托福阅读辅导-老托福阅读真题及答案passage30

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托福TPO30阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO30阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

The Pace of Evolutionary Change A heated debate has enlivened recent studiesof evolution.Darwin's original thesis,and theviewpoint supported by evolutionary gradualists,isthat species change continuously but slowly and insmall increments.Such changes are all but invisible over the short time scale of modernobservations,and,it is argued,they are usually obscured by innumerable gaps in theimperfect fossil record.Gradualism,with its stress on the slow pace of change,is a comfortingposition,repeated over and over again in generations of textbooks.By the early twentiethcentury,the question about the rate of evolution had been answered in favor of gradualism tomost biologists'satisfaction. 最近的一个关于进化的研究引发了激烈的争论。

达尔文的原始论点和进化渐进主义者支持的观点是物种会持续地改变，但非常缓慢，增量也很小。

老托福阅读训练答案汇总

【往年真题】老托福阅读训练答案汇总小马过河为大家准备了“【往年真题】老托福阅读训练答案汇总”，供各位备考托福的考生们参考使用，来提高自己的托福成绩！免费咨询电话：400-0123-267PASSAGE 1 BBACC DBCDA BPASSAGE 2 AACCD CABDPASSAGE 3 BDCBB CBDAD CAPASSAGE 4 BBDBD CACAPASSAGE 5 DACCB DBBADPASSAGE 6 DBDBC ACABDPASSAGE 7 BCDCD CBABBPASSAGE 8 DDCCB CADAPASSAGE 9 CBDBD BBAPASSAGE 10 ACDCA BCDBAPASSAGE 11 CAABD CADDPASSAGE 12 CDACB AACCBPASSAGE 13 AACAC CADPASSAGE 14 DCABC DABAC DBAPASSAGE 15 DABDC CDCBD ABPASSAGE 16 DBBCA DCDCDAPASSAGE 17 DAACA DCBCD CAPASSAGE 18 BBBDB CCCDAPASSAGE 19 BBDDC DCBCA CPASSAGE 20 BCACD DCBAAPASSAGE 21 BDCAA BABDPASSAGE 23 BBDBA ACADC DAC PASSAGE 24 BCBBC ADABA A PASSAGE 25 CABBB DDABC A PASSAGE 26 ADDBC DACBA PASSAGE 27 DADBC BBDBA D PASSAGE 28 ACBBA ABCBA PASSAGE 29 ACBDC ABDB PASSAGE 30 DABCC CBCB PASSAGE 31 BDCDD ACBBB C PASSAGE 32 CBDBA DACBD PASSAGE 33 ADADC ABDBB C PASSAGE 34 DCADB CDBBA B PASSAGE 35 CABCA BCDBA PASSAGE 36 BADCC BACBD C PASSAGE 37 BBADA BBCCD PASSAGE 38 BDBDB DAACD B PASSAGE 39 CDAAC BCABB D PASSAGE 40 BDDCC ABADCB PASSAGE 41 CBBCD CDAD PASSAGE 42 CBDDA BCCAC D PASSAGE 43 BBCAA D PASSAGE 44 CBBCA D PASSAGE 45 BCADA DDPASSAGE 47 DCBAD AC PASSAGE 48 DCBAD CCADD PASSAGE 49 BCCBA DBCBD B PASSAGE 50 DCCAC BBCAD PASSAGE 51 BCADB DADD PASSAGE 52 AABDA ADDBD PASSAGE 53 ACBDA ADBD PASSAGE 54 ACCBB DACD PASSAGE 55 ABCCB CABD PASSAGE 56 BDBCC ACAA PASSAGE 57 ABCCC DDAA PASSAGE 58 BABDB CDADC PASSAGE 59 ACBBA ACDB PASSAGE 60 DACDB BACCA PASSAGE 61 BCADD DCA PASSAGE 62 CABDC ABCBD PASSAGE 63 CBDCB ABDCB PASSAGE 64 DCABC AACAD PASSAGE 65 BBADB DACCB PASSAGE 66 CABCD AAABD B PASSAGE 67 BDACB DADCD PASSAGE 68 BAADC CDADB C PASSAGE 69 BABCD ADDBBPASSAGE 71 DBCAD CDCDA B PASSAGE 72 BCCAD DCACA PASSAGE 73 CABCB CBDA PASSAGE 74 CBDAB AADBD PASSAGE 75 ADABC CCDCC PASSAGE 76 BACCD BBBC PASSAGE 77 BCDCD AADAB C PASSAGE 78 BDAAD DCCBD PASSAGE 79 BDBDC AACDB C PASSAGE 80 BCADB ADABA A PASSAGE 81 DABDD ACBDD AB PASSAGE 82 CBADD CCABD PASSAGE 83 CAADC BCBDD C PASSAGE 84 CCAAA BDDDB PASSAGE 85 CBADC CDCCB PASSAGE 86 BBDCC CADBD A PASSAGE 87 ABBDB DCABD PASSAGE 88 ADBCA BBCD PASSAGE 89 CADAD ACBD PASSAGE 90 CCADB CACC PASSAGE 91 CBBAA DCACC PASSAGE 92 ABDAC DCCCC PASSAGE 93 CAACB DCBCA DPASSAGE 95 ABCCB ADBAADPASSAGE 96 CBCDA ABACCPASSAGE 97 BCDAD CACDCPASSAGE 98 DCCBD DBBACPASSAGE 99 CDCBC BCBAC DPASSAGE 100 BAACD DBCAA C来源于：小马过河相关推荐：托福阅读常出现的9个深度句托福阅读利剑之语法托福阅读解题方法之《主旨题》。

托福资料之老托阅读100篇【完整版】.docx

托福资料之老托阅读 100 篇【完整版】老托阅读 100 篇相对 TPO 要简单一些，也是伴随托福备考学员的很重要的一份资料，对于基础薄弱，做 TPO 真题阅读需要过渡的考生来说再适合不过了，为方便考生备考，太傻留学托福考试频道特意将这100 篇托福阅读理解为考生做了归纳和整理，考生只要收藏此页面，就可以在需要的时候打开进行练习了!Toefl 资料下载之老托阅读100 篇【完整版】PASSAGE 1: 冰箱的发展PASSAGE 2: 水循环PASSAGE 3: 印第安人变篮子的故事PASSAGE 4: 哈德逊河派的绘画PASSAGE 6: 硫酸钾在造玻璃和肥皂时的作PASSAGE 5: 创造文化的材料和技术用PASSAGE 7:Philadelphia's 如何发展成商业PASSAGE 8: 为什么大型动物要生活在热带中心雨林PASSAGE 9: 孟买象化石的发现地PASSAGE 10: 人类饮食活动的变化PASSAGE 11: 竹屋怎样防御外界的侵害PASSAGE 12: 动物在岩石上产卵PASSAGE 13: 地球表面岩石的生长与分类PASSAGE 14: 电视对美国政治的影响PASSAGE 15: 菌类对农业的影响PASSAGE 16: 鸟的祖先PASSAGE 17: 鹦鹉产卵的方式PASSAGE 18: 女性对美国建立初期的贡献PASSAGE 19: 北美城市的发展PASSAGE 20: 壁炉的构造PASSAGE 21: 美国早期雕塑的发展PASSAGE 22: 北美城市的发展改革PASSAGE 23: 美国早期城市功能的发展PASSAGE 24: 地球极地激光的形成和外形PASSAGE 25: 营养学研究的历史PASSAGE 26: 关于某彗星的介绍PASSAGE 28:19 世纪末 20 世纪初艺术的发PASSAGE 27: 土壤分解法展PASSAGE 29:一种农业机器在美国的普遍PASSAGE 30: 蝴蝶的种类使用PASSAGE 31: 房租租金的控制PASSAGE 32: 西方艺术发展史PASSAGE 33: 关于做决定的研究PASSAGE 34: 城市的发展以及移民PASSAGE 35: 一种岩洞对观察天象的影响PASSAGE 36: 美国水彩画协会的发展PASSAGE 37: 人的声音对个性的影响PASSAGE 38 : 有关冰河时代的PASSAGE 39: 印第安人捕鱼的生活方式PASSAGE 40: 一周工人工作时间的演变PASSAGE 42:美国铁路发展给美国带来的PASSAGE 41: 地球物种灭绝的分析影响PASSAGE 43: 抗感染药的发明PASSAGE 44: 大脑中神经系统的结构PASSAGE 45:19 世纪的家庭工作PASSAGE 46: 宾夕法尼亚暖气锅炉的改造PASSAGE 47: 美国在 20 世纪初对移民者的PASSAGE 48: 不同领导的领导风格介绍PASSAGE 50:19 世纪艺术在工业社会中的PASSAGE 49: 古代陶瓷的制作方式角色PASSAGE 51 : 美国建立自然生态保护园的PASSAGE 52:美国劳动力从农业到工业的介绍转变PASSAGE 54:被作曲家采用越来越多的音PASSAGE 53: 玻璃纤维的使用方法乐元素PASSAGE 55: 建立公园的计划PASSAGE 56: 民歌定义的不同理解PASSAGE 58:从狩猎到农业的改变对人类PASSAGE 57: 希腊陶瓷技术的发展生活的影响PASSAGE 60: 美国棉花 19 时期作为重要的PASSAGE 59: 历史上第一只鸟的介绍出口商品PASSAGE61: 北美农业殖民地艺术家作品PASSAGE 62: 关于鸟换毛的事PASSAGE 63: 鸟躲避侵略者的三种策略PASSAGE 64: 蚂蚁工作方式的介绍PASSAGE 65: 彗星的 coma 的形成PASSAGE 66: 小孩学说话PASSAGE 67: 某个奇特地方的植被PASSAGE 68: 北美陶瓷的制作PASSAGE 69:美国报纸上气象报道图的变PASSAGE 70: 鸟搭窝的方式化PASSAGE 71: 地理位置对城市发展的影响PASSAGE 72: 哈莱姆文艺复兴PASSAGE 73: 科技与工业化联系PASSAGE 74: 冰川的形成及融化PASSAGE 75:早期狩猎对大型体格动物灭PASSAGE 76: 泥土的形成及其用途绝的影响PSSAGE 77: 生物灭绝的原因PASSAGE 78: 远古的文字PASSAGE 79: 动物行为的研究PASSAGE 80: 美国调查方式的实施PASSAGE 82:婴幼儿时期的模仿对人和动PASSAGE 81: 木星的简介物的影响PASSAGE 83:美国现实主义和自然主义作PASSAGE 84: 美国早期印刷业的内容家介绍PASSAGE 85: 郁金香在北美殖民地的发展PASSAGE 86: 蚂蚁生存使用的各种信号PASSAGE 87: 热能在大气中传输PASSAGE 88: 化石的形成PASSAGE 90:某时期变化对海洋生物的影PASSAGE 89:19 世纪静物艺术品响PASSAGE 91:不同时期艺术装饰风格的简PASSAGE 92: 岩石层对气候的影响介PASSAGE 94:美国工业化给美国经济带来PASSAGE 93: 洛杉矶城市的发展的改变PASSAGE 95:昆虫怎样用信息素来传递信PASSAGE 96:Homestead Act 的弊端息PASSAGE 97: 对月亮两个区域的研究PASSAGE 98 : 松鼠吃橡果的迷PASSAGE 99 : 碳水化合物和气温的关系PASSAGE 100: 小提琴的发展和使用原文网址：托福考试：。

托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文30—3 The Invention of the Mechanical Clock

托福考试复习TPO 30—3 The Invention of the Mechanical Clock原文：【1】In Europe, before the introduction of the mechanical clock, people told time by sun (using, for example, shadow sticks or sun dials) and water clocks. Sun clocks worked, of course, only on clear days; water clocks misbehaved when the temperature fell toward freezing, to say nothing of long-run drift as the result of sedimentation and clogging. Both these devices worked well in sunny climates; but in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at a time, while temperatures vary not only seasonally but from day to night.【2】Medieval Europe gave new importance to reliable time. The Catholic Church had its seven daily prayers, one of which was at night, requiring an alarm arrangement to waken monks before dawn. And then the new cities and towns, squeezed by their walls, had to know and order time in order to organize collective activity and ration space. They set a time to go to sleep. All this was compatible with older devices so long as there was only one authoritative timekeeper; but with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals, discrepancy brought discord and strife. Society needed a more dependable instrument of time measurement and found it in the mechanical clock.【3】We do not know who invented this machine, or where. It seems to have appeared in Italy and England (perhaps simultaneous invention) between 1275 and 1300. Once known, it spread rapidly, driving out water clocks but not solar dials, which were needed to check the new machines against the timekeeper of last resort.These early versions were rudimentary, inaccurate, and prone to breakdown. 【4】Ironically, the new machine tended to undermine Catholic Church authority. Although church ritual had sustained an interest in timekeeping throughout the centuries of urban collapse that followed the fall of Rome, church time was nature’s time. Day and night were divided into the same number of parts, so that except at the equinoxes, days and night hours were unequal; and then of course the length of these hours varied with the seasons. But the mechanical clock kept equal hours, and this implied a new time reckoning. The Catholic Church resisted, not coming over to the new hours for about a century. From the start, however, the towns and cities took equal hours as their standard, and the public clocks installed in town halls and market squares became the very symbol of a new, secular municipal authority. Every town wanted one; conquerors seized them as especially precious spoils of war; tourists came to see and hear these machines the way they made pilgrimages to sacred relics.【5】The clock was the greatest achievement of medieval mechanical ingenuity. Its general accuracy could be checked against easily observed phenomena, like the rising and setting of the sun. The result was relentless pressure to improve technique and design. At every stage, clockmakers led the way to accuracy and precision; they became masters of miniaturization, detectors and correctors of error, searchers for new and better. They were thus the pioneers of mechanical engineering and served as examples and teachers to other branches of engineering.【6】The clock brought order and control, both collective and personal. Its publicdisplay and private possession laid the basis for temporal autonomy: people could now coordinate comings and goings without dictation from above. The clock provided the punctuation marks for group activity, while enabling individuals to order their own work (and that of others) so as to enhance productivity. Indeed, the very notion of productivity is a by-product of the clock: once one can relate performance to uniform time units, work is never the same. One moves from the task-oriented time consciousness of the peasant (working on job after another, as time and light permit) and the time-filling busyness of the domestic servant (who always had something to do) to an effort to maximize product per unit of time.题目：1.Why does the author provide the information that "in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at a time, while temperatures vary not only seasonally but from day to night"?A.T o emphasize the variety of environments in which people used sun and water clocks to tell time.B.To illustrate the disadvantage of sun and water clocks.C.To provide an example of an area where water clocks have an advantage over sun clocks.D.T o counter the claim that sun and water clocks were used all over Europe.2.According to paragraph 2, all of the following are examples of the importance oftimekeeping to medieval European society EXCEPTA.the need of different towns to coordinate timekeeping with each other.B.the setting of specific times for the opening and closing of markets.C.the setting of specific time for the start and finish of the working day.D.the regulation of the performance of daily church rituals.3.According to paragraph 2, why did the medieval church need an alarm arrangement?A.The alarm warned the monks of discord or strife in the town.B.The church was responsible for regulating working hours and market hours.C.The alarm was needed in case fires were not put out each night.D.One of the church's daily rituals occurred during the night.4.The word "authoritative" in the passage（paragraph 2）is closest in meaning toA.actual.B.important.C.official.D.effective.5.The author uses the phrase "the timekeeper of last resort" to refer toA.water clocks.B.the sun.C.mechanical clocks.D.the church.6.The word "rudimentary" in the passage（paragraph 3）is closest in meaning toA.rare.B.small.C.impractical.D.basic.7.According to paragraph 4, how did the Catholic Church react to the introduction of mechanical clocks?A.Its used mechanical clocks through the period of urban collapse.B.It used clocks to better understand natural phenomena, like equinoxes.C.It tried to preserve its own method of keeping time, which was different from mechanical-clock time.D.It used mechanical clocks to challenge secular, town authorities.8.The word "installed" in the passage（paragraph 4）is closest in meaning toA.required.B.expected by the majority of people.C.standardized.D.put in place.9.It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that medieval clockmakersA.were able to continually make improvements in the accuracy of mechanical clocks.B.were sometimes not well respected by other engineers.C.sometimes made claims about the accuracy of mechanical clocks that were not true.D.rarely shared their expertise with other engineers.10.Paragraph 5 answers which of the following questions about mechanical clocks.A.How did early mechanical clocks work?B.Why did the design of mechanical clocks affect engineering in general?C.How were mechanical clocks made?D.What influenced the design of the first mechanical clock?11.The word "pioneers" in the passage isclosest in meaning toA.leaders.B.opponents.C.employers.D.guardians.12.According to paragraph 6, how did the mechanical clock affect labor?A.It encouraged workers to do more time-filling busywork.B.It enabled workers to be more task oriented.C.It pushed workers to work more hours every day.D.It led to a focus on productivity.13. Look at the four squares[■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? The division of time no longer reflected the organization of religious ritual.Ironically, the new machine tended to undermine Catholic Church authority. Although church ritual had sustained an interest in timekeeping throughout the centuries of urban collapse that followed the fall of Rome,church time was nature's time.■【A】Day and night were divided into the same number of parts, so that exceptat the equinoxes, days and night hours were unequal;and then of course the length of these hours varied with the seasons.■【B】But the mechanical clock kept equal hours, and this implied a new time reckoning.■【C】The Catholic Church resisted, not coming over to the new hours for about acentury.■【D】From the start, however, the towns and cities took equal hours as their standard, and the public clocks installed in town halls and market squares became the very symbol of a new, secular municipal authority. Every town wanted one; conquerors seized them as especially precious spoils of war;tourists came to see and hear these machines the way they made pilgrimages to sacred relics.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The introduction of the mechanical clock caused important changes to the society of medieval Europe.A.The increasing complexity of social and economic activity in medieval Europe led to the need for a more dependable means of keeping time than sun and water clocks provided.B.Because they were unreliable even in sunny climates, sun clocks and water clocks were rarely used in Europe, even before the invention of the mechanical clock.C.Before the mechanical clock, every city wanted a large number of timekeepersbecause more timekeepers allowed for better organization of collective activities.D.Soon after the invention of mechanical clocks, sun and water clocks became obsolete because mechanical clocks were far more accurate.E.Predators help maintain biological diversity by limiting populations of a dominant competitor species, thereby preventing that species from excluding others.F.The removal of sea stars reduces the diversity of the community in which they are predators, and is therefore a bad idea.答案：1.从第一段的第二句开始，原文列举了这两种device各种的缺点，最后一句前半句说它们work，后面but表转折，证明要说有些情况它们不能用。

托福资料之老托阅读100篇【完整版】

PASSAGE 32:西方艺术发展史
PASSAGE 33:关于做决定的研究
PASSAGE 34:城市的发展以及移民
PASSAGE 35:一种岩洞对观察天象的影响
PASSAGE 36:美国水彩画协会的发展
PASSAGE 37:人的声音对个性的影响
PASSAGE 38 :有关冰河时代的
PASSAGE 39:印第安人捕鱼的生活方式
PASSAGE 78:远古的文字
PASSAGE 79:动物行为的研究
PASSAGE 80:美国调查方式的实施
PASSAGE 81:木星的简介
PASSAGE 82:婴幼儿时期的模仿对人和动物的影响
PASSAGE 83:美国现实主义和自然主义作家介绍
PASSAGE 84:美国早期印刷业的内容
PASSAGE 85: 郁金香在北美殖民地的发展
PASSAGE 70:鸟搭窝的方式
PASSAGE 71:地理位置对城市发展的影响
PASSAGE 72:哈莱姆文艺复兴
PASSAGE 73:科技与工业化联系
PASSAGE 74:冰川的形成及融化
PASSAGE 75:早期狩猎对大型体格动物灭绝的影响
PASSAGE 76:泥土的形成及其用途
PSSAGE 77:生物灭绝的原因
PASSAGE 16:鸟的祖先
PASSAGE 17:鹦鹉产卵的方式
PASSAGE 18:女性对美国建立初期的贡献
PASSAGE 19:北美城市的发展
PASSAGE 20:壁炉的构造
PASSAGE 21:美国早期雕塑的发展
PASSAGE 22:北美城市的发展改革
PASSAGE 23:美国早期城市功能的发展
PASSAGE 94:美国工业化给美国经济带来的改变

托福阅读参考答案

托福阅读参考答案托福阅读参考答案托福阅读是考生们备考过程中需要重点关注的一项内容。

在阅读部分，考生需要阅读一篇短文，并回答相关的问题。

然而，很多考生在备考过程中经常会遇到一些困扰，比如对于某些题目的答案不太确定，或者对于一些细节性的问题感到困惑。

为了帮助考生们更好地备考，本文将提供一些托福阅读参考答案，并探讨一些备考技巧。

首先，对于阅读部分的参考答案，考生需要注意的是，托福阅读并不是要求考生完全理解文章的每一个细节，而是要求考生能够根据文章的主旨和关键信息来回答问题。

因此，在回答问题时，考生应该注重抓住文章的中心思想和主要观点，而不是纠结于一些细节性的问题。

其次，在备考过程中，考生可以通过阅读一些经典的托福阅读材料，来提高自己的阅读理解能力。

这些经典的阅读材料往往会涉及到一些常见的话题，比如科学、文化、历史等，考生可以通过阅读这些材料，了解一些常见的词汇和表达方式，并提前熟悉这些话题的相关知识，从而在考试中更好地理解文章和回答问题。

此外，考生在备考过程中还可以通过做一些练习题来提高自己的阅读能力。

托福阅读练习题往往会涉及到不同的题型，比如细节题、推理题、态度题等，考生可以通过做这些题目，熟悉不同题型的解题思路，并提高自己的解题速度和准确性。

最后，考生在备考过程中还需要注意一些细节。

比如，在阅读文章时，考生可以通过快速浏览文章的标题、段落开头和结尾等部分，来抓住文章的主旨和关键信息。

此外，在回答问题时，考生可以通过排除法来确定答案，即先排除一些明显错误的选项，然后再从剩下的选项中选择最合适的答案。

综上所述，托福阅读参考答案对于考生们备考过程中的困扰是非常有帮助的。

考生们可以通过阅读经典的托福阅读材料，做一些练习题，熟悉不同题型的解题思路，并注意一些备考技巧，来提高自己的阅读能力和解题水平。

希望本文的内容对考生们备考托福阅读有所帮助。

托福TPO30阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO30阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

Role of Play in Development Play is easier to define with examples than withconcepts.In any case,in animals it consists ofleaping,running,climbing,throwing,wrestling,andother movements,either along,with objects,or withother animals.Depending on the species,play may be primarily for social interaction,exercise,or exploration.One of the problems in providing a clear definition of play is that itinvolves the same behaviors that take place in other circumstance—dominance,predation,competition,and real fighting.Thus,whether play occurs or not depends on the intention ofthe animals,and the intentions are not always clear from behaviors alone. 用例证来定义玩耍要比用概念简单得多。

在任何情况下，动物间的玩耍都包括跳跃，奔跑，攀登，投掷，格斗和另外的一些动作，而玩耍的对象可能有其它物品或者动物。

根据物种的不同，玩耍的目的主要包括社交，锻炼，或探索。

定义“玩耍”的难点之一是，玩耍过程中常常包含一些与其它情况下相似的行为，例如统治，捕食，竞争和搏斗。

托福阅读TPO30答案解析

Role of Play in DevelopmentPlay is easier to define with examples than withconcepts. In any case, in animals it consists ofleaping, running, climbing, throwing, wrestling, andother movements, either along, with objects, or withother animals. Depending on the species, play may be primarily for socialinteraction,exercise, or exploration. One of the problems in providing a clear definition of play is that itinvolves the same behaviors that take place in other circumstance—dominance, predation,competition, and real fighting. Thus, whether play occurs or not depends on the intention ofthe animals, and the intentions are not always clear from behaviors alone.用例证来定义玩耍要比用概念简单得多。

在任何情况下，动物间的玩耍都包括跳跃，奔跑，攀登，投掷，格斗和另外的一些动作，而玩耍的对象可能有其它物品或者动物。

根据物种的不同，玩耍的目的主要包括社交，锻炼，或探索。

定义“玩耍”的难点之一是，玩耍过程中常常包含一些与其它情况下相似的行为，例如统治，捕食，竞争和搏斗。

老托福阅读真题及答案解析

老托福阅读真题及答案解析老托福阅读真题及答案解析-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN老托福阅读真题及答案解析托福从听、说、读、写四方面进行英语能力全面考核。

托福频道为大家提供了这四个方面的资料，希望对大家有所帮助。

Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment.In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method ofnatural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest.1. What is the main idea of the passage(A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment.(B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs.(C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots.(D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation.2. The word "They" in line 2 refers to(A) aviculturists(B) birds(C) eggs(D) rates3. According to paragraph 2, when the temperature of the sides and bottom of the egg are cooler than the top, then(A) there may be a good chance for successful incubation(B) the embryo will not develop normally(C) the incubating parent moves the egg to a new position.(D) the incubation process is slowed down4. According to paragraph 2, sticks, rocks, or dirt are used to(A) soften the bottom of the nest for the newly hatched chick(B) hold the nest together(C) help lower the temperature at the bottom of the nest(D) make the nest bigger5. According to paragraph 2, the construction of the nest allows water to(A) provide a beneficial source of humidity in the nest(B) loosen the materials at the bottom of the nest(C) keep the nest in a clean condition(D) touch the bottom of the eggs6. All of the following are part of a parrot's incubation method EXCEPT(A) heating the water vapor as it rises from the bottom of the nest(B) arranging nesting material at the bottom of the nest(C) transferring heat from the parent to the top of the eggshell(D) maintaining a constant temperature on the eggshell7. The word "suspend" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) build(B) paint(C) hang(D) move8. The word "fatal" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) close(B) deadly(C) natural(D) hot9. The word "secure" in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) fresh(B) dry(C) safe(D) warm10. According to paragraph 3, a deep foundation of nesting material provides(A) a constant source of humidity(B) a strong nest box(C) more room for newly hatched chicks(D) protection against cold weather11. Which of the following is a problem with commercial incubators?(A) They lack the natural temperature changes of the outdoors.(B) They are unable to heat the eggs evenly(C) They do not transfer heat to the egg in the same way the parent bird does.(D) They are expensive to operate.12. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage(A) Aviculturists (line 1)(B) gradient (line 8)(C) incubation (line 15)(D) embryo (line 22)正确答案：DAACA DCBCD CA。

托福TPO30阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO30阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

The Invention of the Mechanical Clock In Europe,before the introduction of themechanical clock,people told time by sun(using,for example,shadow sticks or sun dials)and waterclocks.Sun clocks worked,of course,only on cleardays;water clocks misbehaved when the temperature fell toward freezing,to say nothing oflong-run drift as the result of sedimentation and clogging.Both these devices worked well insunny climates;but in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at a time,while temperatures vary not only seasonally but from day to night. 在欧洲，在机械表被引入以前，人们利用太阳(比如棍子的影子和日晷)和水钟来确定时间。

当然，太阳钟只能用于晴天使用，而水钟表在水温下降到冰点时会出错，长期漂浮的东西因为下沉或堵塞而无法工作。

这两种仪器在晴天都运行的很好，但北欧，太阳可能会藏在云后长达一周，同时，温度不仅会随季节中变化，也因昼夜而不同。

Medieval Europe gave new importance to reliable time.The Catholic Church had its sevendaily prayers,one of which was at night,requiring an alarm arrangement to waken monksbefore dawn.And then the new cities and towns,squeezed by their walls,had to know andorder time in order to organize collective activity and ration space.They set a time to go tosleep.All this was compatible with older devices so long as there was only one authoritativetimekeeper;but with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals,discrepancy broughtdiscord and strife.Society needed a more dependable instrument of time measurementand found it in the mechanical clock. 中世纪欧洲使得可靠的时间变得更重要。

老托福100篇答案

老托福100篇答案ANSWER KEYSPASSAGE 1 BBACC DBCDA B PASSAGE2AACCD CABD PASSAGE 3 BDCBB CBDAD CA PASSAGE 4 BBDBD CACA PASSAGE 5 DACCB DBBAD PASSAGE 6 DBDBC ACABD PASSAGE 7 BCDCD CBABB PASSAGE 8 DDCCB CADA PASSAGE 9 CBDBD BBAPASSAGE 10 PASSAGE 11 ACDCA BCDBA CAABD CADDPASSAGE 12 CDACB AACCB PASSAGE 13 AACAC CAD PASSAGE 14 DCABC DABAC DBA PASSAGE 15 DABDC CDCBD AB PASSAGE 16 DBBCA DCDCDA PASSAGE 17 DAACA DCBCD CA PASSAGE 18 BBBDB CCCDA PASSAGE 19 BBDDC DCBCACPASSAGE 20 BCACD DCBAAPASSAGE 21 BDCAA BABD PASSAGE 22 CDBBDABDDAPASSAGE 23 BBDBAACADC DAC PASSAGE 24 BCBBCADABAA PASSAGE 25 CABBB DDABC A PASSAGE 26 ADDBC DACBA PASSAGE 27 DADBCBBDBAD PASSAGE 28 ACBBAABCBA PASSAGE 29 ACBDC ABDBPASSAGE 30 PASSAGE31 DABCC CBCB BDCDD ACBBB CPASSAGE 32 CBDBA DACBD PASSAGE 33 ADADC ABDBB C PASSAGE 34 DCADB CDBBA B PASSAGE 35 CABCA BCDBA PASSAGE 36 BADCC BACBD C PASSAGE 37 BBADABBCCD PASSAGE 38 BDBDB DAACD B PASSAGE 39 CDAAC BCABB DPASSAGE 40 PASSAGE 41 BDDCC ABADCB CBBCD CDADPASSAGE 43 BBCAA D PASSAGE 44 CBBCADPASSAGE 45 BCADA DD PASSAGE 46 ACBDB ABC PASSAGE 47 DCBAD AC PASSAGE 48 DCBAD CCADD PASSAGE 49 BCCBADBCBDBPASSAGE 50 PASSAGE51 DCCAC BBCAD BCADB DADDPASSAGE 52 AABDAADDBD PASSAGE 53 ACBDAADBD PASSAGE 54 ACCBB DACD PASSAGE 55 ABCCB CABD PASSAGE 56 BDBCC ACAA PASSAGE 57 ABCCC DDAA PASSAGE 58 BABDB CDADC PASSAGE 59 ACBBAACDBPASSAGE 60 PASSAGE 61 DACDB BACCA BCADD DCAPASSAGE 62 CABDC ABCBD PASSAGE 63 CBDCB ABDCBPASSAGE 66 CABCD AAABD B PASSAGE 67 BDACB DADCD PASSAGE 68 BAADC CDADB C PASSAGE 69 BABCD ADDBBPASSAGE 70 PASSAGE 71 BCDCB ADAD DBCAD CDCDA BPASSAGE 72 BCCAD DCACA PASSAGE 73 CABCB CBDA PASSAGE 74 CBDAB AADBD PASSAGE 75 ADABC CCDCC PASSAGE 76 BACCD BBBC PASSAGE 77 BCDCD AADAB C PASSAGE 78 BDAAD DCCBD PASSAGE 79 BDBDC AACDB CPASSAGE 80 PASSAGE81 BCADB ADABAA DABDD ACBDD ABPASSAGE 82 CBADD CCABD PASSAGE 83 CAADCBCBDDC PASSAGE 84 CCAAABDDDB PASSAGE 85 CBADC CDCCBPASSAGE 88 ADBCA BBCDPASSAGE 89 CADAD ACBDPASSAGE 90 CCADB CACC PASSAGE 91 CBBAA DCACCPASSAGE 92 ABDAC DCCCC PASSAGE 93 CAACB DCBCA D PASSAGE 94 DBCAB CBBCA D PASSAGE 95 ABCCB ADBAAD PASSAGE 96 CBCDA ABACC PASSAGE 97 BCDAD CACDC PASSAGE 98 DCCBD DBBAC PASSAGE 99 CDCBC BCBAC D PASSAGE 100 BAACD DBCAA C。

老托福篇答案

老托福篇答案文稿归稿存档编号：[KKUY-KKIO69-OTM243-OLUI129-G00I-FDQS58-老托福100篇答案ANSWER KEYSPASSAGE 1 BBACC DBCDA B PASSAGE 2 AACCD CABD PASSAGE 3 BDCBB CBDAD CA PASSAGE 4 BBDBD CACA PASSAGE 5 DACCB DBBAD PASSAGE 6 DBDBC ACABD PASSAGE 7 BCDCD CBABB PASSAGE 8 DDCCB CADA PASSAGE 9 CBDBD BBA PASSAGE 10 ACDCA BCDBA PASSAGE 11 CAABD CADD PASSAGE 12 CDACB AACCB PASSAGE 13 AACAC CAD PASSAGE 14 DCABC DABAC DBA PASSAGE 15 DABDC CDCBD AB PASSAGE 16 DBBCA DCDCDA PASSAGE 17 DAACA DCBCD CA PASSAGE 18 BBBDB CCCDA PASSAGE 19 BBDDC DCBCA C PASSAGE 20 BCACD DCBAAPASSAGE 21 BDCAA BABD PASSAGE 22 CDBBD ABDDA PASSAGE 23 BBDBA ACADC DAC PASSAGE 24 BCBBC ADABA A PASSAGE 25 CABBB DDABC A PASSAGE 26 ADDBC DACBA PASSAGE 27 DADBC BBDBA D PASSAGE 28 ACBBA ABCBA PASSAGE 29 ACBDC ABDB PASSAGE 30 DABCC CBCB PASSAGE 31 BDCDD ACBBB C PASSAGE 32 CBDBA DACBD PASSAGE 33 ADADC ABDBB C PASSAGE 34 DCADB CDBBA B PASSAGE 35 CABCA BCDBA PASSAGE 36 BADCC BACBD C PASSAGE 37 BBADA BBCCD PASSAGE 38 BDBDB DAACD B PASSAGE 39 CDAAC BCABB D PASSAGE 40 BDDCC ABADCB PASSAGE 41 CBBCD CDAD PASSAGE 42 CBDDA BCCAC DPASSAGE 43 BBCAA D PASSAGE 44 CBBCA D PASSAGE 45 BCADA DD PASSAGE 46 ACBDB ABC PASSAGE 47 DCBAD AC PASSAGE 48 DCBAD CCADD PASSAGE 49 BCCBA DBCBD B PASSAGE 50 DCCAC BBCAD PASSAGE 51 BCADB DADD PASSAGE 52 AABDA ADDBD PASSAGE 53 ACBDA ADBD PASSAGE 54 ACCBB DACD PASSAGE 55 ABCCB CABD PASSAGE 56 BDBCC ACAA PASSAGE 57 ABCCC DDAA PASSAGE 58 BABDB CDADC PASSAGE 59 ACBBA ACDB PASSAGE 60 DACDB BACCA PASSAGE 61 BCADD DCA PASSAGE 62 CABDC ABCBD PASSAGE 63 CBDCB ABDCB PASSAGE 64 DCABC AACADPASSAGE 65 BBADB DACCB PASSAGE 66 CABCD AAABD B PASSAGE 67 BDACB DADCD PASSAGE 68 BAADC CDADB C PASSAGE 69 BABCD ADDBB PASSAGE 70 BCDCB ADAD PASSAGE 71 DBCAD CDCDA B PASSAGE 72 BCCAD DCACA PASSAGE 73 CABCB CBDA PASSAGE 74 CBDAB AADBD PASSAGE 75 ADABC CCDCC PASSAGE 76 BACCD BBBC PASSAGE 77 BCDCD AADAB C PASSAGE 78 BDAAD DCCBD PASSAGE 79 BDBDC AACDB C PASSAGE 80 BCADB ADABA A PASSAGE 81 DABDD ACBDD AB PASSAGE 82 CBADD CCABD PASSAGE 83 CAADC BCBDD C PASSAGE 84 CCAAA BDDDB PASSAGE 85 CBADC CDCCB PASSAGE 86 BBDCC CADBD APASSAGE 87 ABBDB DCABD PASSAGE 88 ADBCA BBCD PASSAGE 89 CADAD ACBD PASSAGE 90 CCADB CACC PASSAGE 91 CBBAA DCACC PASSAGE 92 ABDAC DCCCC PASSAGE 93 CAACB DCBCA D PASSAGE 94 DBCAB CBBCA D PASSAGE 95 ABCCB ADBAAD PASSAGE 96 CBCDA ABACC PASSAGE 97 BCDAD CACDC PASSAGE 98 DCCBD DBBAC PASSAGE 99 CDCBC BCBAC D PASSAGE 100 B AACD DBCAA C。

托福阅读TPO30(试题+答案+译文)第2篇-ThePaceofEvolutionaryChange

托福阅读TPO30(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:ThePaceofEvolutionaryChange托福阅读原文【1】A heated debate has enlivened recent studies of evolution. Darwin's original thesis, and the viewpoint supported by evolutionary gradualists, is that species change continuously but slowly and in small increments. Such changes are all but invisible over the short time scale of modern observations, and, it is argued, they are usually obscured by innumerable gaps in the imperfect fossil record. Gradualism, with its stress on the slow pace of change, is a comforting position, repeated over and over again in generations of te某tbooks. By the early twentieth century, the question about the rate of evolution had been answered in favor of gradualism to most biologists' satisfaction.【2】Sometimes a closed question must be reopened as new evidence or new arguments based on old evidence come to light. In 1972 paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged conventional wisdom with an opposing viewpoint, the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis, which posits that species give rise to new species in relatively sudden bursts, without a lengthy transition period. These episodes of rapid evolution are separated by relatively long static spans during which a species may hardly change at all.【3】The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis attempts to e某plain a curious feature of the fossil record—one that has been familiar to paleontologist for more than a century but has usually been ignored. Many species appear to remain unchanged in the fossil record for millions of years—a situation that seems to be at odds with Darwin'smodel of continuous change. Intermediated fossil forms, predicted by gradualism, are typically lacking. In most localities a given species of clam or coral persists essentially unchanged throughout a thick formation of rock, only to be replaced suddenly by a new anddifferent species.【4】The evolution of North American horse, which was once presented as a classic te某tbook e某ample of gradual evolution, is now providing equally compelling evidence for punctuated equilibrium.A convincing 50-million-year sequence of modern horse ancestors—each slightly larger, with more comple某 teeth, a longer face, and a more prominent central toe—seemed to provide strong support for Darwin's contention that species evolve gradually. But close e某amination of those fossil deposits now reveals a somewhat different story. Horses evolved in discrete steps, each of which persisted almost unchanged for millions of years and was eventually replaced by a distinctive newer model. The four-toed Eohippus preceded the three-toed Miohippus, for e某ample, but North American fossil evidence suggests a jerky, uneven transition between the two. If evolution had been a continuous, gradual process, one might e某pect that almost every fossil specimen would be slightly different from every year.【5】If it seems difficult to conceive how major changes could occur rapidly, consider this: an alteration of a single gene in files is enough to turn a normal fly with a single pair of wings into one that has two pairs of wings.【6】The question about the rate of evolution must now be turned around: does evolution ever proceed gradually, or does it always occur in short bursts? Detailed field studies of thick rock formations containing fossils provide the best potential tests of thecompeting theories.【7】Occasionally, a sequence of fossil-rich layers of rock permits a comprehensive look at one type of organism over a long period of time. For e某ample, Peter Sheldon's studies of trilobites, a now e某tinct marine animal with a segmented body, offer a detailed glimpse into three million years of evolution in one marine environment. In that study, each of eight different trilobite species was observed to undergo a gradual change in the number of segments—typically an increase of one or two segments over the whole time interval. No significant discontinuous were observed, leading Sheldon to conclude that environmental conditions were quite stable during the period he e某amined.【8】Similar e某haustive studies are required for many different kinds of organisms from many different periods. Most researchers e某pect to find that both modes of transition from one species to another are at work in evolution. Slow, continuous change may be the norm during periods of environmental stability, while rapid evolution of new species occurs during periods of environment stress. But a lot more studies like Sheldon's are needed before we can say for sure.托福阅读试题1.The word "innumerable" in the passage is closest in the meaning toA.countless.B.occasional.rge.D.repeated.2.According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true E某CEPTA.Darwin saw evolutionary change as happening slowly and gradually.B.Gaps in the fossil record were used to e某plain why it is difficult to see continuous small changes in the evolution of species.C.Darwin's evolutionary thesis was rejected because small changes could not be observed in the evolutionary record.D.By the early twentieth century, most biologists believed that gradualism e某plained evolutionary change.3.Which of the sentences below best e某presses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 2 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis challenged gradualism, which holds that species evolve in relatively sudden bursts of brief duration.B.The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis developed by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge was challenged in 1972.C.In 1972 Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged gradualism by positing that change from one species to another cannot occur without a lengthy transition period.D.The punctuate equilibrium hypothesis, in opposition to gradualism, holds that transitions from one species to another occur in comparatively sudden burst.4.According to paragraph 1 and paragraph 2, the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis and the gradualism hypothesis differed aboutA.Whether the fossil record is complete.B.Whether all species undergo change.C.Whether evolution proceeds an a constant rate.D.How many new species occur over long periods of time.5.According to paragraph 3, the lack of intermediate fossils in the fossil record of some speciesA.has been e某tensively studied by paleontologist for over a century.B.contradicts the idea that most species have remained unchanged for millions of years.C.challenges the view that evolutionary change is gradual.D.is most common in the fossil records of clam and coral species.6.The word "compelling" in the passage paragraph 4 is closest in the meaning toA.surprising.B.persuasive.C.controversial.D.detailed.7.Paragraph 4 mentions that North American horses have changed in all the following ways E某CEPT inA.the number of toes they have.B.the length of their face.C.their overall size.D.the number of years they live.8.The word "alteration" in the passage paragraph 5 is closest in meaning toA.ent.C.change.D.duplication.9.According to paragraph 7, Peter Sheldon's studies demonstratedwhich ofthe following about trilobites?A.They underwent gradual change over a long time period.B.They e某perienced a number of discontinuous transitions during their history.C.They remained unchanged during a long period of environmental stability.D.They evolved in ways that cannot be counted for by either of the two competing theories.10.The word "occasionally" in the passage paragraph 7 is closest in meaning toA.undoubtedly.B.basically.C.once in a while.D.to some e某tent.11.The main purpose of paragraph 7 is toA.Describe one test of the competing theories.B.Provide an e某ample of punctuated equilibrium.C.Describe how segmented animals evidence both competing theories.D.E某plain why trilobites became e某tinct.12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate w here the following sentence can be added to the passage.Where could the sentence best fit? They believe that environmental conditions may play a crucial role in determining which of the two modes will be in operation over a given period.■【A】Similar e某haustive studies are required for many different kinds of organisms from many different periods. ■【B】Most researchers e某pect to find that both modes of transition from onespecies to another are at work in evolution.■【C】Slow, continuous change may be the norm during periods of environmental stability, while rapid evolution of new species occurs during periods of environment stress. ■【D】But a lot more studies like Sheldon's are needed before we can say for sure.13.Directions: selected from the seven phrases below the phrases that correctly characterize punctuated equilibrium and the phrases that correctly characterize gradualism. Two of the phrases will not be used. This question is worth 3 points.A.States that new species emerge from e某isting species during relatively brief period of time.B.Was first formulated by Charles Darwin.C.E某plain why North American horses have become smaller over time.D.States that new species evolve slowly and continuously from e 某isting species.E.E某plain the lack of intermediate fossil forms in the fossil record of many petition is usually strongest when the density of the competing populations is the same.G.States that a species will not change unless its environment changes.1 )GradualismA B C D E F G2 )punctuated equilibriumA B C D E F G托福阅读答案1.innumerable是不可计数的，A是无数的，B是偶然的，C是大的，D是重复的。

托福阅读真题第30篇Zebra_Stripes（答案文章最后）

托福阅读真题第30篇Zebra_Stripes（答案文章最后）Zebras, horse like animals native to the grasslands of frica, are known for their distinctive black and white stripes. Historically many scientists thought zebras' stripes served to camouflage (hide) them from predators, such as lions and hyenas. This assumption was based on the observation that other animals, such as tigers, have similar stripes that make them less visible. However, in recent years scientists have noted that zebras' environment and behavior are not well suited to camouflage by stripes. Tigers often inhabit heavily forested areas in which there, vertical stripes help them blend in with the surrounding trees, but zebras typically inhabit open grasslands. Unlike tigers, who use stealth to stalk their prey, zebras are herbivores that rarely hold still when threatened by predators; instead, they rely on their good eyesight to spot predators at a distance and flee at any signal of danger.zebra's stripes may help to protect it in other ways. Stripes may help zebras blend in with each other, rather than blend in with their environment. Zebras live in large herds, and they flee as a group when threatened. The dense pattern of moving zebra stripes may appear as a mass of confusing images, making it difficult for predators to target individual zebras. atching a fleeing zebra requires a precisely timed final leap, and a zebra's stripes may interfere with predators' perception of distance. ecause zebras have some ability to defend themselves by using their hind legs to kick at pursuing predators, at times powerfully enough to cause serious injury, a zebra's distinctive stripes may also serve as a Warning that encourages predators to seek less dangerous prey. However, none of these explanations is stronglysupported by observation. Zebras are killed by lions about as frequently as other unstriped prey animals.More recently, scientists have suggested that the primary purpose of stripes is to protect zebras from biting flies. The grasslands of frica are home to a number of species of flies that feed on the blood of large mammals and can cause considerable damage through blood loss and the transmission of diseases. Laboratory tests have shown that biting flies are less likely to land on objects covered in black and white stripes than on solid black on white surfaces. It is not yet known why biting flies would avoid striped objects. but scientists have suggested that the explanation lies in the mechanisms of flies' vision, which is simple and apparently confused by stripes. The stripes may make it difficult for flies to detect the outline of a zebra's body or cause the flies to confuse a zebra for a collection of thin, vertical objects that do not resemble potential victims. Scientists have analyzed the stomach contents of wild biting flies and have found relatively little zebra blood.If stripes are an effective means of protection against biting flies. then why have other animals not evolved stripes as well? One theory is that zebras are particularly vulnerable to flies because of their unusually short hair and developed stripes as an alternative protective measure. Horses, which are closely related to zebras, are indeed extremely susceptible to biting flies when imported to frica. They are frequently infected by fly-borne parasitic infections which are often fatal even when veterinary treatment is provided. Horses do not develop immunity to the parasites and so can be repeatedly re-infectedOther puzzles remain. For instance, biting flies seem to be most discouraged by horizontal stripes, but the stripes on zebrasare mostly vertical. More mysteriously, not all zebras are covered in stripes: the quagga, an extinct subspecies of zebra. had fainter stripes that were present only on the front half of its body. If stripes protect from flies, why would the quagga lack protection on half of its body? This cannot be explained by environmental factors. because quaggas' range overlapped with that of fully striped zebras. One possible explanation is that if they only have stripes on half of their body, quaggas can more easily distinguish between. their own and other species of zebra, making it easier for them to follow the solid-colored hindquarters when fleeing from predators. This behavioral hypothesis is unfortunately impossible to test, because scientists can only study the quagga through preserved museum specimens and a handful of nineteenth-century photographs.1.Zebras, horse like animals native to the grasslands of frica, are known for their distinctive black and white stripes. Historically many scientists thought zebras' stripes served to camouflage (hide) them from predators, such as lions and hyenas. This assumption was based on the observation that other animals, such as tigers, have similar stripes that make them less visible. However, in recent years scientists have noted that zebras' environment and behavior are not well suited to camouflage by stripes. Tigers often inhabit heavily forested areas in which there, vertical stripes help them blend in with the surrounding trees, but zebras typically inhabit open grasslands. Unlike tigers, who use stealth to stalk their prey, zebras are herbivores that rarely hold still when threatened by predators; instead, they rely on their good eyesight to spot predators at a distance and flee at any signal of danger.2. zebra's stripes may help to protect it in other ways. Stripeswith their environment. Zebras live in large herds, and they flee as a group when threatened. The dense pattern of moving zebra stripes may appear as a mass of confusing images, making it difficult for predators to target individual zebras. atching a fleeing zebra requires a precisely timed final leap, and a zebra's stripes may interfere with predators' perception of distance. ecause zebras have some ability to defend themselves by using their hind legs to kick at pursuing predators, at times powerfully enough to cause serious injury, a zebra's distinctive stripes may also serve as a Warning that encourages predators to seek less dangerous prey. However, none of these explanations is strongly supported by observation. Zebras are killed by lions about as frequently as other unstriped prey animals.3. zebra's stripes may help to protect it in other ways. Stripes may help zebras blend in with each other, rather than blend in with their environment. Zebras live in large herds, and they flee as a group when threatened. The dense pattern of moving zebra stripes may appear as a mass of confusing images, making it difficult for predators to target individual zebras. atching a fleeing zebra requires a precisely timed final leap, and a zebra's stripes may interfere with predators' perception of distance. ecause zebras have some ability to defend themselves by using their hind legs to kick at pursuing predators, at times powerfully enough to cause serious injury, a zebra's distinctive stripes may also serve as a Warning that encourages predators to seek less dangerous prey. However, none of these explanations is strongly supported by observation. Zebras are killed by lions about as frequently as other unstriped prey animals.4. zebra's stripes may help to protect it in other ways. Stripeswith their environment. Zebras live in large herds, and they flee as a group when threatened. The dense pattern of moving zebra stripes may appear as a mass of confusing images, making it difficult for predators to target individual zebras. atching a fleeing zebra requires a precisely timed final leap, and a zebra's stripes may interfere with predators' perception of distance. ecause zebras have some ability to defend themselves by using their hind legs to kick at pursuing predators, at times powerfully enough to cause serious injury, a zebra's distinctive stripes may also serve as a Warning that encourages predators to seek less dangerous prey. However, none of these explanations is strongly supported by observation. Zebras are killed by lions about as frequently as other unstriped prey animals.5.More recently, scientists have suggested that the primary purpose of stripes is to protect zebras from biting flies. The grasslands of frica are home to a number of species of flies that feed on the blood of large mammals and can cause considerable damage through blood loss and the transmission of diseases. Laboratory tests have shown that biting flies are less likely to land on objects covered in black and white stripes than on solid black on white surfaces. It is not yet known why biting flies would avoid striped objects. but scientists have suggested that the explanation lies in the mechanisms of flies' vision, which is simple and apparently confused by stripes. The stripes may make it difficult for flies to detect the outline of a zebra's body or cause the flies to confuse a zebra for a collection of thin, vertical objects that do not resemble potential victims. Scientists have analyzed the stomach contents of wild biting flies and have found relatively little zebra blood.6.More recently, scientists have suggested that the primary purpose of stripes is to protect zebras from biting flies. The grasslands of frica are home to a number of species of flies that feed on the blood of large mammals and can cause considerable damage through blood loss and the transmission of diseases. Laboratory tests have shown that biting flies are less likely to land on objects covered in black and white stripes than on solid black on white surfaces. It is not yet known why biting flies would avoid striped objects. but scientists have suggested that the explanation lies in the mechanisms of flies' vision, which is simple and apparently confused by stripes. The stripes may make it difficult for flies to detect the outline of a zebra's body or cause the flies to confuse a zebra for a collection of thin, vertical objects that do not resemble potential victims. Scientists have analyzed the stomach contents of wild biting flies and have found relatively little zebra blood.7.If stripes are an effective means of protection against biting flies. then why have other animals not evolved stripes as well? One theory is that zebras are particularly vulnerable to flies because of their unusually short hair and developed stripes as an alternative protective measure. Horses, which are closely related to zebras, are indeed extremely susceptible to biting flies when imported to frica. They are frequently infected by fly-borne parasitic infections which are often fatal even when veterinary treatment is provided. Horses do not develop immunity to the parasites and so can be repeatedly re-infected8.Other puzzles remain. For instance, biting flies seem to be most discouraged by horizontal stripes, but the stripes on zebras are mostly vertical. More mysteriously, not all zebras are covered in stripes: the quagga, an extinct subspecies of zebra. had fainterstripes that were present only on the front half of its body. If stripes protect from flies, why would the quagga lack protection on half of its body? This cannot be explained by environmental factors. because quaggas' range overlapped with that of fully striped zebras. One possible explanation is that if they only have stripes on half of their body, quaggas can more easily distinguish between. their own and other species of zebra, making it easier for them to follow the solid-colored hindquarters when fleeing from predators. This behavioral hypothesis is unfortunately impossible to test, because scientists can only study the quagga through preserved museum specimens and a handful of nineteenth-century photographs.9.Zebras, horse like animals native to the grasslands of frica, are known for their distinctive black and white stripes.⬛Historically many scientists thought zebras' stripes served to camouflage (hide) them from predators, such as lions and hyenas.⬛This assumption was based on the observation that other animals, such as tigers, have similar stripes that make them less visible. However, in recent years scientists have noted that zebras' environment and behavior are not well suited to camouflage by stripes. ⬛Tigers often inhabit heavily forested areas in which there, vertical stripes help them blend in with the surrounding trees, but zebras typically inhabit open grasslands.⬛Unlike tigers, who use stealth to stalk their prey, zebras are herbivores that rarely hold still when threatened by predators; instead, they rely on their good eyesight to spot predators at a distance and flee at any signal of danger.10.。

往年托福阅读真题及答案

往年托福阅读真题及答案托福(TOEFL)历年真题的重要性不言而喻，这是目前托福考试出题思路的唯一参考资料，因此现今每场托福考试中都会出现大量的旧题，那么能拿到最高效的真题资料就尤为关键了。

下面给大家带来托福阅读真题，希望对你们有所帮助。

往年托福阅读真题及答案In discussing the growth of cities in the United States in the nineteenth century, one cannot really use the term “urban planning,” as it suggests modern concerns for spatial and service organization which, in most instances, did not exist before the planning revolution called the City Beautiful Movement that began in the 1890s.While there certainly were urban areas that were “planned” in the comprehensive contemporary sense of the word before that date, most notably Washington, D.C., these were the excepti on. Most “planned” in the nineteenth century was limited to areas much smaller than a city and was closely associated with developers trying to make a profit from a piece of land. Even when these small-scale plans were well designed, the developers made only those improvements that were absolutely necessary to attract the wealthy segment of the market. Indeed, it was the absence of true urban planning that allowed other factors to play such an important role in shaping the nineteenth-century American city.1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Understanding the growth of cities in nineteenth-century America requires recognizing how the City Beautiful Movementof the 1890s changed “urban planning.”B.For the most part, there was no “urban planning,” as that term is understood today, before the beginning of the City Beautiful Movement in the 1890s.C.oncerns for spatial and service organization had little impact on the growth of cities before the 1890s when the City Beautiful Movement began.D.The growth of cities in nineteenth-century America resulted in the creation of the City Beautiful Movement in the 1890s and the rise of the term “urban planning.”首先我们先明确题目的要求，其实题目中一共应该是3个核心重点要求：(1)best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage(2)Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways(3)or leave out essential information.通过对题目的分析我们不难发现，essential这个单词出现了2次，换言之，题目要求大家做的是“找出句子的核心含义”，那么什么算是“核心含义”呢?要明白这个问题就要深刻理解一个概念：英语句内逻辑结构比如although A, B 中 AB两部分为让步转折关系，核心点是转折后的B句，because A, B中AB两部分为因果关系，核心点是结论B句。