英语精读Unit 7 -unit 10

Unit 7 Finance
Translation of the Text
理财
1理财活动是个人或组织(实体)为管理他们的财务而应用的一系列技巧,尤其是管理收入与支出的差额以及投资的风险｡
2如果一个实体的收入大于支出,那么它就可以将盈余的收入出借或投资｡相反,如果一个实体的收入小于支出,那么它可以通过借款､出售权益要求权､削减开支或增加收入来增加资金｡贷方可以找到借方,即金融中介,如银行,或在证券市场购买股票或债券｡贷方获得利息,借方付的利息比贷方要高,这样金融中介就能赚取差价｡
3银行汇集了众多借方和贷方的活动｡银行获得贷方的存款并付利息给贷方｡银行再将这些存款借给借方｡银行使规模不同的借方和贷方能够协调他们的活动｡因此,银行是现金流的补偿者——在空间上,银行允许不同的贷方和借方会面;在时间上,每个借款者,从理论上来说,最终都会还清借款｡
4一个具体公司理财的例子就是一家公司向机构投资者,如投资银行,销售股票,该机构投资者再向公众销售｡股票所有者拥有该公司的部分所有权｡如果某公司总共有100股股票,你买了一股,那么你就拥有该公司1/100的所有权｡你拥有资产负债表上资产和债务净差额的1/100｡当然,作为股票的交换,公司获得现金用以拓展生意,这一过程叫做“股权融资”｡股权融资与债券销售(或其他形式的债务融资)的结合叫做公司的资本结构｡
5理财用于个人(个人理财)､政府(政府理财)､企业(公司理财)等,同时也被各类组织,如学校和非营利组织所使用｡一般而言,上述的每个活动都是在考虑到机构设置的情况下,通过使用恰当的理财工具而实现目的｡
6理财是公司管理的一个重要方面｡没有恰当的财务计划,一家新的企业甚至无法开始,更不用说成功了｡因为钱是惟一最强有力的流动资产,所以不论是对个人来说还是对组织来说,管理好钱对确保一个无忧的未来是非常必要的｡
Keys
1 Reading
1. The activity of finance is the application of a set of techniques that individuals and organizations (entities) use to manage their financial affairs, particularly the differences between income and expenditure and the risks of their investments.
2. The entity can raise capital by borrowing or selling equity claims, decreasing its expenses, or increasing its income.
3. A bank aggregates the activities of many borrowers and lenders.
4. The company’s capital str ucture is the mixture of equity financing with the sale of bonds or any other debt financing.
5. Without proper financial planning, a new enterprise cannot even start, let alone be successful.
2 Comprehension
1. F
2. F
3. T
4. T
5. F
6. T
7. T
3 V ocabulary
Part 1
1. C
2. E
3. G
4. B
5. F
6. A
7. I
8. J
9. D10. H
Part 2
1. debt
2. balance
3. liability
4. deposit
5. expenditure
6. bond
7. equity
8. balance sheet
Part 3
1. C
2. A
3. C
4. D
5. D
6. A
7. B
8. C
4 Translation
Part 1
1. 权益要求权9. 资产负债表
2. 金融中介10. 股权融资
3. 证券市场11. 债务融资
4. 货币流12. 资本结构
5. 机构投资者13. 非盈利机构
6. 投资银行14. 机构设置
7. 部分所有权15. 流动资产
8. 净差额
Part 2
股票是在股票交易所上市和交易的,股票交易所是一家公司或互助组织,专门为股票及证券的买卖双方提供交易设施｡美国的股票市场包括所有在纽约证券交易所､纳斯达克和美国证券交易所上市的证券交易,也包括在地区交易所上市的证券,例如柜台电子报价系统和粉纸市场｡
股票市场是公司融资的最重要来源之一｡它允许公司上市或为扩大规模而获得更多资金｡Terms
1. NYSE
纽约证券交易所(New York Stock Exchange)是全球公认组织结构最健全､设备最完善､管理及上市要求最严格的市场,至今已有二百多年的历史｡于纽约证券市场上市的公司包括全球最大型的企业,例如中国电信等中国大型国有企业｡很多世界500强(Fortune 500) 企业,选择了在纽约证交所挂牌上市｡
2. NASDAQ
纳斯达克,全称是National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation——美国全国证券交易商协会自动报价系统｡它创立于1971年,是世界上第一个电子化证券市场,是全球创业板市场的成功典范,也是中国企业家最熟悉和关注的市场,规模仅次于纽约证券交易所｡纳斯达克股市分为全国板(National Market)和小板(Small Cap)｡上市的企业多是具有高成长潜力的大中型公司,而不只是科技股｡
3. AMEX
全美证券交易所(American Stock Exchange)坐落于纽约的华尔街附近,现为美国第三大股票交易所,运行成熟､规范,股票和衍生证券交易突出,其上市标准比纽约交易所要低一些,在此股市上市的公司偏重在中､小企业及传统行业,也有很多国外公司｡一般在全美证券交易所上市的股票价格偏低,而且交易量也较小｡
4. OTCBB
OTCBB全称是Over the Counter Bulletin Board——柜台电子报价系统,是直接受纳斯达克股市监管的市场｡柜台交易市场对对挂牌企业的要求较为宽松,并且不向挂牌公司收取任何费用,主要服务于成长期的中小企业｡
5. Pink Sheet
粉纸市场,又称粉单市场,是比柜台交易市场更低一级的报价系统,属于法人机构The Pink Sheet LLC｡粉纸市场挂牌的公司不需有注册会计师的审计财务报告,挂牌的条件也较宽松,而粉纸市场的股票流通性也相应较低｡
5 Supplementary Reading
1. finance
2. funds
3. bonds
4. market
5. repay
6. resell
7. interest
8. loans
Text B
Translation of the Text
怎样避免经济问题
1每个人在一生中都会遇到经济问题｡这种经济问题也许是由个人或家人的疾病､失业､或超支消费所引起的,无论是哪种原因,经济问题都是很难解决的｡然而,这种危机通常是可以避免的｡您的经济情况也并不一定会变得越来越糟｡
2您是否考虑过做预算?控制个人经济情况的第一步是要对您的收入和支出做一真实的评估｡先列出您所有的收入来源;然后,记下您的“固定”支出——即每月都要支付的相同数目——如抵押贷款或租金､汽车费用､保险费等｡下一步,列出用于其他各种开支,如消遣､娱乐和买衣服等活动的金额｡
3记下您的所有支出,就连那些微不足道的开支也不要忽略｡这可以帮助您了解自己的消费方式,找出哪些开支是必要的,并将其他开支按优先次序排列出来｡这种做法的目的是为了确保您有能力支付基本开支:住房､饮食､医疗､保险和教育等｡公共图书馆和书店都有关于预算和资金管理技巧方面的书籍｡另外,计算机软件程序也是很好的工具,可以帮助制定预算,平衡您的收支,为您指定省钱和偿还债务的计划｡
4您是否考虑过申请债务合并贷款?您每月是否都要偿还信用卡､购物卡和贷款的大量欠款?为什么不把它们合并起来,通过使用合并贷款来采取更优惠､更方便的还款方式?合并贷款可以让您重新开始,将您所有的贷款合并为一项——让您还款更方便,而且在很多情况下可以降低利率｡
5精心管理的“债务合并贷款”有以下几种优点:
减少您每月的支出
6您也许会发现,债务合并贷款需要支付的利息要比您目前使用的信用卡､透支款项､购物卡等所要支付的总利息少｡所有收取更低利息的贷款方式都可以大幅度减少您的债务｡
使您的还款更加简单
7如果您因为忘记支付账单而陷入麻烦,那么选择债务合并贷款就意味着您每月只需要还款一次｡许多贷款方都可以接受直接扣款,所以这就免去了邮寄支票的麻烦｡
提高您的信用等级
8如果您发现您的信用记录让您很难申请贷款,那么债务合并贷款可以帮助您逐渐建立良好的信用等级｡只要每月按时还款,您的信用记录就会很快改善｡经过一定时间,您的信用记录上的欠款将会消失,于是,您就可以申请更便宜的贷款｡
9债务合并贷款利率会因情况而异｡每月所要支付的钱数也会根据借贷数额和期限有所不同｡
10英国债务合并贷款是以房产作为抵押的低利率贷款｡债务合并贷款可以允许借贷的资金范围是5000到75000英镑,在某些情况下您可以借贷相当于您总资产值125%的金额｡这既可以减少您要付的利息金额又可以降低每月的还款额,让您的生活重新步入正轨｡
11债务合并贷款还可以让您的闲置资金(或资产)解放出来用于偿还您的购物卡和其他债务｡
Terms
1. Store Card
零售商合作的联名信用卡,因为这一海外称为store card的产品是它最具优势的业务｡
store card最早起源于沃尔玛等大零售商为吸引常客而发行的店内积分卡,并含有信用功能,但只能在其连锁网点使用｡
2. Direct Debit
Direct debit is a payment method that allows an organization to instruct their bank to collect varying amounts directly from customers’ accounts.
There are generally two ways to set up a direct debit: one method requires the customer to instruct his or her bank to honor debit notes from the organization, the other one just requires the customer to give an authorization to the organization making the collections. The availability of these methods varies among countries and banks.
3. Credit Rating
An assessment of the credit worthiness of individuals and corporations. It is based upon the history of borrowing and repayment, as well as the availability of assets and extent of liabilities.
Credit is important since individuals and corporations with poor credit will have difficulty finding financing, and will most likely have to pay more due to the risk of default.
Keys
1 Comprehension
Part 1
1. C
2. B
3. D
4. A
5. B
Part 2
2 V ocabulary
Part 1
1. crisis
2. overcome
3.spare
4. mortgage
5. repayments
6. arrears
7. cheque
8. Direct debit
9. Fixed10. overdraft
Part2
1. assess
2. recreational
3. considerable
4. repaid
5. significant
6. overwhelmed
7. financial
8. combination
Part 3
premium1. C 2. B
mortgage1. B2. A
term 1. C2. B 3. A
3 Translation
Part 1
1. 金融危机8. 月付款
2. 财务状况9. 直接扣账,直接付款
3. 保险费10. 信用等级
4. 消费模式11. 信用历史纪录
5. 债务合并贷款12. 财产价值
6. 支票簿13. 闲置资金,游资
7. (零售店)联名信用卡
Part 2
1. The country now faces an economic crisis.
2. Fixed wages and lack of promotion act as a disincentive to employees.
3. Most people opt for buying their own homes rather than renting them.
4. Both their assessments of production costs were hopelessly inaccurate.
5. I’ve t ried Cantonese, Hunan and Sichuan food and they differ quite considerably.
Real Life Practice
Part 1
1. All Fidelity funds are no load;historically higher yields than CDs or regular bank savings accounts;tax benefits: Some may provide state and federal tax exempt income;liquidity: Buy or sell at any time.
2. Performance data shown represents past performance and is no guarantee of future results.
3. The fund seeks to provide as high a level of current income, exempt from federal income taxes, as is consistent with liquidity and stability of principal.
4. The fund normally invests in municipal money market securities, with at least 80% of its assets invested in municipal securities whose interest is exempt from federal income tax. The fund will normally not invest in municipal securities whose interest is subject to federal income tax or the federal alternative minimum tax. The fund invests in compliance with industry standard requirements for money market funds for the quality, maturity, and diversification of investments. The fund potentially invests more than 25% of total assets in municipal securities that finance similar types of projects.
5. The municipal market is volatile and can be significantly affected by adverse tax, legislative, or political changes and the financial condition of the issuers of municipal securities. Interest rate increases can cause the price of a money market security to decrease. Entities located in foreign countries can be affected by adverse political, regulatory, market, or economic developments in those countries. A decline in the credit quality of an issuer or the provider of credit support or a maturity shortening structure for a security can cause the price of a money market security to decrease. An investment in the fund is not a deposit of a bank and is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency. Although the fund seeks to preserve the value of your investment at $1.00 per share, it is possible to lose money by investing in the fund.
6. $5,000
7. Expense Cap is a limit that Fidelity has placed on the level of the expenses borne by the fund. The cap is voluntary and indicates the maximum level of expenses (with certain exceptions) that the fund would be paying at that time. The Expense Cap may be terminated or revised at any time, which may lower the fund’s yield or return.
Practical Writing
Part 1
a.9
b.5
c.4
d.2
e.7
f.1
g.15
h.10
i.3
j.13
k.6
l.12m.11n.14 o.8
Part 2
1. dramatically
2. abruptly
3. suddenly
4. moderately
5. slightly
6. rapidly
7. gradually
8. steadily
9. drastically10. constantly
Part 3
a. at
b. by
c. from; to
d. of; between
Unit 8Globalization
Text A
Translation of the Text
世界贸易组织
世界贸易组织成立于1995年1月,是一个国际组织,目标是通过成员国(目前有140多个成员国)间的多边贸易体制在世界范围内建立经济的和平与稳定,并寻求通过消除进口关税及开放市场来推动自由贸易｡为了实现这一目标,世贸组织管理贸易协定,监督国际贸易政策,并作为贸易谈判的论坛,同时为四个主要目标而努力——通过普遍降低关税实现自由贸易,为了统一贸易流程而在所有成员国实施相同规则,通过降低补贴刺激竞争,以及保证所有成员国都获得相同的贸易优惠｡世贸组织还为发展中国家提供技术援助和培训｡
2世贸组织协议涵盖知识产权､货物及服务,还监督成员国采取行动降低海关关税和其他贸易壁垒｡世贸组织通过要求成员国公布他们实施的贸易法规和措施以增加贸易政策的透明度｡
3世贸组织是从一个临时性的合法协议——关税与贸易总协定发展而来的｡关贸总协定是1948年在古巴的哈瓦那起草的,目的是在二战后鼓励自由贸易｡最初有23个国家签订了关贸总协定｡
455年后,超过90%的世界贸易都受世贸组织贸易法规的管辖,拥护者称经济的发展证明了世贸组织的成功｡
世贸组织的指导原则
5世贸组织实现成员国平等待遇的一个途径就是给予每个成员国“最惠国”待遇;当一个成员国授予另一个国家贸易特权,这一特权必须延伸到所有其他成员国｡另一个原则是“国家待遇”,意思是各国要平等对待外国进口商品和本土产品｡
6贸易协议要所有成员国共同签署,没有国家有否决权｡协议由协商一致的原则决定是否通过,但在协商无法达成一致的情况下,世贸协议也允许大多数投票通过｡
7世贸组织与很多其他多边组织的不同之处在于,世贸组织依赖于协商一致而不是大多数投票,并且给予各国平等待遇｡在世界银行和国际货币基金组织里,每个国家的选票份额是根据该国在国际经济体系内的地位而决定的｡
8虽然世贸组织的达成协商一致的方法意味着贸易法规可以被很快地采纳,但批评者指出,这也将权力赋予了那些有足够的资源用于条约谈判的富国｡
Terms
1. Free Trade
Trade between countries which takes place completely free of restrictions. Such trade allows specialization in member states of free trade areas, and lowers costs because, together with competition, the markets are increased. Within a free trade area there are no barriers, such as tariffs and quotas. However, there is not necessarily a common policy on trade with countries outside the free trade area.
2. Subsidy
A benefit given by the government to groups or individuals usually in the form of a cash payment or tax reduction. The subsidy is usually given to remove some type of burden and is often considered to be in the interest of the public.
Politics play an important part in subsidization. In general, the left is more in favor of having subsidized industries, while the right feels that industry should stand on its own without public funds.
There are many forms of subsidies given out by the government, including welfare payments, housing loans, student loans and farm subsidies. For example, if a domestic industry, like farming, is struggling to survive in a highly competitive international industry with low prices, a government may give cash subsidies to farms so that they can sell at the low market price but still achieve financial gain.
If a subsidy is given out, the government is said to subsidize that group/industry.
3.Trade Barrier
A trade barrier is a general term that describes any government policy or regulation that restricts international trade.
Trade barriers are usually protectionist; that is, they are erected to protect domestic producers who would not be able to compete successfully with foreign producers in a free market or in free trade.
4. Most Favored Nation Status
A method of establishing equality of trading opportunity among states by guaranteeing that if one country is given better trade terms by another, then all other states must get the same terms.
In the twentieth century, the history of world trade is dominated by the move from protective tariffs to free trade. International agreements have permitted most of the world’s nations to export their products without facing discriminatory duties. A key concept in the liberalization of trade is most favored nation (MFN) status.
MFN status is a method of preventing discriminatory treatment among members of an international trading organization. MFN status provides trade equality among partners by ensuring that an importing country will not discriminate against another country’s goods in favor of those from a third. Once the importing country grants any type of concession to the third party country, this concession must be given to all other countries.
5. National Treatment
A concept of international law that declares if a state provides certain rights and privileges to its own citizens, it also should provide equivalent rights and privileges to foreigners who are currently in the country. This concept of equality can be found in bilateral tax treaties and also in most World Trade Organization agreements.
6. World Bank
The World Bank (the Bank) is a part of the World Bank Group (WBG), is a bank that makes loans to developing countries for development programs with the stated goal of reducing poverty. The World Bank differs from the World Bank Group in that the former only comprises the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association, while the latter incorporates these entities in addition to three others.
The World Bank’s activities are focused on the reduction of global poverty, focusing on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), goals calling for the elimination of poverty and the implementation of sustainable development. The constituent parts of the Bank, the
IBRD and the IDA, achieve their aims through the provision of low or no interest loans and grants to countries with little or no access to international credit markets. The Bank is a market based non profit organization, using its high credit rating to make up for the low interest rate of loans. 7. International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 185 countries dedicated to promoting global monetary cooperation and the health and stability of the international monetary system.
The IMF plays three major roles in the global monetary system. The Fund surveys and monitors economic and financial developments, lends funds to countries with balance of payment difficulties, and provides technical assistance and training for countries requesting it.
keys
1 Reading
1. To create economic peace and stability in the world through a multilateral system among member states and seeking to promote free trade by opening markets through the elimination of import tariffs.
2. Currently there are slightly more than 140 members.
3. The WTO grew out of a provisional legal agreement, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
4. To encourage free trade in the wake of World War II.
5. When a member country grants a trade privilege to another nation, the privilege must be extended to all other member countries.
2 Comprehension
1.C
2.A
3.B
4.D
5.C
6.A
3 V ocabulary
Part 1
1. C
2. A
3. H
4. F
5. B
6. I
7. D
8. J
9. G10. E
Part 2
1. privileges
2. concession
3. Regarding
4. veto
5. multilateral
6. oversee
7. adopt
8. administered
9. forum10. representation
Part 3
1. C
2. B
3. D
4. A
5. C
6. B
4 Translation
Part 1
1. 世界贸易组织
2. 成员国
3. 自由贸易
4. 进口关税
5. 贸易协定
6. 国际贸易政策
7. 知识产权
8. 贸易壁垒
9. 最惠国待遇
10. 贸易特权
11. 国民待遇
12. 否决权
13. 世界银行
14. 国际货币基金组织
15. 国际经济系统
Part 2
答案见课文的译文
5 Supplementary Reading
1. body
2. from
3. freely
4. member
5. international
6. consensus
7. resolve
8. barrier
9. against10. negotiations
Text B
Translation of the Text
全球化的发展加强了处于不同发展水平的国家间的相互依赖｡下文是美国总统乔治·W·布什在2006年来亚洲访问时的演讲稿｡阅读这篇演讲稿,了解其对全球化和国际合作的看法｡[QX)]
布什概述国际合作的领域
1早上好!本周,我将访问新加坡､印度尼西亚和越南,在那里我还将参加亚太经济合作组织举行的年度首脑会议｡在这次访问中,我为亚洲地区的人们带来以下消息:美国仍会立足于与亚洲的合作,因为我们共同的利益都取决于在亚洲这个世界重要地区扩大自由､增加机会｡
2亚洲对于美国来说是非常重要的,因为我国的繁荣取决于与亚洲地区进行的不断发展的经贸往来｡如今,美国跨太平洋进行的贸易往来要比跨大西洋的还要多,我们应继续在这些地区开发新市场,提供美国商品和服务｡
3我的立场非常明确:只要交易平台是公平合理的,美国的农民､小型企业和工人就可以与任何人竞争,所以,美国将继续追求与各个地区及世贸组织中的所有国家进行自由平等的贸易｡我们通过为美国产品和服务开发新市场,就可以在国外为我们的产品引来新客户,为我们国内的工人和企业带来新的就业和其他机会｡
4亚洲对于美国来说非常重要的另一原因是我们都面临着跨越国界的像能源和疾病这样的新挑战｡我们不断发展的经济过分依赖石油,我们共同追求着可以负担得起的,可靠的新能源｡所以,我们在这个地区与我们的伙伴共同合作来发展新的能源技术,如洁净煤､乙醇､生物柴油和氢燃料电池等,以减少我们对石油的依赖程度｡
5在该地区,我们还与伙伴们合作,来应对疾病带来的威胁｡例如,我们如果不能迅速发现并阻止禽流感,就可能导致大量死亡,并给我们的社会带来严重的损失｡所以,我们共享信息,适时做出明智的准备计划,以确保我们能够控制禽流感的传播,并为疾病的流行做好应对准备｡通过合作来应对这些问题和其他挑战,我们就可以在亚洲建立更有美好的社会,为美国建立关系密切的合作伙伴｡
6亚洲对美国非常重要的最后一个原因是我们的安全面临着同样的威胁｡该地区的人们非常理解恐怖分子的威胁,因为他们曾被恐怖分子当作袭击的对象｡继911之后,恐怖分子袭击了巴厘岛的一家夜总会､雅加达的酒店,在马尼拉海湾停靠的一艘满载游客的渡船､俄罗斯一所满是小学生的学校､澳大利亚驻印尼大使馆,以及其他许多目标｡犯下这些罪行的杀人犯都是一个明确的集中的意识形态的追随者,他们憎恨自由并反对宽容｡
7在我们当今世界中最大的危险是,这些恐怖分子能够获得大规模杀伤性武器,并用使用它们来勒索自由国家,或进行大范围的屠杀｡这对我们整个文明都是一种威胁,我们与亚洲伙伴共同努力来打击恐怖活动｡
8从长远来看,保证安全的最佳途径是扩大自由｡历史告诉我们,自由的社会是和平的社会,所以,美国将自由和民主作为抵抗镇压和激进主义的最好选择｡通过与亚太地区的同盟合作,
我们将捍卫我们的自由,面对新世纪的挑战,并为我们的子孙后代建立一个更加乐观､和平和繁荣的未来｡
Terms
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation
Trade group established in 1989 in response to the growing interdependence of Asia Pacific economies and the advent of regional economic blocs (such as the European Union and the North American Free Trade Area) in other parts of the world. APEC works to raise living standards and education levels through sustainable economic growth and to foster a sense of community and an appreciation of shared interests among Asia Pacific countries. At the end of the 1990s APEC’s membership included its 12 founding members —Australia, Brunei, Canada, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and the United States — as well as Chile, China (including Hong Kong), Mexico, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Russia, and Vietnam; Taiwan also participates as “Chinese Taipei.” The Pacific Economic Cooperation Council, the South Pacific Forum, and the secretariat of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations maintain observer status. The APEC group represents about 40% of the world’s population, 40% of global trade, and 50% of the world’s gross national product.
Keys
1 Comprehension
Part 1
1. The prosperity in America depends on trade with Asia’s growing economies.
2. As long as the playing field is level, America’s farmers, small businesses, and workers can compete with anyone, so America will continue to pursue free and fair trade at every level with individual countries across the whole regions and through the World Trade Organization.
3. Asia and America should work together to develop new energy technologies that will make us less dependent on oil, including clean coal and ethanol, biodiesel and hydrogen fuel cells.
4. Avian flu has the potential to claim many lives and inflict terrible damage on our societies if it breaks out. People should share information and put wise preparedness plans in place to help ensure that we can contain the spread of avian flu and be ready if a pandemic ever occurs.
5. Since September the 11th, the terrorists have attacked a nightclub in Bali, a hotel in Jakarta, a ferry packed with passengers in Manila Bay, a school full of children in Russia, Australia’s embassy in Indonesia and many other targets.
6. Terrorists could get their hands on weapons of mass destruction and use them to blackmail free nations or kill on an unimaginable scale.
7. In the long run, the surest path to security is the expansion of freedom.
Part 2
Main idea:
the expansion of freedom and opportunity
Four Issues that President Bush addresses:
1. trade
free and fair trade at every level;the World Trade Organization.
2. energy
clean coal and ethanol, bio diesel and hydrogen fuel cells.
3. Avian flu
contain the spread of Avian flu and be ready if a pandemic ever occurs
4. terrorist threat
a risk to our entire civilization
Prospects:
defend our free way of life, confront the challenges of a new century, and build a more hopeful, peaceful, and prosperous future for our children and grandchildren.
2 V ocabulary
Part 1
1. inflicted
2. summit
3. transcended
4. pursue
5. committed
6. outlined
7. ally
8. tolerance
9. violence10. rejected
Part 2
1. to
2. on
3. to
4. of
5. on
6. in
7. to
8. to
9. on10. on
3 Translation
Part 1
1. I committed an error in handling the business.
2. The war inflicted heavy losses on the country.
3. Western nations imposed tough sanctions on the country.
4. Training is offered at every level in the department.
5. The rapid spread of the disease is alarming the medical authorities.
Part 2
答案见课文的译文
Practical Writing
Part 1
1. investing in China
2. business relationship
3. foreign sole investment firms
4. targeted sectors
5. domestic and abroad areas
6. highway construction
7. domestic market demand8. most favorable polices
9. investment projects 10. investigation and business tour
Part 2
Sample
Dear Sirs,
We have your name and address through the introduction of Mr. A.G. TopWorth of Swanson & Bros., of Hamburg, who is one of our old clients. We wish to inform you that we specialize in exporting chinaware and shall be pleased to enter into business relations with you.
If our above desire coincides with yours, please let us know and also keep us informed of your specific enquiries so that we can send our illustrated catalogue and price list for your reference without delay.
In the meantime, we shall appreciate it very much if you will furnish us with the name of your bank prior to the conclusion of an initial transaction between us.
We are looking forward to receiving your first enquiry.
Yours sincerely
Unit 9 Intercultural Communication
Translation of the Text
跨文化交流策略
1有效地与来自不同文化的人交流是非常具有挑战性的｡文化决定了人的思维方式——观
察､聆听､理解这个世界的方式｡因此,同一个词对来自不同文化的人来说可能意味着不同的东西,即使他们讲的是同一种语言｡当语言不同,交流中必须使用翻译的时候,产生误解的可能性就更大了｡
2有效的文化交流的关键是知识｡首先,人们必须了解跨文化交流的潜在问题,并有意识地努力克服这些问题｡其次,有必要假设一个人的努力不会总是成功的,并随时恰当地调整个人的行为｡
3例如,人们应该总是假定文化差异很有可能导致交流问题,并在出现问题的时候,乐于以耐心和宽容之心对待,而不是采取敌对和攻击的态度｡在跨文化交谈过程中,人们应该慢一些､小心地谈话,而不应该迅速得出结论认为你明白对方的想法和话语｡
4跨文化交流专家威廉·尤里对激烈冲突的建议是:停下来､聆听､思考,也就是他所形容的当情况变得紧张的时候,要“到阳台上去”｡这句话的意思是暂时停止争吵,各退一步,然后在采取下一个行动之前反思一下这是怎么回事｡
5这种方法在跨文化交流中也很有帮助｡当事情看起来越来越糟的时候,停下来或慢下来思考｡这是怎么回事?有没有可能我误解了他们说的话或他们误解了我?通常,误解是问题的根源｡
6积极聆听可以用来检查是否出现误解——通过重复自己认为别人是什么意思,他就可以确定他是否准确地理解了交流的内容｡但是,如果不同的语言或文化群体之间的用词不同,那么即使是积极聆听也会无法注意到误解的产生｡
7通常,熟悉双方文化的中间人在跨文化交流情况下会有所帮助｡
8他们既可以翻译谈话的内容,也可以翻译谈话的方式｡例如,语气很强的语言在一种文化里是适合的,而在另一种文化里是不适合的,如果听话者的文化比较习惯于委婉的语言,那么中间人在翻译时,就可以将这种强语气翻译得缓和一些｡他们还可以调整讲话和做事的时机｡有些文化中谈话喜欢直入主题;有些喜欢先闲聊几句以便于与对方建立和谐的关系｡如果对主要问题的讨论来得太快了,需要先“热身”的一方就会觉得不舒服｡一个了解这一点的中间人或调解人就可以解释这个问题,然后对谈话程序做出适当调整｡
9但是有时候中间人也有可能使交流变得更加困难｡如果中间人与争论一方来自同一文化或国家,与另一方却不同,这就显得他具有偏见｡就算中间人并没有有意地持有偏见,通常他也会更加倾向于支持或理解与他来自同一文化的人,就是因为他能够更好地理解他们｡但是,当中间人来自于第三种文化,跨文化交流产生误解的可能性会更大｡在这种情况下,额外讨论一些进行讨论的过程和方式会比较可取,在对话或谈判过程中每一步也要额外花些时间来进行确定和进一步确定｡
Keys
1 Reading
1. Because cultures provide people with ways of thinking —ways of seeing, hearing, and interpreting the world. Thus the same words can mean different things to people from different cultures, even when they talk the “same” language.
2. To stop, listen, and think. This means withdraw from the situation, step back, and reflect on what is going on before you act.
3. Active listening can sometimes be used to check this out — by repeating what one thinks he or she heard, one can confirm that one understands the communication accurately.
4. They can translate both the substance and the manner of what is said. They can also adjust the timing of what is said and done.
5. This gives the appearance of bias.
2 Comprehension。