新编英语教程6_答案_李观仪

练习册：We may regard “if only” as indicating the past and “next time” the future, we all know the most important time is “now”, as past things could not be changed and future is based on “now”.
I. 1. The old man was an eminent psychiatrist and the author was a client of his. (famous and respected within a particular profession)
2. Refer to para. 1. To him, the session was just like “a flash of insight that leaves him a changed person—not only changed, but changed for the better.”
3. The three speakers on the tape were all unhappy, and the two words they all used frequently in what they said were “if only.” What the old man wanted to point out to the author was that to keep saying “if only” would not change anything; on the contrary, it only kept the person facing the wring way—backward instead of forward. Thus it did more harm than good to the person who kept saying them. (See para. 15)
4. Shift the focus; substitute “next time” for “if only”
5. They point to entirely different mental directions; one is backward and negative, and the other forward and positive.
6. It is instructive and inspirational.
II. 1. The most inspiring and gratifying fact of life is the unexpected spark of enlightenment that makes you different and a better person than before.
2. At last he walked over from the other side of the street, wrapped in his old-fashioned overcoat, his bald head covered by a shapeless felt hat. He looked like a dwarfish old man full of energy rather than a well-known psychiatrist.
3. The next speaker on the tape was a woman who had remained single because she thought she was obliged to take care of her mother who was a widow. She still remembered and told others miserably about all the chances of marriage she had missed.
4. Eventually, if you form a habit of say ing “if only”, the phrase can really turn to an obstruction, providing you with an excuse for giving up trying anything at all.
5. …you are always thinking of the past, regretting and lamenting. You did not look forward to what you can do in the future at all.
6. The Old Man said to me trickily, using the phrase “if only” on purpose, “If only we’d got here ten seconds earlier, we’d have caught the cab.” I laughed and understood what he meant. So I followed his advice and said, “Next time I’ll run faster”.
III. 1. The whole plan fell through for want of fund.
2. Newton is acknowledged as one of the world’s most eminent scientists.
3. He calculates the cost of production with invariable accuracy.
4. The spokesman of the corporation was berated for his irresponsible words.
5. The young clerk from the commercial bank
LANGUAGE WORK
I. 1. C 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. D 8. A 9. D 10. B 11. A 12. B 13. C 14. D
15. A 16. B 17. B 18. A 19. A 20. D
III. 1. predominantly, prevailing 2. preferential 3. tremulous 4. inadvisable, shrinkage 5. sensitive, terrorism/terror
6. magnifying
7. unapproachable, fictitious
8. unbecoming/becoming
9. unaccountable 10. disorientation 11. persuasion, entreaties 12. irremediable
IV. 1. blame 2. reproached 3. blamed/reproached 4. reproached
5. rebuke/reprimand
6. reprimanded
7. rebuke/scold/reprimand
8. reprimanded
9. reprimanded 10. scolded 11. reproach 12. scolded
V. 1. on 2. In 3. over 4. in 5. from 6. beneath 7. with 8. in 9. of 10. Since 11. to 12. in 13. with 14. with 15. between 16. with 17. to 18. In 19. on 20. In 21. to 22. on 23. in 24. like
VI. 1. ash 2. outbreaks 3. interval 4. eruption 5. volcanologist 6. which 7. lava 8. cone 9. flood 10. under 11. crater 12. began 13. cauliflower 14. like 15. and
Unit Two
TEXT I
THE FINE ART OF PUTTING THINGS OFF
未修订前的练习答案：
I. Paraphrase the parts underlined in the following:
“Never put off till tomorrow,” 1exhorted Lord Chesterfield in 1749, “what you can do today.”’ That the elegant earl never 2got around to marrying his son’s mother an d had a bad habit of keeping 3worthies like Dr. Johnson cooling their heels for hours in an anteroom 4attests to the fact that even the most well-intentioned men have been postponers ever. Quintus Fabius Maximus, one of the great Roman generals, was 5dubbed “Cunctator” (Delayer) for putting off battle 6until the last possible vinum break. Moses 7pleaded a speech defect to rationalize his reluctance to deliver Jehovah’s edict to Pharaoh. Hamlet, of course, raised procrastination to an art form.
There are those who prepare their income taxes in February, prepay mortgages and serve precisely planned dinners at an 8ungodly 6: 30 p.m. The other half dine happily on leftovers at 9 or 10, misplace bills and 9file for an extension of the income tax deadline. They seldom pay credit-card bills until the 10apocalyptic voice of Diners threatens doom from Denver. They postpone, 11as Faustian encounters) visits to barbershop, dentist or doctor.
Yet 12for all the trouble procrastination may incur, delay can often inspire and revive a creative soul.
From Cunctator’ s day until this century, the art of postponement had been 13virtually a monopoly of the military (“Hurry up and wait”), diplomacy and the law. In former times, a British proconsul faced with a native uprising could comfortably 14ruminate about the situation with Singapore Sling” in hand. 15Blessedly, he had no flattering Telex to order in machine guns and fresh troops.
Even 16where there is no will, there is a way. There is a difference, of course, between chronic procrastination and purposeful postponement, particularly 17in the higher echelons of business.
The data explosion 18fortifies those seeking excuses for inaction —another report to be read, another authority to be consulted.
His point is well 19taken. 20Bureaucratization, which flourished amid the growing burdens of government and the greater complexity of society, was designed to smother policymakers in blankets of legalism, compromise and reappraisal --- and thereby prevent hasty decisions from being made.
Many languages are 21studded with phrases that refer to putting things off ---from the Spanish maiana to the Arabic bukrafil mishmish.
There are all sorts of 22rationalizations: the pressure of teaching responsibilities at home, checking out the latest book, looking up another footnote.”
To Georgia State Psychologist Joen Fagan, however; procrastination may be a kind of 23subliminal way of sorting the important from the trivial.
It is something of 24a truism that to put off making a decision is itself a decision. The parliamentary process is essentially a system of delay and deliberation. So, 25for that matter, is the creation of a great painting, or 26an entree, or a book, or a building like Blenheim Palace, which took the Duke of Marlborough’s archite cts and laborers 15 years to construct. In the process, the design can 27mellow and marinate.
In other words, 28pace Lord Chesterfield, what you don’t necessarily have to do today, by all means put off until tomorrow.
I. Paraphrase
1. exhorted: urged strongly
2. the elegant earl never got around to marrying his son's mother: found time for
3. a habit of keeping worthies like Dr. Johnson cooling their heels for hours: men of importance like Dr. Johnson waiting
4. That.…attests to the fact that: proves
5. one of the great Roman generals was dubbed "Cunctator": named humorously
6. for putting off battle until the last possible vinum break: until an effective defense deserving a celebration with champagne was ensured
a speech defect, and that he had reasons for
8. at an ungodly 6:30 p.m.: unreasonable
9. to file for an extension of the income tax deadline: apply officially
10.until the apocalyptic voice of Diners threatens doom from Denver: warning, suggests unavoidable destruction
11.They postpone, as Faustian encounters, visits to barbershop: as if they will see devils
13.the art of postponement had been virtually a monopoly of the military, diplomacy and the law: found almost only in the field of
14.to ruminate about the situation with Singapore Sling in hand: go over in mind repeatedly and slowly
15.Blessedly, he had no nattering Telex to order machine guns and fresh troops: fortunately, noisy
16.Even there is no will, there is a way: there is no will to delay, there is a way to do so.
17.in the higher echelons of business: in the case of higher levels
18.The data explosion fortifies those seeking excuses for inaction: encourages, doing nothing
19.His point is will taken: accepted
developed very quickly as a result of the expanding administrative structure and the greater complexity of society, were made to restrict policymakers, who have to be engaged in endless paperwork, mediation and reconsideration
21.Many languages are studded with phrases that refer to putting things off: filled
22.There are all sorts of rationalizations: reasons
23.a kind of subliminal way of sorting the important from the trivial: way outside one's conscious awareness
24.It is something of a truism: an undoubted truth
25.for that matter: as further concerns the thing mentioned
26.So…is the creation of an entree: a small carefully prepared meat dish
27.the design can mellow and marinate: ripen and mature
28.pace Lord Chesterfield: with all due respect to
II. Rewrite the following
For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.
1. That the elegant earl never got around to marrying his son’s mother and had a bad habit of keeping worthies like Dr. Johnson cooling their heels for hours in an anteroom attests to the fact that even the most well-intentioned men have been postponers ever.
The fact that even the most well-intentioned men have been postponers ever can be testified ___ by the elegant earl who never got around to marrying his son’s mother and had a bad habit of keeping worthies like Dr. Johnson cooling their heels for hours in an anteroom.
2. Moses pleaded a speech defect to rationalize his reluctance to deliver Jehovah’s edict to Pharaoh.
By saying that he had a speech defect, Moses rationalized his reluctance to deliver Jehovah’s edict to Pharaoh.
3. Yet for all the trouble procrastination may incur, delay can often inspire and revive a creative soul.
Although procrastination may incur, delay can, yet, often inspire and revive a creative soul.
4. Bureaucratization, which flourished amid the growing burdens of government and the greater complexity of society, was designed to smother the policy-makers in blankets of legalism, compromise and reappraisal.
The design of bureaucratization, which flourished amid the growing burdens of government and the greater complexity of society, was to smoother the policy-makers in blankets of legalism, compromise and reappraisal.
5. There is a long and honorable history of procrastination to suggest that many ideas and decisions may well improve if postponed.
Procrastination has been honored long, suggesting that many ideas and decisions may well improve if postponed.
III. Translate the following into English
1.事实上，拖延这种现象的漫长而骄人的历史本身就已经表明，许多构想和决定如果加以推迟可能会更为圆满。

推迟做出决定其本身就是一个决定，这是一个自明之理。

议会的办事程序，就其本质而言，就是包含了拖延与深思的一种办事制度。

就此而言，这种现象同样可见于一幅油画杰作的创作，一碟菜肴的烹饪，或是一本书的编写，也可见于象布伦海姆宫这样的大楼的建造。

这项工程花费了莫尔巴勒公爵手下众多建筑师和劳工整整15年的时间。

1. In fact, there is a long and honorable history of procrastination to suggest that many ideas and decisions may well improve if postponed. It is something of a truism that to put off making a decision is itself a decision. The parliamentary process is essentially a system of delay and deliberation. So, for that matter, is the creation of a great painting, or an entree, or a book, or a building like Blenheim Palace, which took the Duke of Marlborough’s architects and laborers 15 years to construct.
2. 他的见解很有道理。

在政府机构日益臃肿，社会结构日益复杂的情况下，繁琐拖拉的办事程序不断复杂，使决策者们忙于应付各种条条框框，左右全行，再三考虑，被繁琐的事务压得喘不过气来，也就无法仓促地做出决定。

导致水门事件的政府集权化管理已经波及经济和其他部门，使拖延成为全世界的生活方式。

许多语言中，都充满表示拖延的词语——从西班牙语中的Mañena到阿拉伯语中的bukrafilmishmish（文字上是“明日之杏”的意思，指的是“留待和暖的春季杏花盛开时才去做”）
2. His point is well taken. Bureaucratization, which flourished amid the growing burdens of government and the greater
complexity of society, was designed to smother policymakers in blankets of legalism, compromise and reappraisal --- and thereby prevent hasty decisions from being made. The centralization of government that led to Watergate has spread to economic institutions and beyond, making procrastination a worldwide way of life. Many languages are studded with phrases that refer to putting things off ---from the Spanish maiana to the Arabic bukrafil mishmish (literally “tomorrow in apricots, “more loosely “leave it for the soft spring weather when the apricots are blooming”).
3. 在拖延的过程中，设计可以达到尽善尽美。

事实上，欲速则不达。

正如《石中剑》的作者T·H怀特所说：“时间并非是要在一小时或一天内被匆匆吞没，而是要在不急不忙的细细品味中，一点一滴地被逐步消化。

”换句话说，尊敬的切斯得菲尔得伯爵，您今天不一定要做的事，尽管拖到明天吧。

3. In the process, the design can mellow and marinate. Indeed, hurry can be the assassin of elegance. As T. H. White, author of Sword in the Stone, once wrote, time “is not meant to be devoured in an hour or a day, but to be consumed delicately and gradually and without haste.” In other words, pace Lord Chesterfield, what you don’t necessarily have to do today, by all means put off until tomorrow.
4. “今天要做事决不要拖到明天，”切斯得菲尔得勋爵在1949年曾经如此劝诫人们。

但是，这位举止优雅的伯爵却从来没有安排好时间娶他儿子的母亲。

此外，他还有个坏习惯：老是让像约翰逊博士这样的贵客在他的接待室里等上几小时。

这证明，即使是最有善意的人也曾经是个拖延者。

4. “Never put off till tomorrow,” exhorted Lord Chesterfield in 1749, “what you can do today.”’ That the elegant earl never got around to marrying his son’s mother and had a bad habit of keeping worthies like Dr. Johnson cooling their heels for hours in an anteroom attests to the fact that even the most well-intentioned men have been postponers ever.
5. 尽管拖延会带来很多麻烦，但是推迟往往能使人获得灵感并重新焕发想象力。

珍·凯尔是一位曾经创作了许多优秀小说和戏剧的女作家。

她说，她总是习惯于把厨房里的所有糖罐头和奖品上的商品标签细读一遍才坐到打字机前开始写作。

5. Yet for all the trouble procrastination may incur, delay can often inspire and revive a creative soul. Jean Kerr, author of many successful novels and plays, says that she reads every soup-can and jam-jar label in her kitchen before settling down to her typewriter.
IV. Cloze
“Never (1)put off till tomorrow,” exhorted (2)Lord Chesterfield in 1749, “(3)what you can do today.” (4)That the elegant earl never got (5)around to marrying his son’s mother and had a bad (6)habit of keeping worthies (7)like Dr. Johnson cooling their (8)heels for hours in an anteroom attests to the (9)fact that even the most well-intentioned men (10)have been postponers ever.
His point is well taken. Bureaucratization, (11)which flourished amid the growing (12)burdens of government and the greater complexity of society, was designed to smother (13)policymakers in blankets of legalism, compromise and reappraisal --- and thereby (14)prevent hasty decisions from being made. The centralization of government (15)that led to Watergate has spread to economic institutions and beyond, (16)making procrastination a worldwide (17)way of life. Many languages are studded with phrases that refer to (18)putting_ things off ---(19)from the Spanish maiana to the Arabic bukrafil mishmish(literally “tomorrow in apricots, “ more loosely “leave it for the soft spring weather (20)when the apricots are blooming”).
Unit Three
TEXT I
WALLS AND BARRIERS
I. 1. To people of Raskin’s father’s generation, money is a tangible commodity. To deposit money in a bank is to
keep it in the safe the banker provides. Therefore, a bank must be solidly constructed to perform this function. A bank with glass walls falls short of the expectations of these people.
2. Yes, it was. For two reasons: First, money was a tangible commodity, and there was much more cash in circulation then. So it was necessary to have a strong “safe” to keep all the money in. Second, to attract cu stomers by satisfying them psychologically.
3. Money: used to be a tangible commodity; being less tangible now, less cash being used, being replaced largely by credit.
Function of the bank: provision of a safe before; provision of services now.
Architecture: used to have an impregnable appearance; has become a cubical cage of glass, the door becoming a window display.
The point illustrated: Architecture is a medium for the expression of human beliefs and attitudes.
4. Ref. to para. 6.
Classical architecture measures excellence by form with little regard to function.
The new theory of architecture stresses the integration of form and function, esp. the function of architecture as a manifestation of human mentality.
5. The paragraph is a continuation of the discussion of walls as barriers carried out in the preceding paragraph, but from another aspect.
6. The last sentence in para. 6, i.e., walls are not simply walls but physical symbols of the barriers in men’s minds.
7. Behavior—went about in guarded litters or veiled.
Architectural features—surrounding walls, rooms facing a patio, etc.
Decorative arts—intricate and rich.
Philosophy—contemplative.
8. One: attitude toward threat and hostility from the world without.
Two: attitude toward privacy.
Effect on architecture: Heavy walls are obsolete, more delicate materials are used instead.
9. The traditional functions of walls have changed, and glass walls can perform the functions walls are expected to perform in modern architecture. What’s more, glass walls adequately express the beliefs of the modern man.
10. The form of architecture is determined by its function.
II. 1. Brought up in the old tradition, my father is naturally not prepared to accept the idea of modern architecture; his objection to it, I would assume, indeed I should say I am pretty sure, is not a result of his strong dislike of the physical building itself, but rather that of his refusal to change his attitude towards money.
2. If a building was made to look sturdy/invulnerable, it would be accordingly regarded as reliable, and the significance of the thick walls would be measured not by their artistic value, but by their seeming ability to provide a safe location for money.
3. People in a primitive society, for example, saw the world as an enormous planet full of fear, hatred and disorder.
4. Today a wall serves mainly as a physical means to protect the desired atmosphere inside from being disturbed by anything unwelcome outside.
5. Again, the decisive factor that can influence the design of a wall is not the advancement of science and technology, but our ever-changing attitude towards our place in this world.
III. 1. There is no tangible evidence to indicate that he is guilty./There is no tangible evidence of his guilt.
2. I affirmed that the accused was innocent.
3. The defenses there seemed impregnable.
4. War is accompanied by destruction.
5. He remained secluded in his farmhouse.
6. The superstition used to be prevalent in that region.
7. Some people cherish friendship more than anything else.
8. They have got adequate food for the journey.
9. What he says is not consistent with what he does.
以前练习答案；
I. Paraphrase the parts underlined in the following:
Of course, my father is a gentleman of the old school, a member of the generation to whom a good deal of modern architecture is 1unnerving; but I suspect that his negative response was not so much to the architecture as to a violation of his concept of the nature of money.
In his generation money was thought of as a 2tangible commodity --- bullion, bank notes, coins --- that could be 3hefted, carried, or stolen. Consequently, to attract the 4custom of a sensible man, a bank had to have heavy walls, barred windows, and bronze doors, to affirm the fact, however untrue, that money would be safe inside. If a building’s design made it appear 5impregnable, the institution was necessarily 6sound, and the meaning of the heavy wall as an architectural symbol 7dwelt in the prevailing attitude toward money, rather than in any aesthetic theory.
But that attitude toward money has of course changed. The banker no longer offers us a safe, he offers us a service --- a service in which the most valuable elements are 8dash and a creative flair for the invention of large numbers.
The Manufacturers Trust is a great cubical cage of glass whose brilliantly lighted interior challenges even the brightness of a sunny day, while the door to the vault, 9far from being secluded and guarded, is set out as a window display.
Just as the older bank 10asserted its invulnerability, this bank by its architecture boasts of its imaginative powers. From this point of view it is hard to say where architecture ends and 11human assertion begins. In fact, there is no such division; the two are one and the same.
In the age of sociology and psychology, walls are not simply walls but physical symbols of the 12barriers in men’s minds.
In a primitive society, for example, men pictured the world as large, fearsome, hostile, and beyond human control. Therefore they built heavy, walls of huge boulders, behind which they could feel themselves to be in a 13delimited space that was controllable and safe; these heavy walls expressed man’s fear of the outer world and his need to find protection, however illusory. It might be argued that the undeveloped technology of the period 14precluded the construction of more delicate walls.
Still, it was not technology, but a fearful attitude toward the world, which made people want to build walls in the first place. The greater the fear, the heavier the wall, until in the tombs of ancient kings we find structures that are practically all wall, the fear of 15dissolution being the ultimate fear.
And then there is the question of privacy --- for it has become 16questionable. In some Mediterranean cultures it was not so much the world of nature that was feared, but the world of men. Men were dirty, 17prying, vile, and dangerous. One went about, if one could afford it, in guarded litters, women went about heavily veiled, if they went about at all. One’s house was surrounded by a wall, and the rooms faced not out, but in, toward a 18patio, expressing the prevalent conviction that the beauties and values of life were to be found by looking inward, and by engaging in the intimate activities of a personal 19as against a public life. The rich 20intricacies of the decorative arts of the period, as well as its contemplative philosophies, 21are as illustrative of this attitude as the walls themselves.
We feel different today. For one thing, we place greater reliance upon the control of human hostility, not so much by
physical barriers, as by the 22conventions of law and social practice --- as well as the availability of motorized police. We do not cherish privacy as much as did our ancestors. We are proud to have our women seen and admired, and the same 23goes for our homes.
The principal function of today’s wall is to separate possibly undesirable outside air from the controlled conditions of temperature and humidity which we have created inside. Glass may 24accomplish this function, though there are apparently a good many people who still have 25qualms about eating, sleeping, and dressing under conditions of high visibility; they demand walls that will at least give them a sense of adequate 26screening. But these shy ones are a vanishing breed. The Philip Johnson house in Connecticut, which is much admired and widely imitated, has glass walls all the way around, and the only real privacy is to be found in the bathroom, the toilette 27taboo being still unbroken, at least in Connecticut.
28To repeat, it is not our advanced technology, but our changing conceptions of ourselves in relation to the world that determine how we shall build our walls. The glass wall expresses man’s conviction that he can and does master nature and soc iety. The “open plan” and the 29unobstructed view are consistent with his faith in the eventual solution of all problems through the expanding efforts of science.
Paraphrase
1. to whom a good deal of modern architecture is unnerving: discouraging
2. a tangible commodity: material
3. that could be hefted: lifted for making out the weight
4. to attract the custom of a sensible man: business patronage
5. If a building's design made it appear impregnable: firm enough
6. the institution was necessarily sound: in good condition
7. the meaning of the heavy wall…dwelt in the prevailing attitude toward money, rather than in any aesthetic theory: was based on , on
8. the most valuable elements are dash and a creative flair for the invention of large numbers: vigor and a creative ability
9. the door to the vault, far from being secluded and guarded, is set out: not at all
10.the older bank asserted its invulnerability: showed forcefully its freedom from harm
11.it is hard to say where architecture ends and human assertion begins: expression of human attitudes
12.walls are not simply walls but physical symbols of the barriers in men's minds: fears
13.they could feel themselves to be in a delimited space: space with fixed limits
14.the undeveloped technology of the period precluded the construction of more delicate walls: made impossible
15.the fear of dissolution being the ultimate fear: death
16.it has become questionable: not certain
17.Men were dirty, prying, vile, and dangerous: nosy, evil
18.the rooms faced not out, but in, toward a patio: inner roofless yard
19.engaging in the intimate activities of a personal as against a public life: rather than
20.The rich intricacies of the decorative arts of the period: complex details
21….are as illustrative of this attitude as the walls themselves: illustrate as much
22.by the conventions of law and social practice: agreements
23.and the same goes for our homes: is true for
24.Glass may accomplish this function: perform well
25.people who still have qualms about eating…under conditions of high visibility: unpleasant feelings
26.walls that will at least give them a sense of adequate screening: privacy due to separation
27.the toilette taboo being still unbroken: forbidden practice
28.To repeat, it is our changing conceptions of ourselves in relation to the world that determine: In a word, it is our attitudes toward
29.The "open plan" and the unobstructed view are consistent with his faith in the eventual solution of all problems: view free from obstruction squarely express
II. Rewrite the following
For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.
1. My father’s negative response was not so much to the architecture as to a violation of his concept of the nature of money.
The architecture itself didn’t cause so much of my father’s negative response as a violation of his concept of the nature of money did.
2. It is not our advanced technology, but our changing conceptions of ourselves in relation to the world that determine how we shall build our walls,
We are changing our conceptions of ourselves in relation to the world, which, instead of our advanced technology, s the determining factor of how we shall build our walls.
3. If a building’s design made it appear impregnable, the institution was necessarily sound, and the meaning of the heavy wall as an architectural symbol dwelt in the prevailing attitude toward money, rather than in any aesthetic theory.
A building’s a pparently impregnable design made not only the building itself necessarily sound but also its heavy wall as an architectural symbol significant, because of the prevailing attitude toward money, rather than of any aesthetic theory.
4. It is in the understanding of architecture as a medium for the human attitudes, prejudices, taboos, and ideals that the architectural criticism departs from classical aesthetics.
Understanding architecture as a medium for the human attitudes, prejudices, taboos, and ideals, the new architectural criticism differs from classical aesthetics.
5. It might be argued that the undeveloped technology of the period precluded the construction of more delicate walls. It was possibly because of the undeveloped technology of the period that the construction of more delicate walls became impossible.
III. Translate the following into English
1. 我们并不寻求与世隔绝；事实上，只要我们觉得自己孤单，就会轻轻敲一下开关，通过电视屏幕将整个世界带到眼前。

所以难怪，厚实的围墙现已过时，而我们建起了用金属箔和玻璃做材料的薄膜幕墙。

1. We do not seek solitude; in fact, if we find ourselves alone for once, we flick a switch and invite the whole world in through the television screen. Small wonder, then, that the heavy surrounding wall is obsolete, and we build, instead, membranes of this sheet metal or glass.
2. 在原始社会，人类把世界描绘成巨大而可怕，充满仇恨而且不为人类所驾驭的地方。

因此他们用巨石建起坚厚的墙，生活在墙后局限的空间里，他们会觉得自如与安全。

这些厚墙表达人们对外界的恐惧和对于寻求保护的迫切感，尽管这些墙起不了实际的保护作用。

也许有人会争辩道，那是因为当时的技术不发达，所以人们无法建造更为精巧的墙。

这话当然没错，但是促使人们建造围墙的首先并非技术问题，而是人类对于世界的恐惧心理，恐惧心理越强烈，墙就建得越厚实，直到古代君王的墓里我们发现基本是由墙式的结构所组成，因为对于死亡的恐惧是人们最强烈的恐惧。

2. In a primitive society, for example, men pictured the world as large, fearsome, hostile, and beyond human control. Therefore they built heavy, walls of huge boulders, behind which they could feel themselves to be in a delimited space that was controllable and safe; these heavy walls expressed man’s fear of the outer world and his need to find protection, however illusory. It might be argued that the undeveloped technology of the period precluded the construction of more delicate walls. This is of course true. Still, it was not technology, but a fearful attitude toward the。