concerned in psychology or the property of mind of each individual.Modern linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written while traditional grammar over-emphasize the importance of the written form of language.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.Origins of languageNobody knows exactly how many languages there are in the world, partly because of the difficulty of distingushing between a language and a sub-language (or dialects within it). One authoritativesource that has collected data from all over the world, The Ethnologue, listed the total number of languages as 6809.The Bible’s explanation of the origin of multiple human languages is provided in the Tower of Babel incident recorded in Genesis. Scripture simply and confidently asserts: how the whole earth had one language and one speech? When Noah and his family stepped off the ark, they spoke a single language that was passed on to their offspring. As the population increased, it apparently remained localized in a single geographical region. Consequently, little or no linguistic variation ensued. But when a generation defiantly rejected God’s instructions to scatter over the planet, God miraculously intervened and initiated the major language groupings of the human race. This action forced the population to proceed with God’s original intention to inhabit the Earth by clustering according to shared languages. Duursma correctly noted: The Babel account suggests that several languages came into existence on that day. It is presented as a miraculous intervention by God?Figure 1. Peter Breugel (1525-1569); oil painting (1563) of the Tower of Babel, the historical event during which God confused the human language.Origins of languageThere are many theories about the origins of language. Many of these have traditional amusing names, and I will create a couple more where needed.1. The mama theory. Language began with the easiest syllables attached to the most significant objects.2. The ta-ta theory. Sir Richard Paget, influenced by Darwin, believed that body movement preceded language. Language began as an unconscious vocal imitation of these movements -- like the way a child’s mouth will move when they use scissors, or my tongue sticks out when I try to play the guitar. the organs of speech were used to imitate the gestures of the hand. In other words, language developed from gestures that began to be imitated by the organs of speech--the first words were lip icons of hand gestures.It is very possible that human language, which today is mostly verbal, had its origin in some system of gestures; other primates rely on gesture as an integral part of communication, so it is plausible that human communication began in the same way. Human gestures, however, just like onomotopoeic words, differ from culture to culture. Cf. English crossing the finger for good luck vs. Russian "fig" gesture; nodding for yes vs. for no in Turkish and Bulgarian; knocking on wood vs. spitting over the left shoulder three times.3. The bow-wow theory. Language began as imitations of natural sounds -- moo, choo-choo, crash, clang, buzz, bang, meow... This is more technically refered to as onomatopoeia or echoism. holds that vocabulary developed from imitations of animal noises, such as: Moo, bark, hiss, meow, quack-quack. In other words, the first human words were a type of index, a sign whose form isnaturally connected with its meaning in time and spaceBut, once again, onomotopoeia is a limited part of the vocabulary of any language. The linguistic renditions of animal sounds differ considerably from language to language, although each species of animal everywhere makes essentially the same sound:a) Dog:bow-wow; Chinese:wu-wu; Jap.wan-wan Russ gaf-gaf, tyaff-tyaff;b) Cat-meow, Russ.myaoo, Chin--mao, Jap.nya-nya purr in French is ron ron.c) Pig: oink-oink; Russ. hryu-hryu; Chin.--oh-ee-oh-ee; Jap. bu-bu.d) Russian rooster: kukareiku. Japanese kokekokoe) Russian owl:ukh; Cherokee goo-ku Spanish, Japanese-- no special wordThus, the human interpretation of animal sounds is dependent upon the individual language, and it seems unlikely than entire vocabularies derived from them.4. The pooh-pooh theory. Language began with interjections, instinctive emotive cries such as oh! for surprise and ouch! for pain. ! In this case the first word would have been an involuntary ha-ha-ha, wa-wa-wa. These began to be used to name the actions which caused these sounds.The problem with this hypothesis is that, once again, emotional exclamations are a very small part of any language. They are also highly language specific. For instance, to express sudden pain or discomfort: Eng. ouch; Russ. oi.; Cherokee eee. Thus, exclamations are more like other words in that they reflect the phonology of each separate language.Unlike sneezes, tears, hiccoughs or laughter, which are innate human responses to stimuli, the form of exclamations depends on language rather than precedes language. Also, exclamations, like most other words are symbols, showing at least a partially arbitrary relationship between sound and meaning.5. The ding-dong theory. Some people, including the famous linguist Max Muller, have pointed out that there is a rather mysterious correspondence between sounds and meanings. This is often referred to as sound symbolism. This hypothesis holds that the first human words were a type of verbal icon, a sign whose form is an exact image of its meaning: crash became the word for thunder, boom for explosion. Some words in language obviously did derive from imitation ofnatural sounds associated with some objectThe problem with this hypothesis is that onomatopoeia (imitation of sound, auditory iconicity) is a very limited part of the vocabulary of any language; imitative sounds differ from language to language: Russian: ba-bakh=bang, bukh= thud. Even if onomatopoeia provided the first dozen or so words, then where did names for the thousands of naturally noiseless concepts such as rock, sun, sky or love come from?6. The yo-heave-ho theory. Language began as rhythmic chants, perhaps ultimately from the grunts of heavy work (heave-ho!). The linguist D. S. Diamond suggests that these were perhaps calls for assistance or cooperation accompanied by appropriate gestures. This may relate yo-heave-ho to the ding-dong theory, as in such words as cut, break, crush, strike...7. The sing-song theory. Danish linguist Jesperson suggested that language comes out of play, laughter, cooing, courtship, emotional mutterings and the like. He even suggests that, contrary to other theories, perhaps some of our first words were actually long and musical, rather than the short grunts many assume we started with.8. The hey you theory. A linguist by the name of Revesz suggested that we have always needed interpersonal contact, and that language began as sounds to signal both identity (here I am!) and belonging (I’m with you!). We may also cry out in fear, anger, or hurt (help me!). This is more commonly called the contact theory.9. The hocus pocus theory. I think that language may have had some roots in a sort of magical or religious aspect of our ancestors' lives. Perhaps we began by calling out to game animals with magical sounds, which became their names.。
方法论建设的能力描述
方法论建设的能力描述Methodology is a cornerstone of any research project, providing a roadmap for how data will be collected, analyzed, and interpreted. Developing a strong methodology requires a combination of theoretical understanding, practical skills, and critical thinking. Researchers must carefully consider the research question, the appropriate methods for data collection, and the potential biasesthat may affect the results. Without a well-developed methodology,a research project risks producing unreliable or invalid results.方法论是任何研究项目的基石，为如何收集、分析和解释数据提供了一份路线图。
发展一个强大的方法论需要理论理解、实践技能和批判性思维的结合。
研究人员必须仔细考虑研究问题、数据收集的适当方法和可能影响结果的偏见。
没有一个完善的方法论，一个研究项目就有可能产生不可靠或无效的结果。
One important aspect of methodology development is the choice of research design. Researchers must decide whether to use a qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-methods approach based on the nature of their research question. Each approach has its ownstrengths and weaknesses, and researchers must carefully consider which design best fits their research goals. Additionally, researchers must consider the practical constraints of their research, such as time, resources, and access to participants.方法论发展的一个重要方面是研究设计的选择。
文献翻译—注塑模的单浇口优化
附录A英文翻译Single gate optimization for plastic injection mold Abstract: This paper deals with a methodology for single gate location optimization for plastic injection mold. The objective of the gate optimization is to minimize the warpage of injection molded parts, because warpage is a crucial quality issue for most injection molded parts while it is influenced greatly by the gate location. Feature warpage is defined as the ratio of maximum displacement on the feature surface to the projected length of the feature surface to describe part warpage. The optimization is combined with the numerical simulation technology to find the optimal gate location, in which the simulated annealing algorithm is used to search for the optimum. Finally, an example is discussed in the paper and it can be concluded that the proposed method is effective.INTRODUCTIONPlastic injection molding is a widely used, com plex but highly efficient technique for producing a large variety of plastic products, particularly those with high production requirement, tight tolerance, and complex shapes. The quality of injection molded parts is a function of plastic material, part geometry, mold structure and process conditions. The most important part of an injection mold basically is the following three sets of components: cavities, gates and runners, and cooling system.Lam and Seow (2000) and Jin and Lam (2002) achieved cavity balancing by varying the wall thickness of the part. A balance filling process within the cavity gives an evenly distributed pressure and temperature which can drastically reduce the warpage of the part. But the cavity balancing is only one of the important influencing factors of part qualities. Especially, the part has its functional requirements, and its thicknesses should not be varied usually.From the pointview of the injection mold design, a gate is characterized by its size and location, and the runner system by the size and layout. The gate size and runner layout are usually determined as constants. Relatively, gate locations and runner sizes are more flexible, which can be varied to influence the quality of the part. As a result, they are often the design parameters for optimization.Lee and Kim (1996a) optimized the sizes of runners and gates to balance runner system for multiple injection cavities. The runner balancing was described as the differences of entrance pressures for a multi-cavity mold with identical cavities, and as differences of pressures at the end of the melt flow path in each cavity for a family mold with different cavity volumes and geometries. The methodology has shown uniform pressure distributions among the cavities during the entire molding cycle of multiple cavities mold.Zhai et al.(2005a) presented the two gate location optimization of one molding cavity by an efficient search method based on pressure gradient (PGSS), and subsequently positioned weld lines to the desired locations by varying runner sizes for multi-gate parts (Zhai et al., 2006). As large-volume part, multiple gates are needed to shorten the maxiinjection pressure. The method is promising for de sign of gates and runners for a single cavity with multiple gates.Many of injection molded parts are produced with one gate, whether in single cavity mold or in multiple cavities mold. Therefore, the gate location of a single gate is the most common design parameter for optimization. A shape analysis approach was presented by Courbebaisse and Garcia (2002), by which the best gate location of injection molding was estimated. Subsequently, they developed this methodology further and applied it to single gate location optimization of an L shape example (Courbebaisse, 2005). It is easy to use and not time-consuming, while it only serves the turning of simple flat parts with uniform thickness.Pandelidis and Zou (1990) presented the optimization of gate location, by indirect quality measures relevant to warpage and material degradation, which is represented as weighted sum of a temperature dif ferential term, an over-pack term, and a frictional overheating term. Warpage is influenced by the above factors, but the relationship between them is not clear. Therefore, the optimization effect is restricted by the determination of the weighting factors.Lee and Kim (1996b) developed an automated selection method of gate location, in which a set of initial gate locations were proposed by a designer and then the optimal gate was located by the adjacent node evaluation method. The conclusion to a great extent depends much on the human designer’s intuition, because the first step of the method is based on the designer’s proposition. So the result is to a large ex tent limited to the designer’s experience.Lam and Jin (2001) developed a gate location optimization method based on the minimization of the Standard Deviation of Flow Path Length (SD[L]) and Standard Deviation of Filling Time (SD[T]) during the molding filling process. Subsequently, Shen et al.(2004a; 2004b) optimized the gate location design by minimizing the weighted sum of filling pressure, filling time difference between different flow paths, temperature difference, and over-pack percentage. Zhai et al.(2005b) investigated optimal gate location with evaluation criteria of injection pressure at the end of filling. These researchers presented the objective functions as performances of injection molding filling operation, which are correlated with product qualities. But the correlation between the perform ances and qualities is very complicated and no clear relationship has been observed between them yet. It is also difficult to select appropriate weighting factors for each term.A new objective function is presented here to evaluate the warpage of injection molded parts to optimize gate location. To measure part qualitydi rectly, this investigation defines feature warpage to evaluate part warpage, which is evaluated from the “flow plus warpage” simulation outputs of Moldflow Plastics Insight (MPI) software. The objective function is minimized to achieve minimum deformation in gate location optimization. Simulated annealing al gorithm is employed to search for the optimal gate location. An example is given to illustrate the effectivity of the proposed optimization procedure.QUALITY MEASURES: FEATURE WARPGEDefinition of feature warpageTo apply optimization theory to the gate design, quality measures of the part must be specified in the first instance. The term “quality” may be referred to many product properties, such as mechanical, thermal, electrical, optical, ergonomical or geometrical properties. There are two types of part quality measures: direct and indirect. A model that predicts the properties from numerical simulation results would be characterized as a direct quality measure. In contrast, an indirect measure of part quality is correlated with target quality, but it cannot provide a direct estimate of that quality.For warpage, the indirect quality measures in related works are one of performances of injection molding flowing behavior or weighted sum of those. The performances are presented as filling time dif ferential along different flow paths, temperature differential, over-pack percentage, and so on. It is ob vious that warpage is influenced by these perform ances, but the relationship between warpage and these performances is not clear and the determination of these weighting factors is rather difficult. Therefore, the optimization with the above objective function probably will not minimize part warpage even with perfect optimization technique. Sometimes, improper weighting factors will result in absolutely wrong results.Some statistical quantities calculated from the nodal displacements were characterized as direct quality measures to achieve minimum deformation in related optimization studies. The statistical quantities are usually a maximum nodal displacement, an av erage of top 10 percentile nodal displacements, and an overall average nodal displacement (Lee and Kim, 1995; 1996b). These nodal displacements are easy to obtain from the simulation results, the statistical val-ues, to some extents, representing the deformation. But the statistical displacement cannot effectively describe the deformation of the injection molded part.In industry, designers and manufacturers usually pay more attention to the degree of part warpage on some specific features than the whole deformation of the injection molded parts. In this study, feature warpage is defined to describe the deformation of the injection parts. The feature warpage is the ratio of the maximum displacement of the feature surface to the projected length ofthe feature surface (Fig.1):where γ is the feature warpage, h is the maximum displacement on the feature surface deviating from the reference platform, and L is the projected length of the feature surface on a reference direction paralleling the reference platform.For complicated features (only plane feature iscussed here), the feature warpage is usually sepa rated into two constituents on the reference plane, which are represented on a 2D coordinate system:where γx, γy are the constituent feature warpages in the X, Y direction, and L x, L y are the projected lengths of feature surface on X, Y component.Evaluation of feature warpageAfter the determination of target feature combined with corresponding reference plane and pro jection direction, the value of L can be calculated immediately from the part with the calculating method of analytic geometry (Fig.2). L is a constant for any part on the specified feature surface and projected direction. But the evaluation of h is more complicated than that of L.Simulation of injection molding process is a common technique to forecast the quality of part design, mold design and process settings. The results of warpage simulation are expressed as the nodal de flections on X, Y, Z component (W x, W y, W z), and the odal displacement W. W is the vector length of vector sum of W x·i, W y·j, and W z·k, where i, j, k are the unit vectors on X, Y, Zcomponent. The h is the maximum displacement of the nodes on the feature surface, which is correlated with the normal orientation of the reference plane, and can be derived from the results of warpage simulation.To calculate h, the deflection of ith node is evaluated firstly as follows:where W i is the deflection in the normal direction of the reference plane of ith node; W ix, W iy, W iz are the deflections on X, Y, Z component of ith node; α, β, γ are the angles of normal vector of the reference; A and B are the terminal nodes of the feature to projecting direction (Fig.2); W A and W B are the deflections of nodes A and B:where W Ax, W Ay, W Az are the deflections on X, Y, Z component of node A; W Bx, W By and W Bz are the de flections on X, Y, Z component of node B; ωiA and ωiB are the weighting factors of the terminal node deflections calculated as follows:where L iA is the projector distance between ith node and node A. Ultimately, h is the maximum of the absolute value of W i:In industry, the inspection of the warpage is carried out with the help of a feeler gauge, while the measured part should be placed on a reference platform. The value of h is the maximum numerical reading of the space between the measured part surface and the reference platform.GATE LOCATION OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM RMATIONThe quality term “warpage” means the perma nent deformation of the part, which is not caused by an applied load. It is caused by differential shrinkage throughout the part, due to the imbalance of polymer flow, packing, cooling, and crystallization.The placement of a gate in an injection mold is one of the most important variables of the total mold design. The quality of the molded part is greatly affected by the gate location, because it influences the manner that the plastic flows into the mold cavity. Therefore, different gate locations introduce inho mogeneity in orientation, density, pressure, and temperature distribution, accordingly introducing different value and distribution of warpage. Therefore, gate location is a valuable design variable to minimize theinjection molded part warpage. Because the correlation between gate location and warpage distribution is to a large extent independent of the melt and mold temperature, it is assumed that the molding conditions are kept constant in this investigation. The injection molded part warpage is quantified by the feature warpage which was discussed in the previoussection.The single gate location optimization can thus be formulated as follows:where γ is the feature warpage; p is the injection pressure at the gate position; p0 is the allowable injection pressure of injection molding machine or the allowable injection pressure specified by the designer or manufacturer; X is the coordinate vector of the candidate gate locations; X i is the node on the finite element mesh model of the part for injection molding process simulation; N is the total number of nodes.In the finite element mesh model of the part, every node is a possible candidate for a gate. Therefore, the total number of the possible gate location N p is a function of the total number of nodes N and the total number of gate locations to be optimized n:In this study, only the single-gate location problem is investigated.SIMULATED ANNEALING ALGORITHMThe simulated annealing algorithm is one of the most powerful and popular meta-heuristics to solve optimization problems because of the provision of good global solutions to real-world problems. The algorithm is based upon that of Metropolis et al. (1953), which was originally proposed as a means to find an equilibrium configuration of a collection of atoms at a given temperature. The connection be tween this algorithm and mathematical minimization was first noted by Pincus (1970), but it was Kirkpatrick et al.(1983) who proposed that it formed the basis of an optimization technique for combinational (and other) problems.To apply the simulated annealing method to op timization problems, the objective function f is used as an energy function E. Instead of finding a low energy configuration, the problem becomes to seek an approximate global optimal solution. The configurations of the values of design variables are substituted for the energy configurations of the body, and the control parameter for the process is substituted for temperature. A random number generator is used as a way of generating new values for the design variables. It is obvious that this algorithm just takes the mini-mization problems into account. Hence, while per forming a maximization problem the objective func tion is multiplied by (−1) to obtain a capable form.The major advantage of simulated annealing algorithm over other methods is the ability to avoid being trapped at local minima. This algorithm em ploys a random search, which not only accepts changes that decrease objective function f, but also accepts some changes that increase it. The latter are accepted with a probability pwhere ∆f is the increase of f, k is Boltzman’s constant, and T is a control parameter which by analogy with the original application is known as the system “temperature” irrespective of the objective function involved.In the case of gate location optimization, the implementation of this algorithm is illustrated in Fig.3, and this algorithm is detailed as follows:(1) SA algorithm starts from an initial gate location X old with an assigned value T k of the “tempera ture” parameter T (the “temperature” counter k is initially set to zero). Proper control parameter c (0<c <1) in annealing process and Markov chain N generate are given.(2) SA algorithm generates a new gate location X new in the neighborhood of X old and the value of the objective function f(X) is calculated.(3) The new gate location will be accepted with probability determined by the acceptance functionP accept = min { 1,exp[ − k ( f ( X new ) − f ( X old )) T k ] }A uniform random variable P unif is generated in [0,1]. If P unif<P accept, X new is accepted; otherwise it is rejected.(4) This process is repeated for a large enough number of iterations (N generate) for T k. The sequence of trial gate locations generated in this way is known as Markov chain.(5) A new Markov chain is then generated (starting from the last accepted gate location in the previous Markov chain) for a reduced “temperature” Tk+1=cTk and the same p rocess continues for de creasing values of “temperature” until the algorithm stops.Fig.3 The flow chart of the simulated annealing algorithm APPLICATION AND DISCUSSIONThe application to a complex industrial part is presented in this section to illustrate the proposed quality measure and optimization methodology. The part is provided by a manufacturer, as shown in Fig.4. In this part, the flatness of basal surface is the most important profile precision requirement. Therefore, the feature warpage is discussed on basal surface, in which reference platform is specified as a horizontal plane attached to the basal surface, and the longitudinal direction is specified as projected reference direction. The parameter h is the maximum basal surface deflection on the normal direction, namely the vertical direction, and the parameter L is the projected length of the basal surface to the longitudinal direction.Fig.4 Industrial part provided by the manufacturerThe material of the part is Nylon Zytel 101L (30% EGF, DuPont Engineering Polymer). The molding conditions in the simulation are listed in Table 1. Fig.5 shows the finite element mesh model of the part employed in the numerical simulation. It has 1469 nodes and 2492 elements. The objective function, namely feature warpage, is evaluated by Eqs.(1), (3)~(6). The h is evaluated from the results of “Flow +Warp” Analysis Sequence in MPI by Eq.(1), and theL is measured on the industrial part immediately, L=20.50 mm.Table 1 The molding conditions in the simulationConditions ValuesFill time (s) 2.5Melt temperature (°C) 295Mold temperature (°C) 70Packing time (s) 10Packing pressure (of filling pressure) (%) 80MPI is the most extensive software for the injection molding simulation, which can recommend the best gate location based on balanced flow. Gate location analysis is an effective tool for gate location design besides empirical method. For this part, the gate location analysis of MPI recommends that the best gate location is near node N7459, as shown in Fig.5. The part warpage is simulated based on this recommended gate and thus the feature warpage is evaluated: γ=5.15%, which is a great value. In trial manufacturing, part warpage is visible on the sample work piece. This is unacceptable for the manufacturer.The great warpage on basal surface is caused by the uneven orientation distribution of the glass fiber,as shown in Fig.6a. Fig.6a shows that the glass fiber orientation changes from negative direction to positive direction because of the location of the gate, particularly the greatest change of the fiber orientation appears near the gate. The great diversification of fiber orientation caused by gate location introduces serious differential shrinkage. Accordingly, the feature warpage is notable and the gate location must be optimized to reduce part warpage.Fig.6 The orientation distribution of the glass fiber withvaried gatelocation(a) Gate set on N7459; (b) The optimal gate location N7379To optimize the gate location, the simulated annealing searching discussed in the section “Simulated annealin g algorithm” is applied to this part. The maximum number of iterations is chosen as 30 to ensure the precision of the optimization, and the maximum number of random trials allowed for each iteration is chosen as 10 to decrease the probability of null iteration without an iterative solution. Node N7379 (Fig.5) is found to be the optimum gate location. The feature warpage is evaluated from the war page simulation results f(X)=γ=0.97%, which is less than that of the recommended gate by MPI. And the part warpage meets the manufacturer’s requirements in trial manufacturing. Fig.6b shows the fiber orientation in the simulation. It is seen that the optimal gate location results in the even glass fiber orientation, and thus introduces great reduction of shrinkage difference on the vertical direction along the longitudinal direction. Accordingly, the featurewarpage is reduced.CONCLUSIONFeature warpage is defined to describe the warpage of injection molded parts and is evaluated based on the numerical simulation software MPI in this investigation. The feature warpage evaluation based on numerical simulation is combined with simulated annealing algorithm to optimize the single gate location for plastic injection mold. An industrial part is taken as an example to illustrate the proposed method. The method results in an optimal gate location, bywhich the part is satisfactory for the manufacturer. This method is also suitable to other optimization problems for warpage minimization, such as location optimization for multiple gates, runner system bal ancing, and option of anisotropic materials.注塑模的单浇口优化文摘:本文阐述了一种单浇口优化注塑模具的方法。
外文翻译注塑模的单浇口优化
Single gate optimization for plastic injection moldAbstract:Abstract: This paper deals with a methodology for single gate location optimization for plastic injection mold. The objective of the gate optimization is to minimize the warpage of injection molded parts, because warpage is a crucial quality issue for most injection molded parts while it is influenced greatly by the gate location. Feature warpage is defined as the ratio of maximum displacement on the feature surface to the projected length of the feature surface to describe part warpage. The optimization is combined with the numerical simulation technology to find the optimal gate location, in which the simulated annealing algorithm is used to search for the optimum. Finally, an example is discussed in the paper and it can be concluded that the proposed method is effective.Key words: Injection mold, Gate location, Optimization, Feature warpage.INTRODUCTIONPlastic injection molding is a widely used, com- plex but highly efficient technique for producing a large variety of plastic products, particularly those with high production requirement, tight tolerance, and complex shapes. The quality of injection molded parts is a function of plastic material, part geometry, mold structure and process conditions. The most important part of an injection mold basically is the following three sets of components: cavities, gates and runners, and cooling system.Lam and Seow (2000) and Jin and Lam (2002) achieved cavity balancing by varying the wall thick- ness of the part. A balance filling process within the cavity gives an evenly distributed pressure and tem- perature which can drastically reduce the warpage of the part. But the cavity balancing is only one of the important influencing factors of part qualities. Espe- cially, the part has its functional requirements, and its thicknesses should not be varied usually.From the pointview of the injection mold design, a gate is characterized by its size and location, and the runner system by the size and layout. The gate size and runner layout are usually determined as constants. Relatively, gate locations and runner sizes are more flexible, which can be varied to influence the quality of the part. As a result, they are often the design pa- rameters for optimization.Lee and Kim (1996a) optimized the sizes of runners and gates to balance runner system for mul- tiple injection cavities. The runner balancing was described as the differences of entrance pressures for a multi-cavity mold with identical cavities, and as differences of pressures at theend of the melt flow path in each cavity for a family mold with different cavity volumes and geometries. The methodology has shown uniform pressure distributions among the cavities during the entire molding cycle of multiple cavities mold.Zhai et al.(2005a) presented the two gate loca- tion optimization of one molding cavity by an effi- cient search method based on pressure gradient (PGSS), and subsequently positioned weld lines to the desired locations by varying runner sizes for multi-gate parts (Zhai et al., 2006). As large-volume part, multiple gates are needed to shorten the maxi- mum flow path, with a corresponding decrease in injection pressure. The method is promising for de- sign of gates and runners for a single cavity with multiple gates.Many of injection molded parts are produced with one gate, whether in single cavity mold or in multiple cavities mold. Therefore, the gate location of a single gate is the most common design parameter for optimization. A shape analysis approach was pre- sented by Courbebaisse and Garcia (2002), by which the best gate location of injection molding was esti- mated. Subsequently, they developed this methodol- ogy further and applied it to single gate location op- timization of an L shape example (Courbebaisse,2005). It is easy to use and not time-consuming, while it only serves the turning of simple flat parts with uniform thickness.Pandelidis and Zou (1990) presented the opti- mization of gate location, by indirect quality measures relevant to warpage and material degradation, which is represented as weighted sum of a temperature dif- ferential term, an over-pack term, and a frictional overheating term. Warpage is influenced by the above factors, but the relationship between them is not clear. Therefore, the optimization effect is restricted by the determination of the weighting factors.Lee and Kim (1996b) developed an automated selection method of gate location, in which a set of initial gate locations were proposed by a designer and then the optimal gate was located by the adjacent node evaluation method. The conclusion to a great extent depends much on the human design er’s in tuition, because the first step of the method is based on the desi gner’s proposition. So the result is to a large ex- tent limited to the designer’s experience.Lam and Jin (2001) developed a gate location optimization method based on the minimization of the Standard Deviation of Flow Path Length (SD[L]) and Standard Deviation of Filling Time (SD[T]) during the molding filling process. Subsequently, Shen et al.(2004a; 2004b) optimized the gate location design by minimizing the weighted sum of filling pressure, filling time difference between different flow paths, temperature difference, and over-pack percentage. Zhai et al.(2005b) investigated optimal gate location with evaluation criteria of injection pressure at the end of filling. These researchers presented the objec- tive functions asperformances of injection molding filling operation, which are correlated with product qualities. But the correlation between the perform- ances and qualities is very complicated and no clear relationship has been observed between them yet. It is also difficult to select appropriate weighting factors for each term.A new objective function is presented here to evaluate the warpage of injection molded parts to optimize gate location. To measure part quality di- rectly, this investigation defines feature warpage to evaluate part warpage, which is evaluated from the “flow plus warpage” simulation outputs of Moldflow Plastics Insight (MPI) software. The objective func- tion is minimized to achieve minimum deformation in gate location optimization. Simulated annealing al- gorithm is employed to search for the optimal gate location. An example is given to illustrate the effec- tivity of the proposed optimization procedure.QUALITY MEASURES: FEATURE WARPGEDefinition of feature warp ageTo apply optimization theory to the gate design, quality measures of the part must be specified in the first instance. The term “quality” may be referred to many product properties, such as mechanical, thermal, electrical, optical, ergonomical or geometrical prop- erties. There are two types of part quality measures: direct and indirect. A model that predicts the proper- ties from numerical simulation results would be characterized as a direct quality measure. In contrast, an indirect measure of part quality is correlated with target quality, but it cannot provide a direct estimate of that quality.For warpage, the indirect quality measures in related works are one of performances of injection molding flowing behavior or weighted sum of those. The performances are presented as filling time dif- ferential along different flow paths, temperature dif- ferential, over-pack percentage, and so on. It is ob- vious that warpage is influenced by these perform- ances, but the relationship between warpage and these performances is not clear and the determination of these weighting factors is rather difficult. Therefore, the optimization with the above objective function probably will not minimize part warpage even with perfect optimization technique. Sometimes, improper weighting factors will result in absolutely wrong re- sults.Some statistical quantities calculated from the nodal displacements were characterized as direct quality measures to achieve minimum deformation in related optimization studies. The statistical quantities are usually a maximum nodal displacement, an av- erage of top 10 percentile nodal displacements, and an overall average nodal displacement (Lee and Kim,1995; 1996b). These nodal displacements are easy to obtain from the simulation results, the statistical val- ues, to some extents, representing the deformation. But the statistical displacement cannot effectively describe the deformation of the injection molded parts.In industry, designers and manufacturers usually pay more attention to the degree of part warpage on some specific features than the whole deformation of the injection molded parts. In this study, feature warpage is defined to describe the deformation of the injection parts. The feature warpage is the ratio of the maximum displacement of the feature surface to the projected length of the feature surface (Fig.1):where γ is the feature warpage, h is the maximum displacement on the feature surface deviating from the reference platform, and L is the projected length of the feature surface on a reference direction paralleling the reference platform.For complicated features (only plane feature discussed here), the feature warpage is usually sepa- rated into two constituents on the reference plane, which are represented on a 2D coordinate system:where γx, γy are the constituent feature warpages in the X, Y direction, and L x, L y are the projected lengths of the feature surface on X, Y component.Evaluation of feature wa rpageAfter the determination of target feature com- bined with corresponding reference plane and pro- jection direction, the value of L can be calculated immediately from the part with the calculating method of analytic geometry (Fig.2). L is a constant for any part on the specified feature surface and pro- jected direction. But the evaluation of h is more com- plicated than that of L.Simulation of injection molding process is a common technique to forecast the quality of part de- sign, mold design and process settings. The results of warpage simulation are expressed as the nodal de- flections on X, Y, Z component (W x, W y, W z), and the nodal displacement W. W is the vector length of vector sum of W x·i, W y·j, and W z·k, where i, j, k are the unit vectors on X, Y, Z component. The h is the maximum displacement of the nodes on the feature surface, which is correlated with the normal orientation of the reference plane, and can be derived from the results of warpage simulation.To calculate h, the deflection of ith node is evaluated firstly as follows:where W i is the deflection in the normal direction of the reference plane of ith node; W ix, W iy, W iz are the deflections on X, Y, Z component of ith node; α,β,γ are the angles of normal vector of the reference; A and B are the terminal nodes of the feature to projectingdirection (Fig.2); WA and WB are the deflections of nodes A and B:where W Ax, W Ay, W Az are the deflections on X, Y, Zcomponent of node A; W Bx, W By and W Bz are the de- flections on X, Y, Z component of node B; ωiA and ωiB are the weighting factors of the terminal node deflections calculated as follows:where L iA is the projector distance between ith node and node A. Ultimately, h is the maximum of the absolute value of W i:In industry, the inspection of the warpage is carried out with the help of a feeler gauge, while the measured part should be placed on a reference plat- form. The value of h is the maximum numerical reading of the space between the measured part sur- face and the reference platform.GATE LOCATION OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM FORMATIONThe quality term “warpag e”means the perma- nent deformation of the part, which is not caused by an applied load. It is caused by differential shrinkage throughout the part, due to the imbalance of polymer flow, packing, cooling, and crystallization.The placement of a gate in an injection mold is one of the most important variables of the total mold design. The quality of the molded part is greatly af- fected by the gate location, because it influences the manner that the plastic flows into the mold cavity. Therefore, different gate locations introduce inho- mogeneity in orientation, density, pressure, and temperature distribution, accordingly introducing different value and distribution of warpage. Therefore, gate location is a valuable design variable to minimize the injection molded part warpage. Because the cor- relation between gate location and warpage distribu- tion is to a large extent independent of the melt and mold temperature, it is assumed that the moldingconditions are kept constant in this investigation. The injection molded part warpage is quantified by the feature warpage which was discussed in the previous section.The single gate location optimization can thus be formulated as follows:Minimize:Subject to:where γ is the feature warpage; p is the injection pressure at the gate position; p0 is the allowable in- jection pressure of injection molding machine or the allowable injection pressure specified by the designer or manufacturer; X is the coordinate vector of the candidate gate locations; X i is the node on the finite element mesh model of the part for injection molding process simulation; N is the total number of nodes.In the finite element mesh model of the part, every node is a possible candidate for a gate. There- fore, the total number of the possible gate location N p is a function of the total number of nodes N and the total number of gate locations to be optimized n:In this study, only the single-gate location problem is investigated.SIMULATED ANNEALING ALGORITHMThe simulated annealing algorithm is one of the most powerful and popular meta-heuristics to solve optimization problems because of the provision of good global solutions to real-world problems. The algorithm is based upon that of Metropolis et al. (1953), which was originally proposed as a means to find an equilibrium configuration of a collection of atoms at a given temperature. The connection be- tween this algorithm and mathematical minimization was first noted by Pincus (1970), but it was Kirkpatrick et al.(1983) who proposed that it formed the basis of an optimization technique for combina- tional (and other) problems.To apply the simulated annealing method to op timization problems, the objective function f is used as an energy function E. Instead of finding a low energy configuration, the problem becomes to seek an approximate global optimal solution. The configura- tions of the values of design variables are substituted for the energy configurations of the body, and the control parameter for the process is substituted for temperature. A random number generator is used as a way of generating new values for the design variables. It is obvious that this algorithm just takes the mini- mization problems into account. Hence, while per- forming a maximization problem the objective func- tion is multiplied by (−1) to obtain a capable form.The major advantage of simulated annealing algorithm over other methods is the ability to avoid being trapped at local minima. This algorithm em- ploys a random search, which not only accepts changes that decrease objective function f, but also accepts some changes that increase it. The latter are accepted with a probability pwhere ∆f is the increase of f, k is Boltzm an’s constant, and T is a control parameter which by analogy with the original application is known as the system “tem perature”irrespective of the objective function involved.In the case of gate location optimization, the implementation of this algorithm is illustrated in Fig.3, and this algorithm is detailed as follows:(1) SA algorithm starts from an initial gate loca- tion X old with an assigned value T k of the “tempera- ture”parameter T (the “temperature” counter k is initially set to zero). Proper control parameter c (0<c<1) in annealing process and Markov chain N generateare given.(2) SA algorithm generates a new gate location X new in the neighborhood of X old and the value of the objective function f(X) is calculated.(3) The new gate location will be accepted with probability determined by the acceptance functionFig.3 The flow chart of the simulated annealing algorithmAPPLICATION AND DISCUSSIONThe application to a complex industrial part is presented in this section to illustrate the proposed quality measure and optimization methodology. The part is provided by a manufacturer, as shown in Fig.4. In this part, the flatness of basal surface is the most important profileprecision requirement. Therefore, the feature warpage is discussed on basal surface, in which reference platform is specified as a horizontal plane attached to the basal surface, and the longitu- dinal direction is specified as projected reference direction. The parameter h is the maximum basal surface deflection on the normal direction, namely the vertical direction, and the parameter L is the projected length of the basal surface to the longitudinal direc- tion.Fig.4 Industrial part provided by the manufac tur e rThe material of the part is Nylon Zytel 101L (30% EGF, DuPont Engineering Polymer). The molding conditions in the simulation are listed in T able 1. Fig.5 shows the finite element mesh model ofthe part employed in the numerical simulation. It has1469 nodes and 2492 elements. The objective func- tion, namely feature warpage, is evaluated by Eqs.(1), (3)~(6). The h is evaluated from the results of “Flow+Warp” Analysis Sequence in MPI by Eq.(1), and the L is measured on the industrial part immediately, L=20.50 mm.MPI is the most extensive software for the in- jection molding simulation, which can recommend the best gate location based on balanced flow. Gate location analysis is an effective tool for gate location design besides empirical method. For this part, the gate location analysis of MPI recommends that the best gate location is near node N7459, as shown in Fig.5. The part warpage is simulated based on this recommended gate and thus the feature warpage is evaluated: γ=5.15%, which is a great value. In trial manufacturing, part warpage is visible on the sample work piece. This is unacceptable for the manufacturer.The great warpage on basal surface is caused bythe uneven orientation distribution of the glass fiber, as shown in Fig.6a. Fig.6a shows that the glass fiber orientation changes from negative direction to posi- tive direction because of the location of the gate, par- ticularly thegreatest change of the fiber orientation appears near the gate. The great diversification of fiber orientation caused by gate location introduces serious differential shrinkage. Accordingly, the fea- ture warpage is notable and the gate location must be optimized to reduce part warpageT o optimize the gate location, the simulated an- nealing searching discussed in the section “Simulated annealing algorithm” is applied to this part. The maximum number of iterations is chosen as 30 to ensure the precision of the optimization, and the maximum number of random trials allowed for each iteration is chosen as 10 to decrease the probability of null iteration without an iterative solution. Node N7379 (Fig.5) is found to be the optimum gate loca- tion.The feature warpage is evaluated from the war- page simulation results f(X)=γ=0.97%, which is less than that of the recommended gate by MPI. And the part warpage meets the manufacturer’s requirements in trial manufacturing. Fig.6b shows the fiber orien- tation in the simulation. It is seen that the optimal gate location results in the even glass fiber orientation, and thus introduces great reduction of shrinkage differ- ence on the vertical direction along the longitudinal direction. Accordingly, the feature warpage is re- duced.CONCLUSIONFeature warpage is defined to describe the war- page of injection molded parts and is evaluated based on the numerical simulation software MPI in this investigation. The feature warpage evaluation based on numerical simulation is combined with simulated annealing algorithm to optimize the single gate loca- tion for plastic injection mold. An industrial part is taken as an example to illustrate the proposed method. The method results in an optimal gate location, by which the part is satisfactory for the manufacturer. This method is also suitable to other optimization problems for warpage minimization, such as location optimization for multiple gates, runner system bal- ancing, and option of anisotropic materials.注塑模的单浇口优化摘要：本文论述了一种单浇口位置优化注塑模具的方法。
英译中翻译项目
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财经测试1：Summary GM went public again in late 2010, 16 months after emerging from bankruptcy protection.HighlightsGlobal vehicle sales and production should rise in 2011, and GM's revenues should advanceabout 11%. Profit margins should benefit from the improved volume and expected reduced incentives needed due to competitors' production stoppages, partly offset by a weaker mixand higher raw material costs. Currency could be a wild card, but would likely have only amodest impact on profits.Despite an improved balance sheet, GM still faces claims on its cash for items such as unfunded pension obligations. Also, with its reduced cost structure of fewer employees, wage reductions and fewer plants and brands, we see GM poised to benefit from the expanded U.S. and global vehicle demand that we expect.Investment Rationale/RiskWe think the company's IPO will remove some of the stigma of the 2009 government bailoutand bankruptcy filing. More importantly, we believe GM has shrunk its North American production footprint and cost structure to be profitable through the next demand cycle.Risks to our recommendation and target price include higher gasoline prices, weaker than-expected demand for GM vehicles, and increased need for incentives.Future sales of stock by major shareholders also pose a risk.As of June 30, 2011, the company reported total stockholders' equity of $41.1 billion. Based on historical and peer multiples, we apply a multiple of 7.8X to our 2012 EPS forecast of $5.14 to arrive at our 12-month target price of $40, based on historical and peer P/E analysis and a weakened economic outlook.财经测试2：S&P Core EarningsStandard & Poor's Core Earnings is a uniform methodology for adjusting operating earnings by focusing on a company's after-tax earnings generated from its principal businesses. Included in the Standard & Poor's definition are employee stock option grantexpenses, pension costs, restructuring charges from ongoing operations, write-downs of depreciable or amortizable operating assets, purchased research anddevelopment, M&A related expenses and unrealized gains/losses from hedging activities. Excluded from the definition are pension gains, impairment of goodwill charges, gains or losses from asset sales, reversal of prior-year charges and provision from litigation orinsurance settlements.法律测试1：Except for the Pension Schemes and Life Assurance Scheme, the Company is not under any legal liability or other obligation to pay bonuses, pensions, gratuities, superannuation, allowances or any similar payment to any of the Employees or their dependants, nor is it a party to any arrangements or promise to make or in the habit of making ex gratia or voluntary payments on redundancies or payments by way of bonus, pension, gratuity, superannuation, allowance or similar payments to any such persons. There are no schemes or arrangements (whether legally enforceable or not) for payment of retirement, pension, disability or death benefit or similar schemes or arrangements in operation or contemplated in respect of any of the Employees or their dependants, or persons formerly employed or engaged in the Business or their dependants, under which the Company or any of the owners for the time being of the T&L Business or its Assets or any part of them may become liable to make payments or to provide equivalent benefits.The Warrantor has no knowledge of the invalidity of, or any grounds for termination, avoidance or repudiation of an agreement, arrangement or obligation entered into or applied by the Seller for the operation of the T&L Business or its Assets. So far as the Warrantor is aware, no party with whom BLG has entered into an agreement, arrangement or obligation for the purpose of, or which is used in the operation of, the Business and Assets has given notice of its intention to terminate, or has sought to repudiate or disclaim, such agreement, arrangement or obligation.法律测试2：Independent Contractor AgreementBoth parties acknowledge that Contractor is not an employee for state or federal tax, insurance, or other purposes. Contractor is solely responsible for payment of all compensation owed to Contractor's staff that Contractor assigns to Asianlingual' projects. It is understood and agreed that Contractor accepts full and exclusive liability for the payment of any and all contributions and taxes imposed by the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, the Federal Social Security Act, any applicable national, state or local taxation code, any applicable national, state, or local unemployment insurance law, and any and all contributions, taxes, or penalties for unemployment insurance or old age retirement benefits, pensions, or annuities that are measured by the wages, salaries, or other remuneration paid to Contractor, now or hereafter imposed by the government of the United States or the government of any applicable nation or state.Contractor further agrees to take all reasonable precautions to prevent any unauthorized disclosure of any such Confidential Information, and agrees at least to take those precautions he or she would or does take to protect his or her own confidential information. Contractor will assure compliance with such obligations by any of their employees, former employees, affiliates,agents or independent contractors. The obligations of Contractor under this Article are to survive the termination of this Agreement, regardless of the circumstances of the termination.科技测试1：DANGER:Before attempting to clean, oil, or adjust the inclined cleaner, place motor disconnect lever in the OFF position and secure in OFF position with a hasp type padlock. The inclined cleaner should be checked and cleaned each day before startup. Bar or wire screen grills should be checked and cleaned as necessary.AdjustmentsRemove panels or covers, as necessary, to gain access to cylinders. Remove drive belts so rotating members can be turned easily by hand and check each for binding.Grid sectionsAdjust grid section to spiked cylinder to provide a clearance of 5/8 inch between grid and tip of roller spike.Drive and timing beltsBelt tension must be sufficient to overcome slippage during starting. On new belts, operate the drives a few minutes to seat belts in sheave grooves, then adjust.Observe operation of belts when starting. A slight bowing of the slack side indicates proper tension. If the slack side remains taut during startup, the belt is too tight. Excessive bowing, slippage, or squealing indicates insufficient tension.科技测试2：Engine Oil Solenoid Valve De-energized (High Pressure Setting)When the engine oil solenoid valve is de-energized the passage from the upper part of the pilot valve to the oil return passage to the oil pan is opened allowing to drain the oil acting on the upper part of the pilot valve. In this case the oil pressure is regulated to 300 – 430 kPa as follows:As long as the oil pressure is less than the pilot valve opening pressure, the pilot valve closes the passage to the upper part of the relief valve. As a result, the relief valve closes the return passage to the suction side of the trochoid-type oil pump. Thus, oil pressure increases. When oil pressure exceeds the pilot valve opening pressure, the pilot valve is pressed up, partly opening the passage to the upper part of the relief valve. When the relief valve opening pressure is exceeded by applying oil pressure to the upper part of the relief valve, the relief valve is pressed down and partly opens the return passage to the suction side of the trochoid-type oil pump. Thus, oil pressure decreases.医药测试1：BackgroundIntraarticular extension of a tumor requires a conventional extraarticular resection with en bloc removal of the entire knee, including extensor apparatus. Knee arthrodesis usually has been performed as a reconstruction. To avoid the functional loss derived from the resection of the extensor apparatus, a modified technique, saving the continuity of the extensor apparatus, hasbeen proposed, but at the expense of achieving wide margins. In tumors involving the joint cavity, the entire joint complex including the distal femur, proximal tibia, the full extensor apparatus, and the whole inviolated joint capsule must be excised. We propose a novel reconstructive technique to restore knee function after a true extrarticular resection.Description of TechniqueThe approach involves a true en bloc extraarticular resection of the whole knee, including the entire extensor apparatus. We performed the reconstruction with a femoral megaprosthesis combined with a tibial allograft-prosthetic composite with its whole extensor apparatus (quadriceps tendon, patella, patellar tendon, and proximal tibia below the anterior tuberosity). ConclusionsCombining a true knee extraarticular resection with an allograft-prosthetic composite including the whole extensor apparatus generally allows wide resection margins while providing a mobile knee with good extension in patients traditionally needing a knee arthrodesis.医药测试2：Limitations of Procedure1. If testing is to be performed by methods other than those identified in the package insert, standardization of procedures must be undertaken to assure accuracy of tests results.2. Reactions with blood cells exhibiting weakened expressions of the D antigen may show varied reactivity as compared to those obtained with other anti-D reagents.3. Some subgroups of the A antigen may not be detected by the anti-A reagent contained in the cassette.4. Due to antigen deterioration, aged red blood cells may exhibit weaker reactivity than fresh cells.5. Contaminated supplementary materials used in the procedure described may cause false-positive or false-negative results.6. Samples containing particulate matter in the serum/plasma may impede the free flow of red blood cells through the glass bead column. Clarification of these samples by centrifugation may be necessary.7. Sample red blood cell suspensions should be free of particulate matter which may impede the free flow of red blood cells through the glass bead column.8. Severely hemolyzed samples may interfere with reading reactions in the column.9. Enzyme-treated red blood cells should not be used with these reagents.10. Abnormal serum proteins in the test sample may cause red blood cells to aggregate which may be interpreted as agglutination.11. The System Centrifuge must be used to provide the required centrifugation parameters for this system. Proper calibration of the centrifuge is essential to achieve accurate test results.医药测试3：RF pain electrodes are indicated for use in radiofrequency (RF) heat lesioning of nervous tissue.Each PE electrode includes a plastic sterilization case.PE electrodes are used with disposable cannulae and require a DGP-PM grounding pad and C112-TC electrode cable for all procedures (cannulae, grounding pads, and electrode cables are sold separately).CautionDiscontinue use if erratic or sluggish temperature readings are observed, which may indicate a faulty cable connection, broken temperature sensor of the electrode, or delivery of RF power into an undesired location.For patients with cardiac pacemakers, contact the pacemaker manufacturer to determine hazards and cautions associated with the use of RF devices.If the patient has a spinal cord stimulator, contact the manufacturer of the stimulator before proceeding with RF treatment.If any physiological monitoring or electrical apparatus is to be used on the patient in addition to the radiofrequency lesion generator, the safety aspects of the combination should be examined and approved by biomedical personnel.市场类测试：The ABCXX is unparalleled in terms of map and screen quality, with the largest screen of any of the units tested, as well as the brightest. It laughs in the face of bright sunlight, but a backlight can quickly boost the brightness if you do ever need that extra oomph. More importantly, the map refreshes instantly and zooms in almost seamlessly, which is a major benefit over some of the slower GPS handhelds.It’s not a touchscreen affair, but the controls are intuitive, the menu reassuringly familiar and the simple joystick allows you to program in waymarks and plot routes in three easy clicks. You can easily load maps via SD cards, and it also comes straight out of the box talking in Ordnance Survey grid references, rather than just coordinates, so you don’t have to return to your GCSE geography textbooks to get to grips with it.Another major benefit is the variety of charging options – as well as taking standard AA batteries, the ABCXX comes with a rechargeable lithium battery and a whole heap of adaptors, meaning you can fill her up from your computer, your car or the mains.合同类测试：Warranty disclaimerAlthough this product has been manufactured under carefully controlled conditions with all reasonable care, HEMOSPHERE, INC. has no control over the conditions under which this product is used.HEMOSPHERE, INC. therefore disclaims all warranties, both express and implied, with respect to the product including, but not limited to, any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose whether arising from statute , common law, custom o r otherwise .Descriptions or specifications in HEMOSPHERE, INC. printed material, including this publication, are meant solely to generally describe the product at the time of manufacture and do not constitute any express warranties.HEMOSPHERE, INC. shall not be liable to any person or entity for any medical expenses or any direct, incidental or consequential damages based on any use, defect, failure or malfunction of the product, whether a claim for such damages is based upon warranty, contract, tort or otherwise. No person has any authority to bind HEMOSPHERE, INC. to any representation, condition, warranty or liability with respect to the product.The exclusions and limitations set out above are not intended to, and should not be construed so as to contravene mandatory provisions of applicable law. If any part or term of thiswarranty disclaimer is held to be illegal , unenforceable or in conflict with applicable law by a court of competent jurisdiction, the validity of the remaining portions of this warrant y disclaimer shall not be affected, and all rights and obligations shall be construed and enforced as if this warranty disclaimer did not contain the particular part or term held to be invalid and the invalid part or term shall be substituted by a valid part or term which best reflects HEMOSPHERE, INC.’s legitimate interest in limiting its liability or warranty.。
马尔文激光粒度仪简介
laParticle size analysis-Laser diffraction methods(ISO-13320-1)IntroductionLaser diffraction methods are nowadays widely used for particle sizing in many different applications. The success of the technique is based on the tact that it can be applied to various kinds of particulate systems, is fast and can be automated and that a variety of commercial instruments is available. Nevertheless, the proper use of the instrument and the interpretation of the results require the necessary caution.Therefore, there is a need for establishing an international standard for particle size analysis by laser diffraction methods. Its purpose is to provide a methodology for adequate quality control in particle size analysis.Historically, the laser diffraction technique started by taking only scattering at small angles into consideration and, thus, has been known by the following names:-fraunhofer diffraction;-(near-) forward light scattering;-low-angle laser light scattering (LALLS).However, the technique has been broadened to include light scattering in a wider angular range and application of the Mie theory in addition to approximating theories such as Fraunhofer and anomalous diffraction.The laser diffraction technique is based on the phenomenon that particles scatter light in all directions with an intensity pattern that is dependent on particle size. All present instruments assume a spherical shape for the particle. Figure 1 illustrates the characteristics of single particle scattering patterns: alternation of high and low intensities, with patterns that extend for smaller particles to wider angles than for larger particles[2-7,10,15 in the bibliography].Within certain limits the scattering pattern of an ensemble of particles is identical to the sum of the individual scattering patterns of all particles present. By using an optical model to compute scattering for unit volumes of particles in selected size classes and a mathematical deconvolution procedure, a volumetric particle size distribution is calculated, the scattering pattern of which fits best with the measured pattern (see also annex A).A typical diffraction instrument consists of a light beam (usually a laser), a particulate dispersing device, a detector for measuring the scattering pattern and a computer for both control of the instrumentand calculation of the particle size distribution. Note that the laser diffraction technique cannot distinguish between scattering by single particles and scattering by clusters of primary particles forming an agglomerate or an aggregate. Usually, the resulting particle size for agglomerates is related to the cluster size, but sometimes the size of the primary particles is reflected in the particle size distribution as well. As most particulate samples contain agglomerates or aggregates and one is generally interested in the size distribution of the primary particles, the clusters are usually dispersed into primary particles before measurement.Historically, instruments only used scattering angles smaller than 14°,which limited the application to a lower size of about 1μm. The reason for this limitation is that smaller particles show most of their distinctive scattering at larger angles (see also annex Z).Many recent instruments allow measurement at larger scattering angles, some up to about 150°,for example through application of a converging beam, more or larger lenses, a second laser beam or more detectors. Thus smaller particles down to about μm can be sized. Some instruments incorporate additional information from scattering intensities and intensity differences at various wavelengths and polarization planes in order to improve the characterization of particle sizes in the submicrometre range.Particle size analysis – Laser diffraction methods-Part 1:General principles1 scopeThis part of ISO 13320 provides guidance on the measurement of size distributions of particles in any two-phase system, for example powders, sprays, aerosols, suspensions, emulsions and gas bubbles in liquids, through analysis of their angular light scattering patterns. It does not address the specific requirements of particle size measurement of specific products. This part of ISO13320 is applicable to particle sizes ranging from approximately μm to 3μm.For non-spherical particles, an equivalent-sphere size distribution is obtained because the technique uses the assumption of spherical particles in its optical model. The resulting particle size distribution may be different from those obtained by methods based on other physical principles . Sedimentation, sieving).3,terms, definitions and symbolsFor the purposes of this part of ISO 13320, the following terms, definitions and symbols apply.terms, definitionsabsorptionintroduction of intensity of a light beam traversing a medium through energy conversion in the mediumcoefficient of variation (变异系数)Noative measure(%) for precision: standard deviation divided by mean value of population and multiplied by 100 or normal distributions of data the median is equal to the meanrefractive index（Ｎｐ）Refractive index of a particle, consisting of a real and an imaginary (absorption) part.Np=n p-ik prelative refractive index （m）complex refractive index of a particle, relative to that the medium。
学术英文摘要写作要点
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英文摘要的内容XX理想的文摘通常应包括以下主要内容:目的和范围、方法和过程、结果和结论.1。
目的和范围XX多数文摘一开始便简明扼要地说明该研究或实验的目的和范围，或者陈述写这篇文章的原因，有的文摘同时又指出或暗示该项研究的特点、结果和意义。
目的和范围要写得具体，要能吸引读者,要给读者留下深刻的印象。
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大二下学习21世纪大学英语书后英译汉汉译英答案
翻译：(汉译英)限量版咯咯！1. 这座房子在地震中损毁严重，汤姆花了不少钱来修它。
The house was badly damaged in the earthquake, and Tom spent a lot of moneyrenovating it.2. 正如史蒂夫·乔布斯所指出的，不断摸索一直都是苹果模式的一部分。
As Steve Jobs noted, trial and error has always been part of the Apple model.3. 如果你总是无所事事，最后结果会怎样呢？当然是失败If you are idling around all the time, what will you wind up with? Of course, failure.4. 别犯错———现在可是关键时刻，谨慎是永远不会错的Don’t make a blunder—it is a critical time now, and caution will never be wrong.5. 你不要为难自己，毕竟你是个新手。
You shouldn’t beat yourself up; after all, you are a green hand.1.政府正努力改善公众的住房条件｡The government is striving for improvements in public housing.2. 这五个圆环被认为象征了五大洲:欧洲､亚洲､非洲､大洋洲以及美洲｡The five rings are thought to symbolize the five continents: Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania and America.3.他父亲淡淡地一笑,试图要他放心,一切都安然无恙。
His father smiled weakly in an attempt to reassure him that everything was all right.4. 他的沉默实际就是拒绝。
Process safety 过程安全介绍
Process Safety字数1847Process safety focuses on preventing fires, explosions and accidental chemical releases in chemical process facilities or other facilities dealing with hazardous materials such as refineries, and oil and gas (onshore and offshore) production installations . Process safety generally refers to the prevention of unintentional releases of chemicals, energy, or other potentially dangerous materials (including steam) during the course of chemical processes that can have a serious effect to the plant and environment. Process safety involves, for example, the prevention of leaks, spills, equipment malfunction, over-pressures, over-temperatures, corrosion, metal fatigue and other similar conditions. Process safety programs focus on design and engineering of facilities, maintenance of equipment, effective alarms, effective control points, procedures and training. It is sometimes useful to consider process safety as the outcome or result of a wide range of technical, management and operational disciplines coming together in an organized way. Process safety chemists will examine both:1.Desired chemical reaction, using a reaction calorimeter.2. Undesired chemical reaction, using one or more of:•Differential scanning calorimeter•Reactive screening device•Adiabatic calorimeterThese instruments are typically used for examining crude materials that are planned to be purified by distillation - these results will allow the chemist to decide on a maximum temperature limit for a process , that will not give rise to a thermal runaway.Classical thermo-analytical micro methods (DTA, DSC) are still very useful for process work, but medium scale instruments based on heat flow measurement are attaining an increasingly important role in this domain. The application of heat flow calorimetry in the process of industrial production has been introduced. Some papers give overviews on the principles of heat flow control and review the developments of the fifties and sixties, when the matching of heat flow with heat release by reactions was the goal. With the advent of fast and powerful laptop computers, the focus has shifted. Now, the deduction of true heat release rates from signals which may be badly distorted , is the goal. It may be possible to build a calorimeter from inexpensive components, but the development effort will be high.In addition, network thinking methodology and Grey Relational Analysis are popular, such as the application of network thinking methodology and Grey Relational Analysis in the logistic process safety. A proposed version of a network thinking methodology for the use of asafety analysis of logistic processes realization, unlike an original Probst and Urlich concept, only uses its modified stages. A significant element which differentiates a solution is the use of one of grey systems theory’s methods so called Grey Relational Analysis in order to quantitatively formulate a common experts’ opinion concerning an impact mutual force of identified factors. The solution will be tested with reference to real data for a buying decision process in a company of a chemical branch using a computer support that simplifies computation processes. In a result of this analysis, a team that includes five experts was formed. The team determined groups of stakeholders in a described process and their requirements connected with a safety of a buyer decision process. On the basis of stakeholders’ requirements, the experts determined 19 factors influencing a logistic process safety in significant way .Having factors selected , the experts developed a network in which directions of factors’ interactions and a kind of interaction were determined.Information and communication technology process a certain role in promoting safety. ICT can reduce the rate of errors by preventing errors and adverse events, facilitating a more rapid response after an adverse event has occurred, and tracking and providing feedback about adverse events. Computerizing existing process safety techniques will facilitate effectiveness in analysis and identification risk factors. ICT potentials include electronic communication, synchronization of workflow,automation of activities and real-time access/update of data or information that can impact decision making and management of process safety. ICT improves process safety through automation and integration of process safety activities and information for promotion of safety and prevention of disaster.Process safety management is an analytical tool focused on preventing releases of any substance defined as a "highly hazardous chemicals" by the EPA or OSHA .Process Safety Management (PSM) refers to a set of inter-related approaches to manage hazards associated with the process industries and is intended to reduce the frequency and severity of incidents resulting from releases of chemicals and other energy sources (US OSHA 1993). These standards are composed of organizational and operational procedures, design guidance, audit programs, and a host of other methods.There is many decades have been spent solely in PSM practice. The heart and soul of PSM include:1. Process Safety Information (PSI) PSI generally comprises much of the key technical and engineering knowledge relative to process chemicals, technology, and equipment .Process2.Hazard Analysis (PHA) are intended to provide a comprehensive, structured review of relevant PSI and procedures in order to postulate and recommend means for addressing significant loss of containmentscenarios having the potential to impact people, the environment, or in some cases, the business.3. Operating Procedures (OP) especially for mature and well developed PSM programs, MOC and PSSR are often viewed as two of the most critical PSM elements.4. Management of Change Mechanical Integrity (MI) closely tied to the concept of mechanical reliability, is universally recognized as one of the most impactful elements of a facility’s PSM program.5. Management Systems Any discussion of audits should encompass more than just the regulatory required triennial PSM compliance audits.An effective process safety culture is essential to an effective process safety management (PSM) program. A good safety culture is the difference between doing a PSM activity, and doing it well. Without a good culture, an organization can check off the boxes indicating that various PSM activities have been done, but the product of those activities may have little valuable content, and the PSM program may not be effective.Some intangible factors can also affect the process safety. We know how to improve process safety performance. Our biggest challenge is not technical, it is cultural. We need to actually do what we already know how to do, we need to do it well, and we need to do it everywhere and all of the time. To do that, everybody in the organization, from the CEO to thenewest hourly worker in the plant needs to under-stand his or her role in PSM, and believe that these activities are valuable, essential, and the only way to work.Process Safety increasingly important in production and living, so it is a very good development prospects. a DR management model (DR model) is proposed based on the original IBIS method. This DR model can represent the relationship between the design intent, the thinking process and the design result (process information). Furthermore, a simplified search system is proposed as a part of the safety management system. This system can give useful information for the safety by the easy question through the Prolog inference engine. Process Safety will be accompanied a series of new management model.There are probably several reasons for that PSM can sometimes become quite frustrating , we must work to develop, implement, and maintain effective, functional systems that are not any more complicated than they need to be to get the job done. We must never allow ourselves to be satisfied with anything less than the full and proper execution of these systems and activities.Advancing process safety requires rethinking technologies necessary to ensure adherence to procedures and effectively monitoring of compliance. With the advent of mobility, cloud and big data analytics, new tools are available to directly impact process safety and itsimplementation. Key to successful implementation is the ability to capture and monitor activities at the most granular level of procedural detail-knowledge "one step at a time."Generally, process safety automation has been considered to be the responsibility of a specialized safety system and that remains true for Safety Integrity Level safety automation requirements. But, what if the basic automation of the process could be constructed in such a way that it significantly improved the ability to maintain the process within acceptable operating limits and not reach the conditions that would trigger a response from the safety system? All processes operate based on procedures, usually written. Batch-based processes more and more run on automated procedures. But, even continuous processes constantly use procedures. Among these are equipment and unit startup and shutdown procedures, product or grade change procedures, spare equipment in and out of service procedures, quality control procedures, alarm response procedures, and many more. Frequently, there can be significant benefits to automating a high percentage of these procedures. Safety is one of those benefits and can be derived from opportunities ranging from consistent and mistake proof operations to simply removing the need for an operator to be exposed to potential process or physical hazards. Additionally, significant impacts can be realized on alarm management based on procedural control.Pursuing process safety in a world of continuously increasing requirements is not a simple matter. Keeping balance between producing quality and volume under budget constraints while maintaining an adequate safety level proves time and time again a difficult task given that evidently major accidents cannot be avoided. Lack of resilience from an organizational point of view to absorb unwanted and unforeseen disturbances has in recent years been put forward as a major cause, while organizational erosive drift is shown to be responsible for complacency and degradation of safety attitude. A systems approach to safety provides a new paradigm with the promise of new comprehensive tools. At the same time, one realizes that risk assessment will fall short of identifying and quantifying all possible scenarios. First, human error is in most assessments not included. It is even argued that determining human failure probability by decomposing it to basic elements of error is not possible. Second, the crux of the systemic approach is that safety is an emergent property, which means the same holds for the technological aspect: risk is not fully predictable from failure of components. By surveying and applying recent literature, besides analyzing , this paper proposes a way forward by considering resilience of a socio-technical system both from an organizational and a technical side. The latter will for a large part be determined by the plant design. Sufficient redundancy and reserve shall be kept to preserve sufficient resilience, but thequestion that rises is how. Available methods are risk assessment and process simulation. It is helpful that the relation between risk and resilience analysis has been recently defined. Also, in a preliminary study the elements of resilience of a process have become listed. In the latter, receiving and interpreting weak signals to boost situational awareness plays an important role. To maintain alertness on the functioning of a safety management system, the process industry is monitoring safety performance indicators. The critical intensity level upon which management must be alarmed is less simple. Risk assessment may be improved, made dynamic, and be a tool of process control by taking account of short-term risk fluctuations based on sensor signals and the influence of human factors with its long-term changes via indicators.。
牧草含水率测定标准(ASAE)
SASAE S358.2DEC1988(R2008)Moisture Measurement—ForagesDeveloped by the ASAE Physical Properties of Agricultural Products Committee;approved by Electric Power and Processing Division Standards Committee;adopted December1972;reconfirmed December 1977;revised April1979;reconfirmed December1983;revised by the Physical Properties of Agricultural Products Committee;approved by the Food and Process Engineering Institute Standards Committee December 1988;reaffirmed December1993,December1998,December1999, February2003,February2008,revised editorially February2008. Keywords:Forages,Moisture1Purpose and scope1.1This Standard establishes uniform methodology for estimating the moisture content of forage materials in various forms.Other techniques, such as Karl Fischer titration and toluene distillation,should be used for more accurate moisture determination.1.2Specification of sampling procedures is not within the scope of the Standard.It is assumed that the portion of a collected sample used for moisture content determination is representative of the entire sample.A sample dried at temperatures above65°C will be of limited value for subsequent chemical analysis.2Apparatus2.1Sample containers.Sample containers can be one of two types depending on the timing of the initial weight reading.2.1.1Nonhygroscopic,moisture proof containers can be used to hold samples provided the volume of contained air is minimized and coversfit tightly.Before use,dry the container for one hour at the drying temperature and obtain the tare weight.2.1.2Permeable containers,i.e.,cloth or paper bags,can be used provided the initial sample weight is taken immediately.Because these containers may change weight when the sample is oven dried,a small error may occur due to changes in tare weight.This can be overcome by oven drying the sample container and storing it in a moisture proof container,i.e.,plastic bag,until the sample is added and immediately weighing the wet sample and dry container.2.2Desiccator.If weight readings cannot be taken immediately at the end of the drying period,then place the sample in a desiccator.The desiccator should be airtight and should contain a sufficient exposure of suitable desiccant to quickly lower the relative humidity of its atmosphere after loading.2.3Drying oven.The drying oven must be properly ventilated (mechanical convection preferred)and must have temperature sensitivity and uniformity specifications better thanϮ2°C,in the range of50to 150°C.2.4Balance.Weighings should be made to about0.001of the total sample weight.A25g sample should be weighed with a balance to the nearest0.01g.3Procedure3.1Weigh the sample container.3.2Select a representative sample of at least25g.It is not necessary to chop or grind the selected samples except in the case of compacted forage products(e.g.,cubes and wafers)which should be reduced in size without moisture loss so that at least one dimension of a particle is less than15mm.3.3Place the sample in the sample container.3.4Weigh the sample container plus sample.3.5Place the sample container plus sample in the drying oven.Covers must be removed while the sample is being dried in the oven.3.6Dry the sample in the oven.3.6.1If the sample is for moisture determination only,dry at103°C for 24h.3.6.2If the sample will be used for additional chemical analysis,dry at 60°C for72h.3.6.3For rapid approximate moisture determination,dry in a microwave oven,with at least600W,at full power until weight reading changes during three-minute intervals are sufficiently small to affect the computation by no more than1%of thefinal moisture content.The oven should have a carousel to provide uniform sample exposure.3.7On removing samples from the oven,either samples must be weighed,container covers must be replaced,or the containers must be placed in a desiccator immediately.3.8Weigh the sample container plus dried sample.3.9Record loss in weight as moisture.3.10Calculate moisture content as follows:MC(wb percent)=Loss in Weightϫ100Weight of Wet SampleorMC(db percent)=Loss in Weightϫ100Weight of Dry SamplewhereMC(wb percent)ϭMoisture Content Wet Basis,percentMC(db percent)ϭMoisture Content Dry Basis,percent3.11Indicate whether the moisture contentfigure reported is wet basis or dry basis.References1.Farmer,G.S.and e of home microwaveoven for rapid determination of moisture in wet alfalfa.TRANSAC-TIONS of the ASAE23(1):170-172.2.Fisher,Karl.1935.A new method for the analytical determination ofthe water content of liquids and solids.Angew Chem48:394-396.3.Windham,W.R.,J.A.Robertson,and R.G.Leffler.1987.Acomparison of methods for moisture determination of forages for near infrared reflectance spectroscopy calibration and validation.Crop Science27:777-783.ASAE S358.2DEC1988…R2008…ASABE STANDARDS20081。
精益生产管理系统研发计划书
精益生产管理系统研发计划书英文版Lean Production Management System Research and Development PlanIn today's competitive business environment, companies are constantly seeking ways to improve efficiency, reduce waste, and increase productivity. One of the most effective ways to achieve these goals is by implementing a lean production management system.A lean production management system is a methodology that focuses on maximizing value for the customer while minimizing waste. It involves the continuous improvement of processes, elimination of non-value-added activities, and the empowerment of employees to make decisions that improve efficiency.The key components of a lean production management system include:1. Value Stream Mapping: This involves mapping out the entire production process to identify areas of waste and inefficiency.2. Just-in-Time Production: This involves producing goods only as they are needed, reducing inventory levels and storage costs.3. Total Quality Management: This involves ensuring that every product or service meets the highest quality standards.4. Continuous Improvement: This involves constantly seeking ways to improve processes and eliminate waste.5. Employee Involvement: This involves empowering employees to make decisions and take ownership of the production process.By implementing a lean production management system, companies can reduce costs, improve quality, and increase customer satisfaction. It is a proven methodology that has been successfully implemented by companies around the world.In conclusion, the development of a lean production management system is essential for companies looking to stay competitive in today's fast-paced business environment. By focusing on maximizing value for the customer and eliminating waste, companies can improve efficiency, reduce costs, and increase profitability.精益生产管理系统研发计划书在当今竞争激烈的商业环境中，公司不断寻求提高效率、减少浪费和增加生产力的方法。
丰田汽车扭矩检测标准
丰田汽车扭矩检测标准根据题目要求，我将以合同的格式来进行编写，以清晰准确地阐述丰田汽车扭矩检测标准。
Terms and Conditions - Toyota Torque Testing StandardsThis document represents the agreed terms and conditions between the undersigned parties regarding the Toyota Torque Testing Standards. These standards are applicable to all vehicles manufactured by Toyota Motor Corporation and are aimed at ensuring the accuracy and reliability of torque measurements.1. Purpose of Torque Testing StandardsThe purpose of these standards is to establish a uniform and rigorous methodology for evaluating the torque performance of Toyota vehicles. By adhering to these standards, Toyota aims to guarantee the consistency and reliability of torque measurements across all its manufacturing processes and vehicle models.2. Scope of ApplicationThese torque testing standards apply to all Toyota vehicles during the manufacturing, quality control, and post-production phases. Any torque-related measurements, assessments, or evaluations shall be conducted according to the procedures outlined in this document.3. Torque Measurements3.1. Torque Measurement EquipmentToyota shall utilize state-of-the-art torque measurement equipment, regularly calibrated and verified by accredited testing laboratories. The equipment used for torque measurements shall meet or exceed industry standards to ensure accuracy and reliability.3.2. Torque Testing ProceduresToyota shall establish and implement standardized torque testing procedures for various components, including but not limited to engine bolts, transmission gears, axle nuts, and suspension components. These procedures shall be regularly reviewed and updated as necessary to reflect technological advancements and best practices.4. Torque Tolerance LimitsToyota shall define torque tolerance limits for each component based on engineering specifications, performance requirements, and safety considerations. These tolerance limits shall ensure that torque values fall within acceptable ranges and are neither under-torqued nor over-torqued, thereby guaranteeing proper functioning and durability.5. Training and CertificationToyota shall provide comprehensive training programs to ensure that personnel involved in torque testing possess the necessary knowledge and skills to perform accurate measurements. Certification shall be issued to those who successfully complete the training, and ongoing evaluations shall be conducted periodically to maintain the competence of certified torque testers.6. Reporting and Documentation6.1. Test ReportsToyota shall maintain detailed records of all torque tests conducted, including the date, time, location, testing equipment used, torque values obtained, and any deviations or abnormalities identified. Test reports shall be accurately documented and retained for a period specified by applicable regulations and internal policies.6.2. Non-ConformitiesIn the event of a torque non-conformity or deviation from established standards, Toyota shall document the issue, investigate the root cause, and implement corrective actions promptly. These non-conformities shall be communicated to the responsible personnel, and measures undertaken to prevent recurrence.7. Continuous ImprovementToyota is committed to continuously improving its torque testing standards. Regular review and analysis shall take place to identify areas for enhancement and possible updates to the standards. Input from stakeholders, customer feedback, and technological advancements shall be considered in this pursuit of excellence.8. Legal ComplianceToyota shall abide by all applicable laws, regulations, and industry standards related to torque testing. Additionally, the company shall ensure compliance with any contractual obligations or requirements imposed by relevant parties.9. Termination and Modification of StandardsThese torque testing standards may be modified or terminated at any time by mutual agreement between Toyota and affected parties. Any modifications or terminations shall be documented in writing and communicated to all parties involved.In witness whereof, the undersigned have executed this Toyota Torque Testing Standards agreement as of the date first written below.[Your Name][Your Position][Your Organization][Date]Agreed and Accepted:[Toyota Motor Corporation][Authorized Representative][Date]。
方法确认
Excellence on a Global Scale
Method Validation - Objectives 方法确认 – 目标
By the end of this session you will be able to通过学习你将能够:
Evaluate a new method with respect to what type of validation data are required获 取相关确认数据，对新方法进行评估 Assess validation data to determine specific requirements that must be met for the validation to be verified and accepted 评价确认数据，以确定方法确认应满足的特 定要求已经验证并可接受
Expertise and training专业技能和培训
Consideration of safety and hazardous waste disposal issues对实验安全和有害废物处理的考 虑 Demonstration of the laboratory’s ability to meet the requirements of the customer实验室对消费 者需求的满足能力的展示
5
Excellence on a Global Scale
ISO 17025:
Validation is the confirmation by examination and the provision of objective evidence that the particular requirements for a specific intended use are fulfilled.方 法确认是通过检查和提供客观证据确证某 一特定用途的特殊要求已得到满足3
Class 2_Taguchi DOE
Problem Identification session Identify:Brainstorming factors, settings, interactions, objectives Experimental design
Loss / No Loss interpretation of Loss Taguchi Continuous interpretation of Loss
4
Robust Design
• ”Products and services should be designed to be inherently defect free and of high quality”
• External disturbances: variations in the environment where the product is used • Internal disturbances: ware and tare inside a specific unit • Disturbances in the production process: deviation from target values
• DOE is an important tool for designing processes and products • Taguchi approaches design from a robust design perspective
3
Taguchi Loss Function (损失函数)
• For improvement, the goal is to move the performance of a population of parts to the target and minimize the variability arf Experiments
指导意义英语
指导意义英语Content creator, a profession that has become increasingly popular in recent years, requires not only creativity and inspiration, but also the ability to provide guidance and meaningful insights to their audience. As a seasoned content creator, I have found that "GuidingPrinciple English" is an essential tool for producing content that resonates with others. Here are some ways in which this methodology can be applied to creating engaging content:1. FOCUS ON THE OBJECTIVEIn any content creation project, it is crucial to have a clear objective in mind. Without a concrete aim, content can easily become unfocused and irrelevant. "Guiding Principle English" encourages creators to spend time considering their objective, and to make sure that it remains at the forefront of their content creation process. By doing so, creators can create a cohesive piece that is more likely to capture the attention of their target audience.2. USE LANGUAGE THAT IS SIMPLE AND UNDERSTANDABLEOne of the key principles of "Guiding Principle English" is to use language that is easy for the audience to understand. By avoiding complex or overly technical language, creators can make sure that their content is accessible to a wider audience. This not only makes the content more engaging but also increases the chances that it will be shared with others.3. TELL STORIES TO CONNECT WITH YOUR AUDIENCEHumans have a natural affinity for stories, and contentcreators can capitalize on this by incorporating storytelling into their work. Whether it's a personal anecdote or a fictional narrative, stories can help create an emotional connection between the creator and their audience. By sharing relatable experiences or events, creators can help their audience feel more invested in their work.4. BE CONSISTENT AND MAINTAIN A STRONG BRAND IDENTITYBrand identity is a significant factor in determining the success of any content creation project. "Guiding Principle English" emphasizes the importance of maintaining a consistent brand identity across all content produced. This includes everything from the tone and language used to visual elements such as logos and colors. By maintaining a strong brand identity, creators can establish a sense of trust and credibility with their audience.5. ENGAGE YOUR AUDIENCE THROUGH INTERACTION AND COLLABORATIONInteraction and collaboration with the audience are key components of "Guiding Principle English." Interacting with the audience through social media or other means can help creators better understand the needs and interests of their audience. Collaboration with other creators or experts in a particular field can also bring a fresh perspective to content creation projects.In conclusion, "Guiding Principle English" is an excellent methodology for creating engaging and meaningful content. By focusing on the objective, using simple language, telling stories, maintaining a consistent brand identity, and engaging the audience, content creators can produce pieces that resonate with others and build a loyal following.。