专题一：名词和冠词

专题一：名词和冠词I. Nouns1. 可数名词的复数形式:a. 单复同形: sleep, deer, fish , means, works, aircraft, Japanese, Swiss, Chinese, Yuan/Jin/Lib. 规则变化:①-fe: thieves, shelves, leaves, lives, knives; gulfs, roofs, proofs, safes, chief, beliefs,②-o: photos, pianos, zoos, bamboos, radios, studios, videos, kilos, heroes, Negroes, tomatoes, potatoes, volcanoesc.不规则变化: feet, men, women, mice, teeth, geese, bacterium( bacteria), children, penny(pence), ox(oxen),crisis( crises),d. 只有复数形式 trousers, glasses, goods, clothes, thanks, contents, . compasses(圆规),remains （遗迹，残余物）, scales(天平)，scissors （剪刀）, ,data （数据，资料）, media,e. 复合名词复数：grown-ups, lookers-on, sisters-in-law, film-goers, passers-by, story-tellers, best-sellers, student-teachers （实习教师）, go-betweens （中间人）, men/women engineersf. 某些名词复数的特殊意义：woods, glasses, manners, times, drinks, wishes, regards, customs, waters, goods, contents （目录）, papers(论文，试卷，报纸), sands( 沙滩), spirits(情绪，酒精), arms(武器), conditions(环境 ), greens(青菜), forces(军队)2. 不可数名词的具体化：加a/an 表示“一场、一份、一种” eg. a rain/snow, a tea/beer/drink3．抽象名词具体化:1).前加a/an2). 复数4. 某些典型的不可数名词不能具体化：news, information, advice, progress, fun, homework,housework, furniture, luggage/baggage, weather, with pleasure/difficulty/hope, for/have fun5. 名词的格：通常冠词与所有格相互排斥。

a. 所有格的构成: 1). 有生命名词加’s 2). 无生命名词通常用“of + 名词”形式。

b. ’s 后名词的省略：1. 住宅 : at Jim’s 2. 店铺: at the barber’s 3. 行医开业者: at the dentist’sc. and 连接的两个所有格: Tom and Mary’ father, Tom’s and Mary’ fathersd. 复合名词的所有格，在后面名词加’s: his sister -in-law ’s bike, a day or two’s stay, someone else’ keys, the president of America’s care. 名词修饰名词：表示用途、性质、类别 shoe shop, coffee cup, time table, schoollife, stone bridge, head nurse, customs office, men/women doctors所有格修饰名词： 所属关系（有生命）/整体部分关系（无生命）doctor’s degree,students’ union,China’s industry, women’s hands, teachers’ college,people’s parkII. Articles : 定冠词表示“特指”，不定冠词表示“泛指”，但需注意一些固定搭配和语境。

E.g.1). Young as he is, he is not ______ new comer to physics.2). Summers in _____ south of France are for ______ most part dry and sunny.3). –Where is Tom?--I think he is still in bed, but he might just be in ____ bathroom.4). -- Have you seen____ bike? I parked it here this morning.--Is it ____ new one? I think I saw it just now.1. 不定冠词1). 表示人或物的某一类。

Eg.A washing machine is a machine that washes clothes.2). 指某人或事物，但不具体说明何人或何物。

Eg.Tomato is a vegetable, not a fruit. It ’s a pleasure to meet you here.We volunteered to collect money to help the victims of the earthquake.What would you like, sir? Two coffees/teas/beers.A Tom wants to see you.3). 表示“一个”、“某个”、“每一个”等等概念。

Eg.a. Take the medicine three times a day.b. They’ll be back in a day or two.4). 表示the same. e.g.The students standing there are of an age.5). 用于一些习语中: eg. at a distance, as a whole, all of a sudden, many a teacher, a good/great many, as a matter of fact, aknife and fork, a great deal of, have a good time, have a swim2. 用定冠词的场合：1). 表示谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物a. please turn off the TV.b. Did you see the film last night?2). 指某些特定的人或物，或复述上文提到过的人或物。

Eg.1). China today is no longer the China in the past.2). I’ve got ___ map of the world and now ____map is put on the wall.3）___man standing under the tree is our new classmate.3). 用于世界上独一无二的人或物，或表示发明物的单数名词前。

Eg.a. The compass was invented in China 4000 years ago.b. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.4). 在逢十的复数数词前，指世纪的某个年代，在姓氏的复数形式前指一家人。

Eg.a. In the 1980s, there was a great change in China.b. The Browns are coming to China next month.5). 位于单数名词前，表示某一类人或事物。

Eg.a. The tiger is a dangerous animal if not kept in cages.6). 在乐器名词前。

eg.Though the boy is only seven, he can play the violin very well.7). 与表示计算单位的名词连用，含“每”“每一”之意。

Eg.a. The cloth is usually sold by____ yard/ metre.b. These workers are paid by ____ year/month/week/day/hour.c. These eggs are sold by____ dozen/score/pound/kilo.8). 用于序数词，形容词最高级和比较级前。

Eg.a. Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboat.b. The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.c. Tom is ____taller of the two students.9). 在某些地理名词（如江河、湖海、岛屿、山脉、峡湾和桥梁等）前。

Eg.The man was brave enough to swim across the English Channel.10). 与某些形容词、分词或名词连用表示某一类人或事。

Eg.The poor often went hungry in the old days.3. 用零冠词的场合：1). 名词前已有指示代词（this, that）、物主代词（my, his）或不定代词（some, any）、词所有格以及kind of, sort of, type of, piece of时。

Eg.a. Is there any water in the basin?b. This kind of books sells well.2). man/woman表类别作人类讲时。

eg.a. Man is a tool-making animal.b. Woman has been portrayed by artists in many ways.3). 作为独一无二的头衔的名词在句中作表语或补语时。