专题一：名词和冠词

专题一：名词和冠词

I. Nouns

1. 可数名词的复数形式:

a. 单复同形: sleep, deer, fish , means, works, aircraft, Japanese, Swiss, Chinese, Yuan/Jin/Li

b. 规则变化:

①-fe: thieves, shelves, leaves, lives, knives; gulfs, roofs, proofs, safes, chief, beliefs,

②-o: photos, pianos, zoos, bamboos, radios, studios, videos, kilos, heroes, Negroes, tomatoes, potatoes, volcanoes

c.不规则变化: feet, men, women, mice, teeth, geese, bacterium( bacteria), children, penny(pence), ox(oxen),crisis( crises),

d. 只有复数形式 trousers, glasses, goods, clothes, thanks, contents, . compasses(圆规),remains （遗迹，残余物）, scales(天平)，scissors （剪刀）, ,data （数据，资料）, media,

e. 复合名词复数：grown-ups, lookers-on, sisters-in-law, film-goers, passers-by, story-tellers, best-sellers, student-teachers （实习教师）, go-betweens （中间人）, men/women engineers

f. 某些名词复数的特殊意义：woods, glasses, manners, times, drinks, wishes, regards, customs, waters, goods, contents （目录）, papers(论文，试卷，报纸), sands( 沙滩), spirits(情绪，酒精), arms(武器), conditions(环境 ), greens(青菜), forces(军队)

2. 不可数名词的具体化：加a/an 表示“一场、一份、一种” eg. a rain/snow, a tea/beer/drink

3．抽象名词具体化:

1).

前加a/an

2). 复数

4. 某些典型的不可数名词不能具体化：news, information, advice, progress, fun, homework,housework, furniture, luggage/baggage, weather, with pleasure/difficulty/hope, for/have fun

5. 名词的格：通常冠词与所有格相互排斥。

a. 所有格的构成: 1). 有生命名词加’s 2). 无生命名词通常用“of + 名词”形式。

b. ’s 后名词的省略：1. 住宅 : at Jim’s 2. 店铺: at the barber’s 3. 行医开业者: at the dentist’s

c. and 连接的两个所有格: Tom and Mary’ father, Tom’s and Mary’ fathers

d. 复合名词的所有格，在后面名词加’s: his sister -in-law ’s bike, a day or two’s stay, someone else’ keys, the president of America’s car

e. 名词修饰名词：表示用途、性质、类别 shoe shop, coffee cup, time table, school

life, stone bridge, head nurse, customs office, men/women doctors

所有格修饰名词： 所属关系（有生命）/整体部分关系（无生命）

doctor’s degree,students’ union,China’s industry, women’s hands, teachers’ college,

people’s park

II. Articles : 定冠词表示“特指”，不定冠词表示“泛指”，但需注意一些固定搭配和语境。E.g.

1). Young as he is, he is not ______ new comer to physics.

2). Summers in _____ south of France are for ______ most part dry and sunny.

3). –Where is Tom?

--I think he is still in bed, but he might just be in ____ bathroom.

4). -- Have you seen____ bike? I parked it here this morning.

--Is it ____ new one? I think I saw it just now.

1. 不定冠词

1). 表示人或物的某一类。Eg.

A washing machine is a machine that washes clothes.

2). 指某人或事物，但不具体说明何人或何物。Eg.

Tomato is a vegetable, not a fruit. It ’s a pleasure to meet you here.

We volunteered to collect money to help the victims of the earthquake.

What would you like, sir? Two coffees/teas/beers.