电子显微技术
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电子显微镜的主要种类
• 透射电子显微镜 ( Transmission Electron Microscope, TEM) • 扫描电子显微镜 ((Environmental) Scanning Electron Microscope, (E)SEM) • 电子探针显微分析仪 (Electron Probe Microanalyzer, EPMA) • 扫描透射电子显微镜 (Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope, STEM)
From
Compare with the wavelength of light, electron wavelength is 105 times smaller!
0.61 1 d ~ n sin 2
Theoretic resolution of electron microscope is ~ 0.02 Å In practice, resolution of electron microscope is ~1-2 Å.
扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)
• 利用电子束在样品表面扫描激发出来的 代表样品表面特征的信号成像,可观察 样品表面形貌及做成分分析、成分分布 • 分辨率: 6Å • 样品: 厚样品
Introduction to SEM
• • • • • • • Knoll proposed the principle of the SEM (1935). Z. Hill made the 1st SEM (1942). The modern SEM came from the research results of Oatley of Cambridge University (1948-1965). The 1st commercial SEM was made in Cambridge (1965). SEM is mainly used for topographic observation and microanalysis in bulk specimen. The best SEM has a resolution of 0.6nm. Main SEM manufacturers: JOEL(日本日电公 司), FEI(原荷兰Philp公司), LEO(英国 LEO公司,现为德国CARL-ZEISS公司)
微结构分析方法(1)
1. 光学显微镜 优点: 简单,直观 局限性:
– 分辨本领低(0.2微米,常规)(?) – 只能观察表面形貌(常规,?) – 不能做微区成分分析
微结构分析方法(2)
2. 电子显微分析 优点: • 分辨率高 TEM (1Å), SEM (6Å) • 可把形貌观察、结构分析与成分分析结 合起来
NA=nsin : numerical aperture镜口率
For glass lens: ~900,sin~0.95. When the medium is air, n=1, the resolution is
0.61 1 d ~ 1 0.95 2
Wavelength of visible light: 4000—8000 Å Resolution of optical microscope ~2000 Å
h mv
h: Plank’s constant (6.62610-34J.s) m: mass of moving electron
v: velocity of moving electron
In the TEM we impart momentum to the electron by accelerating it through a accelerating voltage V, giving it a kinetic energy eV. This potential energy must equal the kinetic energy.
3 Theoretical resolution of optical microscope
0.61 0.61 d n sin NA
=>d; NA =>d
: wavelength of the light n: refractive index of the medium between the object and the objective lens : semi-angle镜口角
– 形貌观察(TEM, SEM) – 结构观察(电子衍射) – 成分分析(X射线谱,电子能量损失谱)
• 可观察表面与内部结构
微结构分析方法(3)
(续) 2. 电子显微分析 局限性: • 仪器贵 (几十万,上百万美元) • 不直观, 分析困难 • 操作复杂 • 样品制备复杂
电子显微学研究的尺度
细胞 病毒
X-射线衍射(续)-思考题
•
(002) (300)
C B A
0
10
20
30 2θ
40
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图3.3囊泡体系制备Hap不同温度煅烧后的XRD图谱
2?
A:未煅烧; B:500℃煅烧; C:700℃煅烧
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D C B A
10
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2θ
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图4.9 不同温度下Hap晶体的XRD图谱 A:常温; B:500℃; C:700℃; D:1100℃
To improve the resolution, use short wavelength !
X-ray: wavelength isΒιβλιοθήκη Baidu~Å, but cannot be focused. Electron: wavelength is ~10-2Å, can be focused!
Wavelength of electron
2 2 eV mc m0c
m m0 1
2 v
c2
h 2m0eV (1 eV 2m0c 2 )
12.25 V (1 106V )
( is in unit of Å, V is in unit of kV)
V(kV) ( Å ) ------------------------100 0.0370 200 0.0251 300 0.0197 1000 0.0087
•
(300) (002)
C
(002) (300)
B
¦ Â-TCP
(002)
(300)
A
10
20
30
2θ
40
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60
70
图4.3 不同反应时间产物Hap煅烧后的XRD图谱 A:10 min; B:1 h; C:2 h
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电子显微分析
本分内容选自清华大学材料科学与工程 系章晓中教授所做的SLIDES
– TEM provides information about the internal structure of thin specimens, TEM提供薄样品的内部信息 – SEM is primarily used to study the surface morphology, or near surface structure of bulk specimens. SEM主要提供表面 信息如表面形貌和表面附近的结构等
h h h 12.25 mv m0v 2m0eV V
( is in unit of Å, V is in unit of kV)
For most TEM, V is about 100-200kV, the velocity of the electrons becomes greater than half the speed of light! Relativistic effects should be considered.
电子显微学的发展史
• 1932 Knoll and Ruska 造出了第一台电子显微 镜, 分辨率为500Å。Ruska 为此获得了Nobel Prize(1986)。 • 1936 英国造出EM1 (1st commercial TEM)
• 电镜在材料科学中起作用始于1949
– Heidenreich 把减薄的金属片放入电镜观察
电子显微学的发展史
• 1898年电子的‘发现’(J.J.Thomason) • 1924 德布罗意(de Broglie) 提出物质粒子的波 动性假说 • 1926 Busch指出“具有轴对称性的磁场对电子束 起着透镜的作用,有可能使电子束聚焦成象”。 • 1927 Davisson and Germe; Thomason and Reid 分别 独立进行了电子衍射实验,证明了电子的波动性 和de Broglie 的电子波波长公式
1 2 eV mv 2
When accelerating voltage V<500V, the velocity of mass is much smaller than the speed of light, m=m0 (mass of static electron, 9.10910-31kg). so
The reasons why the resolution of electron microscope is not as good as expected
• Lens in electron microscope (magnetic lens) is not as perfect as the optical lens. It has aberration像差 (spherical aberration球面像 差, chromatic aberration色像差 and astigmatism散光). • Semi-angle of magnetic lens is small (~0.01 radian, sin ~10-2 ).
绪论
• 研究对象
– 微结构与显微成分 – 微结构与性能的关系 – 微结构形成的条件与过程机理
• 材料的性能由微结构所决定,人们可通 过控制材料的微结构,使其形成预定的 结构, 从而具有所希望的性能。
微结构涉及的内容
• • • • • • • 晶体结构与晶体缺陷(面心立方,位错) 显微化学成分(基体与析出相的成分) 晶粒尺寸与形态 相的成分、结构、形态、含量与分布 界面(表面,相界,晶界) 位向关系(新相与母相,孪生相) 夹杂物
SEM structure and how it works 仪器构造和原理
• The SEM is similar to the TEM in that they both employ a beam of electrons directed at the specimen. This means that certain features, such as the electron gun, condenser lenses and vacuum system, are similar in both instruments. 光源与TEM相同 • However, the ways in which the images are produced and magnified are entirely different 图像形成与放大 原理与TEM不同
Basic Electron Optics 电子光学基础(原理)
1 Resolution分辨率
Resolution of human eye : 0.1-0.2mm Resolution of optical lens
2 Rayleigh criterion
Two point objects are just resolved when the first dark fringe in the diffraction pattern of one falls directly on the central bright fringe in the diffraction pattern of the other.
扫描探针显微镜(表面结构与性能) 近场光学显微镜 电子显微镜(内部与表面结构与性能) ?
纳米科学
光学显微镜
10-6m
10-8m
nanometer 10-10m 纳米
10-12m
课程内容
• • • • • • • 电子光学基础 电子与物质的相互作用 光学显微镜 透射电镜技术(电子衍射、电子衍衬像) 扫描电镜技术和电子能谱学 扫描探针显微技术 其他电子显微分析方法简介