语言语境和非语言语境对翻译的影响

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广西大学
硕士学位论文
语言语境与非语言语境对翻译的影响
姓名:***
申请学位级别:硕士
专业:外国语言学及应用语言学
指导教师:***
20040501
坚:皇:旦!塑!垡苎!!兰!!鱼塞j!婪!!:!堡!垒
,…
语裔语境与非语言语境对翻译的影响
2001级努翟语言学及嫩孺语言学
硕士研究生:尹青
导师;李行良剡教授
摘要
语壤是指语言使羽的环境即“语言环境”,是语言交际的基础。

f语壤概念首先怒:十世纪置十年代由人类学家骂林诺夫斯基佛.Malinowski)提出的。

他指出:.“语境爨决定语义的唯一因素。

会此别无意义可言。

”语畜学作为一门独立的学科.在20世纪有了长是的发展。

在此期闽,语境问题作为一个重要课题,在语害潆研究中日益凸现出采,几乎所有语言学流派在语言学分支学科的磺究上都涉漫至《了语境闾越。

劐60年代爵期,随着社会语言学秘

语用学的兴起和发媵,国外语言学界对语境的研究取得了重要的进腱屯雾盘簸零i施)之曩,嚣李0德(Hailiday),里憨(Lyons)等语言学豢蝈缝跌各穗蹙瘦薅语境进行了阐述。

然而.到目前为此,语境到底包括哪些鞭素,语境l|盘如何定义如何分类,不同的学米滚派、不阕的语言学家的看法各舞.
本义将语境对翻译的作用作为中心问题加以详细的论述,首先总结了国内夕|、对语境的研究及深入程度以及语言学家对语境的定义、特点、分类及其功能,作者尝试对语境重新从新的角度进行定义及分类,将语境分为语言语境(包括语音语境、词汇语境、语法语境、句法语境和篇章语境)和非语言语境(包疆情境语境、社会语境驳及文纯语壤),二者相辅相成,英网制约着人们交流的语言(无论是口语或怒书面语):前者决定语宵形式的语义内容及特薤,蠢毒决定语言内容懿使鬻徐值。

语境对语言黢表{态意义的影晌歪是遗
广强太学硬±论文
过语言因素和非语富因素两方面才得以完成.故译者在翻译中不仪要从语言因素方面去理解原文的意义,而且还要从非语言因素方蕊去深究原文的确切含义,只有如此,矛翕可能选择出最赃近原文意义的译文,实现翻译的目静一一再现原文的意义与风格。

本文将奈达的翻译原则作为衡量标准,并通过翻译实蹉铱次分析了诿褰语境翔毒≥语言语壤对镧译豹耋簧彩鹅及终溺/通过嚣语境因
者认为语境对翻译的内密及形式上的对等起着飘关重要的佟爱
本文舆有理论和实践的意义。

理论上,在总结了前人对语境研究的基础上,取其余理性,深他砖语境理论的理解。

实践上,将语境的研究僻诸于蕺译实践,使译者在翻译过程中;圭重原文中语境因素的影响,以确{采尽可能的完美的髯现原文的内容与风格。

关键词:语境语言语境非语言语境翻译制约
鹜:垒:鎏!!兰!璧曼!!!坠登童堡
InfluenceofLinguisticContextand
Non—linguisticContextonTranslation
Abstract
Context,thatislanguageenvironment,isthebasisoflanguagecommunication.In1923theanthropologistB.Mafinowski,whoholdsthat‘‘theyregardcontextisthesoledeterminerofmeaningwithoutwhichmeaningdoesnotexist'’,firstlyproposedtheconceptof“context”。

Duringtheprocessoflinguisticsstudy,contexthasbecomeprominentasavitalissueandalmostallschoolsoflinguisticshaveinvolvedinitwhenstudyinglinguisticbranches.Inthelateof1960s,withtheinitiationanddevelopmentofsociallinguisticsandpragmatics,westernlinguistshavegotconsiderableprogress.AfterFirth,manylinguistshaveelaboratedcontextfromthedifferentperspectives,suchasHymes,Halliday,LyonsandSOon.Butasfortheelements,thedefinitionandtheclassificationofcontext,differentschoolsanddifferentlinguistsholdvariousviews-Thethesisconcentratestheinfluenceofcontextontranslationasthemainissueandexpoundsitindetail.Firstly,thispapersummarizesthestudyofcontextathomeandabroad。

Onthebasisoftheitsdefinitions,features,classificationsandfunctions,theauthorattemptstomakeredefinitionandreclassificationfromanewperspective,whichdividesthecontextintolinguisticcontext(includingphonologicalcontext,lcxicalcontext,grammaticalcontextandtextualcontext)whichdeterminesthemeaningsandfeaturesofthelanguageform,andnon—linguisticcontext(includingsituationalcontext,socialcontextandculturalcontext)whichdeterminestheusingvalueofthelanguage.Thetwopartsarecomplementaleachotherandrestrictthecommutativelanguagetogether,TheinfluenceofcontextOilthemeaningexpressedbylanguagecaubereflectedbythetwoaspects:bothlinguisticfactorsandnon-linguisticfactors.Sointranslatingthetranslatornotonlyunderstandsthemeaningsoftheoriginalfromthelinguisticaspectsbutalsogetstothebottomoftheaccurateconnotationsoftheoriginalfromthenon·linguisticaspects.
广西大学硕士论文
Onlyinthiswaycanthetranslatorchoosethemostappropriateversiontorealizetheaimoftranslation-reappearanceofthemeaningandstyleoftheoriginal.AdoptingtheNida’Stranslationprincipleascriterion,thepaperanalyzestheimportantinfluenceandrestrictionofcontextontranslationthroughthetranslationpracticebywhichtheauthorholdsthatcontextplaysavitalroleintheequivalentsofthecontentandformoftranslation.
Thethesisenjoyssignificancebothintheoryandpractice.Intheory,onthebasisofgeneralresearchofscholars,theauthortakesitsrationalityanddeepenstheunderstandingofthecontextualtheory;alsoinpractice,theauthorputsthecontextstudyintothetranslationpracticetomakethetranslatorPaymoreattentiontocontextualfactorsintranslatinginordertoensureperfectreappearanceofmeaningandstyleoftheON。

ginal.
KEYWORDS:context;linguisticcontext;non-linguisticcontext;
translation;restriction
!:要点兰堡杰造壅—一
Acknowledgements
fromTheaccomplishmentofthisdissertationbenefitsfromenlightenment
mysupervisor,Prof.LiXingliang.whosedeepinsights,generous
instructionshavehelpedmethroughthreeyearsencouragements,andu棚.emi瓶ng
ofstudies,andwhosepreciousguidanceistheinspiringsouseofmypaper.He
ofhasbeeni拄co拣srantconcernaboutmythesis,haswillinglytakenthepain
andhasgivenmethepatientreadingdraftswritteninawkwardEnglish
suggestions·
1wouldalsoliketoextendmysinceregratitudetoProf.ZhouYi,Prof.Song
Yafei,Prof.LiuShangfu,Prof.TanXulun,Pro£WanHandong,Prof.ZhuYuande,
haveinspiredmyinterestinPro£HuangJianhua,Prof.YangDihua,who
translation,Theirscholarlyattainmentsandcomprehensiveknowledgegreatly
influenceme.
fortheireamestandFinally,mygreatgratitudealsogoestomyparents
tirelessencouragementduringmystudyandlife,andtothosewritersandeditors
whosebookslhavereadandbenefitedfrom,
YinQing
RestrictionandInfluenceofContcxtua}FactorsOBTranslation
PartI.Introduction
Contextreferstotheenvironmentinwhichlanguageisused.Specificcontextcaninfluencetheconveyanceofmeaningofwords,sentences,paragraphsandeventextsinthe
particularlanguageenvironment,Becauseofdifferent
understandingsofthecontextual
connotation,manylinguistsstillcannotreachtheagreementonitsdefinition,elements,
classification,andfunctions.Inthisthesis,onthebasisoftheachievementsoftheSCholars,theauthortries韬providethedefinition,function,elements,andclassificationofcontext
fromanewperspective.

·Translationistofindthecounterpartofthesourcelanguageinthetargetlanguage,whichistheinter-linguistictransferofinformation。

Contextplaysavitalroleintranslationbecausenotonlycorrectunderstandingoftheoriginalisdeterminedbycontextbutalsoaccurateexpressionofthesourcelanguagedependsonthecontext。

Asweknow,itwillleadtomisunderstandingandmistranslationwithouttakingcontextintoconsideration。

Totally,thepaperincludesfiveparts.Thefirstpartisageneralintroductionaboutcontext,includingthescholars’theoreticalachievements,theirdifferentdefinitions,functions,elementsandclassifications,Onthebasisofwhich,theauthorputsforwardherredefinitionandreclassi_fication.
ThesecondpartistOexpoundtherelationshipbetweencontextandtranslation.Firstly.the酶a-iterprovidesthedefinitionoftranslation.Nan}comestoNida'scriterionoftranslation,includinghisdevelopments
andperfectiononthetranslationcriterion.Andthencomestotherelationshipbetweencontextandtranslation,whichmakesthe
transitionforthefollowingchapte£
Thethirdpartinvolvesintheinfluenceofcontextontranslation.Firstly,thewriterprovidesthedefinitionoflinguisticcontextandanalyzesitselements:phonologicalcontext,lexicatcontext,grammaticalcontextandtextualcontext;secondlyelaboratestheirinfluencesontranslation,
Thefourthpartanalyzestheinfluenceoftheotherpartofcontext-non-linguisticcontext.Afterthedefinitionofnon—linguisticcontext,thispartcomestothekeyelements:situational
广戚大学硕士学位论文
context,sociaicontextandculturalcontext.Finallythewriterthoroughlyanalyzestheirinfluenceontranslationrespectively.
ThefifthpartdrawsaconclusionthatatranslatedtextiSrestrictedandaffectedbycontext.Intranslating,thetranslatorneedstounderstandmeaningsoftheoriginalfromlinguisticaspectsaswellasgettheaccurateconnotationsoftheoriginalfromthenon…linguisticaspects.

RestrictionandInfluenceofContextualFactorsonTranslation
PartII.LiteratureReviewonContext
2.1WesternLinguists’StudiesonContext
2.1.1Malinowski'sViewpointonContext
ThegreatPolish-bornanthropologistsB,Malinowski’sdevelopedhisethnographictheoryoflanguagemainlyinconnectionwithhisattemptstotranslatetheTrobriandIslander’slocalexpressionsintoEnglish。

Withthetaskofportrayingremotecultures,hebecameincreasinglyconcernedwiththecontextofsituationinordertoconveyculturalconnotation.Malinowskibelievedthattheculturalcontext,comprisingavarietyoffactorsrkngingfromthedtualistictomorepracticalaspectsofeverydaylife,wascrucialintheinterpretationofthemessage.Healsocharacterizedhiscontenttheoryofmeaning鑫satheorythatinsistsonthe‘‘linkingupofethnographicdescriptionswithlinguisticanalysiswhichprovideslanguagewithitsculturalcontextandculturewithitslinguisticinterpretation”.Malinowskialsoheld“【…】continuallystriventolinkupgrammarwiththecontextofsituationandwiththecontextofculture”(Malinowski1935:73).ForMalinowski,speechwasapartofthecontextofsituationinwhichitwasproduced,andlanguage--initsprimitivefunction--hadanessentiallypragmaticcharacter,andthe“meaningresidesinthepragmaticfunctionofanutterance”(Bauman1992:147).
Alsoin1923,inhiscontributiontoOgdenandRichard’sbook“TheMeaningofMeaning'’,Malinowskifurthercoinedtheterm‘contextofsituation’:
“Exactlyasin腩Prealityofspokenorwrittenlanguage,awordwithoutlinguisticcontextisamerefigmentandstandfornothingbyitself,soin蝻Prealityofaspokenlivingtongue.theutterancehasnomeaningexceptinthecontextofsituation’7
(Malinowski1923:307)Theconceptionof“contextofsituation”isimportantforhistheoryoflanguage。

Inthecentralsectionofthisarticle,heemphasizedthatlanguage,a£leastinitsprimitivefimction,hadtoberegarded“asamodelofactionratherthanasacountersignofthought”.Andhealsopointedoutthattounderstandtheuseofacomplexspeechsituationrequiredthe

r馥大学硕士学位论史
understandingofthesituationinwhichitoccurredandtheactionitaccomplished,
2.1.2Firth’sViewpointonContext
j。

R.Firth,oneofthemostimportantfoundersoftheLondonSchool,wasgreatlyinfluencedbyMalinowskiinhisacademiccareer.HeacceptedMalinowski’sconceptof“contextofsituation'’andextendedittolinguistics.Firthwasthefirsttoanalyzelanguage
fromtheangleofcontextandsketchedaframeworkforthestudyofcontext。

Inhistheory,hemaintainedthatmeaningwasinterrelatedwithcontext.Hedefinedmeaningastherelationshipbetweenanelementatanylevelanditscontextonthatlevel.Heremarkedthat
themeaningofanysentenceconsistsofthefollowingfiveparts:
lt)Therelationshipofeachphonemetoitsphoneticcontexl;
00"lherelationshipofeachlexiealitemtotheothersinthesentence,"
0li}Morphologicalrelations《eachwonk
6v)Thesentencetypeofwh耙hthesentence扫anexamp如;
¨Therelationshipojthesentencetoitscontextofsituation
(QuotedbyHuzhuanglinetaLl988:386)HeheldthatLogicianswereapttothinkofwordsandpropositionsashaving‘meaning’somehowinthemselves,apartfromparticipantsincontextofsituation.Speakersandlistenersseemednottobenecessary.Hesuggestedthatvoicesshouldnotbeentirelydissociatedfromthesocialcontextinwhichtheyfunctionedandthatthereforealltextsinmodemspokenlanguagesshouldberegardedashaving.‘theimplicationofutterance’,andbereferredtotypicalparticipantsinsomegeneralizedcontextofsituation。

Firth,then,wasconcernedtoembedtheutteranceinthe‘socialcontext’andto
generalizeacrossmeaningsinspecifiedsocialcontexts,Heproposedanapproachtothe
resemblancetomorerecentprincipleddescriptionofsuchcontextswhichboreaclose
examine:
descriptionswhichweshouldgoonto
Myviewwasandstillis,that'contextofsituation’isbestused甜asuitableschematicconstructtoappb'tolanguageevents…Acontextofsituationforlinguist持workbringsintorelationthefollowingcategories,"
A.Therelevantfeaturesofparticipants:persons,personalities,
掰Theverbalactionoftheparticipants.

RostricfionandInfluenccofContextualFactorsonTranslation
00Thenon—verbalactionoftheparticipants
B.Therelevantobjects.
cTheeffectoftheverbalaction。

Averyroughparalleltothissortofcontextcanbefoundinlanguagemanualspravidingthelearnerwithapictureoftherailwaystationandtheoperativewordsfortravelingbytrain.ItisveryroughButitisparallelwiththegrammaticalrules,andisbasedontherepetitiveroutines够initiatedpersonsinthesocietyunderdescription.
(1957.'182)Infact,likeMalinowski,Firthlaidtheemphasisoilthecontextofsituationi.e.onthefifthpart.Firthemphasizedtheabstractnatureofcontextofsituation,notingthatthecontextofsituationisnotmerelyasetting,backgroundforthewordsataparticularmoment,butratherincludedtheentireculturalsettingofspeechandthepersonalhistoryoftheparticipants。

Thisbroaddefinitionofcontextandtheinfinitenessofsentencesderivedfromthegenerativepropertyoflanguageresultintheinfinitevariationsofcontext.Theinfinitenatureofcontextmadeitimpossibletomakesomeregularityaboutit.Forthisreason,Firthcoinedanothernotion‘'typicalcontextofsituation'’.By‘'typicalcontextofsituation”,hemeantthesocialsituationsthatdeterminedthesocialrolesthattheparticipantswereobligedtoplay.Sincethetotalnumberofroles嫩individualplaysisfinite.thenumberoftypicalcontextofsituationhewillencounterinhislifeisalsofinite(划润清.1995).Fortheconstraintofthecontext,oneisncvcrfreetoutterwhateverhepleases,butrathertomakehisutterancethatmightbeappropriatetothetypicalcontextofsituation。

Firthfurthernotedthatweshouldbearinmindsomeelementswhileanalyzingcontext.Theseelementsincludetheinteriorrelationsofthetextitselfandtheinteriorrelationswithinthecontextofsituation.T疑formerconcernsaboutthesyntagmaticorparadigmaticunitsatdifferentlevels,andthelatterconcernsaboutthetextinrelationtothenonverbalconstituents.withitstotaleffectiveorereativeresult.Firth’smodelofcontextcoversboththesituationalcontextandthelinguisticcontext,andisthereforemorecomprehensiveinnatu.re。

2.1.3Hymes’ViewpointonContext
Perhapsthebest·knowntreatmentofthisnotionwasthatofHymes.Hymescategorizedthespeechsituationintermsofsomecomponents.Accordingtohim,thehighernumbersof

!:登查堂堡主兰堡鎏=塞
knownelementsale,thebeRerunderstandingofthetextis:
·Formandcontentofthemessage
·seli讯g
’Participants
’Ends(purposeandoutcome)
‘Keycommunication
·Me旃um
·Normsofinteraction。

Genre(typeoftext)(QuotedinBrown,1983:37)Hymesviewedtheroleofcontextininterp增tationas,ontheonehand,limitingtherangeofpossibleinterpretationsand,ontheother,assupportingtheintendedinterpretation:Theuseofalingu括ticformidentifiesarange《meanings.Acontextc∞supportarange醇meaningsWhenaformisusedin口contextiteliminatesthemeaningspossibletothatcontextotherthanthosethefo,Ⅲcansignal:thecontexteliminates/幻mconsiderationthemeaningspossibletotheformotherthanthosethecontextcansupport.(QuotedinBrown,1983:37)AccordingtoHymes,weshouldnotonlyknowourknowledgebuthaveanotherkindofknowledgethatmaydetermine,forinstance,whenweshouldtalkandwhenweshouldn’t,whatweshouldsay,towhom,howandinwhatway.Thatknowledgeisthefruitofthesocialandculturalexperience+
2.1.4Halliday’sViewpointonContext
H畦tidaywasanotherlinguistwhohadcontributedtothecontextstudy.EnlightenedbyFiSh’s‘‘contextofsituation'’.heintroducedtheterm“register’in1964.Inhisbook“LanguageasSocialSemiotic”(1978),hedescribedfullythenotion“register”onthedimension‘‘speechusage”。

Atypicalstatementon‘'register”inthisbookwasasfollowed:‘_registercanbedefinedm珐Pconfigurationofsemanticresourcesthatonamemberofaculturetypicallyassociateswiththesituation哆pe。

itisthemeaningpotentialthatisaccessibleinagivensocialcontexLBoththesituationandtheregisterassociatedwithitcanbedescribed拓fvaryingdegreesofspec#kity;buttheex&tenceofregistersisafactofeverydayexperience--speakershavenod谚c“渺inrecognizingthesemanticoptionsandcombinationsthatare'atrisk’underparticularenvironmentalconditions。

Sincetheseoptionst2rerealizedintheformgrammarandvocabulary,theregister括

RestrictionandInfluenceofContextualFactorsonTranslation
rec。

gnizab沁asaparticularselectionofwordsandstructllres?以9787jiil
Andheclassified“register”intothree
headings:field,modeandtenortodescrjbehow
thesituationdeterminesthe
meaningsthat8feexpressed:
’Field—themessageandthe
purposeofthespeaker和暑science,religion.1aw,written,s∞bH.spoken-towbe-written,written-to-be-cited)
+Mode--thefunctionofthetextintheevent,includingthechannel(spoken,written),thegenre∥rhetoricalmode(narrative,didaotic,弦rsuasive)
’髓H。

y—thesocialrolerelationshipthatobtainbetweenthe
languageusersinnparticularsituation舷荽teacher-papil,preacher-congrega痒on,parent-child).
(Hallidayetal,1964:88)
AndinCohesioninEnglish,HallidayandHasan
interpretthenotionsfurther:Thesearehighlygeneralconceptsfordescribinghowthecontextofsituationdeterminesthekindsofm20“iH毫t‰Ⅺmeexpressed.TheFIELDisthetotalevent,inwhichthetextisfunctioning,togetherwiththepurposiveactivityof|沁speakerorwriter;nthusincludesthesubject.matter蕊oneelememinitThe
MODEisthefunctionofthe
textit)theevent,includingthereforeboththechanneltakenbytheia”辨a§e—spokenorwritten—extemporeorprepared--anditsgenre.orrhetoricalmode÷asnarrative.did口ci}cipEⅧ。

sjve,。

'phaticcommunion。

andsoon.TheTENOR啄rstothe移peofroleinteraction?thesetof
relevantsocialrelations;permanentand
temporary,among{heparticipantsinvolved.F殛i文眦。

赴口蹲dtenorcollectivelydefinetheContextofsituationetatext.
(HatltidayandHasan.2001:22)2.1。

5。

Lyons’ViewpointonContext
LikeFirth,JohnLyonstreatedcontextinanabstract
WaY.Inhisview.ctcOntextisa
theoreticalconstruct,inthepostulationofwhichthe
linguistabstractsfromtheactual
situationandestablishesascontextualallthefactors
which,byvirtueoftheifinfluenceupon
theparticipantsinthelanguage·event,systematicallydeterminetheform,the
appropriatenessorthemeaningofutterance”(Lyons,1977:572).Obviously,hetreatedcontextfbmthenon-linguisticperspective+Heheldthatafluentspeakerofalanguagemustpossessknowledgeofthekindthatdeterminedparticularphonological,grammaticalandlexicaloptionswithinthelanguage—systeminparticularcontextsoflanguage.useinordertoproduce
强d。

nderstandcontextually
appropriateandcomprehensibleutterancesinthatlanguage

广鞘太学硕士学位诧义
Hereal'ethesixkindsofknowledgeorcommunicativecompetencethathaveabearingonthesituationalappropriatenessofutterance:
鳓Eachoftheparticipantsmustknowhisroleand:mtus
fipTheparticipantsmustknowwheretheyareinspaceandtime.
(iiOTheparticipantsmustbeabletocategorizethesituationintermsofitsdegreeofformality.I础Theparticipantsmustknowwhatme盛umisappropriatetothesituation
阿Theparticipantsmustknowhowtomaketheirutterancesappropriatetothesubject-matter;
andtheimportanceofsubject-matterasadeterminantintheselectionofonedialectorone
languageratherthananothermbilingualormultilinguaIcommunities
(vi)l'heparticipantsmustkncI_whowtomaketheirutteranceappropriateto螭尊provinceordomaintowhichthesituationbelongsfIbid,‘574—585j2.1。

6Levinson’sViewpointOliContext
Levinsonwasoneofthepragmatistswhowasactiveonthescefleofthenewlyarisingdiscipline.Hispragmatics(1983)wasaclassicworkwhichsketchedtheframeworkforthenewdisciplineandwasacceptedbythelaterresearchers。

InPragmatics,thenotionofcontextwasnotexplicatedseparatelyindetailsbutinterrelatedwithothermpics.Inthisbook.Levinsonsuggestedthatcontextcoveredtheidentityoftheparticipants,thetemporalandspatialparametersofthespeechevents,andthebeliefs,knowledgeandintentionsoftheparticipantsinthatspeechevent.Levinson’scontextdidnotlabelalltheactualsituationsofutteranceinalltheirmultiplicityoffeatures.InspiredbyJ.Lyons,Levinsonconsideredthatthesefeaturesshouldincludetheparticipants’knowledgeofsixaspects:
{m(iiOav)
m(vOKnowledgeofroleandstatus(whererolecoveysboththeroleinthespeechevent,asspeakerorhearer,andthesocialrole,andstatuscovernotionofrelativestanding);
Knowledgeofspatialandtemporallocation;
Knowledgeofformalitylevel;
Knowledgeofthemedium9_。

“ghlythecodeorstyleappropriatetoachannel.1ikethedistinctionbetweenwrittenandspokenvarietiesofalanguage);
Knowledgeofappropriatesubjectmatter."
Knowledgeofappropriateprovince(ordomaindeterminingtheregisterofalanguage)
疆evinson,1983’2秘

RestrictionandInfluenceofContextualFactorsoilTranslation
However,itshouldbepoimedoutthatLyonsisasocio—linguistandhisinterestincontextisanchoreddirectlyintotheinfluenceofextra—linguisticfactorshavingonthechoicesoflinguisticforms.Inotherwords,hiscen挺alconcernisontheconstraintsthatcontexthasonlanguageuse.However,pragmaticcontextisusedinasensemuchbroadezLyons’explanationofcontextisregardedasanoverlappingpartasthatofpragmaticsandtakesitin.Besides.Levinsonalsonotedthatthescopeofcontextshouldembracethesocialandpsychologicalworldinwhichthelanguageuseroperatedatanytime(Levinson,1983:23),andthat“contextincludesminimallylanguageuser’sbeliefsandassumptionsabouttemporal,spatialandsocialsettings;prior,ongoing,andfutureactions(verbal,non-verbal),andthestateofknowledgeandattentivenessofthoseparticipatinginthesocialinteractioninhand’’(Levinson,1983:23).OfCOUrSe,Levinsonalsoemphasizedthatcontextdidnotexcludelinguisticfeaturessincesuchfeaturesofteninvokedtherelevantcontextualassumptions,
2.2ChineseLinguists’StudiesonContext
InChina,scholarsarebecomingmoreandmoreawareoftheimportanceofcontextintheinterpretationofaword,asentence,artutterance,etc.Thoughworksonlthissubjectarefew,essaysonithavemushroomed.
ComparedwithMalinowski,thefirstpersonwhohadintroducedandstudiedcontextineasternfieldoflinguistics,wasMaJianzhong。

(玛建中).whohadmadethedetaileddescriptiononcontextintheeasternfieldoflinguistics.Inhisbook“MaShiWenTong'’(《马琵交逶》)。

hehadastatementoncontextasfollowed:
“字无定义.故无定类,欲知其类,必先知其上下义为何尔。


“上F文’'mentionedaboverefers协“context”.Thisstatementmeanswecannotdefinethemeaningofaword,unlessinacontextinwhichitisusedoruttered,In1932,ChenWangdao(陈望道)furtherproposedinhis“XiuCiXueFaFan”(《修辞学发凡》)thattheenvironmentoflanguageuse,“’隋境”ashctermedit,includedsixelementsgeneralizedas“矗赣程”(sixW):“籍教”磺ly—馥epurposeofverbalcommunication;“薅事”wh小_如propositionstheinteractionconeemed;“何人”wh扣tlleparticipantsandtheirrelationship;“何地”where--theplacetheinteractionoccurs;“何时”whef卜-thetimeofthecommunication;and“傣知”ho榉—镶ewayofinteraction.Inthe1960s,WangDechun《王德

厂魏大学碗士学位论文
释)classifiedcontextintotwogroups:onewasobjectivefactors.andtheotherwassubjectivefactors.Heexplainedthatobjectivefactorsreferredtotime,place,sexing,topicandsoon;thesubjectivefactorswereparticipantsandwhoseidentities,thoughts,characters,professionsandfeelings.In1982,in“ModemChinese”editedbyZhangZhigong(张志公)’heproposedthatinabroadsense,societyandthebackgroundinformationofparticipantscouldbeincludedinlanguageSituation。

Sohedividedcontextintothreegroups:onewaspurecontext。

anotherwassocialcontextandthelastollewasindividualcontext.HeZhaoxiong(何兆熊)classifiedcontextintolinguisticknowledgeandextra-knowledgefromthepointviewofpmgmatics+HeZhaoxiongandJiangYanmei(蒋憨梅)(1997:16)suggested“adynamicapproachtothestudyofcontext,which,regardscontextasaprocessandcommunicatorsasactorswhocanactivelymanipulateaspectsofcontextforinterpretation.”Thefollowingehartcalldefinetheirrelations:
Conte
Linguistic
GraspoftheLanguageEmployed
ComprehensionoftheProceedingText
Figure1(HeZhaoxmng,1999:21)
10
Culture
tion

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厂;,、Ⅵ●\

RcstdctionandlnflucnceofContextualFactorsonTranslation
In2000Peiwen(裴文)publishedherworksContextinModernEnglish.Inthisbooksheclassifiedcontextintobroadcontextandnarrowcontext.Theforulerreferredtothosethatcouldexertinfluenceonspeechactindirectlyandpotentially,includingculturalcontext,stylisticcontextandnaturalgeographiealcontext,whilethetatterreferredtothosethatcouldinfluencespeechactsdirectlyandobviously,includinglinguisticcontextandparalinguisticcontext(2000:13).Accordingtoher,linguisticcontextfunctionallymaderestrictionOillanguage.(Ibid:87).Moreconcretely,linguisticcontextcouldhelptofixthemeaningofapolysemousstructure,ofasynonymousstructureandthatofaword.Astoafunctionofculturalcontext,shefirstexplainedtheomnipresentinfluenceofcultureontheuseoflanguageandthenfurtherdescribedculturalrestrictiononaswellasculturalinterpretationoflanguageUSe(Ibid:179-182).
2.3TheDeftnitionofContext
Generallyspeaking.thetermcontextisusedintwosenses:thenalToWsenseandthebroadsense。

Inanal-i-owsense,contextreferstothewords,phrasesandsentencesinwhichawordisused.Thisiswhatisknownaslinguisticcontextorlinguisticsettings.whichmaybeaparagraph,awholechapterandevenallentirebook.Andthephysical,socialandcultural
known鑫Snon—linguisticsettings.Mostofthemodernlinguisticsviewsettings。

etc.are
contextinabroadsense.
Firthproposedthatcontextconsistsoffiv+levels:phoneticcontext,morphologicalcontext,lexicalcontext,syntacticcontextandcontextofsituationwhichhedefinedastheentireculturalsettingofspeechandthepersonalhistoryoftheparticipants.(HuZhuanglin,1988:386-387)
AccordingtoHallida:,;contextisaverygeneraltermthatdesignatestherelationofformtononlinguisticfeaturesofthesituationaswellastherelationofformtolinguisticfeaturesotherthanthoseoftheitemunderaaentionfHalliday,1961).Thatistosay,contextincludesnotonlytheutterancewhichprecedesthesentenceunderconsideration,buttheexternalphysicalobjects,theobservableactions,andalloftheconventionsandpresuppositionsacceptedinthesocietyinwhichtheparticipantslive,箍slongasthesenon-linguisticfeaturesarerelevanttotheunderstandingoftheutterance,(Lyons,1963:82)
·广鞭太学硕士学位论文
Lyonsdefinedthatcontextiscomposedof(i)knowledgeofroleandstatus,andtherolecoversbothroleinspeechevents,asspeakeroraddressed,andsocialrole,andstatuscoversnotionsofrelativesocialstanding;(i磅knowledgeofspatialandtemporallocation;(iii)knowledgeofformaiitylevel;(iv)knowledgeofmedium(roughlythecodeorstyleappropriatetoachannel,likethedistinctionbetweenwrittenandspokenvarietiesofalanguage);(v)knowledgeofappropriatesubjectmatter;(vi)knowledgeofappropriateprovince(ordomaindeterminingtheregisterofalanguage).(Lyons,1977:574)ChineselinguistHeZiran(何自然)postulatedthatcontextisdefinedas‘‘theenvironmentalverbalcommunicationdependson”.Itincludes:(i)linguisticcontext:words,phrasesandsentencesprecedingorfollowingacertainuRerance;(ii)socialcontext:theobjectiveenvironmentinwhichtheaddresserproducesandtheaddresseeinterpretsartutterance,suchassettingsfircommunication,thestatusofandtherelationshipbetweentheaddresserandaddressee,theirsocialandculturalbackgrounds;(iii)cognitiveenvironment:anyexperiences,backgroundknowledgeorotherwhichcontributetocommunicationandcognition.(HeZiran,1997:210)
Inaword,manyscholarsconveythesanlenatureofcontextfromtheabovedifferentdescriptionsanddefinitions.Sowecallredefine“context”asfollowing:
Contextistheenvironmentinwhichlanguageisusedandbywhichlanguageconveysitsrealsense。

ItreferstOthelinguisticknowledgeandwhatisimpliedorrelatedofnon—linguisticknowledgebelongingtothelinguisticexpressionsinalanguage一
2.4FeaturesofContext
Thcrichcontentofcontextindicatesthatithasseveralfeatures.Masteryofthesecontextualfeaturesishelpfultobothspeechparticipantsandutteranceanalyst,BrownandYulereckonthatthebettertheanalystmastersthecontextualfeatures,themorehecanpredictwhatislikelytobesaid.(1983:40).Contextisthoughttohavethefollowingfeatures:
(1)Definiteness
nleSO-calleddefinitenessmeansthatthecontextualcontentissetoncespeechcommunicationoccurs。

AsSperberandWilsonargued,contextisgiven,anddetermined
12
RestrictionandInfluenceofContextualFactorsOBTransIation
beforespeechcomprehensionprocess.Forexample,theobjectivefactorssuchastime,placeandaudienceetc;thesubjectivefactors,suchasprofession,socialstatusofspeechparticipants。

Assoonaslanguagesareused。

they勰set+
(2)Relativity
Therelativityofcontextreferstothefactthatcontextualfactorsareunderconstantlychange。

S.1sardassumedthatcommunicationdidnotrelyonlyoncontextforitsinterpretation,butalsochangedthatcontext.Hallidayheldthateverypartofdiscourseservesascontextofthenextpartofdiscourse.SperberandWilsonalsopointedoutthatcontextischangeableinlanguagediscourse。

Contextualimplicationobtainedfromtheprecedingutterancehasalreadybecomecontextualfactorsofthefollowingutterance.Inaddition,encyclopedicknowledgeassociatedwithcommunicativeactivitiesalsochangesascommunicationgoeson+Alltheseargumentationillustratethatthecontentofcontextisrelative.
(3)Gradability
Theoreticallyspeaking,contextofanu牲eranceisnumerous.Beyondsmallcontextthereisbiggercontext;andthebigcontextisactuallycomposedofevensmallerooes.Thisiswhatwecallgradabflity.SperberandWilsonf1986:142)reckonthateachcontext(exceptforminimalcontext)includesoneormoresmallercontexts,andeachcontext(exceptformaximalcontext)isincludedinoneormorebiggercontexts.Lyons(1977:573)alsothinksthatdeterminationofmeaningistomakecontinuouscontextualanalysisoflanguagematerials。

Contextisincludedincontextandeachcontextisflcomponentofbiggercontextwithaparticularfunction,Allcontextsareincludedintheso-calledculturalcontext.Ofcourse,theextenttowhichcontextisanalyzedisdeterminedbyrelevancyinpracticalspeechcommunication。

Onlywhenthebestrelevancyisdi.scoveredcanaparticularcontextbefinallydetermined.
(4)Transferability
IntheorBcontextistransferable+SupposeA返麓contextualfactorofuReranceB,andBforutteranceC,thenAisforsurecontextofC.Whyisitso?WhenAissaidtobecontextofB,itfollowsthatAisarelevantfactorfortheparticipantstounderstanduReranceBincommunication.Inotherwords,withoutcontextualfactorA,itwouldbeunlikelyto
13。

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