Leonard Bloomfield and his language theory

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高级英语第一册 11课后答案

高级英语第一册 11课后答案高级英语第一册 11课后答案IV.1)anemia 2)anesthesia 3)behavior 4)favorite5)check 6)center 7)meter 8)defense 9)dialog10)gram 11) program 12)modeled 13)practice14)maneuver 15)Moslem 16)fulfillV .1)shame, disgrace 2)speed up the lowering of the quality 3)horrible, shocking/disgusting, very bad 4)quotations 5)difference, disagreement 6)forces 7)removed, taken away/irrelevant, not essential 8) given up, neglected9)listeners 10) wordiness 11)increase 12)removal Vl.1)to see sth. as 2)hoax 3)to charge 4)to set up5)to follow 6)quotation 7)to limit 8)to record9)current 10)distinction 11)to be the business of Ⅶ.1)Life regarded the dictionary being full of words that have not come to be accepted.2)The difference...is by no means insignificant, it is basic.3) Modern linguistics take Leonard Bloomfield's Language (1933)as its authority.4)But if so, he has made unconsciously one of the biggest mistakes one is liable to make in dictionary making.5)Anyone who tries to sort out the many meanings now included under door may have to sacrifice brevity to accuracy.6)And, sure enough, in the definition which made the Post angry... Ⅷ.1)alliteration and sarcasm 2)assonance and antithesis 3)metonymy 4) metonymy 5) synecdoche 6) sarcasm7)synecdoche 8)But one thing is certain：anyone who…nonsense．Ⅹ．1)我们已达成了协议。

Lesson 11 But What’s a Dictionary For 课后练习及答案

EXERCISES 11I. Give brief answers to the following questions, using your own words as much as possible:1) What critical views did the popular press express on the publication of Webster's Third New International Dictionary?2) How much effort and money was spent on the making of this dictionary?3) What new science came into being between the appearance of the two editions of the dictionary? What are some of the features of this new science?4) Why are new dictionaries needed?5) How does the writer refute the criticisms of the popular press?6) What does the writer say about spelling and pronunciation?7) Why is the definition of a ‘door’ so complicated?8) Has the Third New International Dictionary any faults?II .Paraphrase:1) a flagrant example of lexicographic irresponsibility2) What underlies all this sound and fury?3) It cannot be described in terms of any other language, or even in terms of its own past.4) All languages are dynamic rather than static5) Even in so settled a matter as spelling, a dictionary cannot always be absolute.6) But neither his vanity nor his purse is any concern of the dictionary's7) Has the dictionary abdicated its responsibility?8) lexicography, like God, is no respecter of persons9) And this, too, is complex, subtle, and forever changing.10) the editorial charges the Third International with "pretentious and obscure verbosity"III. Translate the following into Chinese'1) What underlies all this sound and fury? Is the claim of the G&C Merriam Company, probably the world's greatest dictionary maker, that the preparation of the work cost $3.5million, that it required the efforts of three hundred scholars over a period of twenty-seven years, working on the largest collection of citations ever assembled in any language -- is all this a fraud, a hoax?2) The definition reads: a movable piece of firm material or astructure supported usu. along one side and swinging on pivots or hinges,sliding along a groove, rolling up and down, revolving as one of four leaves, or folding like an accordion by means of which an opening may be closed or kept open for passage in to or out of a building, room, or other covered enclosure or a car, airplane, elevator, or other vehicle3) For two hundred years his definition of network as "any thing reticulated or decussated, at equal distances, with interstices between the intersections" has been good for a laugh. But in the merriment one thing is always overlooked:no one has yet come up with a better definition!IV. Spell the following words in another acceptable way:Models: 1) theatre – theater2) travelled – traveled1) anaemia 9) dialogue2) anaesthesia 10) gramme3) behaviour 11) programme4) favourite 12) modelled5) cheque 13) practise6) centre 14) manoeuvre7) metre 15) Muslim8) defence 16) fulfilⅤ. Replace the italicized words with simple, everyday words or expressions '1) An article "viewed it as "a scandal and disaster."( )2) The New York Times, ?- felt that the work would "accelerate the deterioration" of the language ( )3) Life called it "a non-word deluge," "monstrous," "abominable," ( ) ( )4) working on the largest collection of citation.s ever assembled in any language ( )5) So monstrous a discrepancy in evaluation requires us to examine basic principles.( )6) But the great increase in our vocabulary in the past decades compels all dictionaries ( )7) If something must be eliminated, it is sensible to throw out these extraneous things and stick to words.( )8) Has the dictionary abdicated its responsibility? ( )9) he wants to know what a word will convey to his auditors( ) l0) the editorial charges the Third International with "pretentious and obscure verbosity” ( )11) There has been an enormous proliferation of closing anddemarking devices and structures ( )12) There can be linguistic objection to the eradication of proper names. ( )VI. For each word or phrase listed below, give another word or expression of similar meaning from the text:Model: calamity -- disaster1) to view sth. as2) fraud3) to accuse4) to establish5) to adhere to6) citation7) to restrict8) to set down9) contemporary10) elevation11) to be the concern ofVII .The following sentences all contain metaphors or similes.Explain their meanings in plain, non-figurative language.1) Life called it "a non-word deluge"2) The difference, ... is not like the difference between yearly models but. Like the difference between the horse and buggy and the automobile3) Modern linguistics gets its charter from Leonard Bloomfield' s Language (1933).4) But if so, he has walked into one of lexicography's biggest booby traps5) anyone who tries to thread his way through the many meanings now included under door may have to sacrifice brevity to accuracy 6) And, sure enough, in the definition which raised the Post's blood pressureVII. Point out the figures of speech used in the following sentences: 1) a concept of how things get written that throws very littlelight on Lincoln but a great deal on Life ( )2)between the much-touted Second International (1934) and the much-clouted Third International (1961) ( )3) The Washington Post, in an editiorial captioned "Keep Your Old Webster's" ( )4) In short, all of these publications are written in the language that the Third International describes ( )5) But neither his vanity nor his purse is any concern of thedictionary' s ( )6) the Post ’ s editorial fails to explain what is wrong with the definition, we can only infer from "so simple" a thing that the writer takes the plain, downright, man-in-the-street attitude that a door is a door and any damn fool knows that( )7) Or what of those sheets and jets of air that are now being used, in place of old-fashioned oak and hinges ...( )IX. The author uses a lot of emphatic forms to give force to the Writing. Pick out all the sentences in which various emphatic forms are used.X . Translate the following into Chinese-1) We have come to terms.2) He always considers problems in terms of money.3) They speak of the boy in terms of praise.4) The two countries have kept on good terms since then.5) You must set it down to his account.6) We set down our success to your help.7) His parents set him up as a lawyer.8) They were held up by fog.9) It's hard work. But you must hang on.10) She has turned to singing.XI . Translate the following into English (using the following words or expressions: preference, to infer, to model ... on, to furnish ... with, to convey, to restrict, to relegate, as much ?- as, to set down, terms, to adapt, to hang on to):1）谐趣园是仿照无锡的一座花园造的。

外语教学法自考题模拟36

外语教学法自考题模拟36(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Ⅰ.Multiple Choice(总题数：20，分数：20.00)1.The theory of language underlying the Grammar-Translation Method was derived from ______. （分数：1.00）A.functional linguisticsB.structuralismC.psychological linguisticsparative historical linguistics √解析：[解析] 语法翻译法所依托的语言理论是由历史比较语言学派生出来的。

选项A功能语言学是交际法的语言理论基础。

选项B结构主义是口语法和听说法的语言理论基础。

2.What can be introduced as a means of consolidation and evaluation in the Direct Method? （分数：1.00）A.Fill-in-the-blank.B.Dictation.C.Writing. √D.Reading.解析：[解析] 直接法(Direct Method)的教学目的是培养学生用外语进行交际的能力。

在做了问答、会话、听写等练习后，学生对新学的知识有所了解和熟习。

学生通过口头重述熟习的课文，写出教师口头讲述的故事等写作训练巩固和评估所学的内容。

3.During the World War Ⅱ, Leonard Bloomfield and C. C. Fries applied theories and ideas of behaviourism and structuralism systematically to foreign language teaching and devised a new approach called ______.（分数：1.00）A.the Direct MethodB.the Oral ApproachC.the Audiolingual Method √D.the Cognitive Approach解析：[解析] 20世纪50年代中期，布鲁姆菲尔德(Bloomfield)以行为主义心理学为基础创立了美国结构主义，弗赖斯(Fries)把结构主义的语言理论的原理运用到语言教学中，都为听说法的产生作出了贡献。

高级英语1课后LESSON+6--11翻译练习

⾼级英语1课后LESSON+6--11翻译练习LESSON 6Ⅻ. TranslationA. Translate the following sentences into English, using the following words or expressions in the brackets:1）汤姆的聪明丝毫不亚于班上的第⼀名学⽣。

2）对贫困的担⼼使他忧虑重重。

3）洞庭湖盛产鱼虾。

4）在压⼒下，他别⽆办法，只好离职。

5）那时许多⼉童死于天花。

6）他发现船舱⾥进了很多⽔，⼗分惊恐。

7）直到半夜医⽣才做完这项复杂的⼤⼿术。

8）彼得的特点真是如此。

9）历史课使我对古代⽂明有所了解。

10）新上演的那出话剧充分表现了年轻⼈的追求与烦恼。

B. Translate the following sentences into Chinese:1The man who became Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens and he ranged across the nation for more than a third of his life, digesting the new American experience before sharing it with the world as writer and lecturer. (Para.2)马克?吐温原名塞缪尔?朗赫恩?克莱门斯，他⼀⽣之中有超过三分之⼀的时间浪迹美国各地，体验着美国的新⽣活，尔后便以作家和演说家的⾝分将他所感受到的这⼀切介绍给全世界。

2All would resurface in his books, together with the colorful language that he soaked up with a memory that seemed phonographic. (Para.4)所有这⼀切，连同他那像留声机般准确可靠的记忆所吸收的丰富多彩的语⾔，后来都有机会在他的作品中得以再现。

布龙菲尔德《语言论》读书报告

布龙菲尔德认为，要研究这样确定出来的语言，必须区分语言的共时系统和历时演变。他在对索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》第二版的评论中说：“这个刚性系统，即“描写语言学”的对象，就是我们所说的 “语言”。但是“言语活动”也包括了更多的东西，因为组成社群的人们并不是完全一致地按照这个系统说话的。实际的言语，不仅在系统所不确定的东西（例如每个音的确切的语音性质）上有变异，而且系统本身也可以有变异，因为不同的说话人往往会背离这个系统的几乎任何一个特征。这就出现了“历时语言学”；当“言语”的这些个人的和临时的特征在社群中变为普遍化和习惯时，它就构成语言系统中的一个变化– 语音变化或类推变化，即我们在历史语法中所记载的那些变化。”
这四条标准虽说不是在《语言论》中明确提出的，但他们所包含的基本观点和方法在《语言论》的语言结构描写和形式分析中是清晰可见的。布龙菲尔德提出的这四条标准，为他自己﹑也为他的后继者严格遵循，并以此为基础，后来发展成一套严格的发现程序。
（四）主张从“形式”入手，谨慎对待“意义”
布龙菲尔德认为意义的问题非常复杂，难以正面分析。他说：“语音形式—比方我们说，一个语言里的全部语素—可以根据音位以及音位的排列加以描写，而在这个基础上，可以用某种简便的方式分类和列表，……意义—就我们的例子说，就是一个语言的义素—只有无所不知的通才才能分析或者加以系统地排列。”又说：“……在语言研究中对意义的‘说明’是一个薄弱的环节，这种情况一直要持续到人类的知识远远超过目前的状况为止。” 布龙菲尔德甚至混淆了语言的意义和言语的意义。他说：“我们曾经给语言形式的意义下的定义是：说话人发出语言形式时所处的情境和这个形式在听话人那儿所引起的反应。”很明显，这里谈的是言语的意义而不是语言的意义，这就加大了意义的复杂性。因为意义问题太复杂，难以对付，所以布龙菲尔德主张从形式入手研究语言。他说：“语言研究必须从语音形式开始而不是从意义开始。”

美国结构主义语言

S→r …… s→R （S代表实际的刺激，R代表实际的反
应，r代表言语的代替反应，s代表言语的代替性刺激）
如：一个男孩和他的女朋友正在散步。女孩饿了，看到树上有苹果，于是发出一些声音。结果那个男孩就跳过篱笆，爬上树，摘下果子，递给女孩，女孩便把苹果吃了。
三. 后布龙菲尔德时期语言学（20世纪50年代）
哈里斯(Harris)的《结构语言学的方法》(Methods in Structural Linguistics)标志着美国结构主义达到成熟。他认为语言结构分析的任务就是把话语里的一个个单位给找出来, 然后对这些单位之间的关系做出说明。他把语言结构里的各种单位看成是逻辑符号, 然后用数理逻辑的方法进行操作。
霍凯特之后，结构主义最为杰出的人物应该是派克(Pike)，因为他提出了著名的语言学分析手法：法位学(Tagmemics)。他认为一种语言有它独立的不依赖于意义的等级系统，即语言有三种相互关联的等级系统：音位、语法和指称，而这三种等级系统中的每一个层面都有四个语言单位：轨位、类别、角色和接应。这样的基本单位就叫做语法单位，简称法位。法位的公式是：
四. 总结
总之，结构主义的出发点是语法范畴不应该通过意义而应该依据分布来定义，任何语言的结构描写都不该考虑时态语气等范畴，因为这些范畴并不一定有普遍性。 1. 结构主义语法描写语言中的所有现象，而不是制定规则，其目标也因此被限定于描写语言，缺乏对语言现象和人的语言能力进行解释的能力。 2. 结构主义语法是经验的，追求客观科学性，但却没有写出与任何传统语法相提并论的完整语法。 3. 结构主义语法考察所有的语言，却不能正确地处理意义。 4. 结构主义语法描写语言结构和语言使用后面的最小的对立。
美国结构主义语言学

由布龙菲尔德公式看生活中的语言现象

由布龙菲尔德公式看生活中的语言现象作者：朱文静刘景霞来源：《文学教育》 2019年第7期朱文静刘景霞内容摘要：作为美国结构主义语言学的先导人物之一，布龙菲尔德从行为主义和唯物主义机械论出发，认为语言是一系列刺激、反应的结果。

本文依据布龙菲尔德的刺激-反应理论，具体分析该理论在教学、广告语和交际语中的应用，由此辅助理解，增添学习者的兴趣，进一步认识到语言学不是空中楼阁，是生活中可感的语言现象。

关键词：布龙菲尔德刺激反应理论应用一.布龙菲尔德与其语言观布龙菲尔德(Leonard Bloomfield)是美国描写主义语言学的代表人物之一，上世纪三十到五十年代一度被称为“布龙菲尔德时代”。

他的著作《语言论》(Language)摒弃了内省（自我体验）的方法，把语言学和心理学相结合，提出了美国结构主义语言学派研究语言的基本原则和描写语言结构的总框架，成为语言学研究的经典之作。

布龙菲尔德语言学思想主要有两个来源：一个是心理学中的“行为主义”思想；另一个是美洲人类学、语言学研究方法中的田野工作模式。

前者涉及的是如何“科学定位”语言现象的理论问题，后者针对的是如何“科学处理”语言现象的实际问题。

[1]84行为主义创始人华生认为心理学研究行为的任务就在于查明刺激与反应之间的规律性问题。

这样就能根据刺激推知反应，根据反应推知刺激，达到预测和控制行为的目的。

[1]85“行为主义”心理学对布龙菲尔德的影响是巨大的，他曾在《语言论》中写道：“根据唯物主义的观点，人类行为是因果序列的一部分，恰恰就和我们在物理和化学研究中所观察到的一样。

”[2]35田野调查中归纳论证的方法对布龙菲尔德的影响也很深远，“每一种语言都有其特殊的结构模式和结构内容，研究者对此不能做出任何歪曲”[1]88，由此，布龙菲尔德认为任何的语言研究都应建立在对现实的客观的描写之上且需要得到实证。

二.刺激反应理论及结论为探究言语行为是如何发生作用的，布龙菲尔德在《语言论》一书中举了一个经典案例：“假设杰克和琪儿正沿着一条小路走去。

二语习得综述

二语习得综述Second Language AcquisitionWhat is SLA?Second Language Acquisition (SLA) refers both to the study of individuals and groups who are learning a language subsequent to learning their first one as young children, and to the process of learning that language. The additional language is called a second language (L2), even though it may actually be the third, fourth, or tenth to be acquired. It is also commonly called a target language (TL), which refers to any language that is the aim or goal of learning. The scope of SLA includes informal L2 learning that takes place in naturalistic contexts, formal L2 learning that takes place in classrooms, and L2 learning that involves a mixture of these settings and circumstances.*Language learners can study the language as a school subject, consciously learning and memorizing facts about the language. This results in conscious knowledge about the language that is referred to as declarative knowledge陈述性知识or explicit knowledge 隐性知识. Stephen Krashen calls this language learning.*Language learners can also gradually gain unconscious control overthe language by using it actively for functional and communicative purposes. This results in unconscious knowledge that is referred to as procedural knowledge过程性知识or implicit knowledge显性知识. Stephen Krashen calls this language acquisition.----二语习得内隐外显学习研究-问题与思考-戴炜栋语言的本质Nature of Language语言现象有生理及心理的基础，同时也是历史及文化的产物。

外语教学法自考题-10_真题-无答案

外语教学法自考题-10(总分100,考试时间90分钟)Ⅰ.Multipe ChoiceDirections: In this section, you are given 20 questions, beneath each of which are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to make the best choice either to complete the incomplete statement or to answer the question. One point is given to each correct choice.1. The goal of foreign language teaching is to help the learner master ______ in the shortest possible time.A. the target languageB. his native languageC. vocabulary of the languageD. pronunciation of the language2. American structuralism was very popular and influential in the 1930s and 1940s throughout the world. The two forerunners were ______.A. Bloomfield and ChomskyB. Malinowski and FirthC. Franz Boas and Edward SapirD. Halliday and Edward Sapir3. Chomsky has made the distinction between **petence and ______.A. linguistic performanceB. **petenceC. reading performanceD. universal grammar4. ______ and ______ are distinguished by whether the learner of a second language pays conscious attention to the rules of the target language.A. Learning, acculturationB. Learning, acquisitionC. Acculturation, accommodationD. Acquisition, accommodation5. According to ______, the appropriate goal of psychology is to understand the environmental conditions that would cause an animal or human to behave in a particular way.A. behaviourist psychologyB. cognitive psychologyC. psychoanalysisD. Gestalt psychology6. The revolution in linguistic theory in the 1960s refers to the arrival of the ______.A. Structuralist theoryB. Communicative linguisticsC. Transformational-Generative linguisticsD. Habit-formation theory7. In the Grammar-Translation Method, the teaching materials are arranged according to a ______ system.A. languageB. contentC. logicD. grammar8. A Direct Method teacher is usually found using techniques such as ______.A. direct association and conversation practiceB. question and answer exercisesC. error correction and dictationD. all of the above9. Which of the following is forbidden in a Direct Method classroom?A. Using gestures.B. Sketch drawing.C. The first language.D. Writing.10. The first dictionary for students of English as a foreign language ______, into which the classification of sentence patterns was incorporated, was published in 1953.A. Guide to Patterns and Usage in EnglishB. The Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current EnglishC. A Handbook of English GrammarD. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English11. The syllabus used in the Direct Method is arranged semantically according to ______.A. situations or topicsB. textbooks or materialsC. ideas or conceptsD. students or learners12. The neogrammarians, represented by ______, formed the main linguistic basis of the Direct Method.A. W.M.WundtB. eniusC. F.GouinD. Hermann Paul13. Of the nine fundamental principles of good language teaching and learning proposed by Palmer, ______ is the first and most important.A. vocabulary build-upB. phonetic practiceC. habit formationD. grammar acquisition14. The Audiolingual Method is a method of foreign or second language teaching which emphasizes the ______.A. listening and reading before speaking and writingB. listening and speaking before reading and writingC. listening and speaking before translating and writingD. reading and writing before listening and speaking15. In a typical audiolingual lesson the procedures are followed in the order of ______.A. imitation, recognition and repetition, pattern drills and follow-up activitiesB. recognition, imitation and pattern drills, repetition and follow-up activitiesC. imitation, recognition, pattern drills and repetition, and follow-up activitiesD. recognition, imitation and repetition, pattern drills and follow-up activities16. American structuralism started in ______.A. the early 20th centuryB. the late 20th centuryC. the early 19th centuryD. the late 1930s and 19d0s17. In order to perform the monitor function, language learners have to satisfy at least three conditions: sufficient time to monitor his production, focus on form and a clean knowledge of ______.A. mother languageB. vocabularyC. phoneticsD. the rule of the target language18. Which of the following is NOT the factors that have helped to set up the cognitive psychology?A. The development of computer technology.B. Jean Piaget's research work on the reasoning abilities of children.C. The study of Barry Mclaughlin.D. The work of the American linguist Chomsky.19. The generative-transformational school of linguistics emerged through the influence of ______.A. Noam ChomskyB. J.PiagetC. D.Ausubel D. J.B.Brunner20. The phrase "context of situation" was created by ______.A. ChomskyB. BloomfieldC. FirthD. MalinowskiⅡ.Filling BlanksDirections: In this section there are 20 statements with 20 blanks. You are to fill each blank with ONE appropriate word. One point is given to each blank.21. In the fifth century B.C., the ancient Greeks began to make a serious study of language in the realm of ______.22. ______ is a theory of the mind put forward by Sigmund Freud.23. The most important factor that made cognitive psychology dominant in the world is the development of the ______ technology.24. Traditional linguistics was ______ in nature.25. The Grammar-Translation Method proved to be an effective means in studying foreign ______ through literary works.26. According to some functional linguists, some utterance has no meaning at all if it is out of the context of ______.27. The teacher uses the ______ language of the students as the main medium in teaching in a Grammar-Translation classroom.28. According to Gestalt psychology, people tend to perceive objects and scenes as organized ______ first and then **ponent parts.29. The generative linguist is interested not only in ______ language but also in explaining language. In other words, they attempt to find the what as well as the why in the study oflanguage.30. In 1882, Wilhelm Vietor published a pamphlet entitled Language Teaching Must Start Afresh! and a movement of reform started all of a sudden. The principles of the movement were the primacy of ______, the centrality of the connected text as the kernel of the teaching-learning process, and the absolute priority of an oral methodology in the classroom.31. In the Grammar-Translation Method, reading passages are planned around the sequenced grammatical ______ and vocabulary to be studied.32. The ______ Approach emphasizes on oral skills: use of only the target language in the classroom.33. Palmer worked as a teacher of English in Japan for many years, working towards **plementary ______ in English language teaching.34. Second language acquisition, as a complex cognitive skill, involves the processes of ______ and restructuring.35. Direct association of language with ______ and persons of the immediate environment is emphasized in the Direct Method.36. In Functional Linguistics, the ______ meaning of a linguistic item is its operation in the network of formal relations.37. In the Oral Approach, material is taught ______ before it is presented in the written form.38. The Oral Approach believes that language learning in real life is for the acquisition of spoken language while language learning in the classroom is for the ______ of literacy.39. According to ______, verbal expression is intimately linked with thought about real events.40. The Audiolingual Method develops the separation of the language ______ into a pedagogicaldevice, that is, listening, speaking, reading and writing.Ⅲ.MatchingDirections: This section consists of two groups of pairs listed in two columns, A and B. You are to match the one marked ①, ②, ③, ④or ⑤ in Column A with the one marked a, b, c, d or e in Column B. One point is given to each pair you match correctly.41. Column A: linguist or psychologist①Noam Chomsky②M.A.K.Halliday③Sigmund Freud④John B.Watson⑤Leonard BloomfieldColumn B: the theory he advocatesa. American structuralismb. Transformational generative linguisticsc. Functional linguisticsd. Psychoanalysise. Behaviourism42. Column A①the theory of language underlying the grammar-translation method②the theory of learning underlying the grammar-translation method③the objective of the grammar-translation method④one of the techniques of the grammar-translation method⑤one of the main features of the grammar-translation methodColumn Ba. translationb. the emphasis on the teaching of the second language grammarc. superiority of the written form over the spoken form of the languaged. the faculty psychologye. enabling the learners to read and translate the literature of the target languageⅣ.Questions for Brief AnswersDirections: This section has six questions. You are to answer them briefly. Five points are given to each question.43. What is the most important aspect of language according to the Grammar-Translation Method?44. How does the discourse theory explain the second language acquisition process?45. What areas of language are emphasized by Oral Approach? What language skills are emphasized?46. What are the principles and consequences of the Reform Movement?47. What techniques of the Direct Method do you think are useful in modern language teaching?48. What are the textbooks like in the Oral Approach?Ⅴ.Questions for Long AnswersDirections: The two questions in this section are to be answered on the basis of your own teaching experience as well as the theoretical knowledge you've learned. Ten points are given to each question.49. According to the Audiolingual Method, should dialogues be memorized through mimicry of the teacher's model? Why or why not?50. Do you think the Direct Method could be used by all foreign language teachers at all levels? Why or why not?。

美国描写与结构主义语言学

Chapter 5: American Descriptive and Structuralist Linguistics (美国描写与结构主义语言学)
5.2.2 Bloomfield and Behaviorism *The Background
The 1920s saw a revolution in psychology in which J. B. Watson’s (沃特森) behaviorist theory replaced mentalism. Based on Locke’s (洛克) and Hume’s (休谟 ) philosophical ideas, Watson held that all knowledge comes from dirined from objective and observable experiments are reliable.
Chapter 5: American Descriptive and Structuralist Linguistics (美国描写与结构主义语言学)
Behaviorism is based on the belief that human beings can not know anything they have not experienced. Watson studied conditional responses ( 条件反应 ) and unconditional responses (非条件反应). He believed that all responses are conditional, and that even all the rules in the universe are conditional. We experience all kinds of stimuli and responses.

美国结构主义语言学再认识

美国结构主义语言学再认识一、概述美国结构主义语言学，作为一种独特的语言学流派，其产生和发展深受索绪尔语言理论的影响，并在对印第安人土著语言的研究中得以实践和应用。

这一学派的理论背景源于索绪尔对于语言系统、语言与言语、能指、所指和符号任意性的论述，这些观点为结构主义语言学提供了理论支撑。

美国结构主义语言学以布龙菲尔德及其后继者为代表，他们主张语言学应关注语言的实际使用，即言语行为，而非抽象的语言系统。

这一学派的学者们特别重视记录和分析语言的技术，以便对那些不为人所知的印第安土著语言进行精确的描写和分析。

他们的研究方法强调整体性和系统性，旨在揭示语言内部各要素之间的相互关系和差异。

对于美国结构主义语言学的认识，我们不能仅停留在其理论背景和研究方法上。

我们还需深入探究其产生的社会背景，即人类学家对印第安语言的田野调查，以及这一学派在发展过程中所受的其他影响，如行为主义等。

我们还需对美国结构主义语言学的方法、代表人物及其观点进行全面而深入的分析，以便更好地理解和评价这一学派在语言学领域中的地位和贡献。

1. 研究背景及意义随着语言学研究的深入，结构主义语言学作为一种重要的流派，对美国语言学的发展产生了深远的影响。

美国结构主义语言学，兴起于20世纪初，强调对语言现象进行系统的、共时的分析，尤其注重语言内部的结构规律和模式。

随着语言学理论的不断演进，特别是受到功能主义、认知语言学等流派的挑战，结构主义语言学一度陷入了困境，其地位和价值也受到了质疑。

近年来，随着语言学研究的多元化和跨学科趋势的加强，结构主义语言学的价值再次受到学界的关注。

不少学者开始重新审视结构主义语言学的核心理念和研究方法，认为其在语言结构分析、语言类型学等方面仍有不可替代的作用。

本文旨在重新认识美国结构主义语言学，探讨其在当代语言学研究中的新意义，以期为我国语言学研究提供新的视角和启示。

本文的研究不仅有助于深化对美国结构主义语言学的理解，同时也为我国语言学研究提供了新的思路和方法。

大学高级英语第一册第11课译文及课后答案

大学高级英语第一册第11课译文及课后答案1）谐趣园是仿照无锡的一座花园建造的。

The Garden of Harmonious Interest was modeled on a garden in Wuxi.2）他号召孩子们以 ___英雄为榜样。

He called on the children to model themselves on the PLA heroes.3）这本书应归入哲学类。

This work may be related to philosophy.4）本杰明·富兰克林不仅是政治家，而且还是科学家、发明家。

Benjamin Franklin was as much a scientist and an inventor as a statesman.5）他把每次试验的结果都记在本子上。

He set down all the findings of every experiment in his notebook.6）你能用简明的语言概括这首古诗的中心思想吗？Can you sum up the central idea of this ancient poem in plain terms?7）我们应不断地使自己的思想适应变化的情况。

We should constantly adapt our thinking to the changing conditions.8）年轻的士兵冻死在雪地里，手里还紧握着枪。

The young soldier was frozen to death in the snow, his hands still hanging on to a gun.9）该公司将为他们提供住宿和交通工具。

The said pany will furnishthem with lodging and transportation.10）车速限制在每小时55公里之内。

大学高级英语第一册第11课译文及课后答案

大学高级英语第一册第11课译文及课后答案篇一：张汉熙高级英语第一册课后翻译11-161）谐趣园是仿照无锡的一座花园建造的。

The Garden of Harmonious Interest iddle Eastern countries. 2）第三世界国家决心独立地发展自己的工业。

The Third e aterials. 10）美国国会批准了这项条约，使它立即生效。

The U.S. Congress ratified the treaty, thus bringing it into force at once. 11）一座新的电报大楼即将完工并交付使用。

A neoslem 16)fulfillV .1)shame, disgrace 2)speed up the loodern linguistics take Leonard Bloomfield's Language (1933)as its authority.4)But if so, he has made unconsciously one of the biggest mistakes one is liable to make in dictionary making.5)Anyone aggie.Soon he knoaggie, so he stops trying to shake hands aggie.11)Though, in fact, I probably could have carried it back beyond the Civil ent. 1)一场大火把贫民区三百多座房子夷为平地。

A big fire burned to the ground more than 300 homes in the slum neighborhood.2)只要你为人正直，不怕失去什么，那你对任何人都不会畏惧。

Bloomfield and his Language

Wave theory----Schmidt施密特
• The tree model requires definite, stable languages, exactly what was denied by the Wave Model; if there are no permanent languages, then they cannot evolve as a tree. Conversely, the Wave Model regards languages as impermanent collections of features at the intersections of multiple circles.
The Post-Bloomfield Period(1940s-1950s)
• Focused on direct observation • Representatives: Zellig Harris 哈里斯 Charles Hockett 霍凯特 Kenneth Pike 派克
Zellig Harris Z.S.哈里斯
Structuralism and language teaching:
The audio-lingual method
以结构主义语言学和行为主义心理学为基础得以建立.它强调发音和对基本句型的口头操练.
is a style of teaching used in teaching foreign languages. It is based on the direct method, which points to be taught might be arrived at by the process of contrastive analysis. Thus , the difficult points can be marked.

《至高荣誉：我的华盛顿岁月》翻译实践报告

ＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔＭｅｍｏｉｒｉｓａｔｙｐｅｏｆｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅｔｅｘｔｇｅｎｒｅ．Ｉｔｉｓｔｈｅａｕｔｈｏｒｗｈｏｗｒｉｔｅｓｔｈｅｔｅｘｔｂａｓｅｄｏｎｈｉｓ／ｈｅｒｏｗｎｐａｓｔｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅｓ，ｓｏｃｉａｌａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓａｎｄｏｔｈｅｒｍｅａｎｉｎｇｆｕｌｅｖｅｎｔｓ．Ｔｈｅｍｅｍｏｉｒｉｓａｌｗａｙｓｂｅｉｎｇｃａｌｌｅｄ“ｖｉｄｅｏｆｏｒｔｈｅｏｌｄｄａｙｓ”ｂｅｃａｕｓｅｉｔｔｅｌｌｓｔｈｅｔｒｕｔｈａｎｄｒｅａｌｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ．Ｉｔｉｓｗｏｒｔｈｗｈｉｌｅｔｏｂｅｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｅｄａｓａｐａｒｔｏｆａｕｔｈｏｒｉｚｅｄｈｉｓｔｏｒｙｄｏｃｕｍｅｎｔ．ＣｏｎｄｏｌｅｅｚｚａＲｉｃｅ’ＳｌａｔｅｓｔｌｏｎｇｍｅｍｏｉｒＮｏＨｉｇｈｅｒＨｏｎｏｒ：ＡＭｅｍｏｉｒｏｆＭｙＹｅａｒｓ伽Ｗａｓｈｉｎｇｔｏｎｈａｓｂｅｅｎｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｄｆｏｒｒｅａｄｅｒｓａｌｌｏｖｅｒｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ．ＴｈｅｂｏｏｋｉｓｊｕｓｔｗｒｉｔｔｅｎｂｙｈｅｒｏｗｎｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅｓｏｆＳｅｃｒｅｔａｒｙｏｆＳｔａｔｅｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｉｎＷａｓｈｉｎｇｔｏｎ．ＡｎｄｉｔｉｓｏｂｖｉｏｕｓｌｙｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｌｔｏｔｈｅｈｉｓｔｏｒｙｏｆｔｈｅＵ．Ｓ．Ａ．Ｔｈｅａｕｔｈｏｒｈａｓｃｈｏｓｅｎｔｈｅｓｅｃｏｎｄｃｈａｐｔｅｒ－ＨｏｎｅｓｔＢｒｏｋｅｒａｎｄｔｈｅｔｈｉｒｄｃｈａｐｔｅｒ－ＰｏｌｉｃｙＢｅｇｉｎｓａｓｔｈｅｐｒａｃｔｉｃａｌｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｇｒａｍ．ＩｎＨｏｎｅｓｔＢｒｏｋｅｒ，ＲｉｃｅｔａｌｋｅｄａｂｏｕｔｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｉｎｇｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｗｉｔｈＤｏｎａｌｄＲｕｍｓｆｅｌｄａｎｄＤｉｃｋＣｈｅｎｅｙａｎｄａｌｓｏｈｅｒｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｈｅＮａｔｉｏｎａｌＳｅｃｕｒｉｔｙＣｏｕｎｃｉｌ．ＩｎＰｏｔ／ｃｙＢｅｇｉｎｓ，ｓｈｅｐｕｔｈｅｒｅｙｅｓｏｎｆｏｒｅｉｇｎｐｏｌｉｃｙｓｕｃｈａｓＭｅｘｉｃｏａｎｄＩｒａｑ．Ｂｙｒｅｖｉｅｗｉｎｇａｎｄａｎａｌｙｚｉｎｇｔｈｅｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｃｅｓｓａｓｗｅｌｌａｓｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｖｅｃａｓｅｓ，ｔｈｅｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｘｐｌｏｒｅｓｔｗｏａｓｐｅｃｔｓｉｎｓｕｃｈａｍｅｍｏｉｒｇｅｎｒｅ：ｈｏｗｔｏｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｔｈｅｏｒｉｇｉｎａｌｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｅｘａｃｔｌｙＳＯａｓｔｏａｃｈｉｅｖｅｒｅａｄａｂｉｌｉｔｙａｎｄａｎｄｈｏｗｔｏｐｕｔｔｈｅｐｒｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎｔｈｅｏｒｙｉｎｔｏｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅ．Ａｓｔｈｅｒｅｐｏｒｔｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓ，ｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏｋｎｏｗｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｏｆｔｈｉｓｇｒｅａｔｗｏｍａｎ，ｔｈｅａｕｔｈｏｒｆｉｒｓｔｌｙｓｅａｒｃｈｅｄａｓｍｕｃｈｔｈｅｂａｃｋｇｒｏｕｎｄｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎａｂｏｕｔＣｏｎｄｏｌｅｅｚｚａＲｉｃｅａｓｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ；Ｓｅｃｏｎｄｌｙ＇ｔｈｅａｕｔｈｏｒｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｔｈｅｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｃｅｔｈｅｏｒｙｗｈｉｃｈｗａｓｐｕｔｆｏｒｗａｒｄｂｙＥｕｇｅｎｅＡ．Ｎｉｄａ．Ｔｈｅｎ，ｎｅｘｔｐａｒｔｔｈｅａｕｔｈｏｒｐａｉｄａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｔｏｔｈｅｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｉｌｅｐｒｏｎｏｕｎｓ，ｐｏｌｙｓｅｍｙａｎｄａｄｖｅｒｂｓｂｙｓｏｍｅｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓ．Ａｌｓｏ，ｔｈｅｒｅｗｅｒｅｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎｓｋｉｌｌｓｆｏｒｌｏｎｇｓｅｎｔｅｎｃｅｓｂｙｕｓｉｎｇｓｋｉｌｌｓｏｆｅｍｂｅｄｄｉｎｇ，ｃｕｔｔｉｎｇａｎｄｒｅｆｒａｉｎｉｎｇ．Ｌａｓｔｌｙ，ｔｈｅａｕｔｈｏｒｔｏｏｋｓｏｍｅｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏｐｒｏｖｅｔｈｅｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅｏｆｌｏｇｉｃａｌｔｈｉｎｋｉｎｇｆｏｒｔｈｅｗｈｏｌｅｐａｓｓａｇｅ．Ｉｔｉｓｈｏｐｅｄｔｈａｔｔｈｉｓｒｅｐｏｒｔｏｆｆｅｒｓｓｏｍｅｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｌｖａｌｕｅｆｏｒｔｈｅｍｅｍｏｉｒｇｅｎｒｅｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｍｏｒｐｈｏｌｏｇｙ，ｓｙｎｔａｘａｎｄｃｏｈｅｒｅｎｃｅ．Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：ＣｏｎｄｏｌｅｅｚｚａＲｉｃｅ；ｍｅｍｏｉｒ；Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ－Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ；ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎｔｅｃｈｎｉｃｓＩＩ赖斯于２００５年１月就任美国国务卿。

英语语言学导论知到章节答案智慧树2023年西安外国语大学

英语语言学导论知到章节测试答案智慧树2023年最新西安外国语大学第一章测试1.Which feature incorporates the capacity to talk messages that are unrelatedto here and now. （）参考答案:Displacement;ually grammar is divided into the components of（）.参考答案:phonetics and phonology;;morphology and syntax;;semantics.3.Although languages are different in many respects, such as sound patterns,vocabulary, word order, there are important grammatical principles andfeatures that hold commonly in all human languages. ( )参考答案:对4.What enables us to identify well-formed sentences from non-sentences is ourgood linguistic performance in that language other than linguisticcompetence. ( )参考答案:错5.The fact that a parrot can be taught to reproduce some human speech soundsproves that human language is not unique to us. ( )参考答案:错第二章测试1.How many morphemes are there in the word “frightening”? ( )参考答案:three2.Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarity?( )参考答案:single/married3.The word “man” is an alyzed as comprising the semantic features of[+human,+adult,+male]. ( )参考答案:对4.“-tain” in words like “maintain”, “sustain”, “retain” is a ( ).参考答案:bound root5.Tree diagrams are used to represent the linear structure of words. ( )参考答案:错第三章测试1.Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________. ( )参考答案:All of the above.2.The sentence structure is ________. ( )参考答案:both linear and hierarchical3.The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number. ( )参考答案:finite4.In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonlyrecognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitivephrase, and auxiliary phrase. ( )参考答案:错5.What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete listof words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge. ( )参考答案:错第四章测试1.Reflected meaning arises in cases of multiple conceptual meanings, when onesense is associated with another sense. ( )参考答案:对2.The lexical relationship between “bear” and “bare” is hyponymy. ( )参考答案:错3.The sentence It is hot is a one-place predication. ( )参考答案:错4.Pragmatics is the study of language meaning. ( )参考答案:错5.According to John Searle’s classification of speech acts, “he promises to cometomorrow” is ( ).参考答案:representative第五章测试1.Which one is different from the others according to place of articulation? ( )参考答案:[n]2.Which of the following is NOT a front vowel? ( )参考答案:[u:]3.[z] is a voiceless, alveolar fricative consonant while [j] is a palatalapproximant. ( )参考答案:错4.[p] is a voiced bilabial stop. ( )参考答案:错5.Perceptual phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds. ( )参考答案:对第六章测试1.Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or morephonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ( ).参考答案:suprasegmental features2.How many morphemes are there in the word “discharged”? ( )参考答案:33.Which of the following statements about allophone is NOT correct? ( )参考答案:Allophones distinguish meaning.4. A phoneme in a language is a distinctive sound which is capable ofdistinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another. ( )参考答案:对5.Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into differentcategories. ( )参考答案:错第七章测试pared with langue, parole is chaotic and therefore impossible to study. ( )参考答案:错2.The common types of language variation are variation. ( )参考答案:all of above3.William Labov’s New York Department Store study is basically about regionalvariation of language. ( )参考答案:错nguage contact could lead to the death of a language. ( )参考答案:对5.When speakers from different languages interact with each other, one of thenative languages of the speakers could be used as a lingua franca. （）参考答案:错第八章测试1.There are five major stages in the history of English language change. ( )参考答案:对2.Who is the editor of Dictionary of the English language? ( )参考答案:Samuel Johnson3.The lexical change includes: ( )参考答案:borrowing or Loan Words;the addition of new words;change in lexical category;loss of words4.The word change from “bathe” to “bath” is syntactic change ( )参考答案:错5.Changes in a language are changes in the grammars. （）参考答案:错第九章测试1.Traditional behaviourists view language as a kind of behaviour and believethat language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation. ( ) 参考答案:对2.Chomsky proposed that human beings are born with an innate ability knownas _______. ( )参考答案:Language Acquisition Device, or LAD3.Unlike L1 acquisition, which is uniformly successful across children andlanguages, adults vary considerably in their ability to acquire an L2completely. ( )参考答案:对4.What are the three interacting factors in determining language transfer insecond language learning? ( )参考答案:A learner’s perception of native-target language distance.;A learner’s actual knowledge of the target language.;A learner’s psychology, how a learner organizes his or her nativelanguage.5.The native language influences not only occur as direct linguistic reflexes atphonological, lexical, semantic, syntactical or discoursal levels but alsodirectly reflect underlying organizational principles of languages at thecognitive level. ( )参考答案:对第十章测试1.Which area of linguistics studies the cognitive processes of how we use ourlinguistic competence in speech production and comprehension? ( )参考答案:Psycholinguistics2.In psycholinguistic experiments which of the following is frequently used asan important measurement of how quick a person responds to linguisticsignals. ( )参考答案:Response time (RT)3. A central problem of speech perception is to explain how listeners carve upthe continuous speech signal into meaningful unit. This is referred to as the segmentation problem. ( )参考答案:对4.In Top-down processing listeners move step-by-step from the incomingsignal, to phonemes, morphemes, words and phrases and ultimately tosemantic interpretation. ( )参考答案:错5. A listener will respond faster at making lexical decision on related wordssuch as doctor and nurse than if he just heard unrelated word such as doctor and flower. This is possibly because words in the first pair are semantically related. ( )参考答案:对第十一章测试1.Many people use the search features of the Internet to find information.Typically, one enters a keyword, or perhaps several, and magically thecomputer returns the location of Web sites that contain information relatingto that key-word. This process is an example of ( ).参考答案:information retrieval2.Many crimes involve anonymous recorded messages in which it is importantto identify the speaker. ______ is the use of computers to assist in such a task,as opposed to ear witnessing, which relies on the judgment of humanlisteners. ( ).参考答案:Speaker identification3.The field of computational lexicography is concerned not only with themaking of standard dictionaries but also with the building of electronicdictionaries specifically designed for computational linguists. ( )参考答案:对4.Speech synthesis is a two-step process in which a text-to-speech programfirst converts text to phones or other basic units such as words or syllables. ( ) 参考答案:对5.The computational linguistics of speech understanding and speechgeneration has the subfields of computational phonetics and phonology,computational morphology, computational syntax, computational semantics, and computational pragmatics. ( )参考答案:对第十二章测试1.The history of writing includes____. ( )参考答案:Cuneiform Writing;pictograms and ideograms;from hieroglyphics to the Alphabet writing;the Rebus principle2.ʘrepresents the sound “___” ( )参考答案:sun3.The current English is a kind of picture system. ( )参考答案:错4.The Phoenician living in the area from hieroglyphics to the Alphabet writing.( )参考答案:对5.“cat cats cat’s cats’”have four morphemes. ( )参考答案:错第十三章测试1.The Prague School is a school of linguistic thought and analysis established inPrague in the 1920s by Mathesius. （）参考答案:对2.The major linguistic schools include ( )参考答案:The Formalism;The Functionalism;The Structuralism;The cognitivism3.The major scholars mentioned in American Structuralism are ( )参考答案:Franz Boas;Leonard Bloomfield;Edward Sapir4.The famous linguistic work Metaphors We live By is composed by RonaldLangacker。

课程论文翻译 nida

河海大学课程论文奈达的“功能对等”理论—对英汉翻译的可译性研究姓名：余兴园学号：1031701022方向：翻译学导师：孙宁宁HoHai UniversityThesis of Course of the Theory and Practice ofT ranslationFunctional Equivalence of Dr. Nid a—A Study on the Translatability inE—C TranslationBy YU XingyuanNO: 1031701022Supervisor: Prof. Sun Ningning内容摘要可译性及不可译性的问题一直是翻译界争论的话题。

随着翻译的发展，二者争论的焦点也不断由翻译的可能性转化为可译性的程度问题。

笔者认为文章在总体上是可译的。

可译性及不可译性只是一个相对的概念，没有绝对的不可译性。

可译性及不可译性事实上只是可译的程度问题。

美国著名的翻译家，语言学家尤金·奈达也是语言的共性论者，他坚持认为：一种语言所能表达的事情，必然能用另一种语言来表达。

尤其是二十世纪六十年代，他提出了“功能对等”理论，并以此为理论原则指导圣经翻译工作，翻译出更适合现代读者的圣经版本，为翻译的研究开辟了新的视野。

本文基于奈达的“功能对等”理论，对英汉翻译的可译性进行研究。

这项研究有助于更好的了解翻译的本质及一些翻译方法。

对于这些概念的了解会有助于指导翻译实践。

论文可以分为四个部分。

第一部分主要介绍了奈达及他的翻译理论；第二部分重点阐述了论文中翻译可译性的理论基础—“功能对等”；第三部分中笔者将理论转化为实践，探讨实践中可译程度较低的实例并找出其更好的可译性方法。

第四部分是论文的总结部分。

得出结论—文章在总体上是可译的，只是可译性程度高低问题；并以此提出译者的任务问题。

关键词：可译性；尤金·奈达；“功能对等”；译者的任务AbstractThe topic of translatability and untranslatability is a long-debated issue in translation field. Its history has accompanied the development of translation theory and practice. With the development of translation theory, the focus of the debate has shifted from the possibility of translation to the degree of the translatability. The study maintains that the writings are translatable as a whole. Translatability and untranslatability are relative concepts and there is no absolute translatability and untranslatability. The matter of translatability and untranslatability is actually the matter of the degree of translatability rather than the possibility of translation.Nida, a distinguished contemporary translation theorist and linguist in the west, is also a language universalist. In 1960’s he proposed a translation principle called “Dynamic(Functional) Equival ence” and guided his Bible translation works in the American Bible society. This version soon became popular in the world because of its clear, simple and natural language. Ni da’s translation theory exerted a tremendous influence on translation studies and boarded a new horizon on the studies of translation theory.The whole studies help us get more about the essence, the criteria and methods of translating which undoubtedly benefit our translation practice. The thesis includes four parts .The first part mainly introduces the life of Nida and his theory on translatability. The second part discusses translatability based on the criteria of “Functional Equivalence”. The third part shifts from the theory to the practice and find some ways to translate the low- degree translatability writings more perfectly. The last part of the thesis is the conclusion that translatability is absolute and the task of translator is also mentioned.Key W ords: translatability; Nida; “Functional Equivalence”; the task of translatorContents0.Introduction.........................................................................................................1. Nida and His Theory of Translatability to Translation. ...........1.1 Brief-introduction to Nida…………………………………1.2 Nida's Theory of Translatability to Translation………………2. The Criteria of Translating—Functional Equivalence …2.1 The Criteria of Translating……………………………………..2.2 The Development Steps of Functional Equivalence………………2.3 The Essence of Functional Equivalence…………………………..3. Application of the Criteria of Translating to Solve the Problems of Translating Practice ...................................................3.1 Pun…………………………………………………….3.2 Nonce Words………………………………………………….3.3 Word Play………………………………………………………..3.4 Word Riddle………………………………………………………3.5 Rhyming Scheme………………………………………………4. Conclusion ...................................................................................... Bibliography .......................................................................................0. IntroductionThe topic of translatability and untranslatability is a long-debated issue in translation field. Its history has accompanied the development of translation theory and practice. The early period of the debate is mainly focused on whether writings are translatable or untranslatable. As the central and basic issue in translation，it has attracted much attention and has aroused much interest in translation circles in China and abroad because of the many different opinions upon it. These opinions can be divided as two contrary sides: one supports translatability while the other favors untranslatability. Almost all the Translation scholars have proposed their opinions on this issue，whether for translatability or for untranslaiability.Lin Yutang in his On Translation once quoted Croce’s words“All the pure artistic works are untranslatable ,”and he also added“The top poems(especially the lyric poems) are untranslatable，be it Chinese or western，ancient or modern. The reason is that it is the load of the elite words of a specific language，and if it acts as the instinct connection between the authors’ ideals and words, the translation from，its original language to another one amounts to the loss of the Poem’s original taste，so the translation version can not be called as Poem.”(Zhou Yi. Luo Ping,1999:68) Wang Yizhu said in his Untranslaiability of Poems“frankly speaking，in my opinion，poems are untranslatable for the reason are simple: its taste，context or more popularly speaking，its flavor while makes a Poem is dissolved in the language Poets use to a large degree and it is difficult to convey through another language or dialect.”(Zhou Yi, Luo Ping,1999:69).To sum up the opinions of preceding scholars，we can find something in common in their opinion s—some writings are untranslatable such as poems，1iterary style and some rhetorical forms.The theorists who favor the view of translatability say the opposite. They think writings are translatable，even those such as poems，literary style and specific rhetorical forms that are considered as untranslatable by theorists favoring untranslatability. For the untranslatability of poems, Cheng Fangwu once opposed as “translation of poems is not an impossible task, according to my experience，some poems firstly seeming difficult to translate can also be completely translated through deep consideration. Therefore the translatability of poems depend on the translating ability and efforts. Something that is expressed in language of one country can always be translated into that of another country by using some proper methods.” (Zhou Yi. Luo Ping, 1998:70).For the untranslatability of special rhetorical forms Xu Yuanchong Said “even the context of allusion or pun are not absolutely untranslatable if methods aresuitable.” (Zhou Yi. Luo Ping,1999:71).Of all the views of translatability in abroad，Nida proposed the most typical one from the point of internal structure of Language. Through a detailed study of the nature of meaning Nida founds that language can prove to be an adequate tool to express all and any aspects of human experience. It is a fact that the mapping of experience by language is limited to specific cultures and People do not talk about things of which they are no aware，however，when some Part of their experience arises forma level to an overt level，they are able to speak it just as can describe new objects that enter into their experience. (Nida, 1964:50) This gives us that the language has the potential to describe new objects and concepts that arise in the evolution of their experience and concepts that come from other culture. This paves up the foundation of translatability rather than untranslatability.With the development of the theory of translation studies, a growing number of theorists who have a more reasonable and complete views on the translatability and untranslatability is applied. First, translatability and untranslatability are relative concepts and there is no absolute translatability and untranslatability. The matter of translatability and untranslatability is actually the matter of the degree of translatability rather than the possibility of translation. Second, with the globalization of the world, translatability is the main trend.As mentioned above, we should grape more about the essence, the criteria and methods of translating that will guide our practice more perfectly. I hope this study will help us know more about translation theory and grope a new respect on translation practice.1. Nida and His Theory of Translatability to TranslationEugene A. Nida, a distinguished American translation theorist and translator whose important position in the study of translation is established in the1960s, influences the whole western translation theory field. His translation theory began to be introduced into China in the early 1980s and quickly accepted by many Chinese translators and Chinese translation theorists.From1945 to 1997，he authored or co-authored more than 40 books and 250 articles on linguistics, semantics and translation. He is praised as the ever-green scholar by translators and critics.1.1Brief-introduction to NidaNida,Eugene Albert Nida in full, was born on November 11, 1914, in Oklahoma City of the U.S. His family moved to Long Beach, California when he was 5 years old. He began studying Latin in high school and was already looking forward to being able to translate scripture as a missionary. By the time he received his Bachelor degree in 1936 from the University of California at Los Angeles, he was well on his way. Having earned his degree in Greek, summa cum laude, he enrolled in the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL). Nida then pursued a Master's degree in Greek New Testament at the University of Southern California. In 1941 he began a Ph.D. in Linguistics at the University of Michigan and completed it in two years. His dissertation, A Synopsis of English Syntax under the academic guidance of the distinguished Professors Charles C. Fries，Leonard Bloomfield and Edgar H. Sturtevant,was at that time, the only full-scale analysis of a major language according to the “immediate constituent” theory.After Nida got his Ph.D. in linguistics，he was soon employed in1943 by the American Bible Society to check and value the publication of Bibles. He actively took part in academic research concerning translation theory and modern linguistics. Then he was determined to produce a theory that would foster effective communication of the Good News across all kinds of cultural and linguistics barriers. His book Toward a Science of Translating (1964)，and later The Theory and Practice of Translation (1969) helped him achieve this object. Nida has exerted great influence on modern linguistics and translation theory. We will discuss one of his most important theory on translation—Functional Equivalence on Chapter Two in detail.1.2Nida's Theory of Translatability to TranslationIn the history of translation theory, one of the central problems is the question of translatability and untranslatability of a text. Nida states that anything said in one language can be said in another.Through a detailed study of the nature of meaning，Nida finds that language can prove to be an adequate tool to express all and any aspects of human experience. It is a fact that the mapping of experience by language is limited to specific cultures and people do not talk about things of which they are not ware.However，when some of their experience arises from a covert lever an overtlevel，they are able to speak it just as they can describe new objects that enter into their experience(Nida,1964:50).This means that any language has the potential to describe new objects and concepts that come from other cultures.Nida’s translatability theory is based upon his two premises:the freedom of languages as symbols and the existence of the universal human experience. To Nida,“Linguistic symbols are semantically free to expand，to contract，to shift their contents，to die，and to be revived. This freedom is of inestimable value，for only through such freedom can persons employ symbols in new combinations or use them to describe objects which are new to the experience of speech community”(Nida,1964:49) This freedom of symbols means not only that a language can be used to describe new objects which come into the culture，but also that a person can introduce new concept into a speech community by using verb symbols with certain contextual restrictions and amplifications.For Nida,what makes human communication possible is that all human beings share common cultural experience which transcends the seeming difference that exists between people speaking different language s and living in different cultural backgrounds. This universal human experience is the underlying base that makes human communication possible.Moreover, the freedom of language also enables it to express new concepts from other culture.Nida gives an example to illustrate how people who have no snow can understand a passage in the Bible that speaks about “white as snow”.If the people do not know snow，how can they have a word for it?And if they do not have a word for it，then how can the Bible be translated?Nida answers these questions as follows:In the first Place，many people have a word for snow，even if they have not themselves experienced it，for they have heard about this phenomenon. Secondly, in other instances，people do not know snow but they do have “frost”and they speak about the two with the same term. Thirdly, many languages have the same idioms, e.g., “white as egret feathers”or“white as fungus”or they may use a no metaphor to express the concept“white as snow”such as“very white”(Nida and Taber, 1982:4) This common or universal human experience is the crucial concept in Nida，translation theory.Nida’s concept of“universal”is pragmatic and functional which sees language in a larger context of culture.This kind of perspective enriches the traditional concept of universality of language，and offers new insights into the nature of translation. With this universal human experience，a high degree of effective translatability between languagesand cultures is made possible.2. The Criteria of Translating—Functional EquivalenceTo find the criteria of translating, we should know the definition of translation first. Translation may be defined as follows: the replacement of textual material in one language (SL.) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL.).”and “Translation consists in the reproduction in the receptor language of the source language understood the original message.”(Nida, 1985, quoted in Liu Miqing, 1990:33) According to Liu Miqing, in fact, the essence of translating is the interlingual transmission of meaning. To grape the meaning correctly, the criteria of translating is very important. Actually the criteria of translating are directly influenced by the understanding of the essence of translation and the methods using in translation practice.2.1 The Criteria of TranslatingChinese and western criteria focus respectively on the text and on the readship, though this division is not absolute. Many Chinese hold views of “Equivalence of Effects”, such as Ma Jianzhong, Qu Qiubai, Zhao Yuanren and Mao Dun.Among the criteria put forward by scholars at home and abroad, the famous ones in China are “Faithfulness, Intelligibility and Elegance”by Y an Fu. “Likeness in Spirit” by Fu Lei, “Sublimation” by Qian Zhongshu, etc. In the west, John Dryden’s idea of translating criteria is well known, and he regards: “I have endeavored to make Vigil speak such English as he would himself have spoken, if he had been born in England, and in this present age.”( Quoted in Bassnett·McGuir,1980:447). The most important famous one is “Functional Equivalence” by Nida.2.2 The Development Steps of Functional Equivalence“Translation Equivalence”has been an essential issue in modern western translation studies. The term “Equivalence”in translation first appears in Rieu’s writing, which was called “the principle of equivalent effect”.（Rieu 1953:554）.Nida’s translation theory has been regarded as “equivalence theory”, “equivalent effect theory” or “functional equivalence” in China.Nida argued that there are two different types of equivalence, namely formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence, which later advanced to “functional equivalence”. We should know Nida first puts forward “dynamic equivalence”in opposition to “formal equivalence”in 1964. In 1990s, Nida said that the real issue was in defining the nature of equivalence, and stressed more than once that it was impossible to achieve absolute “‘equivalence’in translating.(Nida,1995). Later on, he said emphatically, “equivalence”can not be understood in its mathematical meaning of identity, but in terms of proximity, i.e. on the basis of degrees of closeness to functional identity”, then he proposed “functional equivalence”(Nida 1993:117).2.3 The Essence of Functional EquivalenceTo get complete understanding of the essence of “functional equivalence”, we should pay attention to the following points: first, Nida put forward “dynamic equivalence”in opposition to “formal equivalence”in the beginning. Second, “equivalence”in Nida’s theory never means absolute sameness. Third, “equivalence”can not be understood in its mathematical meaning of identity, but in terms of proximity.In translation theory, “formal equivalence”refers to translating by finding reasonably equivalent words and phrases while following the forms of the source language as closely as possible. It is often referred to as "literal translation." While Nida’s “functional equivalence”is a translation method in which the translator attempts to reflect the thought of the writer in the source language rather than the words and forms. The translator will read a sentence or other unit of thought, try to understand it as well as possible, and then write that thought in the target language. The forms of the source language are not important, because they are not the same as the forms of the target language.The theory of “functional equivalence” makes the point that the translator should make his audience understand the version in the original receptors to the original text. The acceptability of a version depends on the translator’s reproducing of the original functions. Ida generalizes language functions as: related to the source- expressive and cognitive functions; related to receptors-informative, imperative, performative and emotive; related to the source to receptor-interpersonal.(Nida, 1988:145).We know that translation practice is complicated. In order to come to achieve functional equivalence, methods of translating have to be pluralized according to various conditions. Nida points out that the two basic conflicts in translation history are literal vs. free translating and emphasis on form vs. concentration on content (Nida, 1986:74.).It also indicates the problem of literal translating or free translating. The two methods in fact have their own advantages and limitations. Methods of adaptation must be adopted flexibly according to the environment of each practical problem.Then we can use two methods in cooperation .All methods and adaptation are aiming at equivalence, and they should be flexibly adopted in accordance with each specific condition in practice. The next part can help you understand this part.3. Application of the Criteria of Translating to Solve theProblems of Translating Practice.This section includes two parts: first, list some problems in translating practice in E-C translation and its specific translation technique. Second, provide five basic principles in the solution to the problems deriving from specific translation technique.Since problems in practice of translation mainly from the unique feature in language and culture such as pun, nonce word, alliteration and word play etc.All these cases will be briefly introduced and some valuable techniques in translation are expected be found.3.1 PunPun refers to an amusing use of a word or phrase that has two meanings, or of word with the same sound but different meanings. For example “separate pear, separate pair”“分梨, 分离”fully shows the universals between languages.Pun can be divided into consonation pun and meaning pun.As their meaning indicate，the former refers to words of two meaning and the later refers to words of the same sound but different meanings. For meaning pun, the example is as follows:Romeo: What have thou found?Mercutio: No hare, Sir.译文：罗：你发现了什么？墨：倒不是野鸡，先生。

布龙菲尔德LeonardBloomfield

布龙菲尔德Leonard Bloomfield布龙菲尔德（1887--1949），美国语言学家。

1887年4月1日出生于美国芝加哥。

1903年进入哈佛学院，1906年在该校获得学士学位。

毕业后，他在威斯康星大学一面进修一面担任德语助教，在那里，他结识了普鲁可希（Edward Prokosch），受其影响决心研究语言学。

1907年，他转到芝加哥大学继续进修并担任教学，完成了学位论文《日耳曼语次元音交替的语义变异》，1909年在该校获得博士学位。

1913--1914年，他到德国莱比锡大学和哥廷根大学进修语言学，同时结识了新语法学派的代表人物，受到了较深的影响。

自取得博士学位后，他先后在辛辛那提大学与伊利诺斯大学任德语讲师（1909--1913），在伊利诺斯大学任比较文学与德语副教授（1913--1921），在俄亥俄洲大学任德语与语言学教授（1921--1927），在芝加哥大学任日耳曼语教授（1927--1940），在耶鲁大学任语言学教授（1940--1949）。

布龙菲尔德还致力于理论的应用，特别是外语教学。

20世纪20年代初，他编写了一套英语教科书和德语初级教科书。

二战期间，编写了《外语实地调查简明指南》。

1945年，他为美国国防部编著《俄英词典》，写了俄语语法简介。

布龙菲尔德是美国语言学会的发起人，曾任主席职位。

此外他也是美国其他一些著名学会的会员，还担任过国际语言学家常设委员会的委员，曾经是国际语音协会和丹麦皇家科学院的会员。

布龙菲尔德的早期著作是1914年出版的《语言研究导论》，立足于心理学来阐释语言。

1933年他的最有影响的著作《语言论》出版。

这时，他已从构造心理学转到行为主义心理学，他在该书中提出了美国结构语言学派研究语言的基本原则和描写语言结构的总框架，如区分粘附形式和自由形式、关于直接成分的分析、配列学说等等。

他的语言观在20世纪30年代和40年代对大多数美国语言学家的态度和看法起着支配作用，一大批语言学家聚集在“布龙菲尔德语言学”的大旗之下，形成了一个"布龙菲尔德学派"。

Leonard Bloomfield 莱纳德·布龙菲尔德

The language theory of Bloomfield
According to Bloomfield’s theory, language can be described into three levels: phonetic level (语音层面) semantic level (语义层面) syntactic level (语法层面)
Leonard Bloomfield
莱纳德· 布龙ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ尔德
(1887-1949)
outline
Early life and education. Brief introduction of his career. Works of Bloomfield. The language theory of Bloomfield. Achievement and influence.
Thank
you
Career
1909-1910 :Instructor at the University of Cincinnati(辛辛那提大学） 1910-1913 :Instructor at the University of Illinois （伊利诺斯大学） 1913-1921 :Assistant Professor of Comparative Philology at the University of Illinois; 1921-1927 Professor of German and Linguistics at the Ohio State University（俄亥俄大学） 1927-1940 Professor of Germanic Philology at the University of Chicago; 1940-1949 Sterling Professor of Linguistics at Yale University.

四川大学外语教学法试题

四川⼤学外语教学法试题《外语教学法》(课程代码00833)第⼀⼤题：单项选择题1、What is Stephen Krashen?A.He is a language teacher.B.He is an applied linguist.C.He is an anthropologist.D.He is a grammarian.2、The general objectives of the Total Physical Response Method are to teach _______ proficiency at a beginning level.A.oralB.readingC.auralD.writing3、It is believed that grammar analysis and translation began to be the basic procedures in foreign language teaching from _______.A.about 2,500 years agoB.almost 1,000 years agoC.the 16th centuryD.the beginning of the 20th century4、Palmer viewed that classroom language teaching should follow the _______ principles of language learning. ?A.naturalisticB.mentalisticC.cognitiveD.understanding5、The Oral Approach was developed by _______.A.American structuralistsB.British applied linguistsC.cognitive scienceD.transformational grammar6、Which of the following do Krashen and Terrell NOT emphasize?/doc/25299903700abb68a882fb2e.html municationB.VocabularyC.MeaningD.Grammar7、In the Grammar-Translation Method, grammar analysis and translation proved to be _______ in studying foreign culture through literary works.A.ineffective meansB.unaffective meansC.affective meansD.effective means8、One of the most prominent contributions made by Palmer is _______ of vocabulary.D.the efficient recitation9、Classroom procedures in the Direct Method can be roughly divided into three phrases EXCEPT _______A.Building up to a new modelB.Presentation by direct associationC.Oral practice in the target languageD.Consolidation with written work10、In ________ English became a formal requirement for the entrance examination in China and began to appear in the curriculum for the 4th and 5th year of primary schools.A.1982B.1972C.1962D.195211、The goal of foreign language teaching it to help the learner mater _______ in the shortest possible time. ? A.the target languageB.his native languageC.vocabularyD.pronunciation of the language12、At one time the Grammar-Translation Method was called _______ since it was used in the teaching of Latin and Greek.A.Aural-oral MethodB.Mim-mem MethodC.Audiolingual MethodD.Classical Method13、A Direct Method teacher is usually found using techniques such as ______.A.direct association and conversation practiceB.question and answer exercisesC.error correction and dictationD.all of the above14、The Oral Approach or ______ refers to an approach to language teaching developed by British applied linguists from the 1930s to 1960s.A.guided Language TeachingB.Situational Language TeachingC.Applied Language TeachingD.Functional Language Teaching15、In 1957, Noam Chomsky’s book Syntactic Structures was published which started the _______.A.American structuralismB.transformational generative linguisticsC.functional linguisticsD.cognitive psychology16、During the World War II, Leonard Bloomfield and C.C. Fries applied theories and ideas of behaviourism and structuralism systematically to foreign language teaching and devised a new approach called _______. ? A.the Direct Method17、The Grammar-Translation Method dominated foreign language teaching _______.A.from mid-19th century to mid-20th centuryB.from 1920s to 1940sC.from the late 18th century to early 19th centuryD.from mid-19th century to mid-20th century18、The Direct Method got its mane from the assumption that meanings are to be connected directly with _______, without going through the process of translating into the students’ native language.A.the first languageB.the native languageC.the target languageD.the learner’s language19、Palmer, the British applied linguist, produced a guide to the English vocabulary needed for teaching English as a foreign language. The words are chosen for the following criteria EXCEPT _______.A.they are the words most frequently used by people whose native language is EnglishB.they include words useful to build other wordsC.they include all the structural wordsD.they include all the descriptive words20、The theory of language underlying Audiolingualism was derived from _______ in the 1930s and the 1940s in America.A.behaviourist linguisticsB.functional linguisticsC.structural linguisticsD.transformational generative linguistics21、Working in conjunction, the two processes, _______, contribute to what Piaget terms the central process of cognitive adaptation.A.assimilation and accommodationB.recognition and realizationC.generalization and contributionD.recomandation and conjunction22、The monitor theory, which is very popular among foreign language teachers in _______, was put forward by Stephen Krashen in the late 1970s.A.AmericaB.BritainC.ChinaD.France23、According to _______, communicative competence entails four dimensions: grammatical competence, sociolinguistic competence, discourse competence and strategic competence.A.Richard and RodgersB.HallidayC.Canale and SwainD.Widdowson24、Discourse theory of second language acquisition was developed from the _______.A.habit formation theory25、According to bahaviourist psychology, learning a language is a process of acquiring a set of appropriate _______ chains, a mechanical process of habit formation.A.learner’s acquisition device/doc/25299903700abb68a882fb2e.html nguage acquisition deviceC.linguistic acting discussionD.long-term acquiring details26、Transformational generative linguists believe that every normal human being was born with and LAD. Here LAD is the short form for _______.A.learner’s acquisition device/doc/25299903700abb68a882fb2e.html nguage acquisition deviceC.linguistic acting discussionD.long-term acquiring details27、The affective filter hypothesis of Krashen’s Monitor Model states that acquirers with _______ affective filter seek and receive more comprehensible input.A.lowB.averageC.highD.very high28、The general objective of the Silent Way is to give beginning level students _______ in basic elements of the target language.A.reading comprehension abilityB.translating abilityC.oral and aural facilityD.thinking capacity29、Foreign language teaching in China is an integrated application of audiolingualism, _______, and Communicative Language Teaching.A.SuggestopaediaB.traditionalism/doc/25299903700abb68a882fb2e.html munity Language LearningD.Three Dimensional Approach30、According to Piaget, there are two principal types of cognitive structures which he called _____.A.schemas and conceptsB.conscious mind and unconscious mindC.stimulus and responseD.response and consequence31、According to the affective filter hypothesis, three factors ____ determines the speed of success.A.high motivation, self-confidence and high anxietyB.motivation, self-confidence and anxietyC.Friendliness, environment and place/doc/25299903700abb68a882fb2e.html munication, conscious mind and failure32、An ultimate purpose of learning a foreign language in a Grammar-Translation classroom is to enable the learners to________.A.think and communicate in the target language33、Classroom procedures in the Direct Method can be roughly divided into three phases: _____, oral practice in the target language, and consolidation with written work.A.presentation by direct associationB.reading and explaining the new words and expressions in the first languageC.asking learners to read sentences aloud and translate them into the first languageD.students’ choral imit ation all together or in large groups34、The following are basic principles of the Oral Approach EXCEPTA.selection principleB.gradation selection principleC.four skills principleD.presentation principle35、The habit-formation theory comes from the _________ and was very popular in the 1950s and 60s.A.American StructuralismB.functional linguisticsC.behaviorist psychologyD.cognitive psychology36、In order to perform the monitor function, language learners have to satisfy at least three conditions: ____ to monitor his production, focus on form, and clean knowledge of the rules of the target language. ? A.enough speedB.much informationC.sufficient materialD.sufficient time37、The theory of learning underlying the Grammar-Translation Method wasA.Faculty PsychologyB.Gestalt PsychologyC.Behavioral psychologyD.Cognitive psychology38、In the Direct Method, the most frequently used techniques of consolidation are dictation, purposeful tasks and ____.A.free compositionB.guided compositionC.graded compositionD.oral practice39、The first dictionary for students of English as a foreign language, ________ into which the classification of sentence patterns was incorporated, was published in 1953.A.Guide to Patterns and Usage in EnglishB.The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current EnglishC.A Handbook of English GrammarD.Dictionary of Contemporary English40、Stimulus, response and reinforcement in behavioural psychology used in ____ language teaching.A.the Direct MethodB.the Natural ApproachC.the Cognitive ApproachA.a processB.recognition/doc/25299903700abb68a882fb2e.html municationD.presentation42、Krashen identifies three kinds of affective variables related to second language acquisition: ________. ? A.high motivation, self-confidence and high anxiety/doc/25299903700abb68a882fb2e.html prehension, acquisition and anxietyC.input, competence and self-confidenceD.situation, motivation and self-confidence43、The Communicative Approach follows a(n) ________ and emphasizes the processes of communication to get information.A.Integrated syllabusB.Notional SyllabusC.International SyllabusD.Notable Syllabus44、The two categories of meaning of language proposed by Wilkins are ___________.A.notions and functionsB.Notions and formsC.forms and functionsD.general and specific第⼆⼤题：填空题1、The learning of a foreign language was viewed by the Direct Mthodologists as _________ to the first language acquisition.2、Palmer held that language learning in real life differs from language learning in the _________.3、According to the behaviorist psychology, learning a language is a process of a set of appropriate language stimulus-response chains, a ____________ ______________ habit formation.4、Chomsky believes that ____________ are born with special language learning abilities.5、In the early 1960s, the famous Swiss psychologist Piaget established his theory of___________ ____________.6、Krashen’s monitor hypothesis states that learning has only one function, and that is as a _________.7、Yalden thinks that more effective foreign language learning will take place if the emphasis is on __________.8、Krashen identifies three kinds of affective variables related to second language acquisition: motivation, self-confidence and ______________.9、comparative Historical Linguistics believed that all languages originated from one language and were ruled by a__________10、The British structuralism considered that language was identified with speech and speech ability was approached trough oral practice of _______.11、The basic principle of the Natural Approach is te distinction between language __________ and language______________.12、To teach a foreign language well, we must divide it into small ___________ units.13、Behaviorist psychology states that human and animal behavior can and should be studied in terms of_______________ processes only.14、The emphasis on the meaning with new language items and on language ____________ rather than on language_____________, is important in achieving automaticity of using the target language.15、The generative linguist in interested not only in understanding language but also in ________ language.16、According to he Faculty Psychologists, understanding and memorization of complicated grammatical rules of languages were regarded as important means of developing _______.17、The Oral Approach believes in a theory of learning that is based on a type of behavioruist _______ theory.18、The famous American linguist Noam Chomsky created two linguistic terms: “Linguistic competence” and “_______”.19、According to the theory of cognitive psychology, learning must involve organization of _______.21、Krashen’s Monitor Model of second language development distinguishes tow distinct processes in second and foreign language development and use: “acquisition ” and “_______”.22、For Candlin, the _______ _______ involved in making choices and decision lies at the heart of the language learning process.23、Kelly made a clear distinction between meaningful and _______ learing activites.24、Generally speaking the goal of foreign language teaching is to help the learner master the _______ _______ in the shortest possible time.25、The Cognitive Approach is interpreted as the “_______ of Grammar-Translation Method” because it has rediscovered valuable features in Grammar-Translation Method.26、The Direct Method believes in the natural process of language learning and in the _______ teaching of grammar.27、The approach which emphasizes _______ communication rather than formal grammar study and is tolerance of learners’ errors is the Natural Method.28、The Communicative Approach in language teaching stats from a theory of language as _______.29、Leonard Bloomfield, a linguist in America, is regarded as the father of American _______.30、What the Chinese teachers and the Chinese learners is not blind application of foreign methods, nor is eclecticism, but _______.31、Direct association of language with _________________ and persons of the immediate environment is emphasized in the Direct Method.32、The Oral approach believes that language learning in real life is for the acquisition of spoken language while langue learning in the classroom is for the ____________ of literacy.33、According to Audiolingualism, there are three crucial elements in learning: a stimulus, a response and_______________.34、By Chomsky’s ideas about language acquisition, children do not have to be taught or corrected for their_____________.35、Cognitive Psychologists hold the idea that learning a language should be a ___________ learning.36、Krashen’s ______________ hypothesis states that we acquire the rules or language in a predictable order, some rules tending to come early and other late.37、Most contributors to the Communicative Approach share the view that language is best learned through use in____________.38、The Communicative Approach believes that language is used for communication and is more concerned with____________ than with structure.39、_______________, a linguist in America, is regarded as the father of American structuralism.40、The Audiolingual Method develops the separation of the ______________ into a pedagogical device, that is, listening, speaking, reading and writing.41、In 1982, Wilhelm Vietor published a pamphlet entitled Language Teaching Must Start Afresh! and a movement of__________ started all of a sudden. The principles of the movement were the primacy of _________, the centrality of the connected text as the kernel of the teaching-learning process, and the absolute priority of an oral methodology in the classroom.42、In the _______________ Method, the emphasis on practice with new language items and on language sills, rather than on language knowledge, is important in achieving automaticity of using the target language.43、The learning theory of Audiolingualism is the behavioural psychology which is an empirically based approach to the study of _____________.44、The Cognitive Approach holds that knowledge of language rules facilitates learning. Learners must learn the rules of the language before applying them. ______________ comes before _________.45、In their book The Natural Approach: Language Acquisition in the Classroom, Krashen and Terrell believe “ The_________________ hypothesis states that in order for acqu ires to progress to the next stage in the acquisition to the target language, they need to understand input language that includes a structure that is part of the next stage.”第三⼤题：简答题1、What guidelines does the Natural Approach set up for the classroom practice?2、What are the roles of the learner in the communicative approach?3、 When do most experts of foreign language teaching believe the Grammar-Translation Method began to become a formal foreign language teaching method?4、What are the objectives of language teaching according to cognitive proponents?5、What are the four issues related to the input hypothesis of Krashen’s monitor model of L2 learning theory?6、What are the main trends of applied linguistic reach in the present period?7、What is the focus of a Grammar –Translation classroom?11、What is Chomsky’s explanation of the first language process?12、What are the implications of the statement “language is best taught when it is being used to transmit messages”?13、How does the acculturation theory explain second language acquisition?14、How does the cognitive theory explain second language acquisition process?15、What is the main techniques used in a Grammar-Translation classroom?16、What are principles for the selection of language content in language teaching according to the Oral Approach?17、What language skills are emphasized by the Direct Method?18、Does it make sense to you that language learning result from habit-formation? Why or why not?第四⼤题：问答题1、Comment on the roles of the teacher in the communicative classroom2、What contributions does the Audiolingual Method make to language teaching?3、What are the main characteristics of the Oral Approach? And what is the main defference between this Approach and the Direct Methed?4、Comment on the four principles of cognitivism formulated by Driller.5、Wh at are the basic assumptions of Krashen’s Monitor Model?6、What do you think will be the trend of FLT in China?。

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发音语言学
声学语言学听觉语言学
•Phonology is the science of phoneme and phoneme is the minimal unit of distinctive value.
(2) Semantic level (语义层面)
•Study of language must consist of consideration and application of semanteme（义素，语义成分） •Study of semanteme is of complexity and uncertainty, so the study of language should
(1) Phonetic level(语言层面)
•Phonetics is the science of articulation, transmission and perception.
articulatory phonetics
acoustic phonetics auditory phonetics
(4) Achievements and influence
• One of the founding members of the Linguistic Society of American. • The landmark figure of American structural linguistics and led the development of structural linguistics in the United States during the 1930s and the 1940s. • In the history of American linguistics, these years between 1933 - 1950 is called “Bloomfield Era” • Making significant contributions to Indo-European historical linguistics（印欧历史语言学）, Sanskrit study（梵语研究） and the description of Anstronesia language, and the Algonquian linguistics （阿尔表琴语系语言学）.
(3) His works
•language <<语言论>>
•one of the most important general
treatments of linguistic science in the first half of the 20th century. •presented a comprehensive description and the basic principles of American structural linguistics.
•Undertook further studies
at the University of Leipzig and
the University of Göttingen.
(2) His career
•1909-1910 Instructor at the University of Cincinnati •1910-1913 Instructor at the University if Illinois •1913-1921 Assistant Professor of Comparative Philology at the University of Illinois •1921-1927 Professor of German and linguistics at the Ohio State University •1927-1940 Professor of Germanic philology at the University of Chicago •1940-1949 Sterling(品格优秀的) Professor of linguistics at Yale University
(1) Early life and education
•Harvard College (1903 ~ 1906) graduated with the A.B. degree. •University of Chicago(1908-1909) graduated with the Doctor’s degree.
(1) Early life and education
Leonard Bloomfield
• famous American linguist • born in Chicago in 1887 died in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1949. • came from a family of many high achievers. (uncle, prominent linguist, aunt ,well-known concert pianist.)
Thank You !
be based on the form.
(2) Syntactic level (语法层面)
•The grammatical form of language can be divided into three categories: sentence, substitution and structure. •Use a list of terms to describe the form of language, such as morpheme, root, free form, bound form, derivation and inflection.
Leonard Bloomfield and his language theory
1
A Brief Introduction of Leonard Bloomfield
(1)
Early life and education His career His works
(2)
(3) 3
(4) 4 Achievements and influence
2
The Language Theory of Leonard Bloomfield
According to Bloomfield, language can be regarded as a system, and can be described into three levels: (1)Phonetic level (语言层面) (2)Semantic level (语义层面) (3)Syntac His works
•An Introduction to the Study of language <<语言研究导论>> Published in 1919, based on the psychology to illustrate the language
•language <<语言论>> Published in 1933, a revised version of Introduction to the Study of language

Leonard Bloomfield and his language theory

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Bloomfield and his Language

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