“Mononoaware” in Classical Literary Theory of Japan

合集下载

从解构主义翻译理论视角来看唐诗中模糊语的英译

方面着手。以解构主义对翻译的启示为视角，强调意义是一种语境事件，即，“ 语境之外别无他物” ；充分展示源语和目标语的差异等作为理论基础，通过文本分析，提出了一些模糊语英译的策略。希望依据解构主义翻译理论来展现唐诗中模糊语的文化特点与差异，为目标语读者提供一个了解中国传统
位解构主义翻译思想积极创导者。“ 他也通过
对西方翻译史的研究，批判了以往翻译中占主导
地位的以目的语文化为归宿的倾向，并提出了其解构主义的反对译文通顺的翻译策略ｏ１的观＂１１他点主要在他的专著《译者的隐身》和他主编的一本解构主义翻译论文集《翻译的再思考》对及其
文化的切入点。
关键词：解构主义翻译理论；模糊语言；英译；语境；存异
中图分类号：Ｈ３５文献标识码：Ａ１．９
引言
了译者和译文的地位。分延（ｉｅａｃ）ｄｒｎｅ是德里达ｆ理论的基石和最关键的概念。这个词是德里达杜撰的，目的是让人们注意到这个词的几种含义：区分、延搁、播散，表明符号的本质是分裂，暗示在语言形成过程中有些东西已被丢失或受到压抑。德里达认为符号的出现并不等于它所意指
原文要依靠译文才能存活下去，文本能存活下
去，有赖于译文所包含的特性，这就无形中提高
收稿日期：２１．２２０２０．８
作者简介：李芳（９２）１８一，女，湖南常德人，常德职业技术学院公共课部助教，硕士，研究方向：文学翻译与英语教学。７３

雅思阅读常见抽象名词解释

雅思阅读常见抽象名词解释
1.Concept：概念，指一个抽象的概念或想法。

2.phenomenon：现象，指某种可以观察到的事实或事件。

3.theory：理论，指一种解释或说明某种现象或事件的假设或体系。

4.paradigm：范式，指一种普遍观念、方法或理解方式。

5.society：社会，指人类群体之间的相互作用和联系。

6.culture：文化，指一个社会或一个民族所具有的信仰、习惯、传统、艺术、价值观和物质成果的总和。

nguage：语言，指人类交流和表达思想的工具。

8.literature：文学，指用文字表达的虚构或非虚构作品，包括诗歌、小说、戏剧、散文等。

9.psychology：心理学，研究人类心理活动和行为科学。

10.biology：生物学，研究生物体及其生命过程的科学。

11.chemistry：化学，指研究物质的组成、结构、性质和变化的科学。

12.physics：物理，指研究物质、能量、空间和时间等物理现象的科学。

13.math：数学，指研究数量、结构、空间和变化等抽象概念的科学。

这些抽象名词在雅思阅读中可能会出现，需要考生有一定的了解和掌握，以便更好地理解文章内容。

卡明斯诗歌中的非常规因素及其翻译

grasshopper : 现在采用正常拼写 ,令人一眼看出该组字母的含义 (蚱蜢) 。原来 ,蚱蜢这突然的蹦跳 ,终于引起了心不在焉者的极大注意 ,确定无疑看清了这是一只蚱蜢。有关的知觉最终形成了。
如此表现的有关一只“蚱蜢”的知觉形成过程 , 是一个被常人视为微不足道、简单不过的过程。但没有人去认真体验这样的过程 ,自然也没有文学家去表现它 ,结果是我们对它永恒的无知。本诗就是将这样一个过程解剖开来 ,以电影分析慢镜头特有的生动和细微 ,令人信服地、视觉地、直观地呈现在读者的眼前 ,充分表现了一个生命的体验。显然 ,这样的作品是对诗歌主体的开拓和挑战。
现代诗歌中违反语法和句法 ,非常规拼写、非常规使用标点符号和间隔 ,非常规使用诗歌的行、节等形式和其他许多反常手段 ,本文作者建议将它们统称为非常规因素 (或现象) 。美国诗人卡明斯 ( E. E. Cummings ,1894 - 1962) 是本世纪最有影响的诗人之一 ,他最重大的业绩是对英语诗歌的主题以及表现形式进行了有史以来最激烈、最大胆的革新 ,是对诗歌传统极为罕见的冲击。在他的诗中 ,非常规因素得到了最集中的体现。结果 ,他的诗歌成了“不可译”的典范。笔者认为 ,语言文字具有无穷无尽的潜在表意手段供我们发掘 ,对翻译行业来说 ,并无“不可译”性 ,而只有译者 (暂时) 的局限性。本文从非常规因素在卡明斯诗歌中的功能和如何进行对等翻译这两方面来进行阐述。
从艺术效果看 ,由于该过程持续极短 (几秒钟) , 并且表现的对象是几乎无法言说的本能 ,本身就混乱不堪。全诗的状况与这一实际非常吻合。所以 , 如果不用卡明斯的非常规手段 ,我们简直想象不出还有更好的表现方法。
二非常规因素的翻译非常规因素具有如此强大的表意功能 ,就必须在译作中如实译出 ,而不应忽视它。但是 ,由于英、汉语表意机制的巨大差异 ,有的学者将非常规因素归入“不可译”之列 ;还有的学者主张对这类诗进行 “义解”(parap hrase) 。笔者认为 ,无论英语还是汉语都具有无穷无尽的表意功能 ,诗人 (例如卡明斯) 能够挖空心思利用非常规手段营造非常意境 ,作为译者 ,则应“不择手段”,发挥汉字的优势 ,力求实现非常规因素在译作中的对等。这里有两层意思 :首先 , 原诗具备的非常规因素应在译诗中一一体现出来 ; 其次 ,原诗和译诗应具备同类非常规因素 (比如 ,原诗不符合英语语法 ,译诗也应违背汉语语法) 。为此 ,笔者试着提出几条原则。

北京理工大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解

北京理工大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解北京理工大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠReading Comprehension (40 points)Directions：In this part there are four passages for you to read. After each passage there are five questions, below each of whom there are four answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter with a pencil on the MA CHINE-SCORING ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage OneI was introduced to the concept of literacy animator in Oladumi Arigbede's (1994) article on high illiteracy rates among women and school dropout rates among girls. According to Arigbede, literacy animators view their role as assisting in the self-liberating development of people in the world who are struggling for a more meaningful life. Animators are a family of deeply concerned and committed people whose gut-level rejection of mass human pauperization compels them to intervene on the side of the marginalized. Their motivation is not derived from a love of literacy as merely another technical life skill, and they accept that literacy is never culturally or ideologically neutral.Arigbede writes from her experiences as an animator working with women and men in Nigeria. She believes that literacy animators have to make a clear choice about whose culture and whose ideology will be fostered among those with whom they work. Do literacy educators in the United States consider whether the instruction they pursue conflicts with their students' traditional cultures or community, or fosters illiteraciesin learners' first or home languages or dialects and in their orality?Some approaches to literacy instruction represent an ideology of individualism, control, and competition. Consider, for example, the difference in values conveyed and re presented when students engage in choral reading versus the practice of having one student read out loud to the group. To identify as a literacy animator is to choose the ideology of “sharing, solida rity, love, equity, co-operation with and respect of both nature and other human beings.” Liter acy pedagogy that matches the animator ideology works on maintaining the languages and cultures of millions of minority children who at present are being forced to accept the language and culture of the dominant group. It might lead to assessment that examines the performance outcomes of acommunity of literacy learners and the social significance of their uses of literacy, as opposed to measuring what an individual can do as a reader and writer on a standardized test. Shor (1993) describes literacy animators as problem-posing, community-based, dialogic educators. Do our teacher-education text books on reading and language arts promote the idea that teachers should explore problems from a community-based dialogic perspective?1．A literacy animator is one who ______.A．struggles for a more meaningful lifeB．frees people from poverty and illiteracyC．is committed to marginalize the illiterateD．is concerned with what is behind illiteracy2．The author suggests that literacy educators in the US in a way ______.A．promote students' home languagesB．force students to accept their cultureC．teach nothing but reading and writingD．consider literacy as of non-neutral nature3．Arigbede worked with Nigerians probably to ______.A．teach American customs and ideologyB．make a choice of culture to be fosteredC．reject the values of the dominant classD．help maintain Nigerian language and culture4．According to the author, “choral reading” may represent ______.A．individualism B．collectivismC．competition D．immersion5．Animator ideology emphasizes more on ______.A．the social function of literacyB．students' performance in testsC．the dominant group’s languageD．the attainment of life skillsPassage TwoAccording to one survey of 12,000 people, about 30 percent of those making New Year'sresolutions say they don't even keep them into February. And only about 1 in 5actually stays on track for six months or more, reports ediets．com, a consumer diet and fitness Web site.But don't let those odds make you reach for the nearest bag of potato chips. Experts say you can keep those resolutions long term, even if you're struggling now.“The motivation comes from within, and so when you find that you're declining in your healthy eating program, and then just ask yourself, ‘Is this going to get me the results that I want?',” says Leslie Stewart, a registered dietitian and licensed nutritionist．“And if you're doing something every day to eat heal thy, then that's going to pay off in the long run.”Stewart advises to use what she calls the 90-10 eating rule.“If you're eating healthy 90 percent of the time, then 10 percent of the time, you can cut yourself some slack and eat pleasurably.”She says s he believes that “healthy eating is evolution instead of resolution.”The same principle can be applied to a lagging exercise resolution, too.Staying motivated is key to long-term success, and reviewing original goals can help strengthen a weakening workout program.Adding variety to a fitness regime also can prevent you from hanging up those exercise shoes. After a few weeks of well-intentioned workouts, boredom may be creeping you're your routine.Setting goals too high is another common mistake. “If you're not running a marathon at the end of the month, don't worry,” say Mayo Clinic experts. A too intense workout—and the resulting pain and stiffness—is discouraging and may force most to abandon a pro gram. Starting slowly is key.But if your goals already have fallen by the wayside，Uria says to start up again immediately.“A little setback is OK; get back on the horse and ride...drive toward that goal,” he says.6．According to the author, only about 20% people keeping their resolutions does not necessarily mean that ______.A．the figure is rather depressing and unexpected as wellB．those who have made their resolution should give up their effortC．whoever keep their resolutions should start eating potato chipsD．long-term resolutions are not important for those facing troubles7．What is the idea behind the 90-10 eating rule according to the passage?A．You should keep eating healthy 90% of the time.B．You should feel free to eat 10％of the time.C．You should learn to eat healthy gradually.D．Sudden change will be more efficient and effective.8．Which of the following you should avoid to keep yourself interested in exercise?A．Hanging up your exercise shoes if you feel tired.B．Keeping boredom away from your daily activity.C．Making a schedule with too high goals in it.D．Running a marathon at the beginning of the month.9．How many suggestions at least have been introduced concerning the exercise resolution?A．Four. B．Five. C．Six. D．Seven.10．What is critically important in making long-term resolutions successful?A．You should be struggling with yourself all the time.B．You should constantly evaluate the results you want.C．You should try to keep yourself motivated.D．You should try your best to diversify your fitness practice.Passage ThreeOur present generation of cultural critics, arriving after the assault of postmodernism and the increasingly widespread commercialization of culture, has been cast adrift, with out any firm basis for judgments. Publications and institutions to supportserious criticism, in this view, either no longer exist or are few in number.Critics today, it is also claimed, are too cozy behind the ivied walls of academe, con tent to employ a prose style that is decipherable only to a handful of the cognoscenti. The deadly dive of university critics into the shallow depths of popular culture, moreover, reveals the unwillingness of these critics to uphold standards. Even if the reasons offered are contradictory, these Jeremiahs huddle around their sad conclusion that serious cultural criticism has fallen into a morass of petty bickering and bloated reputations.Such narratives of declension, a staple of American intellectual life since the time of thePuritans, are misplaced, self-serving, and historically inaccurate and difficult to prove. Has the level of criticism declined in the last 50 years? Of course the logic of such an opinion depends on the figures that are being contrasted with one another. Any number of cultural critics thriving today could be invoked to demonstrate that cultural criticism is alive and well.But many new and thriving venues for criticism and debate exist today, and they are not limited solely to the discussion of literary works. Actually, they became so encrusted with their own certitude and political judgments that they became largely irrelevant. Today the complaint is that literary culture lacks civility. We live in an age of commercialism and spectacle. Writers seek the limelight, and one way to bask in it is to publish reviews that scorch the landscape, with Dale Peck as the fatuous, but not a typical, case in point. Heidi Julavits, in an essay in The Believer, lamented the downfall of serious fiction and reviewing. She sur veyed a literary culture that had embraced “snark”, her termfor hostile, self-serving reviews.The snark review, according to Julavits, eschews a serious engagement with literature in favor of a sound-bite approach, an attempt to turn the review into a form of entertainment akin to film reviews or restaurant critiques. A critic found cultural criticism to be in “critical condition.” For him, the postmodern turn to, theory, in its questioning of objectivity, cut the critical, independent ground out from under reviewers. The rise of chain bookstores and blockbuster best sellers demeaned literary culture, making it prey to the commercial values of the market and entertainment.The criticism does not seem discontinuous. Nor should we forget that civility rarely reigned in the circles of New York intellectuals. The art critic Clement Greenberg physically pummeled the theater critic Lionel Abel after Abel rejected the view that Jean Wahl, the French philosopher, was anti-Semitic. Though Robert Peck has the reputation of a literary hatchet man, so far as I know his blows thus far have all been confined to the printed page.Cultural criticism has certainly changed over the years. The old days of the critic who wielded unchallenged authority have happily passed. Ours is a more pluralistic age, one not beholden to a narrow literary culture. The democratization of criticism—as in the Amazon system of readers' evaluating books—is a messy affair, as democracy must be. But the solution to the problems of criticism in the present is best not discovered in the musty basements of nostalgia and sentiment for the cultural criticism of a half-century gone. Rather the solution is to recognize, asJohn Dewey did almost a century ago, that the problems of democracy demand more democracy, less nostalgia for a goldenage that never was, and a spirit of openness to what is new and invigorating in our culture.11．What is the possible connection between cultural critics and publications and institutions?A．Cultural critics attack postmodernism and commercialization cherished by publications and institutions.B．Postmodernism and commercialization are attacked by the serious publications and institutions.C．Cultural criticism is short of judgments and will not exist without the support of publications and institutions.D．Publications and institutions show almost no interest in serious cultural criticism.12．How do the university critics like the serious cultural criticism?A．Cultural criticism is not serious enough when the articles are written in the cozy prose style.B．Popular culture is so prevailing that serious critics are not willing to keep to the shallow standards.C．Serious cultural criticism is full of insignificant quarrels and the public do not real ly trust it.D．Cultural critics have become so serious as to tell the stories imbued with American intellectual Puritanism.13．What is the author's opinion of the current complaint about the literary expansion into the other fields?A．When literary critics discuss issues with political judgments, their views are likely to be meaningless.B．It is reasonable for writers to seek limelight since we are living in the age of com mercialism.C．Critics should be encouraged to write and publish poignant articles which would scorch the landscape.D．It is the critics' responsibility to lament the downfall of serious fiction and reviewing.14．What does “the snark review” refer to according to Heidi Julavits?A．Cultural reviews which are unfriendly and selfish.B．Literary reviews avoiding serious criticism.C．Entertainment reviews in the film industry.D．Postmodern reviews independent of objectivity.15．In order to find a way out the current dilemma for the cultural criticism, the author suggests that ______.A．we should return to the old days when the critics passed their judgments without challengesB．pluralism should be held back, reinforcing the unchallenged authority in the literary criticismC．democratic criticism should not be adopted because it is rather messy as proved in the Amazon systemD．we should encourage more democracy, dismiss nostalgia and cultivate an open attitudePassage FourIn July, almost unnoticed by the national press, a deadly bird virus arrived on a pheasant farm in Surrey. Experts from the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) identified Newcastle disease, a virus usually mortal to turkeys and geese but not humans, in a flock of 9,000 pheasant chicks imported from France ahead of the shooting season.Within hours of the diagnosis, veterinary experts had swung into action, throwing up a 3 km exclusion zone around the farm near Cobham and culling 10,000 birds. The carcasses were burned and premises cleaned to stop the virus escaping. It was four weeks before Defra's Veterinary Exotic Diseases Division feltit was safe for poultry movements in the area to resume．This weekend, with the news that H5N1, a far more deadly bird virus, has reached Turkey, similar emergency plans are being readied by officials from Defra and other agencies. The scenario they are preparing for is that the H5N1 virus, which so far has led to the culling of billions of chickens in south-east Asia and 60 human deaths, will soon arrive on these shores.What happens next depends on where the outbreak occurs, whether it can be contained and—most important of all—whether it mutates to become infectious between people. So far, only poultry workers or those directly exposed to chicken faeces or blood are thought to be at risk, though direct human-to-human transmission cannot be ruled out. “Eve ry time a new person getsinfected with the virus there is a small chance that person will trigger a pandemic,” said Neil Ferguson, a scientist at Imperial College, who has been running simulations on what might happen were H5N1 to reach Britain. “It's a v ery small chance, probably 1 in a 1,000, 1 in 10,000 or less. ”Should diseased birds reach Britain, the first step for veterinary officials would be to contain the outbreak as they did with Newcastle disease. An amber alert would be sounded and samples sent to the Veterinary Laboratory Agency (VLA) in Weybridge, Surrey. If Ian Brown, the head of avian virology there, confirms the cause of death as H5N1, the alert level will be raised to red and a whole series of emergency procedures, from quarantine, restriction of poultry movements to culling, will swing into action. Other agencies, such as the Department of Health, the Health Protection Agency and the Ministry of De fence, would be brought into the loop. In the event that theoutbreak cannot be contained, Defra may have to consider mass culling programmes and the possibility of vaccination.At this point, with the risk of the virus spreading to human populations, the Department of Health would appoint a UK national influenza pandemic committee to coordinate the response of hospital trusts and local authorities. The Civil Contingency Secretariat (CCS) of the Cabinet will also be alerted and Cobra, the emergency committee which coordinates Whitehall's response to terrorism, readied for a possible breakdown in civil order.The Department of Health's pandemic preparedness plan published in March envisages as many as 54,000 Britons dying in the first few months of a flu pandemic. But in June, CCS officials warned that that could be an underestimate. The more likely figure, they said, was 700,000—projection the Department of Health is expected to take on board when it updates its pandemic preparedness plan later this month.In the most serious case, officials estimate there would be as many deaths in the 12weeks of an epidemic as there usually are in a year. At the peak of the pandemic, 19,000people would requite hospital beds, prompting councils to requisition schools to accommodate the sick.To treat the dying, the government would begin drawing down its stockpiles of Tamiflu (药名), an anti-viral drug that treats flu. But with only 14 courses, enough for a quarter of the population, likely to be available, sooner or later rationing would have to be imposed, with health professionals and essential civil servants the first in line. The government would also come under pressure to release stores of its precious flu vaccine. At present there are contingency plans for justtwo to three million doses. But there is no guarantee that vaccines which protect against annual human flu strains will also work against H5N1．The consequences hardly bear thinking about. Earlier this year, in a dress rehearsal in the East Midlands codenamed, Operation Arctic Circle, officials quickly concluded that mass mortuaries would be needed to bury the dead. But no one knows whether, in the event of a pandemic, any of these measures will prove effective. John Avizienius, senior scientific officer at the RSPCA and a member of Defra's avian influenza stakeholder group,said: “All you can do is plan for the worst case scenario.”The fear is that wild geese moving from western China to Siberia may have spread the virus to several species of ducks and gulls that briefly visit British shores on their annual migration north. These ducks, many of which may not show signs of illness, may be passing on the virus to poultry on British farms.In the hope that they are not, Defra and the Wildfowl and Wetland announced last week that they would be conducting tests on 11,000 wild birds—three times the normal level. “The risk of avian influenza spreading from eastern Russia to the UK via migrating birds is still low,” said Defra's chief vet, Debby Reynolds. “Howe ver, we have said all along that we must remain on the look out.”16．What does the “scenario” in Paragrap h 2 mean to Turkey?A．Turkey will be exposed to the nationwide aggression of the deadly virus as the most severely attacked country on these shores.B．Turkey must kill billions of chicken and other kinds of poultry.C．Turkey has to be responsible for the arrival of H5N1 on these shores.D．All the veterinary experts in Turkey will soon swing into action.17．What is, according to Neil Ferguson, the possible risk of bird flu if one gets infected?A．Anyone's infection will trigger pandemic though it is probably one in ten thousand.B．Each time a person gets infected with the virus will cause an enormous pandemic bird flu.C．The person infected with the virus will do great harm to people around him. D．It is impossible that the virus infection of a certain persons will cause a national bird virus spreading.18．The change of alert colors from amber to red implies that__.A．all poultry workers must leave their working places as soon as possibleB．the officials in the Department of Health must call for much more of international assistanceC．the most serious situation of bird flu has appearedD．the change of the color functions greatly as the weather reports do19．What are the steps taken by the Department of Health of UK with the risk of the virus spreading to human population?A．The Department of Health required Civil Contingency Secretariat to publish documents for the pandemic preparedness.B．The Department of Health required the UK national committee to co-work with hospital trusts and local authorities.C．The Department of Health required Civil Contingency Secretariat to make a pandemic plan as soon as possible.D．The Department of Health requires every hospital to store Tamiflu, the precious flu vaccine.20．British government's fear of the wild geese from western China to Siberia is due to ______.A．the domestic ducks and gulls infected by the imported geese to BritainB．the poultry on British farms has been infected by the immigrated wild geeseC．the migration of the wild geese every winterD．British shores infected by the geese virusPart ⅡTranslation (40 points)Section A Directions: Translate the following short paragraphs into Chinese. (20 points) 21．Everyone has something they are ashamed of, afraid of or that they feel guilty about.Each of us, in our own way, has devised a neat little method of handling our dark side. We may know how to hide it. Few of us know how to heal it. When we refuse to admit what we have done in the past, we block our path to the future. No matter how terrible we think we are, how bad we believe we have been, how low we think we have fallen, we can clean our minds and begin again.22．We expend so much energy trying to fix who we are, we rarely get to know our selves. If werealized how precious the gift of life is, we would not waste a moment trying to improve it. If we really understood how precious we are to the gift of life, we would not waste time trying to fix ourselves.23．We cannot draw to us more than we believe we are worth.Everything that happens to us and every choice we make is a reflection of what we believe about who we are. Our inspiration comes from our self-acceptance. Our motivation comes from our self-reliance. When we accept ourselves and rely on ourselves, we feel good about ourselves. When you feel good about something, you believe in it. When you believe in it, it will work for you !24．It is of little consequence what your past has been. What matters to you and for you is right now. It is not your concern what others may be saying or doing. When you are taking care of yourself, you have very little time to pay attention to others. People can love you or hate you, ignore you or dote on your every word. No matter what anyone else may think or do or say, it has very little impact on who you really are. It is only in your mind that you build or destroy the esteem for your “self”. Self-esteem begins and ends with you, the self. When you have it, you have it and no one can take it away from you.Section BDirections：Translate the following paragraph into English．(20 points)现在，成千上万的美国人沉湎于对身材苗条的追求之中。

罗素的摹状词理论与专名涵义

开始成为一些哲学家们研究的对象，在语言哲学中，义而意
推论并非有效式，其结论显然是假的。第三类难题是关于
排中律的问题。根据排中律，Ａ是Ｂ” “ 是真的或者 “ Ａ不是
Ｂ是真的， ” 二者必居其一。这样，或者 “ 在的法国国王是现个秃子” 或者“ ，现在的法国国王不是个秃子” 有一真。在必
２１０１年７月
第３０卷第７期
黑龙江教育学院学报
ＪｕａｏＨｉｎｊｎｏｌｅｏｄｃｔｎｏｒｌｆｅｏｇａｇＣｌｇｆｕａｉｎｌｉｅＥｏ
Ｊｌ２ｌｌ．０１１
Ｖ０．０Ｎｏ．１３７
２世纪初西方哲学研究发生了重大变革，Ｏ哲学家们都
利》的作者；３乔治四世要知道司各特是否是司各特。这（）
一
有了一种共同的倾向，即认为一切哲学问题都可以归于语言问题，哲学中很多问题都是产生于对语言的误用，因此语言
“
一
、
罗素摹状词理论的提出
１０，９５年罗素在《学报发表了论文《心》论指称》第一次，系统地提出了他的“ 摹状词理论 ” 而该理论的提出源于其，
对《论指称》文中所列举的三个著名的难题的思考，一一第
个如此这般的东西 ” ａｓｎＯ， “ 个人 ” “ 只（ｏａｄＳ）如一、一
状词理论研究，罗素所作的摹状词逻辑分析是十分精辟的，在罗素的摹状词理论中，数理逻辑分析方法被运用到哲学研究中，使得一些长期困扰哲学家们的难题得到了解决，而从

2024年东三省三校三模英语试题+答案

哈师大附中2024年高三第三次模拟考试英语试卷注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。

2．答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。

写在本试卷上无效。

3．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

例：How much is the shirt?A．£ 19.15. B．£9.18. C．£9.15.答案是C。

1．What is Saratoga well known for?A．Its natural scenery. B．Its various races. C．Its fast horses.2．Where is the butter?A．In the bowl. B．In the fridge. C．In the cupboard.3．Which programme does the girl want to watch?A．Italian gardens. B．A dance competition. C．A history programme.4．What does the man mean?A．He got on the wrong bus.B．He has to wait for the bus.C．He will be late for his flight.5．What are the speakers discussing?A．A hotel room. B．The man’s family.C．A reasonable offer.第二节（共15小题，每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。

浅谈罗素摹状词理论对语言哲学研究之影响

浅谈罗素摹状词理论对语言哲学研究之影响罗素是20世纪最重要的哲学家之一，他的贡献不仅在逻辑学上卓越，也对语言哲学有着深远的影响。

罗素提出了一种独特的词语分类方法--摹状词，这种方法不仅对逻辑学有着重要的意义，对语言哲学研究也有着巨大的影响。

摹状词是一种描述性词汇，它们可以描述对象或事物的外表或特征，比如“红色”、“大”、“圆形”，但这些词汇本身并不能真正描述对象或事物的本质特征。

罗素认为这种语言现象是源于我们所处的环境以及我们所使用的语言的限制，人类语言无法刻画世界的全部本质特征，因此我们需要使用这些描述性词汇对事物进行描述。

摹状词理论主要是针对语言的描述性部分进行研究的。

在罗素看来，语言是人类思考的重要工具，同时，语言对于知识和思维的组织和表达也起着重要的作用。

摹状词在语言的知识表达和语言分析方面有着独特的贡献。

首先，摹状词可以帮助我们更好地理解知识和概念的构建过程。

在语言中，描述性词汇扮演了重要的角色。

我们通过使用各种描述词汇来描述并理解世界，人类知识和理解的构建过程也是如此。

摹状词对于概念、范畴以及归纳的理论研究等方面都有着极大的帮助。

其次，摹状词理论的贡献还在于揭示语言表达的一些局限性和缺陷。

摹状词可以描述对象的外表和特征，但并不能揭示对象的本质属性。

这种局限性不仅存在于语言中，也存在于人类的思维和知识构建中。

而诸如逻辑、数学等系统化的知识体系，可以通过语言的命题性和功能性来弥补这种不足。

最后，摹状词理论在语言哲学方面也有其重要性。

罗素在《论语言》中提到，语言的结构和性质与人类思维的性质息息相关。

人类思维是语言的主题，而语言只是人类思维的表达方式。

通过摹状词理论的研究，我们可以更深刻地理解语言在人类思维中的作用，而这种作用不仅限于语言的描述性特征。

总的来说，摹状词理论对于语言哲学的研究带来了重要的贡献。

它不仅是逻辑学的基础，也为语言哲学提供了新的思考角度。

因此，对于语言和语言哲学的学者来说，掌握摹状词理论的相关知识是非常重要的。

重拾文学价值英语作文素材

重拾文学价值英语作文素材英文回答：Literature, as an art form, holds immense cultural and historical significance, transcending its mereentertainment value. It serves as a repository of human experiences, insights, and wisdom, offering us a deeper understanding of ourselves and the world around us.Rekindling the appreciation for literature can be achieved through various means. First and foremost, it requires a conscious effort to engage with the written word. Active reading, where one delves into the nuances of language, the interplay of characters, and the author's intent, enriches the literary experience. Additionally, fostering a love of literature in young minds is crucial. Introducing children to age-appropriate stories, encouraging them to write and express themselves creatively, and providing access to a wide range of literary works can nurture a lifelong appreciation for the written word.Furthermore, promoting literary events and initiatives can help cultivate a vibrant literary community. Book clubs, author readings, and literary festivals offer platforms for sharing insights, engaging in discussions, and fostering a sense of connection among literature enthusiasts.Technology can also be harnessed to enhance the accessibility of literature. Digital platforms, such as e-books and online libraries, make literary works morereadily available, breaking down barriers of distance and financial constraints.In essence, reawakening the value of literature entails fostering an active engagement with the written word, nurturing a love of literature in young learners, and leveraging the potential of literary events and technology. By doing so, we preserve and celebrate the invaluable heritage of human expression.中文回答：重拾文学价值，需要唤醒人们对文学的关注和喜爱。

卡夫卡为弱势文学而作的英文

卡夫卡为弱势文学而作的英文Kafka's Advocacy for the Marginalized in Literature.Franz Kafka, widely renowned for his enigmatic and haunting prose, emerged as a prominent voice in modern literature, particularly for his poignant portrayal of the marginalized and isolated. Kafka's profound empathy for the disenfranchised and his astute observations of the human condition illuminated the often-overlooked struggles and alienation experienced by various groups in society.The Powerlessness of the Individual.Kafka's works are permeated with a pervasive sense of powerlessness and insignificance, reflecting the experiences of those who feel trapped within oppressive systems or societal structures. In his seminal novel, "The Trial," the protagonist, Josef K., is inexplicably charged with an unknown crime and subjected to an inscrutable legal process that strips him of his autonomy and dignity.Kafka's depiction of the individual's futile attempts to navigate a labyrinthine and incomprehensible bureaucracy highlights the power imbalances and Kafkaesque horrors that can befall the marginalized.Bureaucratic Oppression and Alienation.Kafka's exploration of bureaucratic oppression and alienation is a recurring theme throughout his body of work. In "The Castle," the protagonist, K., relentlessly pursues access to a distant and inaccessible authority figure, representing the frustrations of those trapped in bureaucratic mazes. Kafka's novels vividly capture the dehumanizing effects of bureaucracy, which often stifles individuality, suppresses creativity, and fosters a senseof isolation and despair among its victims.The Fragility of Identity.Kafka's characters frequently grapple with the fluidity and fragility of their own identities. In "Metamorphosis," the protagonist, Gregor Samsa, undergoes a surrealtransformation into a monstrous insect, leaving him alienated from both himself and society. Through Gregor's grotesque transformation, Kafka explores the tenuous nature of human identity and the ease with which it can be shattered, leaving the individual vulnerable and outcast.The Search for Meaning in an Absurd World.Kafka's works are often characterized by an underlying sense of absurdity and meaninglessness. In "The Trial" and "The Castle," the protagonists are confronted withirrational and arbitrary events that defy logical explanation. Kafka's portrayal of the absurd mirrors the sense of dislocation and alienation experienced by those who feel lost in a chaotic and inexplicable world, searching for meaning amidst the randomness of existence.Kafka's Influence and Legacy.Kafka's unwavering commitment to portraying the marginalized and isolated has left an indelible mark on literature. His works have resonated with generations ofreaders, particularly those who have experienced oppression, alienation, or a search for meaning in a complex and often incomprehensible world. Kafka's poignant and disturbing stories continue to inspire writers and scholars alike to delve into the depths of human suffering and the enduring struggle for connection and purpose.Conclusion.Franz Kafka's literary prowess extended beyond his enigmatic prose and delved into the profound realms of human experience, particularly for the marginalized and isolated. His keen observations of powerlessness, bureaucratic oppression, the fragility of identity, and the search for meaning in an absurd world have cemented his status as a literary giant. Kafka's advocacy for the vulnerable and his ability to articulate the inexpressible have established him as a seminal figure in modern literature, whose works continue to captivate and challenge readers to this day.。

专四阅读长难句小测

专四阅读长难句小测（22）106. The converse observation, of the absence of grazers (食草动物)in areas of high phytoPlankton(浮游植物群落)concentration, led Hardy to propose his principle of animal exclusion , which hypothesized that phytoplankton produced a repellent(驱虫剂) that excluded grazers from regions of high phytoplankton concentration.107. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible at wave lengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emission(红外辐射) radiated from the Earth‟s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space.108. In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer‟s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism(超现实主义), does this technique provide a counter point to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?109. Roseenblatt‟s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works—yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results.110. Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation (薛定谔的方程式)for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole (磁性偶极子), and relatiristic effects, and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field theoretical equations( 量子场论方程式).专四阅读长难句小测（21）101. Thus in addition to the chances of going away from the right path outlined above, the scientific investigator shares with the ordinary citizen the possibilities of falling into errors of reasoning in the ways we have just indicated, and many others as well.102. He made a hole and peering through, could see jewellery, and other objects stacked in piles in the shadows that extended beyond the beam of light penetrating the interior.103. Neither Ayat nor the Rassoul brothers noticed, however, that most of the pieces they were selling were of a type not previously seen in the marketplace—pieces whose existence had been suspected but which had not yet been discovered by archaeologists.104. “The biggest construction project of this century”, explained French President Francois Mitterand in January, 1986 as he and then British prime minister Margaret Thatcher jointly announced that the two countries would finally overcome ancient quarrels and prejudices and forge a link across the narrow Channel separating them.105. Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae(水藻) of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton(浮游植物群落) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.专四阅读长难句小测（20）96. The event marked the end of an extended effort by William Barton Rogers, M.I.T. …s founder and first president, to create a new kind of educational institution relevant to the times and to the contry‟s need, where young men and women would be e ducated in the application as well as the acquisition of knowledge.97. Each departmental program consists, in part, of a grouping of subjects in the department‟s areas of professional interest and, in part, of additional opportunities for students of their choice.98. Alternatively, a student may use elective time to prepare for advanced study in some professional field, such as medicine or law, for graduate study in some area in which M. I. T. gives no undergraduate degree, such as meteorology or psychology, or for advanced study in an interdisciplinary field, such as astrophysics, communication science, or energy.99. While the undergraduate curriculum for an open Bachelor of Science degree, as listed bya department, may have its own unique features, each program must be laid out in consultation with a departmental representative to assure that it is meaningful in structure and challenging in content.100. Where previously it had concentrated on the big infrastructure projects such as dams, roads and bridges, it began to switch to projects which directly improved the basic services of a country.专四阅读长难句小测（19）91. As an author, I am naturally concerned that a surprisingly large percentage of the population of the United States is functionally illiterate; if they can‟t read or cannot understand what they read, they won‟t buy books, or this magazine.92. They do not know those parts of the doctrine which explain and justify the remainder ; the considerations which show that a fact which seemingly conflicts with another isreconcilable with it, or that, of two apparently strong reasons, one and not the other ought to be preferred.93. Quite apart from the logistic problems, there existed a well-established tradition in Britain which refused to repatriate against their will people who found themselves in British hands and the nature of whose reception by their own government was, to say the least, dubious.94. An obsession with the exact privileges of a colonial legislature and the precise extent of Britain‟s imperial power, the specifics of a state constitution and the absolute necessity of a federal one, all expressed this urge for a careful articulation as proof that the right relationship with external powers did indeed prevail.95. One encyclopaedia tells us that intelligence is related to the ability to learn, to the speed with which things are learned, to how well and how long ideas are remembered, to the ability to understand those ideas and use them in problem-solving, and to creativity.专四阅读长难句小测（18）86. It was better covered by television and press than any event here since President Kennedy‟s inauguration (就职) , and , since indifferent is almost as great a problem to the Negro as hostility, this was a plus.87. But do not the challenge and the excitement of the critical problem as such lie in that ambivalence of attitude which allows us to recognize the intelligence and even the splendor of Meredith‟s work, while, at the same time, we experience a lack of sympathy, a failure of any enthusiasm of response?88. In this respect she resembled one of her favourite contemporaries, Mary Brunton, who would rather have “ glided through the world unknown” than been suspected of literary airs—to be shunned, as literary women are, by the more pretending of their own sex, and abhorred, as literary women are, by the more pretending of the other!89. From those sounds which we hear on small or on coarse occasions, we do not easily receive strong impressions, or delightful images; and words to which we are nearly strangers, whenever they occur, draw that attention on themselves which they should transmit to things.90. To proceed thus is to set up a fivefold hypothesis that enables you to gather from the innumerable items cast up by the sea of experience upon the shores of your observation only the limited number of relevant data—relevant, that is, to one or more of the five factors of your hypothesis.专四阅读长难句小测（17）81. Both novelists use a storytelling method that emphasizes ironic disjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well as ironic tensions that inhere in the relationship between surface drama and concealed authorical intention, a method I call an evidentiary narrative technique.82. When black poets are discussed separately as a group, for instance, the extent to which their work reflects the development of poetry in general should not be forgotten, or a distortion of literacy history may result.83. These differences include the bolder and more forthright speech of the later generation and its technical inventiveness.84. But black poets were not battling over old or new rather, one accomplished Black poet was ready to welcome another, whatever his or her style, for what mattered was racial pride.85. Tolstoy reversed all preconce ptions and in every reversal he overthrew the “ system”, the “ machine”, the externally ordained belief, the conventional behaviour in favor of unsystematic, impulsive life, of inward motivation and the solutions of independent thought.专四阅读长难句小测（16）76. Abraham Lincoln, who presided in his stone temple on August 28, 1963 above the children of the slaves he emancipated (解放), may have used just the right words to sum up the general reaction to the Negroes‟ massive march on Washington.77. In the Warren Court era, voters asked the Court to pass on issues concerning the size and shape of electoral districts, partly out of desperation because no other branch of government offered relief, and partly out of hope that the Court would reexamine old decisions in this area as it had in others, looking at basic constitutional principles in the light of modern living conditions.78. Some even argue plausibly that this weakness may be irremediable : in any society that, like a capitalist society, seeks to become ever wealthier in material terms disproportionate rewards are bound to flow to the people who are instrumental in producing the increase in its wealth.79. This doctrine has broadened the application of the Fourteenth Amendment to other, nonracial forms of discrimination, for while some justices have refused to find any legislative classification other than race to be constitutionally disfavored, most have been receptive to arguments that at least some nonracial discriminations, sexual discrimination in particular, are “suspect” and deserve this heightened scrutiny by the courts.80. But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated, some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves or to suggest that they are not really armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limits imposed by premodern camera technology because a cruder, less high-powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to have more room for creative accident.专四阅读长难句小测（15）71. No prudent person dared to act on the assumption that, when the continent was settled, one government could include the whole; and when the vast expense broke up, as seemed inevitable, into a collection of separate nations, only discord, antagonism, and wars could be expected.72. If they were right in thinking that the next necessity in human progress was to lift the average person upon an intellectual and social level with the most favored, they stood at least three generations nearer than Europe to that goal.73. Somehow he knows that if our huckstering civilization did not at every moment violate the eternal fitness of things, the poet‟s song would have been given to the world, and the poet would have been cared for by the whole human brotherhood, as any man should be who does the duty that every man owes it.74. The instinctive sense of the dishonor which money-purchase does to art is so strong that sometimes a man of letters who can pay his way otherwise refuses pay for his work, as Lord Byron did, for a while, from a noble pride, and as Count Tolstoy has tried to do, from a noble conscience.75. Perhaps he believed that he could not criticize American foreign policy without endangering the support for civil rights that he had won from the federal government.专四阅读长难句小测（14）66. He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a “ step up” toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money and power.67. Unless productivity growth is unexpectedly large, however, the expansion of real output must eventually begin to slow down to the economy‟s larger run growth potential if generalized demand pressures on prices are to be avoided.68. However, when investment flows primarily in one direction, as it generally does from industrial to developing countries, the seemingly reciprocal source-based restrictions produce revenue sacrifices primarily by the state receiving most of the foreign investmentand producing most of the income—namely ,the developing country partner.69. The pursuit of private interests with as little interference as possible from government was seen as the road to human happiness and progress rather than the public obligation and involvement in the collective community that emphasized by the Greeks.70. The defense lawyer relied on long-standing principles governing the conduct of prosecuting attorneys: as quasi-judicial officers of the court they are under a duty not to prejudice a party‟s case through overzealous prosecution or to detract from the impartiality of courtroom atmosphere.专四阅读长难句小测（13）61. Of course, it would be as dangerous to overreact to history by concluding that the majority must now be wrong about expansion as it would be to re-enact the response that greeted the suggestion that the continents had drifted.62. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt, three key questions remain: who were the consumers? What were their motives? And what were the effect of the new demand for luxuries?63. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufacturers and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what.64. With respect to their reasons for immigrating, Grassy does not deny their frequently noted fact that some of the immigrants of the 1630‟s, most notably the organizers and clergy, advanced religious explanations for departure, but he finds that such explanations usually assumed primacy only in retrospect.65. If we take the age-and sex-specific unemployment rates that existed in 1956 (when the overall unemployment rate was 4.1 percent) and weight them by the age- and sex-specific shares of the labor force that prevail currently, the overall unemployment rate becomes 5 percent.专四阅读长难句小测（12）56. Supporters of the Star Wars defense system hope that this would not only protect a nation against an actual nuclear attack, but would be enough of a threat to keep a nuclear war from ever happening.57. Neither would it prevent cruise missiles or bombers, whose flights are within the Earth‟satmosphere, from hitting their targets.58. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.59. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the c oncept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present day notion of the “useless” child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to its parents, is yet considered emotionally “ priceless”.60. Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800‟s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicted in part on the assumption that a child‟s emotional value made child labor taboo.专四阅读长难句小测（11）51. Even the doctoral degree, long recognized as a required “ union card” in the academic world, has come under severe criticism as the pursuit of learning for its own sake and the accumulation of knowledge without immediate application to a professor‟s classroom duties.52. While a selection of necessary details is involved in both, the officer must remain neutral and clearly try to present a picture of the facts, while the artist usually begins with a preconceived message or attitude which is then transmitted through the use of carefully selected details of action described in words intended to provoke associations and emotional reactions in the reader.53. Articles in the popular press even criticize the Gross National Production (GNP) because it is not such a complete index of welfare, ignoring, on the one hand, that it was never intended to be, and suggesting, on the other, that with appropriate changes it could be converted into one.54. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneuaral correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.55. The Chinese have distributed publications to farmers and other rural residents instructing them in what to watch for their animals so that every household can join in helping to predict earthquakes.专四阅读长难句小测（10）46. According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge , and there is some evidence for this view.47. The result of attrition is that, where the areas of the whole leaves follow a normal distribution, a bimodal distribution is produced, one peak composed mainly of fragmented pieces, the other of the larger remains.48. The Bible does not tell us how the Roman census takers made out, and as regards our more immediate concern, the reliability of present day economic forecasting, there are considerable difference of opinion.49. A survey conducted in Britain confirmed that an abnormally high percentage of patients suffering from arthritis of the spine who had been treated with X rays contracted cancer.50. Yet across the gulf of space, minds that are to our minds as ours are to those of the beasts that perish, intellects vast and cool and unsympathetic, regarded this earth with envious eyes, and slowly and surely drew their plans against us.专四阅读长难句小测（9）41. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as “ racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition,” can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.42. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of and so was crucial in sustaining — the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.43. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on , is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.44. There are several steps that can be taken, of which the chief one is to demand of all the organizations that exist with the declared objectives of safeguarding the interests of animals that they should declare clearly where they stand on violence towards people.45. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types, however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.专四阅读长难句小测（8）36. Since different people like to do so many different things in their spare time, we could make a long list of hobbies, taking in everything from collecting matchboxes and raising rare fish, to learning about the stars and making model ships.37. They know that a seal swimming under the ice will keep a breathing hole open by its warm breath, so they will wait beside the hole and kill it.38. We may be able to decide whether someone is white only by seeing if they have none of the features that would mark them clearly as a member of another race.39. Although signs of dishonesty in school , business and government seem much more numerous in years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing such dishonesty?40. It is not quite a matter of disagreeing with the theory of independence, but of rejecting its implications: that the romances may be taken in any or no particular order, that they have no cumulative effect, and that they are as separate as the works of a modern novelist.专四阅读长难句小测（7）31. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater.32. The release of the carbon in these compounds for recycling depends almost entirely on the action of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and certain types of fungi.33. A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have outgrown the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a mouse era and a major who says that they haven‟t.34. They are trying to find out whether there is something about the way we teach language to children which in fact prevents children from learning sooner.35. Mathematicians who have tried to use the computers to copy the way the brain works have found that even using the latest electronic equipment they would have to build a computer which weighed over 10,000 kilos.专四阅读长难句小测（6）26. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning.27. They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyse and evaluate, and to communicate effectively.28. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?29. It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupil‟s technical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay, which contained some beautiful expressions of the child‟s deep feelings.30. The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if his priorities had centred on the child‟s ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given the pupil more motivation to seek improvement.专四阅读长难句小测（5）21. For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and the record is available for the student to show to prospective employers.22. All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work, but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs.23. The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities.24. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.25. Whenever possible, do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.专四阅读长难句小测（4）16. Obviously, there would be no point in investing in a computer if you had to check all its answers, but people should also rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have the feeling that something has gone wrong.17. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant to go to sea to further his work.18. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it , let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface.19. The first time that the question “What is at the bottom of the oceans?” had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed.20. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.专四阅读长难句小测（3）11. We know that you have a high opinion of the kind of learning taught in your colleges, and that the costs of living of our young men, while with you, would be very expensive to you. 12. But you must know that different nations have different ways of looking at things and you will therefore not be offended if our ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same as yours.13. We are, however, not the less obliged by your kind offer, though we refuse to accept it; and, to show our grateful sense of it, if the gentlemen of Virginia will send us a dozen of their sons, we will take care of their education, teach them in all we know , and make men of them.14. In what now seems like the prehistoric times of computer history, the earth‟s po stwar era, there was quite a wide-spread concern that computers would take over the world from man one day.15. Already today, less than forty years later, as computers are relieving us of more and more of the routine tasks in business and in our personal lives. We are faced with a less dramatic but also less foreseen problem.专四阅读长难句小测（2）6. With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations.在东京国立大学的同事们的帮助下，他开始对一千来自不同职业的人群进行了大脑体积的测量。

米兰理工大学设计学院入学模考题目详解

米兰理工大学设计学院入学模考题目详解在设计学院的模考界面中所有科目的题目固定，但题目出现顺序随机，每题选项顺序随机。

其中几何部分时长8分30秒，共5题;逻辑部分2题3分30秒;阅读理解部分2题，作答时长2分钟;艺术史部分需在6分30秒的时间里完成5题;文化常识部分共5题，作答时间为7分30秒。

尽管我们已经尽力对大部分题目做了分析或点评，但仍旧不敢妄称吃透了其中全部的题目。

我们也真诚期待着大家的指正能够协助我们共同提高，更好的为有需求的同学服务。

几何部分Una sola delle figure geometriche elen cate di seguito può essere sia concava che convessa. Quale? 下列哪个几何图形既可以是凹面的也可以是凸面的?A. segmento 线段B. punto 点C. poligonale 多边形D. retta 直线E. cerchio 圆不规则多边形要啥有啥～Un cilindro circolare retto, di altezza finita, è intersecato da un piano.In dicare quale forma non può mai prendere l'intersezione 有限高度的正圆柱体与一个平面相交，以下哪种形状是不可能出现于相交面的?A. segmento di retta 直线段B. ellisse 椭圆C. triangolo 三角形D. rettangolo 矩形E. circonferenza 圆周平面相交形成圆形、椭圆并不难想象，若平面与圆柱平行亦可形成矩形，若平面只与圆柱接触则可形成直线段。

若觉得文字描述太过抽象，请同学们百度“圆柱体与平面相交”。

Dove si prendono le misure in un disegno prospettico? 透视画测绘从哪里着手?A. sulle tracce dei piani dell'oggetto luoghi di intersezione con il piano quadro 从物体和平面相交的面的轨迹B. nei punti di misura sull'orizzonte 从地平线测量点C. sul cerchio della distanza 从圆圈的距离D. sulle rette in prospettiva oltre il piano di quadro 从平面之外的透视线条E. su delle rette in proiezione parallela affiancate alla linea di terra 从与地线并排的平行投影的直线寻求基准面是透视画法最先要开始的工作，通过此题，同学们应该对最基础的美术理论加以重视。

英国文学选择题2

1.____ is the greatest representative of English critical realism.A. Jane AustenB. ThackerayC. DickensD. Charlotte2.____ is Thackeray’s one of the best known works.A. Sense and SensibilityB. The Book of SnobsC. The Pickwick PapersD. The Song of Lower Class3.Pride and Prejudice’s first title is ____.A. First ImpressionB. A Book Without a HeroC. The NewcomesD. Persuasion4.Vanity Fair has a sub-title. It is ____.A. First ImpressionB. A Book Without a HeroC. The NewcomesD. Persuasion5.In the 19th century English literature, a new literary trend ____ appeared. And it flourished in the forties andin the early fifties.A. romanticismB. naturalismC. realismD. critical realism6.English critical realism found its expression chiefly in the form of ____ .A. novelB. dramaC. poetryD. sonnet7.______’s V anity Fair is a satirical portrayal of the upper strata(阶层) of society.A. George EliotB. Elizabeth GaskellC. W. M. ThackerayD. John Buyan8.The ____ Movement appeared in the thirties of the 19th century.A. EnlightenmentB. RenaissanceC. ChartistD. Romanticist9.The Chartist writers introduced a new theme into literature, the struggle of the ___ for its rights.A. soldiersB. peasantsC. bourgeoisieD. proletariat10.The greatest of Chartist poets was _____.A. Earnest JonesB. John MiltonC. Thomas HardyD. John Keats11.The story of ______ deals with the adventures of a retired old merchant.A. A Tale of Two CitiesB. David CopperfieldC. Pickwick PapersD. Oliver Twist12._______ deals with the sufferings and hardships of an old man named Trent and his granddaughter Nell.A. Pickwick PapersB. The Old Curiosity ShopC. Great ExpectationsD. Hard Times13.Which novel makes a fierce attack on the bourgeois system of education?A. Oliver TwistB. Hard TimesC. Great ExpectationsD. A Tale of Two Cities14.Which novel is a great satire upon the society and those people who dream to enter the higher societyregardless of the social reality?A. A Tale of Two CitiesB. David CopperfieldC. Great ExpectationD. Dombey and Son15.In the novel ______, Dickens describes the Chartist Movement and shows his sympathy for the workers.A. Great ExpectationsB. A Tale of Two CitiesC. Hard TimesD. Oliver Twist16.In the novel ___ , Defarge and Madame Defarge represent the revolutionaries.A. Dombey and SonB. A Tale of Two CitiesC. Little DorritD. Bleak House17.In the novel _____, Dr. Manette is a typical bourgeois intellectual.A. David CopperfieldB. Wuthering HeightsC. Bleak HouseD. A Tale of Two Cities18._____ is often regarded as the semi-autobiography of the author Dickens in which the early life of the hero islargely based on the author’s early life.A. The Curiosity ShopB. David CopperfieldC. Oliver TwistD. Great Expectations19.In 1864, Dickens published his last complete novel _______.A. The Old Curiosity ShopB. The Pickwick PaperC. Our Mutual FriendD. Little Dorrit20.Which of the following is Thackeray’s masterpiece?A. The VirginiansB. The Books of Snobs. The Newcomes D. Vanity Fair21.The title of the novel Vanity Fair was taken from Bunyan’s masterpiece _____.A. The Pilgrim’s ProgressB. Child Harold’s PilgrimageC. Gulliver’s TravelsD. The Canterbury Tales22.Emily Bronte wrote only one novel entitled ______.A. Jane EyreB. Agnes GreyC. Wuthering HeightsD. Emma23.Dickens’ third literary period shows intensifying ______.A. optimismB. excitementC. irritationD. pessimism24.______is Dickens’ best of social satires.A. American NotesB. Martin ChuzzlewitC. Dombey and SonD. David Copperfield25.The Chartists refer to those _____ in the early Victorian AgeA. Romantic writersB. working class writersC. realistic poetsD. bourgeois writers26.The Victorian Literature began in____ and ended in _____.A. 1837...1900 B. 1835...1901 C. 1832...1902 D. 1830 (1903)27.The conflicts between the capitalists and the proletarian in industrial England caused the _____.A. Enlightenment MovementB. Industrial RevolutionC. Chartist MovementD. Romantic Movement28._____ is the greatest among the critical realists of the Victorian Age.A. Earnest JonesB. Emily BrontёC. Charlotte BrontёD. Charles Dickens29.Charles Dickens was impressive for his _____.A. wide spread of critical realismB. his spirit of democracy and humanismC.his unforgettable figures with satire and simple and clear languageD. including A, B and C30.“The pride of wealth” or “purse-pride” is the theme of _____.A. Dombey and SonB. Nicholas NicklebyC. The Old Curiosity ShopD. Martin Chuzzlewit31.The two cities in A Tale of Two Cities refer to ____.A. London and New YorkB. London and ParisC. Paris and New YorkD. Brussels and Washington32.____ is the major literary form in the Victorian Period.A. essayB. poetryC. novelD. drama33.____ is the main hero in the novel of Wuthering Heights.A. RochesterB. HeathcliffC. ManetteD. Martin34.Both Charlotte and Emily wrote about the ____ around them.A. familiar thingsmon peopleC. neighborsD. evils35.The most important poet in the Victorian Age was _____.A. Earnest JonesB. Elizabeth GaskellC. Mr. BrowningD. Alfred Tennyson36.______ made Dickens famous overnight.A. Sketches by BozB. The Pickwick PapersC. Oliver TwistD. The Old Curiosity Shop37._____ is Dickens’ first novel of social history reflecting t he sharp social contradictions.A. Sketches by BozB. American NotesC. Martin ChuzzlewitD. Barnaby Rudge (《巴纳比·拉奇》)38._____ is an autobiographical novel and loved by Dickens himself most.A. Great ExpectationsB. David CopperfieldC. Bleak HouseD. The Pickwick Papers39.Dickens’ writing is an encyclopedic knowledge of _____.A. ParisB. New YorkC. LondonD. Portsmoth40.The head of the gang of thieves is _____.A. FaginB. GradgrindC. PecksmiffD. Manette41._____ has been called “the supreme epic of English life”.A. Nicholas NicklebyB. A Tale of Two CitiesC. Hard TimesD. The Pickwick Papers42._____marked a great advance in Dickens’ art of novel-writing with closely knit and logical plot of hismaturer works.A. David CopperfieldB. Dombey and SonC. Little DorritD. The Chimes43．____is Oscar Wilde’s only novel.A. Lady Windermere’s FanB. A Woman of No ImportanceC. The Picture of Dorian GrayD. The Importance of Being Earnest44. The greatest Scottish poet in the pre-romanticism is ________.A. William WordsworthB. Oliver GoldsmithC. Thomas GrayD. Robert Burns45. _______ is written by William Blake, a great poet in the pre-romanticism.A. The Songs of InnocenceB. Reliques of Ancient English poetryC. Songs and SonnetsD. Kubla Khan46.The main literary stream of the 18th century was ____. What the writers described in their works were mainlysocial realities.A. romanticismB. classicismC. realismD. sentimentalism48. In a series of pamphlets Jonathan Swift denounced the cruel and unjust treatment of Ireland by the Englishgovernment. One of the most famous is ____.A. Essays on CriticismB. A Modest ProposalC. Gulliver’s TravelsD. The Battle of the Books49.“Proper words in proper places, makes the true definition of a style.” This sentence is said by ____, one of the greatest masters of English prose.A. Alexander PopeB. Henry FieldingC. Jonathan SwiftD. Daniel Defoe50._____’s best-known pamphlet was The Trueborn Englishman—A Satire, which contained a causticexposure of the aristocracy and the tyranny of the church.A. Alexander PopeB. Henry Fielding . Jonathan Swift D. Daniel Defoe51.The sentence of “The plowman ho meward plods his weary way, /And leaves the world to darkness and to me” is written by ____.A. William CowperB. George CrabbeC. Thomas GrayD. William Blake52.____ has a another name called “The Daffodils”.A. “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”B. “Tintern Abbey”C. “Revolution”D. “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”53.Coleridge’s _____ is a “conversation” poem.A. Frost at MidnightB. “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”C. ChristabelD. Biographia Literaria54.Byron’s ____ is regarded as the great poem of the Romantic Age.A. Childe Harold’s PilgrimageB. Hours of IdlenessC. LaraD. Don Juan55.Prometheus Unbound is ____ masterpiece.A. Wordsworth’sB. Byron’sC. Shelley’sD. Keats56.Keats’ best ode is ____.A. “On a Grecian Urn”B. “To Autumn”C. “To Psyche”D. “To a Nightingale”57.The best works of William Hazlitt is ____.A. The Spirit of the AgeB. Table TalkC. The Characters of Shakespeare’s PlaysD. On the English Poets58 The publication of ______ marks the beginning of the Romantic Movement in England.A. “Tintern Abbey”B. Lyrical BalladsC. Frost at NightD. “The Daffodils”59._____ is considered Wordsworth’s masterpiece.A. The PreludeB. EndymionC. Don JuanD. Biographia Literaria60.The best essayist in the English Romantic Age is _____.A. KeatsB. Walter ScottC. Charles LambD. William Hazlitt61.The themes of Pride and Prejudice are _____.A. pride and prejudiceB. the writer’s own personalitiesC. love and marriageD. Both A and C62._____ is considered the father of historical novelist in the English Romantic Age.A.Jane AustenB. Charles LambC. William HazlittD. Waler Scott63.Critics agree that ____ is a great romantic poet, standing with Shakespeare, Milton and Wordsworth in thehistory English literature.A. KeatsB. WordsworthC. ColeridgeD. William64．The reader can get a broad panorama of the social life of the English Romantic Age from ___.A. Dun JuanB. The PreludeC. Kubla KhanD. Isabella65.Some critics think that some of Byron’s poems show his _____.A. individual heroism and pessimismB. love of nature and optimismC. love of old writersD. hatred for the imperialism66____ is Shelley’s masterpiece.A. ZastrozziB. The Necessity of AtheismC. Queen MabD. Prometheus Unbound67. Romantic Age began in____ and came to an end in _____.A. 1789...1821 B. 1778...1823 C. 1798...1832 D. 1768 (1819)68.Byron, Shelley and Keats belong to Romantic poets of ___ generation.A. the firstB. the secondC. the thirdD. the forth69.____ is the greatest representative of English critical realism.A. Jane AustenB. ThackerayC. DickensD. Charlotte70.____ is Thackeray’s one of the best known works.A. Sense and SensibilityB. The Book of SnobsC. The Pickwick PapersD. The Song of Lower Class71.Pride and Prejudice’s first title is ____.A. First ImpressionB. A Book Without a HeroC. The NewcomesD. Persuasion72.Vanity Fair has a sub-title. It is ____.A. First ImpressionB. A Book Without a HeroC. The NewcomesD. Persuasion73.In the 19th century English literature, a new literary trend ____ appeared. And it flourished in the fortiesand in the early fifties.A. romanticismB. naturalismC. realismD. critical realism74.English critical realism found its expression chiefly in the form of ____ .A. novelB. dramaC. poetryD. sonnet75.______’s V anity Fair is a satirical portrayal of the upper strata(阶层) of society.A. George EliotB. Elizabeth GaskellC. W. M. ThackerayD. John Buyan76.The greatest of Chartist poets was _____.A. Earnest JonesB. John MiltonC. Thomas HardyD. John Keats77.The story of ______ deals with the adventures of a retired old merchant.A. A Tale of Two CitiesB. David CopperfieldC. Pickwick PapersD. Oliver Twist78.The novel _____ exposes the terrible conditions of English private schools.A. Nicholas NicklebyB. Oliver TwistC. Hard TimesD. Great Expectations79.The story of _____ deals with the sufferings and hardships of an old man named Trent, and hisgranddaughter, Nell.A. Pickwick PapersB. The Old Curiosity ShopC. Great ExpectationsD. Hard Times80.Which novel makes a fierce attack on the bourgeois system of education?A. Oliver TwistB. Hard TimesC. Great ExpectationsD. A Tale of Two Cities81.Which novel is a great satire upon the society and those people who dream to enter the higher societyregardless of the social reality?A. A Tale of Two CitiesB. David CopperfieldC. Great ExpectationsD. Dombey and Son82.In the novel ______, Dickens describes the Chartist Movement and shows his sympathy for the workers.A. Great ExpectationsB. A Tale of Two CitiesC. Hard TimesD. Oliver Twist83.In the novel ___ , Defarge and Madame Defarge represent the revolutionaries.A. Dombey and SonB. A Tale of Two CitiesC. Little DorritD. Bleak House84._____ is often regarded as the semi-autobiography of the author Dickens in which the early life of the herois largely based on the author’s early life.A. The Curiosity ShopB. David CopperfieldC. Oliver TwistD. Great Expectations85.In the ____ period, Charles Dickens believed that all the evils of the capitalist world would be remedies ofonly men who behaved to each other with kindliness, justice, and sympathetic understanding.A. firstB. secondC. thirdD. fourth86.____ is the most class-conscious book among the Christmas books.A. A Christmas CarolB. The ChimesC. The Cricket on the HearthD. The Battle of Life87.____is Oscar Wilde’s only novel.A. Lady Windermere’s FanB. A Woman of No ImportanceC. The Picture of Dorian GrayD. The Importance of Being Earnest88.News from Nowhere is a prose work which ____ describes a dream of the future classless society.A. MorrisB. GissingC. StevensonD. Wilde89.Katharine Mansfield is a master of ____ at the turn of the century.A. short story writerB. dramatic poetryC. realistic novelsD. humor90.After writing _____, Hardy turned to poetry.A. Under the Greenwood TreeB. The Return of the NativeC. Jude the ObscureD. The Mayor of Casterbridge91.Yeats’s fame rests chiefly on his ______, using a lot of symbols in his poem.A. novelsB. poetryC. dramasD. prose92.____ was a leader of the modernist movement in English poetry and a great innovator of versetechnique.A. W.B. Yeats B. T. S. EliotC.D. H. Lawrence D. G. B. Shaw93.____ is a great novel spending James Joyce 7 years of hard working to complete.A. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young ManB. UlyssesC. Finnegans WakeD. Dubliners94.____ is a collection of short stories which reflect three aspects of life in politics, culture and religion.A. A Portrait of the Artrist as a Young ManB. UlyssesC. Finnegans WakeD. Dubliners95.Which of the following is Not written by D. H. Lawrence?A. The Waste LandB. The RainbowC. Lady Chatterley’s LoverD. Women in Love96.Which of the following is not written by Yeats?A. Four QuartetsB. A VisionC. The Winding StairD. The Tower97.____ is the climax of Virginia Woolf’s experiments through the novel form of “stream of consciousness”.A.Jacob’s RoomB. To the LighthouseC. OrlandoD. The Waves139. _____ is the first important governess novel in the English literary history.A. Jane Eyre B Emma C. Wuthering Height D. Middlemarch140. Which of the following best describes the nature of Hardy’s later novels?A. SentimentalismB. SurrealismC. Comic senseD. Tragic sense.141.The typical feature of Robert Browning’s poetry is the _____.A. bitter satireB. Larger-than-life caricatureC. Latinized dictionD. dramatic monologue142. The modernist writers such as Richardson, Joyce and Woolf are mainly concerned with the __.A. external worldB. public life of an individualC. social activities of human beingsD. inner life of an individual143. Eliot’s poem, the Waste Land, is mainly concerned with the _____of a modern civilization.A. social corruptionB. spiritual breakupC. physical breakupD. religious corruption144. Among the great writers of the modern period, ____might be the greatest on radical experimentation oftechnical innovation in novel writing.A. Joseph ConradB. D. H. LawrenceC. Virginia WoolfD. James Joys145. The mission of ______ drama was to reveal the moral, political and economic truth from a radical reformist point of view.A . T. S. Eliot B. J. Galsworthy’s C. B. Shaw’s D. W. B. Yeats’146. According to D. H. Lawrence, the ____is the most responsible for the alienation of the human relationships and the perversion of human personality.A. pride of the aristocratic classB. vanity of the middle classC. man’s desire for power and moneyD. capitalist mechanical civilization147. The Victorian age was largely an age of _____, eminently represented by Dickens and Thackeray.A. pessimismB. naturalismC. modernismD. critical realism 148. The Romantic Age in England came to an end with the death of ____.A. Jane AustinB. Walter ScottC. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeD. William Wordsworth149. Who is the father of English poetry?A. William Shakespeare.B. Edmund Spencer.C. John Milton.D. Geoffrey Chaucer.150. ____ is defined as an expression of human emotion which is condensed into fourteen lines.A. Free VerseB. SonnetC. OdeD. Epigram151. John Galsworthy won the 1932 Nobel Prize for his work ____.A. UlyssesB. Hard TimesC. The Forsyte SagaD. Jude the Obscure 152. Which of the following poems is NOT written by George Gordon Byron?A. She Walks in Beauty.B. The Solitary Reaper.C. When We Two Parted.D. Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. 153. Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between ____ centuries.A. 14th and mid 17thB. 14th and mid-18thC. 16th and mid-18thD. 16th and mid-17th154. ____ is the greatest songwriter in the world and the national poet of Scotland.A. William BlakeB. Robert BurnsC. ByronD. Keats155. William Blake's The Tiger is collected in ____.A. Songs of InnocenceB. Songs of ExperienceC. Marriage of Heaven and HellD. Poetical Sketches 156. Among the following poets, which is NOT a lake poet?A. William Wordsworth.B. Samuel Taylor Coleridge.C. Robert Southey.D. William Collins. 157. _____is a fork legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes, it is a long poem of over 3000 lines and the national epic of the English people.A. BeowulfB. Sir GawainC. The Canterbury TalesD. King Arthur and His Knights158. "Beauty is truth, truth beauty" is an epigrammatic line by ____.A. John KeatsB. William BlakeC. William WordsworthD. Percy Bysshe Shelley 159. Lyrical Ballad s is the joint work between Wordsworth and his friend ____.A. ColeridgeB. ByronC. KeatsD. Shelly160. Which of the following writers has once won the Nobel Prize?A. William Butler Yeats.B. Thomas Hardy.C. Wystan Hugh Auden.D. Dylan Thomas. 161. Which of the following is NOT Virginia Woolf's novel?A. To the Lighthouse.B. Mrs. Dalloway.C. The Waves.D. Modern Painters. 162. ____ was the greatest poet between Milton and Pope and was Poet Laureate for 20 years.A. Edmund SpencerB. John DrydenC. John DonneD. George Herbert163. ____ is D. H. Lawrence's semi-autographical novel.A. Sons and LoversB. Women in LoveC. RainbowD. Lady Chatterlay’s Lover。

英语0906某某理论综述

十四行诗综述班级:英语0906班姓名：朱志杰学号：200904001628摘要十四行诗，又译“商籁体”，为意大利文sonetto，英文Sonnet、法文sonnet 的音译。

欧洲一种格律严谨的抒情诗体。

最初流行于意大利，彼特拉克的创作使其臻于完美，又称“彼特拉克体”，后传到欧洲各国。

由两节四行诗和两节三行诗组成，每行11个音节，韵式为ABBA，ABBA，CDE，CDE或ABBA，ABBA，CDC，CDC。

另一种类型称为“莎士比亚体”（Shakespearean）或“伊丽莎白体”，由三节四行诗和两行对句组成，每行10个音节，韵式为ABAB，CDCD，EFEF，GG。

发展历程自欧洲进入文艺复兴时代之后，这种诗体获得广泛的运用。

意大利的诗人彼得拉克成了运用十四行诗体最主要的代表。

彼得拉克的十四行诗形式整齐，音韵优美，以歌颂爱情，表现人文主人思想为主要内容。

他的诗作在内容和形式方面，都为欧洲资产阶级抒情诗的发展开拓了新路。

同时代的意大利诗人和后来其他国家的一些诗人，都曾把彼得拉克的诗作，视为十四行诗的典范，竞相仿效。

因此，人们又称它为彼得拉克诗体。

十六世纪初，十四行诗体传到英国，风行一时，到十六世纪末，十四行诗已成了英国最流行的诗歌体裁。

产生了锡德尼、斯宾塞等著名的十四行诗人。

莎士比亚进一步发展并丰富了这一诗体，一生写下一百五十四首十四行诗。

莎士比亚的诗作，改变了彼得拉克的格式，由三段四行和一副对句组成，每行诗句有十个抑扬格音节。

莎士比亚的十四行诗，比彼得拉克更向前迈进一步，主题更为鲜明丰富，思路曲折多变，起承转合运用自如，常常在最后一副对句中点明题意。

后来，弥尔顿、华兹华斯、雪莱、济慈等人也曾写过一些优秀的十四行诗。

特征1.诗行。

顾名思义，每首只能写十四行，彼特拉克体分十四行诗为两部份，前八行称otve，由两节四行诗组成，后六行称Sestet由两节三行诗组成。

十四行诗移植到英国后，有些人仍按照彼体，多数作家改全诗由三节四行诗和一节二行诗组成。

专八阅读真题

PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet.TEXT AStill, the image of any city has a half-life of many years. (So does its name, officially changed in 2001 from Calcutta to Kolkata, which is closer to what the word sounds like in Bengali. Conversing in English, I never heard anyone call the city anything but Calcutta.) To Westerners, the conveyance most identified with Kolkata is not its modern subway—a facility whose spacious stations have art on the walls and cricket matches on television monitors—but the hand-pulled rickshaw. Stories and films celebrate a primitive-looking cart with high wooden wheels, pulled by someone who looks close to needing the succor of Mother Teresa. For years the government has been talking about eliminating hand-pulled rickshaws on what it calls humanitarian grounds—principally on the ground that, as the mayor of Kolkata has often said, it is offensive to see “one man sweating and straining to pull another man.” But these days politicians also lament the impact of 6,000 hand-pulled rickshaws on a modern city’s traffic and, particularly, on its image. “Westerner s try to associate beggars and these rickshaws with the Calcutta landscape, but this is not what Calcutta stands for,” the chief minister of West Bengal, Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee, said in a press conference in 2006. “Our city stands for prosperity and development.” The chief minister—the equivalent of a state governor—went on to announce that hand-pulled rickshaws soon would be banned from the streets of Kolkata.Rickshaws are not there to haul around tourists. (Actually, I saw almost no tourists in Kolkata, apart from the young backpackers on Sudder Street, in what used to be a red-light district and is now said to be the single place in the city where the services a rickshaw puller offers may include providing female company to a gentleman for the evening.) It’s the people in the lanes who most regularly use rickshaws—not the poor but people who are just a notch above the poor. They are people who tend to travel short distances, through lanes that are sometimes inaccessible to even the most daring taxi driver. An older woman with marketing to do, for instance, can arrive in a rickshaw, have the rickshaw puller wait until she comes back from various stalls to load her purchases, and then be taken home. People in the lanes use rickshaws as a 24-hour ambulance service. Proprietors of cafés or corner stores send rickshaws to collect their supplies. (One morning I saw a rickshaw puller take on a load of live chickens—tied in pairs by the feet so they could be draped over the shafts and the folded back canopy and even the axle. By the time he trotted off, he was carrying about a hundred upside-down chickens.) The rickshaw pullers told me their steadiest customers are schoolchildren. Middle-class families contract with apuller to take a child to school and pick him up; the puller essentially becomes a family retainer.From June to September Kolkata can get torrential rains, and its drainage system doesn’t need torrential rain to begin backing up. Residents who favor a touch of hyperbole say that in Kolkata “if a stray cat pees, there’s a flood.” During my stay it once rained for about 48 hours. Entire neighborhoods couldn’t be reached by motorized vehicles, and the newspapers showed pictures of rickshaws being pulled through water that was up to the pullers’ waists. When it’s raining, the normal customer base for rickshaw pullers expands greatly, as does the price of a journey. A writer in Kolkata told me, “When it rains, even the governor takes rickshaws.”While I was in Kolkata, a magazine called India Today published its annual ranking of Indian states, according to such measurements as prosperity and infrastructure. Among India’s 20 largest states, Bihar finished dead last, as it has for four of the past five years. Bihar, a couple hundred miles north of Kolkata, is where the vast majority of rickshaw pullers come from. Once in Kolkata, they sleep on the street or in their rickshaws or in a dera—a combination garage and repair shop and dormitory managed by someone called a sardar. For sleeping privileges in a dera, pullers pay 100 rupees (about $2.50) a month, which sounds like a pretty good deal until you’ve visited a dera. They gross between 100 and 150 rupees a day, out of which they have to pay 20 rupees for the use of the rickshaw and an occasional 75 or more for a payoff if a policeman stops them for, say, crossing a street where rickshaws are prohibited. A 2003 study found that rickshaw pullers are near the bottom of Kolkata occupations in income, doing better than only the ragpickers and the beggars. For someone without land or education, that still beats trying to make a living in Bihar.There are people in Kolkata, particularly educated and politically aware people, who will not ride in a rickshaw, because they are offended by the idea of being pulled by another human being or because they consider it not the sort of thing people of their station do or because they regard the hand-pulled rickshaw as a relic of colonialism. Ironically, some of those people are not enthusiastic about banning rickshaws. The editor of the editorial pages of Kolkata’s Telegraph—Rudrangshu Mukherjee, a former academic who still writes history books—told me, for instance, that he sees humanitarian considerations as coming down on the side of keeping hand-pulled rickshaws on the road. “I refuse to be carried by another human being myself,” he said, “but I question whether we have the right to take away their livelihood.” Rickshaw supporters point out that when it comes to demeaning occupations, rickshaw pullers are hardly unique in Kolkata.When I asked one rickshaw puller if he thought the government’s plan to rid the city of rickshaws was based on a genuine interest in his welfare, he smiled, with a quick shake of his head—a gesture I interpreted to mean, “If you are so naive as to ask s uch a question, I will answer it, but it is not worth wasting words on.” Some rickshaw pullers I met were resigned to the imminent end of their livelihood and pin their hopes on being offered something in its place. As migrant workers, they don’thave the political clout enjoyed by, say, Kolkata’s sidewalk hawkers, who, after supposedly being scaled back at the beginning of the modernization drive, still clog the sidewalks, selling absolutely everything—or, as I found during the 48 hours of rain, absolutely everything but umbrellas. “The government was the government of the poor people,” one sardar told me. “Now they shake hands with the capitalists and try to get rid of poor people.”But others in Kolkata believe that rickshaws will simply be confined more strictly to certain neighborhoods, out of the view of World Bank traffic consultants and California investment delegations—or that they will be allowed to die out naturally as they’re supplanted by more modern conveyances. Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee, after all, is not the first high West Bengal official to say that rickshaws would be off the streets of Kolkata in a matter of months. Similar statements have been made as far back as 1976. The ban decreed by Bhattacharjee has been delayed by a court case and by a widely held belief that some retraining or social security settlement ought to be offered to rickshaw drivers. It may also have been delayed by a quiet reluctance to give up something that has been part of the fabric of the city for more than a century. K olkata, a resident told me, “has difficulty letting go.” One day a city official handed me a report from the municipal government laying out options for how rickshaw pullers might be rehabilitated.“Which option has been chosen?” I asked, noting that the r eport was dated almost exactly a year before my visit.“That hasn’t been decided,” he said.“When will it be decided?”“That hasn’t been decided,” he said.11. According to the passage, rickshaws are used in Kolkata mainly for thefollowing EXCEPTA. taking foreign tourists around the city.B. providing transport to school children.C. carrying store supplies and purchasesD. carrying people over short distances.12. Which of the following statements best describes the rickshaw pullers fromBiharA. They come from a relatively poor area.B. They are provided with decent accommodation.C. Their living standards are very low in Kolkata.D. They are often caught by policemen in the streets.13. That “For someone without land or education, that still beats trying to make aliving in Bihar” (4 paragraph) means that even so,A. the poor prefer to work and live in Bihar.B. the poor from Bihar fare better than back home.C. the poor never try to make a living in Bihar.D. the poor never seem to resent their life in Kolkata.14. We can infer from the passage that some educated and politically aware peopleA. hold mixed feelings towards rickshaws.B. strongly support the ban on rickshaws.C. call for humanitarian actions fro rickshaw pullers.D. keep quiet on the issue of banning rickshaws.15. Which of the following statements conveys the author’s sense of humor?A. “…not the poor but people who are just a notch above the poor.”(2paragraph)B. “…,.which sounds like a pretty good deal until you’ve visited a dera.”(4paragraph)C. Kolkata, a resident told me, “ has difficulty letting go.” (7 paragraph).D.“…or, as I found during the 48 hours of rain, absolutely everything butumbrellas.” (6 paragraph)16. The dialogue between the author and the city official at the end of the passageseems to suggestA. the uncertainty of the court’s decision.B. the inefficiency of the municipal government.C. the difficulty of finding a good solution.D. the slowness in processing options.TEXT BDepending on whom you believe, the average American will, over a lifetime, wait in lines for two years (says National Public Radio) or five years (according to customer-loyalty experts).The crucial word is average, as wealthy Americans routinely avoid lines altogether. Once the most democratic of institutions, lines are rapidly becoming the exclusive province of suckers(people who still believe in and practice waiting in lines). Poor suckers, mostly.Airports resemble France before the Revolution: first-class passengers enjoy "élite" security lines and priority boarding, and disembark before the unwashed in coach, held at bay by a flight attendant, are allowed to foul the Jetway.At amusement parks, too, you can now buy your way out of line. This summer Ihaplessly watched kids use a $52 Gold Flash Pass to jump the lines at Six Flags New England, and similar systems are in use in most major American theme parks, from Universal Orlando to Walt Disney World, where the haves get to watch the have-mores breeze past on their way to their seats.Flash Pass teaches children a valuable lesson in real-world economics: that the rich are more important than you, especially when it comes to waiting. An NBA player once said to me, with a bemused chuckle of disbelief, that when playing in Canada--get this--"we have to wait in the same customs line as everybody else."Almost every line can be breached for a price. In several U.S. cities this summer, early arrivers among the early adopters waiting to buy iPhones offered to sell their spots in the lines. On Craigslist, prospective iPhone purchasers offered to pay "waiters" or "placeholders" to wait in line for them outside Apple stores.Inevitably, some semi-populist politicians have seen the value of sort-of waiting in lines with the ordinary people. This summer Philadelphia mayor John Street waited outside an AT&T store from 3:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. before a stand-in from his office literally stood in for the mayor while he conducted official business. And billionaire New York mayor Michael Bloomberg often waits for the subway with his fellow citizens, though he's first driven by motorcade past the stop nearest his house to a station 22 blocks away, where the wait, or at least the ride, is shorter.As early as elementary school, we're told that jumping the line is an unethical act, which is why so many U.S. lawmakers have framed the immigration debate as a kind of fundamental sin of the school lunch line. Alabama Senator Richard Shelby, to cite just one legislator, said amnesty would allow illegal immigrants "to cut in line ahead of millions of people."Nothing annoys a national lawmaker more than a person who will not wait in line, unless that line is in front of an elevator at the U.S. Capitol, where Senators and Representatives use private elevators, lest they have to queue with their constituents.But compromising the integrity of the line is not just antidemocratic, it's out-of-date. There was something about the orderly boarding of Noah's Ark, two by two, that seemed to restore not just civilization but civility during the Great Flood.How civil was your last flight? Southwest Airlines has first-come, first-served festival seating. But for $5 per flight, an unaffiliated company called will secure you a coveted "A" boarding pass when that airline opens for online check-in 24 hours before departure. Thus, the savvy traveler doesn't even wait in line when he or she is online.Some cultures are not renowned for lining up. Then again, some cultures are too adept at lining up: a citizen of the former Soviet Union would join a queue just so he could get to the head of that queue and see what everyone was queuing for.And then there is the U.S., where society seems to be cleaving into two groups: Very Important Persons, who don't wait, and Very Impatient Persons, who do--unhappily.For those of us in the latter group-- consigned to coach, bereft of Flash Pass, toopoor or proper to pay a placeholder --what do we do? We do what Vladimir and Estragon did in Waiting for Godot: "We wait. We are bored."17. What does the following sentence mean? “Once the most democratic ofinstitutions, lines are rapidly becoming the exclusive province of suckers…Poor suckers, mostly.” (2 paragraph)A. Lines are symbolic of America’s democracyB. Lines still give Americans equal opportunities.C. Lines are now for ordinary Americans only.D. Lines are for people with democratic spirit only.18. Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of breaching the line?A. Going through the customs at a Canadian airport.B. Using Gold Flash Passes in amusement parks.C. First-class passenger status at airports.D. Purchase of a place in a line from a placeholder.19. We can infer from the passage that politicians (including mayors andCongressmen)A. prefer to stand in lines with ordinary people.B. advocate the value of waiting in lines.C. believe in and practice waiting in lines.D. exploit waiting in lines for their own good.20. What is the tone of the passage?A. Instructive.B. Humorous.C. Serious.D. Teasing.TEXT CA bus took him to the West End, where, among the crazy coloured fountains of illumination, shattering the blue dusk with green and crimson fire, he found the caféof his choice, a tea-shop that had gone mad and turned. Bbylonian, a while palace with ten thousand lights. It towered above the other building like a citadel, which indeed it was, the outpost of a new age, perhaps a new civilization, perhaps a new barbarism; and behind the thin marble front were concrete and steel, just as behind the careless profusion of luxury were millions of pence, balanced to the last halfpenny. Somewhere in the background, hidden away, behind the ten thousand llights and acresof white napery and bewildering glittering rows of teapots, behind the thousand waitresses and cash-box girls and black-coated floor managers and temperamental long-haired violinists, behind the mounds of cauldrons of stewed steak, the vanloads of ices, were a few men who went to work juggling with fractions of a farming, who knew how many units of electricity it took to finish a steak-and-kidney pudding and how many minutes and seconds a waitress( five feet four in height and in average health) would need to carry a tray of given weight from the kitchen life to the table in the far corner. In short, there was a warm, sensuous, vulgar life flowering in the upper storeys, and a cold science working in the basement. Such as the gigantic tea-shop into which Turgis marched, in search not of mere refreshment but of all the enchantment of unfamiliar luxury. Perhaps he knew in his heart that men have conquered half the known world, looted whole kingdoms, and never arrived in such luxury. The place was built for him.It was built for a great many other people too, and, as usual, they were al there. It seemed with humanity. The marble entrance hall, piled dizzily with bonbons and cakes, was as crowded and bustling as a railway station. The gloom and grime of the streets, the raw air, all November, were at once left behind, forgotten: the atmosphere inside was golden, tropical, belonging to some high mid-summer of confectionery. Disdaining the lifts, Turgis, once more excited by the sight, sound, and smell of it all, climbed the wide staircase until he reached his favourite floor, whre an orchestra, led by a young Jewish violinist with wandering lustrous eyes and a passion for tremolo effects, acted as a magnet to a thousand girls, scented air, the sensuous clamour of the strings; and, as he stood hesitating a moment, half dazed, there came, bowing, s sleek grave man, older than he was and far more distinguished than he could ever hope to be, who murmured deferentially: “ For one, sir? This way, please,” Shyly, yet proudly, Turgis followed him.21. That “behind the thin marble front were concrete and steel” suggests thatA. modern realistic commercialism existed behind the luxurious appearance.B. there was a fundamental falseness in the style and the appeal of the café..C. the architect had made a sensible blend of old and new building materials.D. the café was based on physical foundations and real economic strength.22. The following words or phrases are somewhat critical of the tea-shop EXCEPTA. “…turned Babylonian”.B. “perhaps a new barbarism’.C. “acres of white napery”.D. “balanced to the last halfpenny”.23. In its context the statement that “ the place was built for him” means that the caféwas intended toA. please simple people in a simple way.B. exploit gullible people like him.C. satisfy a demand that already existed.D. provide relaxation for tired young men.24. Which of the following statements about the second paragraph is NOT true?A. The café appealed to most senses simultaneously.B. The café was both full of people and full of warmth.C. The inside of the café was contrasted with the weather outside.D. It stressed the commercial determination of the café owners.25. The following are comparisons made by the author in the second paragraphEXCEPT thatA. the entrance hall is compared to a railway station.B. the orchestra is compared to a magnet.C. Turgis welcomed the lift like a conquering soldier.D. the interior of the café is compared to warm countries.26. The author’s attitude to the café isA. fundamentally critical.B. slightly admiring.C. quite undecided.D. completely neutral.TEXT DI Now elsewhere in the world, Iceland may be spoken of, somewhat breathlessly, as western Europe’s last pristine wilderness. But the environmental awareness that is sweeping the world had bypassed the majority of Icelanders. Certainly they were connected to their land, the way one is complicatedly connected to, or encumbered by, family one can’t do anything about. But the truth is, once you’re off the beat-en paths of the low-lying coastal areas where everyone lives, the roads are few, and they’re all bad, so Iceland’s natural wonders have been out of reach and unknown even to its own inhab-itants. For them the land has always just been there, something that had to be dealt with and, if possible, exploited—the mind-set being one of land as commodity rather than land as, well, priceless art on the scale of the “Mona Lisa.”When the opportunity arose in 2003 for the national power company to enter into a 40-year contract with the American aluminum company Alcoa to supply hydroelectric power for a new smelter, those who had been dreaming of some-thing like this for decades jumped at it and never looked back. Iceland may at the moment be one of the world’s richest countries, with a 99 percent literacy rate and long lifeexpectancy. But the proj-ect’s advocates, some of them ge tting on in years, were more emotionally attuned to the country’s century upon century of want, hardship, and colonial servitude to Denmark, which officially had ended only in 1944 and whose psychological imprint remained relatively fresh. For the longest time, life here had meant little more than a sod hut, dark all winter, cold, no hope, children dying left and right, earthquakes, plagues, starvation, volcanoes erupting and destroying all vegeta-tion and livestock, all spirit—a world revolving almost entirely around the welfare of one’s sheep and, later, on how good the cod catch was. In the outlying regions, it still largely does.Ostensibly, the Alcoa project was intended to save one of these dying regions—the remote and sparsely populated east—where the way of life had steadily declined to a point of desperation and gloom. After fishing quotas were imposed in the early 1980s to protect fish stocks, many indi-vidual boat owners sold their allotments or gave them away, fishing rights ended up mostly in the hands of a few companies, and small fishermen were virtually wiped out. Technological advances drained away even more jobs previously done by human hands, and the people were seeing every-thing they had worked for all their lives turn up worthless and their children move away. With the old way of life doomed, aluminum projects like this one had come to be perceived, wisely or not, as a last chance. “Smelter or death.”The contract with Alcoa would infuse the re-gion with foreign capital, an estimated 400 jobs, and spin-off service industries. It also was a way for Iceland to develop expertise that potentially could be sold to the rest of the world; diversify an economy historically dependent on fish; and, in an appealing display of Icelandic can-do verve, perhaps even protect all of Iceland, once and for all, from the unpredictability of life itself.“We have to live,” Halldór Ásgrímsson said in his sad, sonorous voice. Halldór, a former prime minister and longtime member of parliament from the region, was a driving force behind the pro ject. “We have a right to live.27. According to the passage, most Icelanders view land as something ofA. environmental value.B. commercial value.C. potential value for tourism.D. great value for livelihood.28. What is Iceland’s old-aged advocates’ feeling towards the Alcoa project?A. Iceland is wealthy enough to reject the project.B. The project would lower life expectancy.C. The project would cause environmental problems.D. The project symbolizes and end to the colonial legacies.29. The disappearance of the old way of life was due to all the following EXCEPTA. fewer fishing companies.B. fewer jobs available.C. migration of young people.D. impostion of fishing quotas.30. The 4 paragraph in the passageA. sums up the main points of the passage.B. starts to discuss an entirely new point.C. elaborates on the last part of the 3 paragraph.D. continues to depict the bleak economic situation.PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.31. Which of the following statements in INCORRECT?A. The British constitution includes the Magna Carta of 1215.B. The British constitution includes Parliamentary acts.C. The British constitution includes decisions made by courts of law.D. The British constitution includes one single written constitution.32. The first city ever founded in Canada isA. Quebec.B. Vancouver.C. Toronto.D. Montreal.33. When did the Australian Federation officially come into being?A. 1770.B. 1788.C. 1900.D. 1901.34. The Emancipation Proclamation to end the slavery plantation system in theSouth of the U.S. was issued byA. Abraham Lincoln.B. Thomas Paine.C. George Washington.D. Thomas Jefferson.35. ________ is best known for the technique of dramatic monologue in his poems..A. Will BlakeB. W.B. YeatsC. Robert BrowningD. William Wordsworth36. The Financier is written byA. Mark Twain.B. Henry James.C. William Faulkner.D. Theodore Dreiser.37. In literature a story in verse or prose with a double meaning is defined asA. allegory.B. sonnet.C. blank verse.D. rhyme.38. ________ refers to the learning and development of a language.A. Language acquisitionB. Language comprehensionC. Language productionD. Language instruction39. The word “Motel”comes from “motor + hotel”. This is an example of________ in morphology.A. backformationB. conversionC. blendingD. acronym40. Language is t tool of communication. The symbol “Highway Closed”on ahighway servesA. an expressive function.B. an informative function.C. a performative function.D. a persuasive function.Part IV Proofreading & Error Correction (15 min) The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONEerror. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage andcorrect it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in theblank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a "∧" signand write the word you believe to be missing in the blankprovided at the end of the line.For a unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash "/" and put theword in the blank provided at the end of the line. EXAMPLEWhen ∧art museum wants a new exhibit, it ╱never buys things in finished form and hangs them on the wall. When a natural history museum wants an exhibition, it must often build it.1________an2________ never3________ exhibitSo far as we can tell, all human languages are equally complete and perfectas instruments of communication: that is, every language appears to be well equipped as any other to say the things their speakers want to say.There may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive peoples or cultures, but that is another matter. Certainly, not all groups of people are equally competent in nuclear physics or psychology or the cultivation of rice or the engraving of Benares brass. Whereas this is not the fault of their language. The Eskimos can speak about snow with a great deal more precision and subtlety than we can in English, but this is not because the Eskimo language 1 2 3(one of those sometimes miscalled 'primitive') is inherently more precise and subtle than English. This example does not come to light a defect in English, a show of unexpected 'primitiveness'. The position is simply and obviously that the Eskimos and the English live in similar environments. The English language will be just as rich in terms for similar kinds of snow, presumably, if the environments in which English was habitually used made such distinction as important.Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo language could be as precise and subtle on the subject of motor manufacture or cricket if these topics formed the part of the Eskimos' life. For obvious historical reasons, Englishmen in the nineteenth century could not talk about motorcars with the minute discrimination which is possible today: cars were not a part of their culture. But they had a host of terms for horse-drawn vehicles which send us, puzzled, to a historical dictionary when we are reading Scott or Dickens. How many of us could distinguish between a chaise, a landau, a victoria, a brougham, a coupe, a gig, a diligence, a whisky, a calash, a tilbury, a carriole, a phaeton, and a clarence ?4 5 6 7 8 910PART II READING COMPREHENSION11.A 12.C 13.B 14.A 15.D16.C 17.C 18.A 19.D 20.B21. A 22.B 23. B 24.B 25. C26.A 27.D 28.D 29.A 30.C31. Which of the following is INCORRECT答案D：The British Constituiton includes one single written constitution答题技巧：首先注意题干INCORRECT, 根据常识判断英国宪法为不成文宪法；故本题选择D，其他选项更为细节，直接忽略跳过。

不要让文学在我们这一代消失作文

不要让文学在我们这一代消失作文英文回答：Preserving the vitality of literature in our generation is imperative for several reasons. Firstly, it serves as a window into our collective past, providing invaluable insights into the human condition, societal norms, and cultural values that have shaped our present. History, fiction, and poetry all offer rich narratives that elucidate the complexities of human experience.Moreover, literature fosters critical thinking and problem-solving skills. By engaging with diverse literary perspectives, we learn to analyze complex ideas, challenge assumptions, and articulate our views coherently.Literature expands our horizons and cultivates an appreciation for different viewpoints, essential skills for navigating the challenges of modern society.Furthermore, literature plays a vital role in promotingempathy and compassion. Through the empathetic lens of literature, we witness the struggles, triumphs, and emotions of characters from all walks of life. This fosters a sense of connection and understanding, breaking down social barriers and promoting inclusivity.Additionally, literature sparks creativity and imagination. It provides a fertile ground for imagination to flourish, nurturing the artist within us. By reading widely, we encounter new worlds, ideas, and characters that inspire and stimulate our own creativity.Lastly, literature contributes to the preservation of our linguistic heritage. It showcases the nuances, beauty, and power of language, enriching our vocabulary and enhancing our appreciation for the written word. By promoting literacy and fostering a love for reading, we ensure that the legacy of literature will continue to flourish in generations to come.中文回答：随着科技的迅猛发展，电子设备充斥着我们的生活，人们越来越依赖于网络信息，阅读纸质书籍的时间越来越少。

我对文学的看法英文作文

我对文学的看法英文作文Title: Unleashing the Imagination: My Perspective on Literature。

1. Emblazoned in the tapestry of human thought, literature is a vibrant tapestry, woven with words that paint the canvas of life. It's not a series of chapters, but a symphony of emotions, each note resonating with the heartbeat of our collective consciousness.2. The first brushstroke in any literary journey is the author's voice, a unique whisper that echoes through time. It's not a monologue, but a dialogue, inviting readers to ponder over the intricate nuances. It's not about following a linear plot, but about the serendipitous encounters with characters that challenge our perspectives.3. The power of literature lies not in its adherence to rules, but in its ability to break them. It's a rebellion against the mundane, a rebellion against the expected. It'snot a question, but a question mark, provoking curiosity and sparking curiosity in readers.4. It's not just about stories, but about storieswithin stories. The layers of metaphor and symbolism are like a puzzle, waiting to be deciphered. It's not a destination, but a journey, where every page is a new adventure.5. Literature, my dear friend, is not a teacher, but a guide. It doesn't tell you what to think, but nudges you to think. It's not a judge, but a mirror, reflecting our humanity in all its complexity. It's not a choice, but a choice to engage, to learn, and to grow.6. In the realm of literature, the boundaries blur, and the reader becomes the protagonist. It's a dance between the written and the reader's imagination, a dance that never ends. It's not a question of who you are, but who you become when you dive into its depths.In conclusion, my dear reader, literature is a living,breathing entity, a testament to the boundless potential of language. It's not a static entity, but a dynamic force, constantly evolving and shaping our understanding of the world. So, let's embrace this ever-changing canvas, forit's in the act of reading that we truly come alive.。

我的前公爵夫人赏析

• Browning’s dramatic monologue: his monologues, often short in length, effectively describe “souls in action”. While Thomas Hardy said that Browning was “the literary puzzle of the 19th century”. He probably meant that his ideas were uncommonly rich and profound
• Contribution to Literature
• His most significant contribution to English Poetry: the verse form called DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE
• Dramatic monologue----Dramatic monologue is spoken verse that is based upon the speakers presumed point of view. It is very descriptive and emotion filled. It is spoken to a silent audience.
• The character of his works
• Frequent use of “dramatic monologue” is the most important feature of his poetry
• close relations with his contemporary issues: faith &doubt, good &evil, function of the artist in modern life etc.

艺术类雅思阅读词汇

艺术类雅思阅读词汇引导语：艺术是一种文化现象，大多为满足主观与情感的需求，亦是日常生活进行*的特殊方式。

以下是百分网小编分享给大家的艺术类雅思阅读词汇，欢迎阅读!work作品workofart艺术作品masterpiece杰作plasticarts造型艺术graphicarts形象艺术FineArts美术artgallery画廊,美术馆salon沙龙exhibition展览collection收藏author作者style风格inspiration灵感,启发muse灵感purism修辞癖conceptism格言派,*名派Byzantine拜占庭式Romanesaue罗马式Gothic哥特式Baroque巴洛克式Rococo洛可可式classicism古典主义,古典风格neoclassicism新古典主义romanticism浪漫主义realism现实主义symbolism象征主义impressionism印象主义ArtNouveau新艺术主义expressionism表现主义Fauvism野兽派abstractart抽象派,抽象主义Cubism立体派,立体主义Dadaism达达主义surrealism超现实主义naturalism自然主义existentialism存在主义futurism未来主义classicalliterature古典文学contemporaryliterature现代文学popularliterature大众文学lightliterature通俗文学folklore民间文学saga(river)novel长篇小说shortnovel,longshortstory中篇小说shortstory短篇小说lovestory爱情小说detectivestory侦探小说mysterystory怪诞小说whodunit推理小说humorousstory幽默小说historicalnovel历史小说essay随笔bookoftravels游记reportage报告文学criticism评论bestseller畅销书anthology选集thepleteworks(of)全集edition,printing版masterpiece杰作copyright版权,著作权deluxebinding精装flatstitching平装smythsewed线装humanities人文学科writer作家book书volume卷theatre戏剧(美作:theater) drama话剧edy喜剧tragedy悲剧farce滑稽剧play剧本。

4.ARTASOBJECTOFTASTEDAVIDHUME

4. ART AS OBJECT OF TASTE：DA VID HUME艺术作为趣味的对象:大卫·休谟大卫·休谟(1711-1776)，著名的苏格兰哲学家，以经验主义和怀疑论知名。

休谟并不关心寻找艺术的定义，他主要探讨是否有客观的标准来评价艺术作品的好坏。

休谟为我们提出一对自相矛盾的观念——每个观念都有其真实性，但相互间似乎又不一致。

一方面，大多数人相信对于艺术作品的性质可能作出批评的判断。

当我们想到将一件伟大的艺术作品，如《蒙娜丽莎》，与一件仅仅是赏心悦目的作品，如诺曼·罗克威尔的插图，进行比较时，大家都会同意达·芬奇的绘画在客观上比罗克威尔的插图要好。

考虑到这些情况——休谟的例子是比较作家奥戈尔比和弥尔顿，及班杨和爱迪生——迫使人们承认艺术判断的客观标准。

休谟自相矛盾的另一面是出于对这种判断的基础是什么的思考。

他断言只有将趣味用于他的术语学，别无其他，即，一件艺本作品是否对“感情”产生了影响。

根据“趣味的自然属性”的思想——即个人的趣味只依赖于自身而不服从于别人的指正——休谟的理由就是一种批评判断不过是对一件作品的特殊反应的表现。

依此类推，判断就没有客观的标准，这就与他早先必须有客观标准的结论相矛盾。

要解决这个矛盾，休谟认为，根据原始的经验主义事实，我们的本质是这样构成的，艺术作品的某些特征恰好满足所有的人，我们对于某些性质的普遍感受性保证大多数人都同意一些艺术作品比另一些艺术作品更美，因此在客观上更好。

尽管他努力在一种统一的人的本质中提供关于艺术作品价值的审美判断的基础，但休谟也承认那必然是某种审美的分离。

他怎样论述这些问题?休谟被迫动用两方面的因素，一方面是个人的心理结构，另一方面又共享文化的偏向，后者干预人的其他自然能力，从而欣赏一件有价值的艺术作品之美。

只有这些“同精致的感受相结合，又因实际锻炼而得到增进，又通过进行比较而完善，还能清楚一切偏见的健全的意识”能够觉察作品中的那些真正使其完美的性质。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

1999年第6期中山大学学报(社会科学版)No.61999第39卷 JOUR NAL OF SUN YATSEN UNIVERSITY Vol.39 (总162期) (SOCIAL SCIENCE EDITION)General No.162日本古典文艺理论中的“物之哀”浅论佟君〔摘　要〕　日本古典文艺理论中的“物之哀”理解与翻译以及实际表现,在以往乃至于目前的日本学研究界都是议论纷争的热门话题,对此笔者作出了相对应的思考与批评。

在对“物之哀”的理解方面,参照我国古典《文心雕龙》的理论,认为“物”乃是客观之存在,“哀”则是对于客观存在表现出来的主观反映,综合言之即是一种对人生的深深感动;在对“物之哀”的翻译方面,认为应该将其翻译为“感物兴情”,因为“物之哀”的“哀”即是表现了诸多的情感成分;在论述“物之哀”的表现方面,主要参考了日本古典文学名著《源氏物语》的文句,分析了不同场合或的不同议法。

〔关键词〕　物之哀　感动　感物兴情　源氏物语　文心雕龙作为日本文艺理论中较为难以理解的概念“物之哀”(もののあはれ=mononoa war e),不论是在日本还是在中国,都有一些激烈的争论以及不同的看法,这本来是极为正常的事情。

然而,就“物之哀”一词,到底应该怎样来理解、怎样来翻译成中文、以及其在文学中的表现如何,却是一些极为棘手的问题。

所以,本文做一些较为粗浅的探讨,以求教于大方之家。

一、“物之哀”的理解日本文学博士佐伯梅友先生认为,作为贯穿平安时代的文学理念的“物之哀”,实际上是当时的下层贵族的遭遇景况不佳及其一直动荡不安的贵族生活的一种反映,且是以一种诗化的表达方式所表现出来的东西。

所谓“物之哀”,是对“物”,也就是对人生的深深的感动〔1〕。

而且佐伯梅友博士还认为,无论如何,这种对人生的深深的感动,也应当属于那些当时深深地扎根于“物之哀”这种情趣世界里的贵族阶层的女性们。

因此,这些女性们自然成为了平安文学之最有力的承担者。

所以,我们如果了解支撑平安文学的女性们所处的生活环境,也就真正能够感受到“物之哀”的世界及其表现。

平安时代的贵族的子女们,除了上流的精英阶层的子女以外,处于中等阶层的子女们,大多都被迫过着一种极为动荡不安的生国家哲学社会科学规划基金资助项目。

文章1999年8月15日收到。

活。

这些中等阶层的子女们,处于平安时代的一夫多妻制度下,婚姻形态是娶婿婚姻(访婚或走婚)。

从恋爱到结婚的整个过程,女性都是处于消极与被动的地位,大多又都是在父母的监管下进行的。

结婚以后女性仍然要依靠父母,并且居住在父母家里,而夫婿则是定期来访而已。

加之是一夫多妻制度,所以女性作为同一个男人的复数妻子中的一员,自然不会有什么作为妻子的牢固地位,当然,也存在着女性之间相互猜疑嫉妒的烦恼。

实际上,如果丈夫停止来访的话,就意味着事实上的离婚,所以作为女性不得不生活在一个随时都有被抛弃的提心吊胆的时代环境里。

然而还不仅仅是这些爱情生活上的动荡不安,又有作为女性在实际生活上的不安稳感。

例如,曾经写过《蜻蛉日记》的作者右大将道纲之母为了与当时的实权人物藤原兼家的爱与恨,《和泉式部日记》的作者和泉式部为了与帅之宫的交情而时时感到不安,或者时时为之哭泣的生活。

或许正是在这些女性们的不安稳的生活里,才真正存在着“物之哀”精神的潜流。

还有《源氏物语》作者紫式部,也大多写的是围绕一个美男子光源氏而展开的众多女性的爱情悲喜剧。

此前的物语从《竹取物语》到《落洼物语》或许是由男性所作,但是以《源氏物语》为契机,物语的创作便开始由女性来承担了,这也在某种程度上决定了日本文艺中“物之哀”精神的审美情趣与表现样式。

因此,可以说,日本文艺理念中的“物之哀”精神具有女性化的纤细情感成分。

除了女性自身的生活动荡不安以外,还有女性被卷进贵族各势力之间的权势之争。

所以,能够感受到“物之哀”的因素大多来自社会的、精神的以及生活的不安。

因而乍看上去好象繁华似锦般地支撑着平安文艺的理念,其实在这种理念的深处存在着中下等阶层贵族及其子女们的不安之“情”。

正如佐伯梅友博士所叙述的那样,平安时代的中等阶层或者下层贵族的子女们,由于所处的生活环境的动荡不安,才生产创作出了芬芳四溢灿烂辉煌的女性平安文学或文艺,诸如《蜻蛉日记》、《和泉式部日记》、《源氏物语》以及《枕草子》等等〔2〕。

佐伯梅友博士的观点主要叙述了“物之哀”产生的时代和社会背景,而这种女性化的文艺精神和纤细情感,作为日本文学的传统一直影响至今,更成为日本文学的潜流。

中国中日比较文学研究家王晓平先生认为:“江户时代本居宣长将`物之哀'即表现由外物引起的心灵的振颤作为日本文艺的特征,与刘勰所说的`物色相召'也应该说是有共同点的。

”〔3〕如此看来,外物与心绪的关系即是“物之哀”所内涵的本质关系了。

实际上,也正如日本著名学者、万叶集研究家中西进先生所指出的那样,在日本古代歌谣的唱和中,“上句多为自然景物的描写,下句则以这种景物作为比喻来抒发人的感情。

”〔4〕这里仍然存在着自然与情感的内在关联。

日本学者久松潜一博士在《日本文学评论史》中谈到:“关于`物之哀'(略),即是在物之中发现哀,是接触事象而引起的感动。

如贯之于古今序中所言`将心中所思之事附于所见之物所闻之物,而能够表达出来'一样,乃是接触事象而引起的感动。

”〔5〕这种于物之中发现哀,实际上就是说明了哀是由物而引起的,而且是由物而引起的一种感动。

我国美学理论家宗白华先生在《中西戏剧比较及其他》一文中指出:“肖伯纳的剧本,序文都很长,为了说明戏文。

问题戏,着重思想。

中国戏曲,着重感动人,动作强烈,能使人哭,亦能使人笑的东西。

”〔6〕这里也在强调戏曲的着重点在于能够使人感动,以及有哭有笑等等情感表现。

以上所引的几位大家的叙述都说明了一个同样的道理,那就是,是文艺就必须能够打动人,令人们的感情中都能够产生一种感动。

这些也都应该或多或少地与“物之哀”这一文艺理念有一定的本质上的关联。

我国古代文艺理论著作《文心雕龙》之《物色》篇中有“春秋代序,阴阳惨舒,物色之动,心亦摇焉。

”其中的物色波动心旌摇曳,便是为客观外物的变动变化所招引而引起人们主观情感与思想的波澜。

同文中又有“然屈平所以能洞监《风》、《骚》之情者,抑亦江山之助乎?”意即伟大的诗人屈原,之所以能够洞察《诗经》中的《国风》与楚国民间的《骚》体诗歌《九歌》的情韵,或许是因为他得到了故国楚国江山的景物声色的帮助吧?!同样,古代日本的文化人也得到了美好江山的帮助,从而获得了日本民族较为独特的审美感觉“物之哀”。

日本自古乃为岛国,四季变化分明,生活在日本列岛的日本人又都极为热爱大自然所赋予他们的风花雪月。

所以,他们的心灵不能不为周围的四时之变以及声色之动而有所感动,也不能不因为他们自己的心情变化而感受到他们自己所处的环境的变化。

这或许就是日本式的“物之哀”吧?!情感的外化与物色的内化,情感移入(移情),即是“物”对“心(哀)”的触动与“心(哀)”对“物”的感染,后者是将情感移植到外物当中去了。

我们中国唐代诗人杜甫就有类似的诗句,如“感时花溅泪,恨别鸟惊心”之类。

《文心雕龙》之《情采》篇阐述了关于情感等的问题。

“故立`文'之道,其理有三:一曰形文,五色是也;二曰声文,五音是也;三曰情文,五性是也。

”意即文采建立的渠道归纳有三:一是形象之文采,即红、黄、蓝、白、黑五色;二是声音之文采,即宫、商、角、徵、羽五音;三是情感之文采,即喜、怒、哀、乐、怨五性。

其中,五色是形象描写,五音是语言文辞之声律,五性是思想感情。

尽管刘勰是将这些概念用来阐述文艺创作理论的,但是我们仍然能够从中得到一种启示,即思想情感的具体表现喜、怒、哀、乐、怨这五性中的“哀”,更加贴近日本文艺理念“物之哀”的“哀”,带有情感上的感伤性,而将它进一步扩展开去,就是所有的喜、怒、哀、乐、怨等思想情感都是“哀”的具体表现或具体内容。

我国著名日本文学研究家叶渭渠先生在其撰著的《日本文学思潮史》中关于“物之哀”阐述到:“是将现实中最受感动的、最让人动心的东西(物)记录下来,……写触`物'的感动之心、感动之情,写感情世界。

而且其感动的形态,有悲哀的、感伤的、可怜的、也有怜悯的、同情的、壮美的。

也就是说,对`物'引起感动而产生的喜怒哀乐诸相。

也可以说,`物'是客观的存在,`哀'是主观的感情,两者调和为一,达到物心合一,哀就得到进一步升华,从而进入更高的阶段。

”〔7〕日本江户时代的国学家、和歌诗人本居宣长早就在其撰写的《源氏物语玉石小梳》中指出:“后世言`あはれ'之时,常写`哀'之字,故只以为乃悲哀之意。

然而,`あはれ'却不只限于悲哀之意。

于欣喜、有趣、愉快及滑稽可笑之时,皆感`ああはれ',皆为`あはれ'。

”这可以说是从两个角度为人们阐述了“哀”的意义,即是词义来源的角度和词语含义的角度。

然而,对于“物之哀”的“物”,本居宣长却只是过分从语义来源进行强调了。

比如,“所谓物,就是将言说成物言,将语说成物语,还有物诣、物忌等等类似的物,从广义上来说,即是附加的言语。

”但是,我们认为本居宣长的这种观点似乎有些欠妥,因为“物之哀”的“物”是一种客观存在,这是从审美的角度来看是这样,就是从词源上来看也不应该是那种添加的附属词。

而由“物”引起的“哀”,就是“物之哀”了,这应该是“物之哀”原本的意义。

而后来是很可能发展成为由“哀”而引起的人们眼中或心中的“物”之“哀”。

叶渭渠先生在同一本书中还指出:“之所以在`哀'之上冠以`物'(もの或ものの)这个颇具广泛性的限度词的意义是:加上`物'之后,使感动的对象更为明确。

`物'可以是人,可以是自然物,也可以是社会世相和人情世故。

”〔8〕即是我们认为“物之哀”中的“物”即是刘勰《文心雕龙》之《物色》篇里所指的“物色”,也就是说,“物之哀”中的“物”相对于《物色》篇“外物的声色”,它是属于客观性的东西;另一方面,“物之哀”中的“哀”相对于刘勰《文心雕龙》之《物色》篇里所指的人的思想感情,它是属于主观性的东西。

最终,“物之哀”是一种感动,“着重感动人”,是“由外物引起的心灵的振颤”,更是主观性的人的思想情感和外物声色的交流,也就是说,在有的时候,人的主观的思想情感变化是完全可以改变外界景物在人们的主观情感世界里的映像的。

二、“物之哀”的翻译日本中日古典文学研究家铃木修次氏认为“物之哀”一词在汉文中无法找到恰当的词汇加以翻译。

但我国日本学学者们还是在尝试用汉语来进行翻译。

王晓平先生将“物之哀”翻译成“触物感怀”,这是很贴近于中国古典文论概念的一种译法〔9〕。

而我国著名日本文学研究家李芒先生却能够在中国古典文艺理论中搜寻到较为接近的词义来翻译“物之哀”,他认为“物之哀”应该翻译成为中文的“感物兴叹”一词〔10〕。