Lecture Two
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Lecture Two
Style Markers at Lexical Level
five degrees of formality: “frozen”, “formal”, “consultative”, “casual”, and “intimate”.
e.g.: charger, steed, horse, nag, plug ①They chucked a stone at the cops, and then did a bunk with the loot. ②After casting a stone at the police, they absconded with the money.
(2) “We trotted on, we crept up Constitution Hill, we rattled down into Lamas street, and the tailor still rang his bell and a dog ran, squealing, in front of his wheels. As we clip-clopped over the cobbles that led down to the Towy Bridge, I remembered Grandpa’s nightly noisy journeys that rocked the bed and shook the walls, and I saw his gay waistcoat in a vision and his patchwork head tufted and smiling in the candlelight. The tailor before us turned round on his saddle, his bicycle wobbled and skidded ‘I see Dai Thomas’, he cried.” (Dylan Thomas: The Portrait of the Artist. Collocation
COLLOCATION refers to the habitual or expected co-ocurrence of words.
IV. Verbal Repetition
Verbal repetition refers to the repetition of a linguistic unit which has already occurred in the preceding context.
II. Connotative Meaning
Connotative meaning refers to all kinds of associations words may evoke, particularly in certain emotional, situational contexts, over and above the basis or central referential meaning of words.
canvas.
the Inner Man
----- Jonathan Miller, Exploring
(3) What’s goin’ on these days with all the violence, a person’s gotta think twice of walking down the street. One time I got mugged in the South Bronx. Three guys jumped me as I was walking down this dark street. One guy stops me for a cigarette, and as I go to give him one, two guys grab me from behind. They just started beatin’ on me and took all my money and left e on the floor and fled. I recovered, and now I think twice about it. Before I was mugged, I walked down any street. I’d rather walk around a dark street than go through it, no matter how much time it’s gonna take me to get there. If people call ya, I just to keep on walking if I don’t know the person. I look back and just keep walking. ---- Studs Terkel: American Dreams:
In the forests of the night (W. Blake)
(1) Tiger, tiger, burning bright
Lear: And my poor fool is hang’d. No, no life! Why should a dog, a horse, a rat have life, and thou no breath at all? Thou’lt come no more.
(1) “We see that in many things that life is very great. It is incomparably great in its material aspects, in its body of wealth, in the diversity and sweep of its energy, in the industries which have been conceived and built up by the genius of individual men and the limitless enterprise of groups of men. It is great, also, very great, in its moral force…” But the evil has come with the good, and much fine gold has been corroded. With riches has come inexcusable waste. We have squandered a great deal of what we might have used, and have not stopped to conserve the exceeding bounty of nature… We have been proud of our industrial achievement, but we have not hitherto stopped thoughtfully enough to count the human cost…” (Woodrow Wilson: First Inaugural Address at Mobile, March 4, 1913)
Never, never, never, never, never!
Specific the library, the Poeny Hotel the Yellow River the Chernobyl nuclear disaster New York, Shanghai, London rifles, pistols, rockets, bombs carries, cruises, ferries sunny, warm, cool, cloudness well-cut, fitting, white suit clearly, with perfect diction without rest, 15 hours a day stroll, march, stride, stagger swallow, gobble, nibble, pick at giggle, chuckle, shrieked with laugher, snicker
(1) The Untied Nations shall establish under its authority an international trusteeship system for the administration and supervision of such territories as may be placed thereunder by subsequent individual agreements. These territories are hereinafter referred to as trust
Lost & Found
I. Classification of words
1. Short Words or Long Words 2. General or Specific Words
General Nouns the building the river the disaster big cities weapons ships Adjectives fine day & pretty dress Adverbs spoke well worked hard Verbs walk eat laugh
1. Immediate Repetition
The repeating of words in close juxtaposition is the simplest and the most common kind of lexical repetition. The number of times a word or a phrase is repeated may vary from two or any required number.
territories.
---- 《联合国宪章》第十二章 国际托管制度第七十五条
(2) We have known for only 400 years that it [the heart] was a four-chambered pump and that the circulation moved one way around the body. The left ventricle, which is the chamber that propels blood to the rest of the body, has the thickest, most muscular wall in the heart. Inside it are grayish translucent flap extending into the cavity. These are the flaps of the mitral valve which stands between the left auricle an the left ventricle, preventing the backflow of blood. Attached to their surface there are long, thin, glistening threads or cords, rather like the ropes of a tent holding open the flaps of the
Style Markers at Lexical Level
five degrees of formality: “frozen”, “formal”, “consultative”, “casual”, and “intimate”.
e.g.: charger, steed, horse, nag, plug ①They chucked a stone at the cops, and then did a bunk with the loot. ②After casting a stone at the police, they absconded with the money.
(2) “We trotted on, we crept up Constitution Hill, we rattled down into Lamas street, and the tailor still rang his bell and a dog ran, squealing, in front of his wheels. As we clip-clopped over the cobbles that led down to the Towy Bridge, I remembered Grandpa’s nightly noisy journeys that rocked the bed and shook the walls, and I saw his gay waistcoat in a vision and his patchwork head tufted and smiling in the candlelight. The tailor before us turned round on his saddle, his bicycle wobbled and skidded ‘I see Dai Thomas’, he cried.” (Dylan Thomas: The Portrait of the Artist. Collocation
COLLOCATION refers to the habitual or expected co-ocurrence of words.
IV. Verbal Repetition
Verbal repetition refers to the repetition of a linguistic unit which has already occurred in the preceding context.
II. Connotative Meaning
Connotative meaning refers to all kinds of associations words may evoke, particularly in certain emotional, situational contexts, over and above the basis or central referential meaning of words.
canvas.
the Inner Man
----- Jonathan Miller, Exploring
(3) What’s goin’ on these days with all the violence, a person’s gotta think twice of walking down the street. One time I got mugged in the South Bronx. Three guys jumped me as I was walking down this dark street. One guy stops me for a cigarette, and as I go to give him one, two guys grab me from behind. They just started beatin’ on me and took all my money and left e on the floor and fled. I recovered, and now I think twice about it. Before I was mugged, I walked down any street. I’d rather walk around a dark street than go through it, no matter how much time it’s gonna take me to get there. If people call ya, I just to keep on walking if I don’t know the person. I look back and just keep walking. ---- Studs Terkel: American Dreams:
In the forests of the night (W. Blake)
(1) Tiger, tiger, burning bright
Lear: And my poor fool is hang’d. No, no life! Why should a dog, a horse, a rat have life, and thou no breath at all? Thou’lt come no more.
(1) “We see that in many things that life is very great. It is incomparably great in its material aspects, in its body of wealth, in the diversity and sweep of its energy, in the industries which have been conceived and built up by the genius of individual men and the limitless enterprise of groups of men. It is great, also, very great, in its moral force…” But the evil has come with the good, and much fine gold has been corroded. With riches has come inexcusable waste. We have squandered a great deal of what we might have used, and have not stopped to conserve the exceeding bounty of nature… We have been proud of our industrial achievement, but we have not hitherto stopped thoughtfully enough to count the human cost…” (Woodrow Wilson: First Inaugural Address at Mobile, March 4, 1913)
Never, never, never, never, never!
Specific the library, the Poeny Hotel the Yellow River the Chernobyl nuclear disaster New York, Shanghai, London rifles, pistols, rockets, bombs carries, cruises, ferries sunny, warm, cool, cloudness well-cut, fitting, white suit clearly, with perfect diction without rest, 15 hours a day stroll, march, stride, stagger swallow, gobble, nibble, pick at giggle, chuckle, shrieked with laugher, snicker
(1) The Untied Nations shall establish under its authority an international trusteeship system for the administration and supervision of such territories as may be placed thereunder by subsequent individual agreements. These territories are hereinafter referred to as trust
Lost & Found
I. Classification of words
1. Short Words or Long Words 2. General or Specific Words
General Nouns the building the river the disaster big cities weapons ships Adjectives fine day & pretty dress Adverbs spoke well worked hard Verbs walk eat laugh
1. Immediate Repetition
The repeating of words in close juxtaposition is the simplest and the most common kind of lexical repetition. The number of times a word or a phrase is repeated may vary from two or any required number.
territories.
---- 《联合国宪章》第十二章 国际托管制度第七十五条
(2) We have known for only 400 years that it [the heart] was a four-chambered pump and that the circulation moved one way around the body. The left ventricle, which is the chamber that propels blood to the rest of the body, has the thickest, most muscular wall in the heart. Inside it are grayish translucent flap extending into the cavity. These are the flaps of the mitral valve which stands between the left auricle an the left ventricle, preventing the backflow of blood. Attached to their surface there are long, thin, glistening threads or cords, rather like the ropes of a tent holding open the flaps of the