公司理财双语8costofcapital
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➢We know that the return earned on assets depends on the risk of those assets
➢The return to an investor is the same as the cost to the company
➢Our cost of capital provides us with an indication of how the market views the risk of our assets
– Not applicable if dividends aren’t growing at a reasonably constant rate
– Extremely sensitive to the estimated growth rate – an increase in g of 1% increases the cost of equity by 1%
– Year Dividend Percent Change
– 2000 1.23
-
– 2001 1.30 – 2002 1.36 – 2003 1.43 – 1999 1.50
(1.30 – 1.23) / 1.23 = 5.7% (1.36 – 1.30) / 1.30 = 4.6% (1.43 – 1.36) / 1.36 = 5.1% (1.50 – 1.43) / 1.43 = 4.9%
➢We need to know the required return for an investment before we can compute the NPV and make a decision about whether or not to take the investment
➢We need to earn at least the required return to compensate our investors for the financing they have provided
➢ We usually focus on the cost of long-term debt or bonds
➢ The required return is best estimated by computing the yield-to-maturity on the existing debt
– RE = 6.1 + .58(8.6) = 11.1%
➢Since we came up with similar numbers using both the dividend growth model and the SML approach, we should feel pretty good about our estimate
15-14
10- 15
Example – Cost of Equity
➢ Suppose our company has a beta of 1.5. The market risk premium is expected to be 9% and the current risk-free rate is 6%. We have used analysts’ estimates to determine that the market believes our dividends will grow at 6% per year and our last dividend was $2. Our stock is currently selling for $15.65. What is our cost of equity?
– Using SML: RE = 6% + 1.5(9%) = 19.5% – Using DGM: RE = [2(1.06) / 15.65] + .06 =
19.55%
15-15
10- 16
Cost of Debt
➢ The cost of debt is the required return on our company’s debt
Example: Cost of Debt
15-17
10- 18
Yield to Maturity
10- 19
Yield to Maturity of a Coupon Bond
10- 20
Cost of Preferred Stock
➢Reminders
– Preferred stock generally pays a constant dividend each period
Because stockholders can reinvest the dividend in risky financial assets, the expected return on a capital-budgeting project should be at least as great as the expected return on a financial asset of comparable risk.
15-13
Advantages and Disadvantages of 10-14 SML
➢Advantages
– adjusts for systematic risk – Applicable to all companies, as long as we can
estimate beta
➢Disadvantages
– Does not consider risk
15-11
10- 12
The SML Approach
➢Use the following information to compute our cost of equity
– Risk-free rate, Rf – Market risk premium, E(RM) – Rf – Systematic risk of asset,
➢Suppose that your company is expected to pay a dividend of $1.50 per share next year. There has been a steady growth in dividends of 5.1% per year and the market expects that to continue. The current price is $25. What is the cost of equity?
15-5
10- 6
Cost of Equity
➢The cost of equity is the return required by equity investors given the risk of the cash flows from the firm
– Business risk – Financial risk
RE Rf E (E(RM ) Rf )
15-12
10- 13
Example - SML
➢Suppose your company has an equity beta of .58 and the current risk-free rate is 6.1%. If the expected market risk premium is 8.6%, what is your cost of equity capital?
Average = (5.7 + 4.6 + 5.1 + 4.9) / 4 = 5.1%
15-10
Advantages and Disadvantages of10-11 Dividend Growth Model
➢Advantage – easy to understand and use ➢Disadvantages
➢Know how to determine a firm’s overall cost of capital
➢Understand pitfalls of overall cost of capital and how to manag Outline
Pay cash dividend
Shareholder invests in
financial
asset A firm with excess cash can either pay a
dividend or make a capital investment
Invest in project
Shareholder’s Terminal Value
➢ We may also use estimates of current rates based on the bond rating we expect when we issue new debt
➢ The cost of debt is NOT the coupon rate
15-16
10- 17
10- 8
The Dividend Growth Model Approach
➢Start with the dividend growth model formula and rearrange to solve for RE
P0
D1 RE g
RE
D1 P0
g
15-8
10- 9
Dividend Growth Model Example
RE
1.50 25
.051 .111 11.1%
15-9
Example: Estimating the Dividend10-10
Growth Rate
➢One method for estimating the growth rate
is to use the historical average
Principles of
Corporate Finance
Ninth Edition
Chapter 8
Cost of Capital
10- 2
Topics Covered
➢Know how to determine a firm’s cost of equity capital
➢Know how to determine a firm’s cost of debt
➢The Cost of Capital ➢The Cost of Equity ➢The Costs of Debt and Preferred Stock ➢The Weighted Average Cost of Capital
15-3
10- 4
Why Cost of Capital Is Important
➢There are two major methods for determining the cost of equity
– Dividend growth model – SML or CAPM
15-6
10- 7
The Cost of Equity Capital
Firm with excess cash
– Have to estimate the expected market risk premium, which does vary over time
– Have to estimate beta, which also varies over time
– We are using the past to predict the future, which is not always reliable
➢Knowing our cost of capital can also help us determine our required return for capital budgeting projects
15-4
10- 5
Required Return
➢The required return is the same as the appropriate discount rate and is based on the risk of the cash flows
➢The return to an investor is the same as the cost to the company
➢Our cost of capital provides us with an indication of how the market views the risk of our assets
– Not applicable if dividends aren’t growing at a reasonably constant rate
– Extremely sensitive to the estimated growth rate – an increase in g of 1% increases the cost of equity by 1%
– Year Dividend Percent Change
– 2000 1.23
-
– 2001 1.30 – 2002 1.36 – 2003 1.43 – 1999 1.50
(1.30 – 1.23) / 1.23 = 5.7% (1.36 – 1.30) / 1.30 = 4.6% (1.43 – 1.36) / 1.36 = 5.1% (1.50 – 1.43) / 1.43 = 4.9%
➢We need to know the required return for an investment before we can compute the NPV and make a decision about whether or not to take the investment
➢We need to earn at least the required return to compensate our investors for the financing they have provided
➢ We usually focus on the cost of long-term debt or bonds
➢ The required return is best estimated by computing the yield-to-maturity on the existing debt
– RE = 6.1 + .58(8.6) = 11.1%
➢Since we came up with similar numbers using both the dividend growth model and the SML approach, we should feel pretty good about our estimate
15-14
10- 15
Example – Cost of Equity
➢ Suppose our company has a beta of 1.5. The market risk premium is expected to be 9% and the current risk-free rate is 6%. We have used analysts’ estimates to determine that the market believes our dividends will grow at 6% per year and our last dividend was $2. Our stock is currently selling for $15.65. What is our cost of equity?
– Using SML: RE = 6% + 1.5(9%) = 19.5% – Using DGM: RE = [2(1.06) / 15.65] + .06 =
19.55%
15-15
10- 16
Cost of Debt
➢ The cost of debt is the required return on our company’s debt
Example: Cost of Debt
15-17
10- 18
Yield to Maturity
10- 19
Yield to Maturity of a Coupon Bond
10- 20
Cost of Preferred Stock
➢Reminders
– Preferred stock generally pays a constant dividend each period
Because stockholders can reinvest the dividend in risky financial assets, the expected return on a capital-budgeting project should be at least as great as the expected return on a financial asset of comparable risk.
15-13
Advantages and Disadvantages of 10-14 SML
➢Advantages
– adjusts for systematic risk – Applicable to all companies, as long as we can
estimate beta
➢Disadvantages
– Does not consider risk
15-11
10- 12
The SML Approach
➢Use the following information to compute our cost of equity
– Risk-free rate, Rf – Market risk premium, E(RM) – Rf – Systematic risk of asset,
➢Suppose that your company is expected to pay a dividend of $1.50 per share next year. There has been a steady growth in dividends of 5.1% per year and the market expects that to continue. The current price is $25. What is the cost of equity?
15-5
10- 6
Cost of Equity
➢The cost of equity is the return required by equity investors given the risk of the cash flows from the firm
– Business risk – Financial risk
RE Rf E (E(RM ) Rf )
15-12
10- 13
Example - SML
➢Suppose your company has an equity beta of .58 and the current risk-free rate is 6.1%. If the expected market risk premium is 8.6%, what is your cost of equity capital?
Average = (5.7 + 4.6 + 5.1 + 4.9) / 4 = 5.1%
15-10
Advantages and Disadvantages of10-11 Dividend Growth Model
➢Advantage – easy to understand and use ➢Disadvantages
➢Know how to determine a firm’s overall cost of capital
➢Understand pitfalls of overall cost of capital and how to manag Outline
Pay cash dividend
Shareholder invests in
financial
asset A firm with excess cash can either pay a
dividend or make a capital investment
Invest in project
Shareholder’s Terminal Value
➢ We may also use estimates of current rates based on the bond rating we expect when we issue new debt
➢ The cost of debt is NOT the coupon rate
15-16
10- 17
10- 8
The Dividend Growth Model Approach
➢Start with the dividend growth model formula and rearrange to solve for RE
P0
D1 RE g
RE
D1 P0
g
15-8
10- 9
Dividend Growth Model Example
RE
1.50 25
.051 .111 11.1%
15-9
Example: Estimating the Dividend10-10
Growth Rate
➢One method for estimating the growth rate
is to use the historical average
Principles of
Corporate Finance
Ninth Edition
Chapter 8
Cost of Capital
10- 2
Topics Covered
➢Know how to determine a firm’s cost of equity capital
➢Know how to determine a firm’s cost of debt
➢The Cost of Capital ➢The Cost of Equity ➢The Costs of Debt and Preferred Stock ➢The Weighted Average Cost of Capital
15-3
10- 4
Why Cost of Capital Is Important
➢There are two major methods for determining the cost of equity
– Dividend growth model – SML or CAPM
15-6
10- 7
The Cost of Equity Capital
Firm with excess cash
– Have to estimate the expected market risk premium, which does vary over time
– Have to estimate beta, which also varies over time
– We are using the past to predict the future, which is not always reliable
➢Knowing our cost of capital can also help us determine our required return for capital budgeting projects
15-4
10- 5
Required Return
➢The required return is the same as the appropriate discount rate and is based on the risk of the cash flows