语法讲义从句

语法讲义
一.状语从句
状语从句是英语句法中比较重要的环节，能够用来表示时刻、地址、缘故、条件、目的、结果、方式、比较和妥协等。

1. 时刻状语从句
1) 由as, while引导时，表主句和从句动作同时发生，或一个动作在另一个动作或状态的进程中；
2) 由after, when引导时，表示主句动作在从句动作以后；
3) 由before, when引导时，表示主句动作发生在从句动作之前；
4) 由whenever, every / each time引导时，表示主句动作以从句动作为条件而发生；
eg: We can leave when you are ready. (你何时预备好，咱们就能够够起身了。

起身那个动作是在那个人预备好了以后发生的。

)
5) 由as soon as引导时，表示主句动作发生在从句动作的一刹时以后（注意：the moment，the instant，the second，the minute都可做连词用，引导定语从句，意思是as soon as。

）；
6) 由just/ hardly…when, no sooner…than引导时，表示主句动作发生在从句动作一刹时之前。

eg: No sooner had we reached the top of the hill than we all sat down to rest.
2. 缘故状语从句，由because, as, since或复合连接词now that，in that等引导。

（注意：for是连词，尽管也能够表示"因为"，但其后所接的是并列句中的一个独立句，而非从句。

）eg: Now that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better.
3. 地址状语从句，由where, wherever引导。

eg Although he knew little about the large amount of work done in the field, he succeeded where other more well-informed experimenters failed.
4. 条件状语从句，由if, as (so) long as和unless引导。

条件状语从句分为两大类：真实条件句和虚拟条件句。

当从句所表达的条件是有可能实现的、有可能是真实的条件时，用真实条件句；若是从句所表达的条件是不可能实现的、与客观事实完全相反的条件或假设时，用虚拟条件句。

真实条件句在利用中也有需要注意的事项：从句中的动词应该用一样此刻时期替一样以后时；用此刻完成时期替以后完成时。

eg：You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you don't mind taking the night train. 5. 目的状语从句，由so that, in order that, in case等引导。

注意：这种从句中常经常使用情态动词may/ might, can/ could, should等，以保证语气通顺自然。

I was advised to arrange for insurance in case I needed medical treatment.
6. 结果状语从句由so that, so…that, such…that等引导。

注意：so…that与such…that的区别在于：前者的省略号处是形容词或副词，而后者的省略号处最终是一个名词。

“最终”的意思是，该名词前也能够显现形容词乃至显现修饰形容词的副词，但整个词组的中心词是那个名词。

7. 妥协状语从句，由though, although, even if, even though, however, no matter how/ what/ who 等引导。

注意对妥协状语从句的把握要注意以下几点内容。

1) 利用though, although时，务必幸免与but连用。

2) even if, even though和as if, as though不同。

后者常常要求利用虚拟语气。

eg: I've already told you that I'm going to buy it, however much it costs.
8. 比较状语从句，由than, the…the…, as…as引导。

eg: They usually have less money at the end of the month than they have at the beginning.
9. 方式状语从句, 由in the same way, as等引导。

eg: Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs as directed.
二.定语从句
定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名次性成份，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。

一、限定性定语从句
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语那么不能省略。

而且，若是which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词老是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的那么放在它原先的位置
2. which作宾语时，依照先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有以下词的句子顶用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略。

4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，别离作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要
注意它能够作动词的宾语也能够作介词的宾语
5. where是关系副词，用来表示地址的定语从句
6. when引导定语从句表示时刻
［注］值得一提的是，表示时刻“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，固然也不用that引导。

By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.
I still remember the first time I met her.
Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成份的前置所有格
8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，经常使用there is来引导
二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成份作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部份仍可成立。

1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来讲明前面整个句子的情形或主句的某一部份
2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的观点的转变有超级相似的地方。

I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种缘故喜爱这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。

We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 恰好咱们到的那天他们走了。

3. 有时as也可用作关系代词
4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物.
难点分析
（一）限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情形
1．当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时
(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?
(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.
(3) All that can be done has been done.
(4) There is little that I can do for you.
注意：当先行词指人时，偶然也能够用who
. Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.
2. 当先行词被序数词修饰
(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
(1) This is the best film that I have seen.
4. 当形容词被the very, the only 修饰时
(1) This is the very dictionary that I want to buy,
(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.
当先行词指人时，偶然也能够用who
(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting/
5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时
(1) Who is the man that is standing there?
(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或物体时
(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?
（二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句
as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同的地方也有不同的地方。

具体情形是：
1．As和which都能够在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。

(1) He married her, as/which was natural.
(2) He was honest, as/which we can see.
2. as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或主句以后，乃至能够切割一个主句；which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句以后。

另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思
(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.
(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.
(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.
(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don’t believe.
注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，经常使用which
(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.
3. 当先行次受such, the same修饰时，经常使用as
(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.
(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.
(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.
注意：当先行次由the same修饰时，偶然也用that引导定语从句，可是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同
(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。

(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。

（三）以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常能够省略。

(1) The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.
(四) but有时也能够做关系词引导定语从句
(1) There are very few but understand his idea. ( but= who don’t )
(五) 区分定语从句和同位语从句
1．定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系
(1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定语从句
(2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位语从句
2．定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当做份，有时能够省略；同位语从句要紧由that引导，在句中一样不做成份；句子也能够由when, where, how, why, whether, what等词引导，充当做份
(1) The news he told me is true.
(2) The news that he has just died is true.
(3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. 定语
(4) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.
3. 同位语从句和先行词一样能够用be动词进展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不能够
(1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. 同位语
(2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.
(3) The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all.
(4) The fact is that the earth moves around the earth.
三.名词性从句
名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

因这四种从句在句中均具出名词性特点，因此，统称为名词性从句。

名词性从句是历年高考的热点，因此，在温习名词性从句时要专门注意以下几个方面：
（一）引导词的判定与选择
名词性从句的引导词很多，归纳起来可分为以下三类：
功能例词
从属连词只起连接作用，不充当从句中的任何成份that,whether,if
连接代词既起连接作用，本身又作从句的主语、宾语、表语或定语who,whom,whose, which,what
连接副词既起连接作用，本身又作从句的状语when,where,how,why 连词多、语义抽象、确信难度大是这种试题的难点之一。

多数名词性从句的连词都有其特定含义，称为成心连词，例如：what 表“……的内容”，when表“……的时刻”，where 表“……的地址”，why表“……的缘故”，how表“……的方式”，who 表“谁、哪个”，if /whether 表“是不是”。

没有实在意义的连词叫无心连词，无心连词只有that一个。

解题时应先分析名词性从句意义是不是完整，确信利用成心连词仍是无心连词，然后再依照从句所缺含义确信特定连词。

[考例1] I think Father would like to know ______ I’ve been up to so far, so I decide to send him a quick note.（2004湖南）
A. which
B. why
C. what
D. how
[解析]答案为C。

依照从句中的谓语部份be up to（正在做）可知此处缺宾语，填上what意为：“正在做什么”。

（二）从句中的语序
在名词性从句中，从句中一概利用陈述句语序。

专门要注意由连接代词和连接副词引导的从句，且不可受特殊疑问句的阻碍而用了疑问句语序。

例如：
I wonder who she is. 我想明白她是谁。

The question is when we’ll complete the project. 问题是咱们何时完成这项工程。

Whether she’s coming or not doesn’t matter too much. 她来与不来没有多大关系。

[考例1]
Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see _______. （2000上海）
A. who is he
B. who he is
C. who is it
D. who it is
[解析]答案为D。

see 后接who 引导的应是宾语从句，要用陈述句的语序。

若是所谈到的那个人两边当事人都不清楚是男是女时，要用it来指。

[考例2] He asked _____ for the violin. （1992全国）
A. did I pay how much
B. I paid how much
C. how much did I pay
D. how much I paid [解析]答案为D。

以上五句都是考查宾语从句的语序。

在宾语从句及其他所有从句中，均利用陈述语序。

另外还要注意从句中时态与主句时态一致。

（三）从句中的时态
在名词性从句中，要注意从句谓语动词与主句谓语动词的时态一致关系。

1. 在宾语从句中，当主句是一样此刻时、此刻完成时、一样以后时等，宾语从句能够依照需要用各类时态。

例如:
Tom isn’t lazy. Tom is doing well in his lessons.
She will ask Mr. Wu to give Tom some work. Tom may fall behind the other students. [考例]
As soon as he comes back, I’ll tell him when _______ and see him.（2005北京）
A. you will come
B. will you come
C. you come
D. do you come
[解析] 答案为A。

此题考查宾语从句中的时态和语序。

本句意为：“他一回来，我会告知他你将在何时来他”。

考生常会误以为此题是状语从句，实际是宾语从句，时态应用以后时。

若是主句谓语动词是一样过去时，那么宾语从句须用过去的某种时态。

例如：
She missed us very much. She said that she was writing a letter.
She would visit the Great Wall.
[考例1] Susan decided not to work on the program at home because she didn’t want her parents to know what she _______. （2005上海）
A. has done
B. had done
C. was doing
D. is doing
[解析]答案为C。

此题考查宾语从句中的动词时态。

Susan不想让他父母明白她正在干什么，因此用进行时表示，依照全句来看应用过去进行时才符合主从一致原那么。

[考例2] He kept looking at her, wondering whether he ______ her somewhere.（2004湖北）
A. saw
B. has seen
C. sees
D. had seen
[解析]答案为D。

此题旨在考查宾语从句中的时态。

题干中谓语用了一样过去时；wondering...
为此刻分词短语作伴随情形的状语，其中whether又引导宾语从句，从句谓语动词用过去完成时，表示这一动作发生在过去的过去。

若是宾语从句表示的是客观真理，其谓语动词那么仍用一样此刻时。

例如：
The teacher said that light travels much faster than sound. 教师说光比声传播得快。

2. 在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中, 也要注意从句谓语动词与主句谓语动词的时态一致性。

关键要注意动作发生的前后关系。

例如：
Who will be sent abroad has not been decided. 派谁去国外，尚未决定。

(主句是此刻完成时, 从句是一样以后时)
The earth of today is not what it was millions of years ago. 今天的地球不是几百年前的地球。

(主句是一样此刻时，从句是一样过去时)
（四）从句中的虚拟语气
在某些宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词需用虚拟语气。

1. 宾语从句中
⑴在表示“坚持、要求、命令、建议”之类的动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词要用“should + 动词原形”形式，should 可省略。

如此的动词有：一个“坚持”：insist；两个“命令”：order，command；三个“建议”：suggest，advise，propose；四个“要求”：ask，demand，request，require。

例如：
The guard at the gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.
—The experiment has failed! —I suggest you try again.
He demanded that he (should) be sent to work there.
需专门注意的是：动词suggest表示“暗示、说明”，insist表示“坚持说(以为)”时, 其后的宾语从句中的谓语动词那么要用相应的陈述语气。

例如：
On the dead boy’s face there was a half smile that seemed to suggest that he was happy to have given his life for his country.
The Arab insisted that he had never seen the camel.
⑵在动词wish后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词用过去式，表示与此刻事实相反的一种愿望；用“had + 过去分词”，表示与过去事实相反的一种愿望或已经发生的一件遗憾情形；用“should / would / might / could + 动词原形”表示与以后事实相反或不可能实现的愿望。

例如：
I wish I remembered her address now. 我希望我此刻记得她的地址。

I wish I had seen you yesterday. 我希望我昨天见到了你。

She wishes she would try again. 她希望她能再试一次。

[考例] I wish I _____ you yesterday. （1988全国）
A. seen
B. did see
C. had seen
D. were to see
[解析] C。

由yesterday这一信息词可知。

wish后的宾语从句中，用过去完成时，表示与过去事实相反的愿望。

2. 主语从句中
在“It is / was + 形容词(或过去分词) + 主语从句”的句型中, 从句中的动词形式不论人称和数, 都能够用“should + 动词原形”结构，should可省略。

本句型中经常使用的形容词有：necessary，important，strange，natural，essential等；经常使用的过去分词一般是表示提议、要求、命令等动词的过去分词，例如suggested，ordered，demanded，required，requested，proposed，advised，decided等。

例如：
It is necessary that he (should) be sent there at once. 有必要当即派他到那里去。

It has been decided that the meeting (should) be put off. 已决定推延举行会议。

3. 表语从句和同位语从句中
在表示“意愿、要求、命令、建议”等名词以后的表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”形式，should 可省略。

这种名词有：idea，proposal，suggestion，order，plan，decision，advice，desire，requirement 等。

例如：My proposal is that the meeting (should) be put off. 我的建议是推延举行会议。

The professor gave orders that the test be finished before 5:30. 教授命令实验在五点半之前完成。

Our plan is that we have a sports meet next week. 咱们打算下周举行一个运动会。

（五）宾语从句的否定转移
在动词think, believe, expect, suppose, guess 等后带that宾语从句时，假设从句是不是定句，常将否定词not转移到主句中。

例如：
I don’t think (that) it will be very cold today. 我以为今天可不能很冷。

注意：这种句子后假设带有附加疑问句，应采纳确信形式来反问，反问部份主语应与从句主语一致。

例如：I don’t believe she knows it, does she?
（六）几组易混连接词的区别
1. what与that
在名词性从句中，what 和that 都可作引导词，其区别在于：what 在从句中要充当某个
成份(主语、宾语或表语)，因此，在任何情形下都不能省略，表示“什么；所……的事(物、话)，”相当于the thing that。

that 本身没有辞汇意义，在从句中不充当任何成份，在口语和非正式文件中，宾语从句和表语从句中的that 往往省略。

例如：
What you have done might do harm to others. 你所做的事或许对他人有害处。

What caused the accident is a complete mystery. 是什么引发这次事故完满是个谜。

I think (that) you will like the stamps. 我以为你会喜爱这些邮票的。

My idea is (that) we should get more comrades to do the work. 我的方式是咱们应当找更多的同志来做这项工作。

[考例1] _______ we can’t get seems better than _______ we have.（1996全国）
A. What; what
B. What; that
C. That; that
D. That; what
[解析] 答案为A。

what引导名词性从句，并在从句中充当宾语。

而that引导名词性从句时，在从句中不充当任何成份。

[考例2] _____ made the school proud was _______ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities. （2003上海春招）
A. What; because
B. What; that
C. That; what
D. That; because [解析] B。

what 引导主语从句，在主语从句中作主语；that引导表语从句，在表语从句中起连接作用。

2. whether与if
whether 和if 都能够引导名词性从句，表示“是不是”，一样情形下能够通用，但在以下情形下，用whether不用if。

例如：
①介词后的宾语从句用whether，不用if。

例如：
Everything depends on whether the situation will improve. 一切取决于形势是不是好转。

②在whether or not 结构中，不可用if 代替whether。

例如：
I don’t know whether or not he’ll come. 我不明白他是来仍是不来。

③引导主语从句和表语从句用whether不用if。

例如：
Whether we’ll go depends on the weather. 咱们去仍是不去要看天气而定。

The question is whether it is worth doing. 问题是这是不是值得做。

④在discuss 等某些动词后不用if，而用whether。

例如：
The students are discussing whether they can finish the work in time. 学生们正在讨论他们是不是能按时完成这项工作。

⑤当由if 引导宾语从句会产生歧义时，宜用whether。

例如：
Please tell me if you need the book. 此句可有两种说明：
a. 请告知我你是不是需要这本书。

b. 若是你需要这本书，请告知我。

假假想表示前一种意思时，应用whether为宜。

⑥whether可用在不定式之前，if 那么不能。

例如：Please tell us whether to go or stay.
[考例1] _______ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. （1996全国）
A. If
B. Whether
C. That
D. Where
[解析] 答案为B。

依照depends on the weather这一信息可知，“咱们明天去野营的事还未定”，应选用whether。

If 不可引导主语从句。

C、D两项不合题意。

[考例2] What the doctors really doubt is _______ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. （2001上海春招）
A. when
B. how
C. whether
D. why
[解析] 答案为C。

这是一个表语从句。

依照doubt 一词可知，所疑心的应是是不是能治好病，因此要填whether。

本句意为：“医生真的疑心我妈妈是不是能从重病中专门快康复。

”
3. because与why
because与why 都可引导表语从句，但含义不同。

because引导的表语从句说明前面的一个现象所产生的理由。

而why引导的表语从句是在前面已说明了理由的情形下，对一个现象加以小结。

例：He was ill. That is why he was late for school.(前面已说明了理由,why从句对一个现象加以小结) [考例] ____ she couldn’t understand was _______ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.（2000上海）
A. What; why
B. That; what
C. What; because
D. Why; that
[解析] 答案为A。

主语从句she couldn’t understand 缺少宾语，要用What引导。

表语从句fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons 是一个完整的句子，要用why引导，意思是“什么缘故愈来愈少的学生对她的课感爱好。

”。