An efficient authentication scheme based on one-way key chain for sensor network
ad域面试要点 -回复
ad域面试要点-回复Active Directory (AD) is Microsoft's directory service that provides centralized authentication, authorization, and management of resources within a Windows domain. AD is a crucial component in a Windows network infrastructure, and as such, proficiency in AD is essential for any IT professional working with Windows-based systems. In this article, we will explore the key points to cover in an AD domain interview, focusing on the topics mentioned within square brackets.[Overview of AD Domain Structure]Before diving into the specific interview questions, it is essential to have a solid understanding of AD domain structure. An AD domain is a logical grouping of computers, users, and other network resources that share a common directory database. AD follows a hierarchical structure, with the domain being the primary administrative unit. Within a domain, you can have multiple domain controllers (DCs) that share the responsibility of authenticating users and managing resources.[Key Components of AD]1. Domain Controllers (DCs): Domain controllers are serversrunning Windows Server operating systems and hosting AD services. They store the AD database, authenticate users, and handle resource management within the domain.2. Domains: Domains are the basic administrative units within AD. They provide a boundary for security policy enforcement and replication boundaries for AD data.3. Organizational Units (OUs): OUs are containers within a domain used to organize and manage objects, such as users, groups, and computers. OUs enable administrators to apply group policies and delegate administrative control.4. Forests: A forest is a collection of one or more domains that share a common schema, configuration, and global catalog. Forests enable organizations to implement separate AD namespaces while still maintaining a level of interoperability.[AD Authentication]A significant aspect of AD is user authentication. Here are some commonly asked questions related to this topic:1. How does AD authenticate users?AD uses the Kerberos authentication protocol by default. When a user logs in to a domain, their credentials are validated by a domain controller using Kerberos.2. What is the purpose of the Global Catalog (GC)?The Global Catalog is a distributed data repository that contains a subset of all objects from every domain in a forest. It allows users to search for objects from any domain without the need to contact multiple domain controllers.[Group Policy Management]Group Policy is a powerful feature of AD that allows administrators to manage settings and configurations for users and computers. Here are some key points related to Group Policy:1. What is Group Policy?Group Policy is a set of rules and configurations that can be applied to users and computers within a domain or an OU. It enables administrators to define security settings, deploy software, and manage user environment settings.2. How are Group Policies stored and applied?Group Policies are stored within the SysVol directory on domain controllers and replicated to all DCs in the domain. Policies are applied to users and computers when they log in to the domain. They are hierarchical in nature and are processed from the domain level down to the OU level.[Replication and High Availability]Maintaining a highly available and efficient AD environment requires proper replication and fault tolerance. Consider the following points:1. How does AD replication work?AD replication is the process of synchronizing changes made to the AD database between domain controllers. Replication follows a multi-master model, where all domain controllers are equal and can make changes. Replication traffic is compressed and encrypted.2. What is Tombstone Lifetime?The Tombstone Lifetime is the period for which deleted objects are retained in AD. After this period, the deleted objects are permanently removed from the AD database.[Tools and Utilities]Having knowledge of the various tools and utilities available for AD management is essential. Some commonly used tools include:1. Active Directory Users and Computers: This tool provides a graphical user interface for managing AD objects, such as users, groups, and OUs.2. Active Directory Sites and Services: This tool allows administrators to manage AD replication, create and manage site links, and define site boundaries.In summary, mastering the key aspects of AD domain structure, authentication, group policy management, replication, and the associated tools and utilities is crucial for success in an AD domain interview. By demonstrating a solid understanding of these topics, you will showcase your proficiency in managing and troubleshooting AD environments.。
basic authentication弱口令
basic authentication弱口令什么是basic authentication弱口令？Basic authentication是一种用于验证用户身份的简单身份验证协议。
它在HTTP头中使用Base64编码的用户名和密码来进行身份验证。
然而，由于Base64编码不是加密，而是一种编码方式，因此basic authentication的安全性依赖于用户名和密码的复杂性和保密性。
如果账户使用简单且容易破解的口令，那么这个过程就会变得非常脆弱，因为攻击者可以使用基于暴力破解或字典攻击的方法来轻易地破解这些口令。
为什么basic authentication弱口令是个问题？Basic authentication是Internet上最早出现的一个身份验证机制，由于其简洁明了的设计，它在一些老旧但仍在使用的系统中仍然非常流行。
然而，由于其不支持加密和依赖于用户名和密码的复杂性，攻击者可以经过一些简单的尝试来猜测密码。
如果用户使用弱口令，攻击者可以轻易地破解用户的账户，访问其敏感信息或者进行恶意操作。
弱口令对系统的风险是什么？使用弱口令的基本认证系统的风险是巨大的。
攻击者可以很容易地猜测到这些弱密码，并取得合法用户的身份。
一旦攻击者掌握了用户的身份，他们就可以访问用户的敏感信息、私人数据或操纵用户在系统中的行为。
此外，攻击者还可以滥用用户的身份来进行其他各种形式的攻击，如社交工程、钓鱼等。
如何保护系统免受basic authentication弱口令的攻击？要保护系统免受basic authentication弱口令的攻击，以下是一些关键的步骤：1.要求复杂的密码: 操作员和系统管理员应要求用户使用强密码。
这意味着密码应包含字符、数字和特殊字符，并且长度应足够长（至少8个字符）。
2.强制密码更改策略: 系统应该实施一个定期的密码更改策略。
这可以确保用户在一段时间后更改其密码，尽量减少弱口令的存在时间。
ACM的论文写作格式标准
ACM的论⽂写作格式标准ACM Word Template for SIG Site1st Author1st author's affiliation1st line of address2nd line of address Telephone number, incl. country code 1st author's E-mail address2nd Author2nd author's affiliation1st line of address2nd line of addressTelephone number, incl. country code2nd E-mail3rd Author3rd author's affiliation1st line of address2nd line of addressTelephone number, incl. country code3rd E-mailABSTRACTA s network speed continues to grow, new challenges of network processing is emerging. In this paper we first studied the progress of network processing from a hardware perspective and showed that I/O and memory systems become the main bottlenecks of performance promotion. Basing on the analysis, we get the conclusion that conventional solutions for reducing I/O and memory accessing latencies are insufficient for addressing the problems.Motivated by the studies, we proposed an improved DCA combined with INIC solution which has creations in optimized architectures, innovative I/O data transferring schemes and improved cache policies. Experimental results show that our solution reduces 52.3% and 14.3% cycles on average for receiving and transmitting respectively. Also I/O and memory traffics are significantly decreased. Moreover, an investigation to the behaviors of I/O and cache systems for network processing is performed. And some conclusions about the DCA method are also presented.KeywordsKeywords are your own designated keywords.1.INTRODUCTIONRecently, many researchers found that I/O system becomes the bottleneck of network performance promotion in modern computer systems [1][2][3]. Aim to support computing intensive applications, conventional I/O system has obvious disadvantages for fast network processing in which bulk data transfer is performed. The lack of locality support and high latency are the two main problems for conventional I/O system, which have been wildly discussed before [2][4].To overcome the limitations, an effective solution called Direct Cache Access (DCA) is suggested by INTEL [1]. It delivers network packages from Network Interface Card (NIC) into cache instead of memory, to reduce the data accessing latency. Although the solution is promising, it is proved that DCA is insufficient to reduce the accessing latency and memory traffic due to many limitations [3][5]. Another effective solution to solve the problem is Integrated Network Interface Card (INIC), which is used in many academic and industrial processor designs [6][7]. INIC is introduced to reduce the heavy burden for I/O registers access in Network Drivers and interruption handling. But recent report [8] shows that the benefit of INIC is insignificant for the state of the art 10GbE network system.In this paper, we focus on the high efficient I/O system design for network processing in general-purpose-processor (GPP). Basing on the analysis of existing methods, we proposed an improved DCA combined with INIC solution to reduce the I/O related data transfer latency.The key contributions of this paper are as follows:Review the network processing progress from a hardware perspective and point out that I/O and related last level memory systems have became the obstacle for performance promotion.Propose an improved DCA combined with INIC solution for I/O subsystem design to address the inefficient problem of a conventional I/O system.Give a framework of the improved I/O system architecture and evaluate the proposed solution with micro-benchmarks. Investigate I/O and Cache behaviors in the network processing progress basing on the proposed I/O system.The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we present the background and motivation. In Section 3, we describe the improved DCA combined INIC solution and give a framework of the proposed I/O system implementation. In Section 4, firstly we give the experiment environment and methods, and then analyze the experiment results. In Section 5, we show some related works. Finally, in Section 6, we carefully discuss our solutions with many existing technologies, and then draw some conclusions.2.Background and MotivationIn this section, firstly we revise the progress of network processing and the main network performance improvement bottlenecks nowadays. Then from the perspective of computer architecture, a deep analysis of network system is given. Also the motivation of this paper is presented.2.1Network processing reviewFigure 1 illustrates the progress of network processing. Packages from physical line are sampled by Network Interface Card (NIC). NIC performs the address filtering and stream control operations, then send the frames to the socket buffer and notifiesOS to invoke network stack processing by interruptions. When OS receives the interruptions, the network stack accesses the data in socket buffer and calculates the checksum. Protocol specific operations are performed layer by layer in stack processing. Finally, data is transferred from socket buffer to the user buffer depended on applications. Commonly this operation is done by memcpy, a system function in OS.Figure 1. Network Processing FlowThe time cost of network processing can be mainly broke down into following parts: Interruption handling, NIC driver, stack processing, kernel routine, data copy, checksum calculation and other overheads. The first 4 parts are considered as packet cost, which means the cost scales with the number of network packets. The rests are considered as bit cost (also called data touch cost), which means the cost is in proportion to the total I/O data size. The proportion of the costs highly depends on the hardware platform and the nature of applications. There are many measurements and analyses about network processing costs [9][10]. Generally, the kernel routine cost ranges from 10% - 30% of the total cycles; the driver and interruption handling costs range from 15% - 35%; the stack processing cost ranges from 7% - 15%; and data touch cost takes up 20% - 35%. With the development of high speed network (e.g. 10/40 Gbps Ethernet), an increasing tendency for kernel routines, driver and interruption handling costs is observed [3].2.2 MotivationTo reveal the relationship among each parts of network processing, we investigate the corresponding hardware operations. From the perspective of computer hardware architecture, network system performance is determinedby three domains: CPU speed, Memory speed and I/O speed. Figure 2 depicts the relationship.Figure 2. Network xxxxObviously, the network subsystem can achieve its maximal performance only when the three domains above are in balance. It means that the throughput or bandwidth of each hardware domain should be equal with others. Actually this is hard for hardware designers, because the characteristics and physical implementation technologies are different for CPU, Memory and I/O system (chipsets) fabrication. The speed gap between memory and CPU –a.k.a “the memory wall” –has been paid special attention for more than ten years, but still it is not well addressed. Also the disparity between the data throughput inI/O system and the computing capacity provided by CPU has been reported in recent years [1][2].Meanwhile, it is obvious that the major time costs of network processing mentioned above are associated with I/O and Memory speeds, e.g. driver processing, interruption handling, and memory copy costs. The most important nature of network processing is the “producer-consumer locality” between every two consecutive steps of the processing flow. That means the data produced in one hardware unit will be immediately accessed by another unit, e.g. the data in memory which transported from NIC will be accessed by CPU soon. However for conventional I/O and memory systems, the data transfer latency is high and the locality is not exploited.Basing on the analysis discussed above, we get the observation that the I/O and Memory systems are the limitations for network processing. Conventional DCA or INIC cannot successfully address this problem, because it is in-efficient in either I/O transfer latency or I/O data locality utilization (discussed in section 5). To diminish these limitations, we present a combined DCA with INIC solution. The solution not only takes the advantages of both method but also makes many improvements in memory system polices and software strategies.3.Design MethodologiesIn this section, we describe the proposed DCA combined with INIC solution and give a framework of the implementation. Firstly, we present the improved DCA technology and discuss the key points of incorporating it into I/O and Memory systems design. Then, the important software data structures and the details of DCA scheme are given. Finally, we introduce the system interconnection architecture and the integration of NIC.3.1Improved DCAIn the purpose of reducing data transfer latency and memory traffic in system, we present an improved Direct Cache Access solution. Different with conventional DCA scheme, our solution carefully consider the following points.The first one is cache coherence. Conventionally, data sent from device by DMA is stored in memory only. And for the same address, a different copy of data is stored in cache which usually needs additional coherent unit to perform snoop operation [11]; but when DCA is used, I/O data and CPU data are both stored in cache with one copy for one memory address, shown in figure 4. So our solution modifies the cache policy, which eliminated the snooping operations. Coherent operation can be performed by software when needed. This will reduce much memory traffic for the systems with coherence hardware [12].I/O writeCPU write*(addr) = aCacheCPU write*(addr) = aI/O write with DCA*(addr) = bCache(a) cache coherance withconventional I/O(b) cache coherance withDCA I/OFigure 3. xxxxThe second one is cache pollution. DCA is a mixed blessing to CPU: On one side, it accelerates the data transfer; on the other side, it harms the locality of other programs executed in CPU and causes cache pollution. Cache pollution is highly depended on the I/O data size, which is always quite large. E.g. one Ethernet package contains a maximal 1492 bytes normal payload and a maximal 65536 bytes large payload for Large Segment Offload (LSO). That means for a common network buffer (usually 50 ~ 400 packages size), a maximal size range from 400KB to 16MB data is sent to cache. Such big size of data will cause cache performance drop dramatically. In this paper, we carefully investigate the relationship between the size of I/O data sent by DCA and the size of cache system. To achieve the best cache performance, a scheme of DCA is also suggested in section 4. Scheduling of the data sent with DCA is an effective way to improve performance, but it is beyond the scope of this paper.The third one is DCA policy. DCA policy refers the determination of when and which part of the data is transferred with DCA. Obviously, the scheme is application specific and varies with different user targets. In this paper, we make a specific memory address space in system to receive the data transferred with DCA. The addresses of the data should be remapped to that area by user or compilers.3.2DCA Scheme and detailsTo accelerate network processing, many important software structures used in NIC driver and the stack are coupled with DCA. NIC Descriptors and the associated data buffers are paid special attention in our solution. The former is the data transfer interface between DMA and CPU, and the later contains the packages. For farther research, each package stored in buffer is divided into the header and the payload. Normally the headers are accessed by protocols frequently, but the payload is accessed only once or twice(usually performed as memcpy) in modern network stack and OS. The details of the related software data structures and the network processing progress can be found in previous works [13].The progress of transfer one package from NIC to the stack with the proposed solution is illustrated in Table 1. All the accessing latency parameters in Table 1 are based on a state of the art multi-core processor system [3]. One thing should be noticed is that the cache accessing latency from I/O is nearly the same with that from CPU. But the memory accessing latency from I/O is about 2/3 of that from CPU due to the complex hardware hierarchy above the main memory.Table 1. Table captions should be placed above the tabletransfer.We can see that DCA with INIC solution saves above 95% CPU cycles in theoretical and avoid all the traffic to memory controller. In this paper, we transfer the NIC Descriptors and the data buffers including the headers and payload with DCA to achieve the best performance. But when cache size is small, only transfer the Descriptors and the headers with DCA is an alternative solution.DCA performance is highly depended on system cache policy. Obviously for cache system, write-back with write-allocate policy can help DCA achieves better performance than write-through with write non-allocate policy. Basing on the analysis in section 3.1, we do not use the snooping cache technology to maintain the coherence with memory. Cache coherence for other non-DCA I/O data transfer is guaranteed by software.3.3 On-chip network and integrated NICFootnotes should be Times New Roman 9-point, and justified to the full width of the column.Use the “ACM Reference format” for references – that is, a numbered list at the end of the article, ordered alphabetica lly and formatted accordingly. Seeexamplesof sometypicalreference types, in the new “ACM Reference format”, at the end of this document. Within this template, use the style named references for the text. Acceptable abbreviations, for journal names, can be found here:/doc/4a4372fc0242a8956bece471.html /reference/abbreviations/. Word may try to automatically …underline? hotlinks in your references, the correct style is NO underlining.The references are also in 9 pt., but that section (see Section 7) is ragged right. References should be published materials accessible to the public. Internal technical reports may be cited only if they are easily accessible (i.e. you can give the address to obtain the report within your citation) and may be obtained by any reader. Proprietary information may not be cited. Private communications should be acknowledged, not referenced (e.g., “[Robertson, personal communication]”).3.4 Page Numbering, Headers and FootersDo not include headers, footers or page numbers in your submission. These will be added when the publications are assembled.4. FIGURES/CAPTIONSPlace Tables/Figures/Images in text as close to the reference as possible (see Figure 1). It may extend across both columns to a maximum width of 17.78 cm (7”).Captions should be Times New Roman 9-point bold. They should be numbered (e.g., “Table 1” or “Figure 2”), please note that the word for Table and Figure are spelled out. Figure?s captions should be centered beneath the image or picture, and Table captions should be centered above the table body.5. SECTIONSThe heading of a section should be in Times New Roman 12-point bold in all-capitals flush left with an additional 6-points of white space above the section head. Sections and subsequent sub- sections should be numbered and flush left. For a section head andFigure 1. Insert caption to place caption below figure.a subsection head together (such as Section 3 and subsection 3.1), use no additional space above the subsection head.5.1SubsectionsThe heading of subsections should be in Times New Roman 12-point bold with only the initial letters capitalized. (Note: For subsections and subsubsections, a word like the or a is not capitalized unless it is the first word of the header.)5.1.1SubsubsectionsThe heading for subsubsections should be in Times New Roman 11-point italic with initial letters capitalized and 6-points of white space above the subsubsection head.5.1.1.1SubsubsectionsThe heading for subsubsections should be in Times New Roman 11-point italic with initial letters capitalized.5.1.1.2SubsubsectionsThe heading for subsubsections should be in Times New Roman 11-point italic with initial letters capitalized.6.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSOur thanks to ACM SIGCHI for allowing us to modify templates they had developed.7.REFERENCES[1]R. Huggahalli, R. Iyer, S. Tetrick, "Direct Cache Access forHigh Bandwidth Network I/O", ISCA, 2005.[2] D. Tang, Y. Bao, W. Hu et al., "DMA Cache: Using On-chipStorage to Architecturally Separate I/O Data from CPU Data for Improving I/O Performance", HPCA, 2010.[3]Guangdeng Liao, Xia Zhu, Laxmi Bhuyan, “A New ServerI/O Architecture for High Speed Networks,” HPCA, 2011. [4] E. A. Le′on, K. B. Ferreira, and A. B. Maccabe. Reducing the Impact of the MemoryWall for I/O Using Cache Injection, In 15th IEEE Symposium on High-Performance Interconnects (HOTI?07), Aug, 2007.[5] A.Kumar, R.Huggahalli, S.Makineni, “Characterization ofDirect Cache Access on Multi-core Systems and 10GbE”,HPCA, 2009.[6]Sun Niagara 2,/doc/4a4372fc0242a8956bece471.html /processors/niagara/index.jsp [7]PowerPC[8]Guangdeng Liao, L.Bhuyan, “Performance Measurement ofan Integrated NIC Architecture with 10GbE”, 17th IEEESymposium on High Performance Interconnects, 2009. [9] A.Foong et al., “TCP Performance Re-visited,” IEEE Int?l Symp on Performance Analysis of Software and Systems,Mar 2003[10]D.Clark, V.Jacobson, J.Romkey, and H.Saalwen. “AnAnalysis of TCP processing overhead”. IEEECommunications,June 1989.[11]J.Doweck, “Inside Intel Core microarchitecture and smartmemory access”, Intel White Paper, 2006[12]Amit Kumar, Ram Huggahalli., Impact of Cache CoherenceProtocols on the Processing of Network Traffic[13]Wenji Wu, Matt Crawford, “Potential performancebottleneck in Linux TCP”, International Journalof Communication Systems, Vol. 20, Issue 11, pages 1263–1283, November 2007.[14]Weiwu Hu, Jian Wang, Xiang Gao, et al, “Godson-3: ascalable multicore RISC processor with x86 emulation,” IEEE Micro, 2009. 29(2): pp. 17-29.[15]Cadence Incisive Xtreme Series./doc/4a4372fc0242a8956bece471.html /products/sd/ xtreme_series. [16]Synopsys GMAC IP. /doc/4a4372fc0242a8956bece471.html /dw/dwtb.php?a=ethernet_mac[17]/doc/4a4372fc0242a8956bece471.html ler, P.M.Watts, A.W.Moore, "Motivating Future Interconnects: A Differential Measurement Analysis of PCI Latency", ANCS, 2009.[18]Nathan L.Binkert, Ali G.Saidi, Steven K.Reinhardt.Integrated Network Interfaces for High-Bandwidth TCP/IP.Proceedings of the 12th international conferenceon Architectural support for programming languages andoperating systems (ASPLOS). 2006[19]G.Liao, L.Bhuyan, "Performance Measurement of anIntegrated NIC Architecture with 10GbE", HotI, 2009. [20]Intel Server Network I/O Acceleration./doc/4a4372fc0242a8956bece471.html /technology/comms/perfnet/download/ServerNetworkIOAccel.pdfColumns on Last Page Should Be Made As Close AsPossible to Equal Length。
basic认证机制 -回复
basic认证机制-回复Basic认证机制（Basic Authentication）是一种用于身份验证的简单而常用的机制。
它的基本原理是，在每个HTTP请求中，通过在请求头中添加一个包含用户名和密码的Authorization字段，来进行用户身份验证。
本文将详细探讨Basic认证机制的工作原理，并介绍如何使用它进行身份验证。
第一步：了解Basic认证机制的原理Basic认证机制是基于HTTP协议的一种认证方式。
它的工作原理可以概括为以下几个步骤：1. 客户端向服务器发出请求。
2. 服务器返回状态码401（未授权）。
3. 服务器在响应头中添加一个WWW-Authenticate字段，指定使用Basic认证机制。
4. 客户端将用户名和密码进行Base64编码，并在请求头的Authorization字段中添加该编码字符串。
5. 服务器接收到请求后，对Authorization字段进行解码，并验证用户名和密码的正确性。
6. 如果验证通过，服务器会返回状态码200（成功）。
7. 客户端可以在接下来的请求中继续使用该用户名和密码进行认证，直到会话结束。
第二步：编写代码实现Basic认证机制在代码中实现Basic认证机制通常需要以下几个步骤：1. 创建一个HTTP请求对象，例如使用Java中的HttpURLConnection 或Python中的requests库。
2. 在请求头中添加一个Authorization字段，值为"Basic " + Base64编码的用户名和密码。
3. 发送请求，并接收服务器的响应。
4. 解析响应，根据状态码判断认证是否成功。
以下是使用Java语言实现Basic认证机制的示例代码：javaimport .HttpURLConnection;import .URL;import java.util.Base64;public class BasicAuthenticationExample {public static void main(String[] args) {try {创建URL对象URL url = new URL("创建HTTP连接HttpURLConnection connection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();设置请求方法为GETconnection.setRequestMethod("GET");添加Authorization头String username = "user";String password = "pass";String authString = username + ":" + password;String encodedAuthString =Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(authString.getBytes());connection.setRequestProperty("Authorization", "Basic " + encodedAuthString);发送请求int responseCode = connection.getResponseCode();解析响应if (responseCode == HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK) {认证成功，处理数据...} else {认证失败，处理错误...}} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}第三步：使用Basic认证机制进行身份验证在实际应用中，我们通常会将用户名和密码存储在安全的数据库中，并在用户登录时进行身份验证。
db2解决方案专家认证
db2解决方案专家认证DB2解决方案专家认证是指通过IBM DB2解决方案专家认证考试，获得IBM授予的具备DB2解决方案专家资格的证书。
DB2解决方案专家是指在DB2数据库系统的设计、开发和管理方面具有专业知识和技能，能够为企业提供高效、可靠和安全的DB2解决方案的专业人士。
1. 考试内容DB2解决方案专家认证考试主要涵盖以下几个方面的内容：1.1 DB2架构和基础知识此部分主要测试考生对DB2数据库的架构和基本概念的理解。
包括DB2数据库管理系统的体系结构、组件和功能，关系数据库基本概念、SQL语言和数据库对象的理解等。
1.2 DB2数据库设计和开发此部分主要测试考生在DB2数据库设计和开发方面的能力。
包括数据库设计原则、范式理论、表和索引设计、查询优化等内容。
1.3 DB2数据管理和维护此部分主要测试考生在DB2数据管理和维护方面的能力。
包括备份和恢复策略、数据迁移、性能优化、安全管理等内容。
1.4 DB2高可用性和容灾此部分主要测试考生在DB2高可用性和容灾方面的能力。
包括集群技术、故障转移、灾难恢复、数据复制等内容。
2. 考试准备要获得DB2解决方案专家认证，考生需要进行充分的考试准备。
以下是一些备考的建议：2.1 学习资料选择适合自己的学习资料，包括教材、参考书籍、官方文档等。
了解DB2解决方案的相关知识和技术要点。
2.2 实践操作通过实际操作来加深对DB2解决方案的理解和掌握。
可以使用虚拟机或者云服务搭建DB2环境进行实践操作。
2.3 参加培训课程参加相关的培训课程，获取系统的学习指导和辅导。
培训课程可以提供示例和实操训练，帮助考生更好地掌握DB2解决方案技术。
2.4 练习题库利用练习题库进行练习和巩固知识。
题库可以帮助考生了解考试的内容和难度，找出自己的薄弱点，并进行针对性的复习。
3. 考试安排DB2解决方案专家认证考试由IBM公司统一进行组织和管理。
具体的考试安排和相关要求可以通过IBM官方网站查询获得。
基于动态口令的身份认证机制及其安全性分析
一种基于动态口令的身份认证系统研究傅德胜1，陈 昕2(南京信息工程大学 计算机与软件学院, 江苏 南京 210044)摘 要：身份认证在信息安全中起着非常重要的作用，建立安全的身份认证机制成为终端安全的关键之一。
作为一种新型的认证模式，动态口令比传统的静态口令更加安全、可靠。
本文阐述了动态口令的原理及现有动态口令方案的缺点，设计了一种新型的身份认证系统，并对其有效性进行了分析。
关键词：动态口令；身份认证；安全性中图法分类号:TP309文献标识码: AA Study of Authentication System based on DynamicPasswordFU De-sheng1, CHEN Xin2(Department of Computer & software, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology,Nanjing Jiangsu 210044, China)Abstract: Identity authentication plays a very important role in the system security, establishing a secure authentication mechanism becomes one of the keys in the terminal security. As a new mode of authentication，dynamic password is more secure and reliable than traditional static password. This paper describes the principleof dynamic password and disadvantages of the existing dynamic protocols，designs a new type of authentication system and analyzes the effectiveness of it.Key words: dynamic password; identity authentication; security0 引言身份认证是系统安全中最重要的问题，只有在进行安全可靠的身份认证的基础上，各种安全产品才能最有效地发挥安全防护作用；也只有完成了身份认证，网络系统才可能安全、高效地开放和共享各种网络资源、系统资源、信息资源。
patroni authentication参数
patroni authentication参数Patroni 是一个用于PostgreSQL 数据库的开源高可用性解决方案。
在Patroni 的配置中，需要设置一些参数来确保身份验证和安全性。
以下是一些常用的Patroni 身份验证参数：1. **username**: 用于连接到PostgreSQL 数据库的用户名。
2. **password**: 与上述用户名对应的密码。
3. **pg_hba_conf**: 这是PostgreSQL 的主机基于身份验证配置文件。
通过编辑此文件，可以定义哪些客户端可以在哪些网络范围内使用哪个认证方法连接到数据库。
4. **client_auth_kerberos_service_to_keytab**: 如果使用Kerberos 进行身份验证，此参数指定从哪个密钥表获取Kerberos 票据。
5. **client_auth_kerberos_keytab_path**: Kerberos 密钥表的路径。
6. **client_auth_kerberos_realm**: Kerberos 域的名称。
7. **client_auth_ldap_server**: LDAP 服务器的地址。
8. **client_auth_ldap_bind_dn**: 在LDAP 服务器上用于身份验证的DN（Distinguished Name）。
9. **client_auth_ldap_bind_password**: 与上述DN 对应的密码。
10. **client_auth_ldap_search_base**: 在LDAP 服务器上搜索用户时使用的搜索基础。
11. **client_auth_radius_server**: RADIUS 服务器的地址。
12. **client_auth_radius_secret**: RADIUS 共享密钥。
这些参数可以通过在Patroni 的YAML 配置文件中进行设置来配置身份验证。
BASEON
BASEONIntroductionThe BASEON framework is a widely-recognized approach to software development that emphasizes flexibility, scalability, and fault tolerance. It stands for Basic Availability, Soft-state, Eventual consistency, and No consistency.In this document, we will explore the key concepts and principles of BASEON, understand how it differs from the traditional ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) model, and discuss its benefits and use cases.Understanding BASEONBasic AvailabilityThe basic availability principle in BASEON states that a system should guarantee a certain level of availability even in the face of partial failures. In traditional ACID systems, availability often relies on all parts of the system functioning correctly. However, BASEON acknowledges that failures are inevitable and focuses on making the system available despite these failures.Soft-stateThe soft-state principle recognizes that system states can change over time and do not necessarily need to be consistent across all nodes at any given moment. BASEON systems allowfor temporary inconsistencies, and the overall system state converges over time.Eventual ConsistencyEventual consistency is a fundamental aspect of BASEON, which acknowledges that achieving absolute consistency in a distributed system is often impractical or inefficient. Instead, BASEON aims for eventual consistency, where all replicas will eventually converge to the same state. It allows for a trade-off between consistency and system performance.No ConsistencyNo consistency means that BASEON systems do not enforce strong consistency guarantees, such as those provided by ACID systems. Instead, the focus is on providing availability and performance by relaxing the strict consistency requirements.BASEON vs ACIDWhile ACID provides strong consistency guarantees, it often comes at the cost of availability and scalability. BASEON, on the other hand, emphasizes availability and performance by relaxing the consistency requirements. This makes BASEON more suitable for distributed systems and large-scale applications where high availability is critical.ACID systems typically require immediate consistency across all nodes, which can be difficult to achieve in distributed systems due to network latency and partial failures. BASEON, with its eventual consistency model, allows for more flexible and scalable system architectures.BASEON also allows for optimistic concurrency control, where conflicts are resolved after the fact rather than preventing them in advance. This approach is more suitable for systems with high write throughput as it reduces coordination overhead.Benefits of BASEONHigh AvailabilityThe BASEON model ensures that the system is always available for user requests, even in the face of partial failures. By allowing temporary inconsistencies, the system can continue to operate and serve requests. This is particularly useful for critical applications that cannot afford downtime.ScalabilityBASEON provides scalability by relaxing the strict consistency requirements of ACID and allowing for eventual consistency. This allows for the distribution and replication of data across multiple nodes, providing the ability to handle large amounts of data and high transaction rates.Fault ToleranceBy embracing the potential for partial failures, BASEON systems are inherently more fault-tolerant. Even if individual components fail, the system can continue to operate, and data can be replicated and recovered from other nodes.Use Cases for BASEONBASEON is well-suited for various scenarios where high availability and scalability are critical. Some common use cases include:•Social media platforms: BASEON allows social media platforms to accommodate a large number of concurrentusers and handle high write and read throughput.•E-commerce applications: In e-commerce applications, where consistent inventory availability andorder processing are essential, BASEON can ensure highavailability while allowing for temporary inconsistencies.•Collaborative document editing: BASEON can be used to facilitate collaborative document editing wheremultiple users can make changes simultaneously. Eventual consistency ensures that all users eventually see the same version of the document.ConclusionBASEON provides a flexible and scalable approach to software development that prioritizes availability and performance. By relaxing strict consistency requirements, BASEON allows for distributed systems that can handle high transaction rates and recover from partial failures.Understanding the basic principles of BASEON and its differences from traditional ACID systems can help developers make informed decisions when designing and implementing distributed applications.。
basic auth鉴权描述 -回复
basic auth鉴权描述-回复什么是基本身份验证（Basic Auth）？基本身份验证（Basic Auth）是一种用于在客户端和服务器之间进行身份验证的协议。
它是HTTP身份验证的一种简单实现方式，通常使用用户名和密码进行身份验证。
基本身份验证使用了编码的用户名和密码，在每个请求中作为HTTP头部的一部分发送给服务器。
当服务器收到请求时，它会检查发送的用户名和密码是否与其记录中的凭据匹配。
基本身份验证的原理基本身份验证是通过在请求的Authorization头部中发送Base64编码的用户名和密码来进行身份验证的。
这个头部字段有一种特定的格式：`Authorization: Basic <credentials>`。
其中credentials是Base64编码的用户名和密码的组合，格式为`<username>:<password>`，再进行Base64编码。
基本身份验证的步骤下面，让我们一步一步探讨基本身份验证的详细步骤。
1. 客户端发送一个HTTP请求到服务器。
在请求中，客户端包括一个Authorization头部字段，用于进行身份验证。
2. 服务器接收到请求后，开始解析请求头部，查找Authorization字段。
3. 服务器检查Authorization字段的值是否以“Basic”开头，以确定使用的是基本身份验证。
4. 服务器解码Authorization头部字段的值，获取到用户名和密码的组合。
这里通常会使用Base64解码。
5. 服务器根据自己的存储机制，检查解码后的用户名和密码是否与存储的凭据匹配。
6. 如果服务器发现凭据匹配成功，那么继续处理客户端的请求。
否则，服务器将返回一个401 Unauthorized状态码，表示身份验证失败。
7. 如果客户端收到了401状态码，它会向用户显示一个身份验证的对话框，要求用户输入用户名和密码。
8. 客户端将用户输入的用户名和密码进行编码，生成一个新的Authorization头部字段，并将其添加到之前的请求中。
NERC平衡区提交站用户手册版本4说明书
RELIABILITY | RESILIENCE | SECURITYBalancing Authority Submittal Site User ManualVersion 4April 2020Preface (iii)Introduction (iv)Administration (iv)Resources Subcommittee (RS) Members (iv)ERO Enterprise Permissions (iv)Balancing Authority (BA) Users (iv)Chapter 1 : BAS Site Organization (1)Reference Materials ..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Using the BAS Site (BASS) .. (3)Logging In (3)Browsers (3)Technical Support (3)Login & Multi-Factor Authentication (4)Push notifications (5)iPhone Approval Screen (6)Apple Watch Approval Screen (7)Call Me Option (7)Enter a Code Option (8)Uploading Data (9)Chapter 2 : Managing Your Account (11)Requesting BA User access to the BAS Site (11)Now you can login and request access to the BAS site (14)Managing Your Account, Password, and Personal Information (16)Electricity is a key component of the fabric of modern society and the Electric Reliability Organization (ERO) Enterprise serves to strengthen that fabric. The vision for the ERO Enterprise, which is comprised of the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) and the six Regional Entities (REs), is a highly reliable and secure North American bulk power system (BPS). Our mission is to assure the effective and efficient reduction of risks to the reliability and security of the grid.Reliability | Resilience | SecurityBecause nearly 400 million citizens in North America are counting on usThe North American BPS is divided into six RE boundaries as shown in the map and corresponding table below. The multicolored area denotes overlap as some load-serving entities participate in one Region while associated Transmission Owners/Operators participate in another.MRO Midwest Reliability OrganizationNPCC Northeast Power Coordinating CouncilRF ReliabilityFirstSERC SERC Reliability CorporationTexas RE Texas Reliability EntityWECC Western Electricity Coordinating CouncilNERC has created a private, secure SharePoint site for the submittal of data and forms associated with the BAL Standards. The Balancing Authority Submittal Site (BASS) is currently used for collecting Forms FR-1 and FR-2 associated with BAL-003-1. The site is set up with four levels of user permissions with various functionalities:AdministrationNERC staff will act as the administrator of the BAS Site. Regional Entity staff will assist data troubleshooting and support the Resources Subcommittee (RS) in their efforts. The administrator will perform the vetting functions for all BAS users. NERC and Regional Entity staff are subject to their respective codes of conduct concerning confidentiality of the data.•Capabilities – Read, write, delete for all files. Complete administrative control of the Common Area files (forms and instructions).Resources Subcommittee (RS) MembersMembers of the NERC Frequency Working Group (FWG) and the RS who are signatories to the NERC Confidentiality Agreement for NERC RS.•Capabilities – Read and download data from all files for analysis.ERO Enterprise PermissionsMembers of the ERO Enterprise who are subject to their respective codes of conduct concerning confidentiality of the data.•Capabilities – Read and download data from all files for analysis.Balancing Authority (BA) UsersUsers from each BA will be able to download forms and upload their data and forms to their own exclusive area. Capabilities – Read, write, delete for their Balancing Authority only. They are able to read and download forms from the common Forms area. These users cannot look at data from other BAs.NOTE: There are some FWG/RS users who will be doing duties of BA users for their companies. They will need the capabilities of both RS and BA user types.Access to the BAS site is controlled through the NERC My Account system ID. It is important that each user requests the appropriate user type for their My Account. If you do not already have a NERC My Account ID, you will need to create one. If you already have an ID, you will use it to register for the BAS Site. For additional details, refer to the Creating a NERC My Account section of this document.Chapter 1: BAS Site OrganizationThe site is set up with two basic areas:•The Forms area contains blank forms and instructions for their use. Copies of the BAL-003 Standard and its associated reference materials, as well as links to other related material are contained here. All users will have the ability to download files from the Common Area. Those files will typically be Word, PDF, Excel, CSV, or MDB. Other file types may be included as necessary for users to download.•Balancing Authority Areas – This area is organized by regional area, and then by the private upload sites for each BA. The BAs can upload completed forms for BAL-003 support, BAAL reporting, and CPS1 and CPS2 forms, as well as explanatory information when necessary. Data will be pulled from the site on the associated due dates.Chapter 1: BAS Site OrganizationEach of the Regional Areas have folders for submittal of data for the specific BAL-003 Operating Year. For example, two folders are set up:•Operating Year 2017 (for December 2016 through November 2017 data)•Operating Year 2018 (for December 2017 through November 2018 data)At the beginning of the year the following steps need to be performed to create a new data folder for that year.1.Click on the “Files” tab underneath the SharePoint row.2.Click on your company name.3.Click on the folder you want to update.4.Select “New Folder” from the drop down menu.5.Type in the folder name and click enter.Chapter 1: BAS Site OrganizationUsing the BAS Site (BASS)Logging InThe BAS site main login screen is located at:•https:///co/bassIt is best to copy and paste that URL into your browser.BrowsersInternet Explorer is the preferred browser for the NERC BAS site. You can use Google Chrome but you may find that some buttons are grayed out or things do not display correctly.If you are running Internet Explorer 11, you may need to add the portal to the compatibility view list to ensure the site runs correctly.1.Go to your portal in I.E.2.Click the gear in the upper right corner of your I.E. window3.Select Compatibility View Settings4.Make sure is in the “Add this website:” field1.Click Add.2.Click Close.Technical SupportFor technical support, please submit a ticket to:•Chapter 1: BAS Site OrganizationLogin & Multi-Factor AuthenticationThe BAS site uses Multi-Factor Authentication via the Duo Mobile Application, which is available on the App Store for Apple devices and Google Play for phones using the Android operating system.See the below for information about getting setup for Duo access to NERC web sites:•https:///Support/Documents/Multi%20Factor%20Authentication%20End%20User%20Guide %20-%20NERC%20ERO%20Portal.pdf#search=duo%20mobileWhen you log into the BAS site you will get a screen with three alternatives for authentication:Chapter 1: BAS Site OrganizationPush notificationsIf you choose the “Send Me a Push” option using you cell phone, you will need to have Duo Mobile installed and setup for NERC access. Once you have Duo Mobile installed and setup the screen should look like the image on the left. After you press the Push button, you will receive a push notification like the screen on the right.Chapter 1: BAS Site OrganizationiPhone Approval ScreenTap on the notification and you will be prompted with the following approval screen. Just press the Approve button and the website will automatically proceed with the login process.IMPORTANT NOTE: The application only allows a few seconds to approve the notification. You will need to select the notification push message and the approval option very quickly to successfully approve access prior the request timing out. You may need to have your phone in your hand and unlocked in order to approve access before it times out. This is especially true if your internet connection is slow.Chapter 1: BAS Site OrganizationApple Watch Approval ScreenCall Me OptionIf you select the Call Me option, you will get a phone call from the number in the screen shot below. The system will simply ask you to press any key to continue and it will automatically complete the login process after you press a key.Chapter 1: BAS Site OrganizationEnter a Code OptionIf you select the Enter a Passcode, option the screen will change to the view on the left below. Once you get this screen open Duo Mobile on your phone, push the down arrow on the right and enter the 6-digit number from the screen. The number changes every 30 seconds so either enter it right away or click the refresh symbol when you are ready to enter the number.Chapter 1: BAS Site OrganizationUploading DataWhen you log into BASS you will see the screen below. On the left side of the screen you will see the regions where there the entities you have access to reside. Simply select the region and then the entity for whom you are planning to upload data. Step by step, instructions are listed below:1.Login to the BAS site.2.Select the Region linked on the left. Click on the sub3.Select the appropriate entity’s folder.4.Click the folder into which you want to upload your document.Chapter 1: BAS Site Organization5.At the top of the screen, you will see a FILES button. Click that and it will reveal a menu, which has the optionfor uploading, files to the active folder you selected above.6.Click on the Upload Document button7.Click Browse to locate the file to be uploaded on your computer.8.Select the file and click Open.9.Then click OK.Chapter 2: Managing Your AccountRequesting BA User access to the BAS SiteIn order to request access to the BAS Site you must first register for a NERC Account. In order to do so please follow the following steps (if you already have a NERC account skip this section).1.Enter the following URL into your web browser: https:// and this page will be displayed.2.Select the option to Register and the following page will be displayed.3.Provide a value in each field marked with a red asterisk; in the field labelled captcha you are simply enteringthe exact value you see displayed in the box.Chapter 2: Managing Your Account4.Click the Register button and the system will send a 6-digit pin to the email address you just provided, this isused to verify you have provided a valid email address. Now enter the 6-digit pin on the page displayed below.5.Once you enter the pin and hit the submit button, the following page will be displayed.6.First and Last Name will be pre-populated with the information you entered on a previous page, you havethe option to provide information for the other fields displayed. Click the next button when finished and the following page will be displayed.Chapter 2: Managing Your Account7.You have the option to provide your work address, when the next button is clicked, the following page willbe displayed.8.You have the option to provide the name of the company you work for, click next when finished and thefollowing page will be displayed.9.You are required to select two security questions and provide answers to those questions, once done clicksave and you have successfully created your NERC account.Chapter 2: Managing Your AccountNow you can login and request access to the BAS site1.Enter the following URL into your web browser: https:// and this page will be displayed.2.Select the option to sign in and the following page will be displayed.Chapter 2: Managing Your Account3.Enter your username and password and click sign in. Once you are logged in, you are able to request access.by clicking the My Resources tab, then selecting Request Access, a listing of available choices will bedisplayed. Search for: Balancing Authority Users or Balancing Authority Resources Subcommittee click the appropriate choice and then click submit request (see screenshot below for an example of what this will look like). NERC will receive your request and process accordingly.4.You will receive the following email generated from NERC that will ask you to provide information so youcan be verified and provided access:Chapter 2: Managing Your Account5.Once you provide the information via email to the persons identified above, your request will be approvedand you will receive the following email:Managing Your Account, Password, and Personal Information1.Go to https:// then click the sign in button.2.Forgot user name and Forgot Password are listed.3.Enter a valid username and password and sign in:Click My Profile in order to change your password, user information, or security questionsChapter 2: Managing Your Account NERC | Balancing Area Submission Site User Manual – Version 3.0 | April 2019 17 ▪ Click My Resources, then the My Resources sub menu in order to see the NERC SharePoint sites and applications you have access to▪ Click My Groups to see the NERC distribution lists you are a part of and for each list you have the option to remove yourself if you no longer wish to receive correspondence。
PalmSecure Palm Vein 身份认证解决方案说明书
Award-winning Palm Vein Imaging Technology For Secure Identification and AuthenticationAccurate and Secure• Advanced biometric authentication algorithm delivers ultra-lowFAR (false accept rate) and FRR (false reject rate)• Contactless palm vein authentication is hygienic and noninvasive - No Residual Trace Technology • Encrypted repository for template storage & enterprise level event logging capability• PalmSecure Authentication recognized by leading InternationalSecurity Bodies, including International Common Criteria and CNILSpeed and Extensibility• Quick-start deployment across the enterprise raises security andadds value• SDK (Software Development Kit) for organizations deployingPalmSecure technology• Fast and easy registration with virtually no enrollment error.• Biometric integration for third party Single Sign-On (SSO)solutions with PalmSecure OmniPass™Biometric SolutionsRobust biometric authentication technology for your high-security applicationsThe Fujitsu PalmSecure technology is a palm vein based strong authentication solution that utilizes industry-leading vascular pattern biometric technology. This award-winning innovation offers a highly reliable, contactless biometric authentication solution that is non-intrusive and easy to use.PalmSecure technology has been deployed worldwide in a wide range of vertical markets, including security, financial/banking, healthcare, commercial enterprises and educational facilities. Additional applications include physical access control, logical access control, retail POS systems, ATMs, kiosks, time and attendance management systems, visitor ID management and other industry-specific biometric applications.The Fujitsu PalmSecure sensor uses near-infrared light to capture a person’s palm vein pattern, generating a unique biometric template that isPalmSecure_DS_050316For more information, call us at 877-766-7545 or visit us at: /palmsecureFujitsu Frontech North America, 27121Towne Centre Drive, Suite 100, Foothill Ranch, CA. 92610©2016 Copyright Fujitsu Frontech North America Inc. All rights reserved. Fujitsu and the Fujitsu logo are registered trademarks. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Statements herein are based on normal operating conditions and are not intended to create any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Fujitsu Frontech North America Inc. reserves the right to modify at any time without notice these statements, our services, products, and their warranty and performance specifications.matched against pre-registered user palm vein patterns. The palm vein device can only recognize the pattern if the blood is actively flowing within the individual’s veins, which means that forgery is virtually impossible.This advanced, vascular pattern recognitiontechnology provides highly reliable authentication. The PalmSecure technology false accept rate is just 0.00001 percent with an exceptional false reject rate of 1.0 percent, all in a small form factor that generates extremely fast authentication, usually under one second.To ease work flow and protect digital assets, Fujitsu also developed PalmSecure OmniPass™ which seamlessly works with many leading Single Sign-On (SSO) software solutions and increases security, while significantly reducing the costs associated with password management.Palm Vein Authentication Technology4.4 to5.4V (Input current: up to 500mA)MTBF (mean time between failure): 1 million hours0.00001% (in guideless mode)Glass2 inches from the surface of the sensor (+/- a half inch)1.37(W) x 1.37(D) x 1.06(H) inchesWindows 7 SP1/8.1 Update/10 (x86/x64) Professional Linux 2.6.32 or later (x64) ProfessionalWindows 2008R2 SP1/2012/2012R2 Update(x64) Enterprise2.5W or lessLess than 1 second1.0%None0°C to 60°CPalmSecure Specifications。
网络信息安全英语练习题
网络信息安全英语练习题网络信息安全是现代社会中一个非常重要的议题，它涉及到保护数据不被未授权访问、修改、破坏或泄露。
以下是一些英语练习题，旨在帮助学生更好地理解和掌握网络信息安全的相关概念。
1. Multiple Choice Questions (选择题)Choose the correct answer from the options provided.a) What does "cybersecurity" refer to?- A) The study of cybernetics- B) The practice of protecting information systems from theft or damage- C) The design of computer networks- D) The creation of cyberspaceb) Which of the following is a common method used by hackers to gain unauthorized access to a system?- A) Social engineering- B) Social networking- C) Social media marketing- D) Social sciencec) What is a "firewall"?- A) A physical barrier to prevent fire from spreading- B) A software or hardware that monitors and controlsincoming and outgoing network traffic- C) A type of antivirus software- D) A network protocold) What is the purpose of "encryption" in cybersecurity?- A) To make data unreadable to unauthorized users- B) To increase the speed of data transmission- C) To reduce the size of data files- D) To improve the quality of network connections2. Fill in the Blanks (填空题)Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words from the list provided.- breach, protocol, phishing, malware, vulnerabilitya) A computer virus is a type of _______ that can cause damage to a system or steal information.b) An email that appears to be from a legitimate source butis actually designed to trick the recipient into revealing sensitive information is known as _______.c) A _______ is a set of rules governing the format and transmission of data over a network.d) A _______ in a system is a weakness that can be exploited by an attacker.e) A _______ of data security occurs when unauthorized accessis gained, often resulting in data loss or corruption.3. True or False (判断题)Determine whether the statements below are true or false.a) Two-factor authentication is a security measure that requires two different methods of verification to access a system. (True / False)b) Public Wi-Fi networks are always secure and safe to usefor online banking. (True / False)c) A strong password should include a mix of upper and lower case letters, numbers, and special characters. (True / False)d) It is not necessary to update software regularly because updates are only for new features. (True / False)e) VPNs (Virtual Private Networks) can provide an extra layer of security by encrypting internet traffic. (True / False)4. Short Answer Questions (简答题)Answer the following questions in a few sentences.a) What is the significance of using strong passwords?b) Explain the concept of "zero-day" vulnerabilities.c) How can users protect themselves from phishing attacks?d) What are some best practices for maintaining network security at home?e) Describe the role of a cybersecurity analyst.These exercises are designed to test and reinforce knowledge on various aspects of network information security. By practicing with these questions, students can enhance their understanding of the subject and be better prepared to tackle real-world cybersecurity challenges.。
英语作文-集成电路设计师的核心能力与技术要求
英语作文-集成电路设计师的核心能力与技术要求Integrated circuit (IC) design is a highly specialized field that requires a unique set of skills and technical knowledge. In this article, we will explore the core abilities and technical requirements of an IC designer.To excel in IC design, a solid foundation in electrical engineering is crucial. A deep understanding of circuit theory, digital and analog electronics, and semiconductor physics is essential. Additionally, proficiency in programming languages such as Verilog or VHDL is necessary for designing and simulating complex digital circuits.One of the key abilities of an IC designer is the skill to translate abstract concepts into concrete designs. They must be able to analyze system requirements and specifications, and transform them into functional circuit designs. This requires a strong analytical mindset and problem-solving skills. The ability to think critically and creatively is paramount in designing efficient and reliable ICs.Furthermore, a successful IC designer must possess a thorough knowledge of various IC design methodologies and tools. They should be familiar with industry-standard design flows and be adept at using computer-aided design (CAD) tools for circuit simulation, layout design, and verification. Proficiency in tools like Cadence or Synopsys is highly desirable.In addition to technical skills, effective communication is crucial for an IC designer. They must be able to collaborate with cross-functional teams, including system architects, layout engineers, and test engineers. Clear and concise communication ensures accurate interpretation of design requirements and facilitates efficient problem-solving.Time management is another critical aspect of IC design. Designing complex ICs involves multiple stages, from initial concept development to final tape-out. An IC designer must be able to prioritize tasks, manage timelines, and work effectively undertight deadlines. Attention to detail is essential to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the final design.Continuous learning and staying updated with the latest advancements in IC design is vital for a successful career in this field. The semiconductor industry is constantly evolving, and new technologies and design methodologies emerge regularly. An IC designer must have a passion for learning and be open to acquiring new skills and knowledge.In conclusion, becoming a proficient IC designer requires a combination of technical expertise, problem-solving abilities, effective communication skills, and a passion for continuous learning. With a solid foundation in electrical engineering, proficiency in programming languages and design tools, and the ability to translate abstract concepts into concrete designs, one can excel in the field of IC design. By staying updated with the latest advancements and continuously honing their skills, IC designers can contribute to the development of innovative and efficient integrated circuits.。
城域网接入设备常见业务配置规范
城域网接入设备常见业务配置规范一、配置规范要求：目前所有城域网新增设备：SR7750、SE800和ME60配置时均须配置成qinq模式，外层标签svlan目前根据传输OLT 具有56个PON 口资源，因此暂定为800-855，规划856-899为预留资源；内层标签cvlan规划如下：1000-1499给驻地网预留；3500-3599为集团互联网专线预留；3800-3899为一网通用户预留；3900-3999为集团语音及一网通语音专线预留。
另外外层标签：200-499为WLAN预留使用；700-799为营业厅PON改造预留使用。
二、设备业务配置脚本：（一）SR7750IES 中1XXXX为互联网专线业务；2XXXX为语音专线业务：（1）、互联网专线配置：（单静态IP配置方式）ies 10100 customer 10 createsubscriber-interface "IP_112.2.25.192/28" createaddress 112.2.25.193/28group-interface "sap 1/1/2:800.3503" createdescription "to_NanTongDaShaDZuo " //注意命名方式sap 1/1/2:800.3503 createingressqos 10 //入带宽限制exitegressqos 10 //出带宽限制exitanti-spoof ipstatic-host ip 112.2.25.194 createno shutdownexitexitexitno shutdown（2）互联网专线配置：（小段IP地址配置方式）ies 10100 customer 10 createinterface "ChongMingKeJiY uan" createaddress 221.178.206.229/30sap 1/1/2:800.3504 createingressqos 10 //带宽限制exitegressqos 10 //带宽限制exitexitexitno shutdown（3）语音专线配置方式与上述（1）（2）类似，区别为IES不一样。
authentication 和authorization -回复
authentication 和authorization -回复Authentication 和Authorization 是现代网络安全中两个重要的概念。
虽然它们经常同时出现，但它们代表着不同的概念和功能。
在本文中，我们将一步一步回答有关Authentication 和Authorization 的问题，以便更好地理解它们的意义和区别。
第一部分：Authentication（认证）Authentication 是用于验证用户身份的过程。
在网络安全中，它是确保用户是他们声称的身份的关键。
认证的目标是验证用户提供的身份凭证（例如用户名和密码）是否与系统中存储的凭证匹配。
认证是确保只有授权用户可以访问受保护资源的第一道门槛。
第一个问题：为什么需要认证？在一个网络环境中，有许多资源是受保护的，例如个人电子邮件、银行账户等。
如果没有认证过程，任何人都可以访问这些资源，这将导致严重的安全威胁和信息泄露。
通过认证过程，系统可以确认用户的身份，并确保只有经过验证的用户可以访问资源。
第二个问题：常见的认证方式有哪些？常见的认证方式包括用户名和密码、指纹识别、面部识别、智能卡等。
用户名和密码是最常见的认证方式，用户通过提供唯一的用户名和与之关联的密码来验证自己的身份。
指纹识别和面部识别使用生物特征来验证用户的身份，而智能卡则依靠嵌入式芯片中存储的用户信息来进行认证。
第三个问题：认证的流程是怎样的？认证流程通常由以下步骤组成：1. 用户提供身份凭证：用户通过输入用户名和密码等身份凭证来开始认证过程。
2. 凭证验证：系统将用户提供的凭证与系统中存储的凭证进行比对，确定用户的身份是否有效。
3. 认证结果：认证结果将返回给用户，如果用户的身份验证成功，他们将被允许访问受保护资源。
4. 会话管理：认证成功后，系统会为用户创建一个会话，以便在一定时间内保持用户的登录状态。
第二部分：Authorization（授权）Authorization 是在通过认证之后，确定用户可以访问的资源和操作权限的过程。
ME60配置-1
8
配置实例
DNS server 202.1.1.252
RADIUS server 202.1.1.249
VLAN2 subscriber1@isp1
• rule 20 permit source 61.177.86.189 0
• rule 30 permit source 58.216.43.212 0.0.0.3
• rule 40 permit source 58.216.43.200 0.0.0.3
• rule 50 permit source 61.177.64.183 0
IP 地址池采用172.15.1.0/24 网段，上图中的交换机需要做VLAN 配置，VLAN号为2和3。
配置流程图
配置虚模板接口 配置地址池
配置认证方案 配置计费方案
配置Radius 配置域
配置子接口，绑定虚模板
配置BAS接口 配置上行接口
9
虚模板配置
\\创建VT接口
[Quidway]interface Virtual-Template 1
carrier down-hold-time 1000
//增加up/down 抑制配置
carrier up-hold-time 2000 description uT:CZ-YDL-CR-1.MAN.NE5000E:()GE12/1/3 //完善端口描述
c ontr ol- flap
//damping
xzfelix@
5
接口配置
##Loopback 接口配置 interface LoopBack0 description For-Management ip address 61.147.9.206 255.255.255.255
basic authentication scheme selected
basic authentication scheme selected什么是基本认证？它是如何工作的？它的优点和缺点是什么？在应用程序和网络安全领域有哪些常见的用途和场景？本文将逐步回答这些问题。
基本认证（Basic Authentication）是一种在互联网和计算机网络中常用的身份验证方法。
它通过将用户名和密码编码为Base64字符串，并将其包含在HTTP请求头中来实现身份验证。
通常，基本认证将在客户端和服务器之间进行认证，以验证客户端是否具有访问受保护资源的权限。
基本认证的工作原理非常简单。
当客户端发起HTTP请求时，服务器会返回一个响应代码401（未授权）和一个WWW-Authenticate头，该头指定了要使用基本认证进行身份验证。
客户端为该请求添加一个Authorization头，该头包含着经过编码的用户名和密码。
服务器接收到这个头后，将对用户名和密码进行验证。
如果验证成功，服务器将返回请求的资源；如果验证失败，服务器将返回错误代码。
基本认证的优点之一是它的简单性。
它不需要复杂的算法或协议，也不需要存储大量的用户凭证。
此外，由于基本认证是通过HTTP头进行的，因此可以方便地与现有的HTTP协议和基础架构集成。
然而，基本认证也存在一些缺点。
首先，基本认证使用的是Base64编码，而不是加密方式。
这意味着用户名和密码可以通过简单的解码操作读取。
因此，基本认证在通过不安全的网络传输敏感数据时是不安全的。
其次，基本认证无法提供对会话状态的管理。
每次请求都需要携带用户名和密码，这可能会导致额外的性能开销。
在应用程序和网络安全领域，基本认证有许多常见的用途和场景。
以下是其中一些例子：1. Web应用程序：基本认证可以用于保护Web应用程序的受限资源。
当用户尝试访问需要特定权限的页面或功能时，Web应用程序可以要求用户提供用户名和密码。
2. API 身份验证：基本认证可以用于保护API资源。
API提供者可以使用基本认证来验证客户端应用程序的身份，并确保只有经过身份验证的应用程序可以访问API。
authenticationmanager 实例 -回复
authenticationmanager 实例-回复何谓authenticationManager 实例？在计算机系统中，authenticationManager 是一种用于进行用户身份验证的实例。
它是一个安全框架中的核心组件，用于管理用户的认证过程。
authenticationManager 通过验证用户提供的身份凭证，并与系统中存储的用户信息进行比对，从而确定用户的身份。
为什么需要authenticationManager 实例？随着互联网的普及，越来越多的应用程序需要对用户进行身份验证，以确保只有授权的用户能够访问其资源和功能。
身份验证是保护数据和系统安全的重要一环。
authenticationManager 实例提供了一个高效且可靠的方式，确保系统只允许经过身份验证和授权的用户进行访问。
如何使用authenticationManager 实例？1. 配置authenticationManager 实例：首先，我们需要在系统中正确地配置authenticationManager 实例。
这可以通过在项目的配置文件中进行设置来完成。
具体的配置方式因不同的应用框架而异，通常需要提供一个认证提供者，并指定用户信息存储机制。
2. 实现用户认证服务：authenticationManager 实例需要一个用户认证服务，以验证用户提供的凭证。
这个服务通常被称为UserDetailsService。
我们需要实现UserDetailsService 接口，并提供相应的业务逻辑来验证用户身份及凭证的有效性。
该服务可从数据库、LDAP 目录或其他外部系统中获取用户信息并与认证提供者进行匹配。
3. 加密和验证用户凭证：用户在进行身份验证时，通常需要通过提供用户名和密码来进行。
为了保证安全性，我们通常会对用户密码进行加密，以避免敏感信息泄露。
authenticationManager 实例需要一个密码加密器和一个密码比对器，用于对用户提供的密码进行加密和验证。
华为认证ICT专家HCIE考试(习题卷31)
华为认证ICT专家HCIE考试(习题卷31)第1部分：单项选择题，共51题，每题只有一个正确答案,多选或少选均不得分。
1.[单选题]如图A)S4/0/0接口的circuit-level为Level-1B)S4/0/0接口发送IIH的周期为30sC)S4/0/0接口支持IPv6D)S4/0/0接口的Cost值为20答案:A解析:2.[单选题]某华为交换机端口配置如下：interfaceXGigabitEtherneto/0/4portlink-typetrunkporttrunkallow-passvlan1617根据以上配置，以下哪个描述是正确的？A)未包含任何标签的数据顿在经过该端口时会被添加vlan16或者vlan17的标签并进行转发B)未包含任何标签的数据顿在经过该此口时会被丢弃。
C)包含vlan16标签的数据顿在经过该端口时会被剥离标签并进行转发。
D)包含vlan17标签的数据顿在经过该端口时会被保留标签并进行转发答案:D解析:3.[单选题]命令 ipas-path-filter1permit^12.*74$可以匹配到哪个 AS-Path?A)AS_Path(1236217432374)B)AS_Path(321122374)C)AS_Path(1253287423)D)AS_Path(32127423)答案:A解析:4.[单选题]背靠背OTM站点，新增加三个中继波长，示意图如下，以下 说法错误的是A)对OTM站点上下业务无 影响B)光放板的输入光功率 无需再调节C)中继波长上的VOA无需 再调节D)上波的VOA无需再调节答案:C解析:5.[单选题]下面关于pod的描述不正确的是?A)pod是kubernetes的基本调度单元B)一个pod可以包含一个或多个容器C)每个pod都拥有一个唯一的IP地址D)同一个pod里面的容器不能共享一个存储卷的空间答案:D解析:6.[单选题]RSTP协议中提供了多种保护功能，例如当边缘端口配置为保护状态时，边缘端口接收到BPDU报文后的处理方法是:A)直接丢弃该BPDU报文B)根据要求转发BPDU报文C)关闭该端口D)解析BPDU报文后获取相关信息答案:C解析:7.[单选题]关于CE双归属的特点，描述错误的是?A)在CE双归属组网中，有可能会产生环路，可以使用Route-tag解决环路B)CE是通过两条链路接入骨干网，这两条链路既可用作负载分担，也可作为主备链路C)与同一CE连接的两个PE和VRF可以属于不同的VPND)CE与PE组成CE双归属网络，可以保证网络高可用性答案:C解析:8.[单选题]下列关于 ISIS 协议路由聚合说法正确的有A)路由聚合只在 Level-1-2 路由器上配置才会生效B)路由聚合只在 Level-1 路由器上配置才会生效C)路由聚合在所有类型路由器上面都可以配置并生效D)路由聚合只在 Level-2 路由器上配置才会生效答案:A解析:9.[单选题]以下哪个是删除 FusionCompute 中存储资源的正确步骤？①删除可或迁移虚拟机磁盘②解关联主机③删存储诸资源④销毁数据存储A)1-->2-->3-->4B)1-->4-->2-->3C)3-->2-->4-->1D)2-->4->1-->3答案:B解析:10.[单选题]在对一个局域网络进行排错时，你注意到有大量的帧对齐错误.FCS错误和滞后冲突产生这些问题可能的原因是?A)交换机和终端通过10/100/1000Base-T以太链路互联，且交换机和终端的工作模式是半双工B)大多数环境下均存在此类错误C)在100Base-LX/H 链路上存在工作模式不匹配D)在10/100/1000Base-T 以太链路上工作模式不匹配答案:D解析:11.[单选题]下面关于 802.1s 部署特点描述正确的是？A)多个网桥共享一个生成树实例B)多个 VLAN 共享一个生成树实例C)所有 VLAN 共享一个生成树实例D)每个 VLAN 拥有一个生成树实例答案:B解析:12.[单选题]关于 OSPFv 3 协议认证的功能描述错误的是?A)OSPFv3 只能使用手工模式建立安全联盟 SAB)华为路由器 OSPFv3 IPSec 认证不仅可以支持传输模式， 而且可以支持隧道模式C)OSPFv3 认证依赖于 IPv6 报文的认证报头和封装安全净载报头D)OSPFv3 协议报头中去除了 Autype 和 Authentication 字段答案:B解析:13.[单选题]关于ISIS进程当中的domain. authentication-mode md5 hello命令解释正确的是A)路由域认证主要是用来让Level-1和Level-2的SNP和LSP报文在传递过程当中携带认证信息B)同一个路由域的所有路由器domain认证方式都为MD5，密码为hello,C)该命令主要是用来让ISIS的Hello报文在传递过程中携带认证信息D)ISIS答案:B解析:14.[单选题]如图所示的拓扑中，整网运行 0SPFv3 协议在没有外部路由引入的情况下，R1 上不会产生哪种类型的LSA？A)Inter-Area-Router LSAB)Inter-Area-Prefix-LSAC)Link-LSAD)Intra-Area-Prefix-LSA答案:A解析:15.[单选题]在判断 LSA 新旧时,会用到序列号参数和 age 参数,下面关于这两个参数说法正确的是?A)当路由器收到一条 LSA 的 age 置为 360s.说明这条LSA 不可用B)序列号和 age 参数都可以判断 LSA 新旧.路由器优先比较 sequence 参数，越大越优C)当路由器收到两条 LSA.其中序列号相同,校验和相同,age 越小越优D)如果 LSA 的序列号到达结束值 0x7FFF.当前路由器通告 age 为 3600s 的 lsa答案:C解析:16.[单选题]关于跨域VPN Option-B方案,以下描述错误的是?A)报文转发过程中,在两个ASBR上要对VPN的私网LSP做一次交换。