英汉语言对比-6-synthetic vs. analytic-1 (1)

Present perfect
Past perfect
Have/has+been done
Had been done
Shall/will+be+done; be going to+be+done Have/has+been+being done; had been + being done
We
Hereditary inflections Grammatical relationships Relatively fixed word order
Plenty of function words
1. inflectional vs. non-inflectional
Inflection: a change in the form of a word to indicate a change in its grammatical function.（只改变语法形态， 不改变词义的变化） formal change=change of word form=word-making change+ change in grammatical forms 1）构词形态，即起构词作用的词缀变化 （affixation），包括大量的前缀（prefix） 和后缀（suffix）。 E.g. read; serious; consider;
Tense and aspect
Present simple
Do; does
Past simple
Past progressive Present perfect Past perfect
Did
Was/were+doing Have/has+done Had+done
Present progressive Am/is/are+doing
House College Dictionary）

指这种语言中的语法关系主要不是通过词本 身的形态来表达，而是通过虚词、词序等手 段来表示。
English：a synthetic-analytic language 1. Modern English originated from the Old English and hence it still maintains certain features of the synthetic language; 2. Inflected forms do exist in Modern English, but they are not so complex as those in the Old English;
Present perfect progressive
Past perfect progressive
Have/has+been doing
Had been doing
Passive voice
Present simple Past simple Present progressive Past progressive Am/is/are+done Was/were+done Am/is/are+being done Was/were+being done







In
grammar, inflection or inflexion is the modification of a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, grammatical mood, grammatical voice, aspect, person, number, gender and case. Conjugation is the inflection of verbs; declension is the inflection of nouns, adjectives and pronouns.
2）构形形态，即表达语法意义的词 形变化。 我给他讲了一个故事。 他已经给我讲了两个故事。 每晚睡觉前，他妈妈都要给他讲几 个故事。 他总是叫（他）妈妈在（他）睡觉 前（给他）讲好几个故事。
I
told him a story. He has told me two stories. His mother always tells him several stories before he goes to bed every night. He always asks his mother to tell him several stories before he goes to bed.
cannot but accept Sayce’s（萨伊 斯）dictum, ‘once inflectional, always inflectional’. Hence while English appears as almost uninflectional when compared with such a language as Latin, it appears in the opposite light when compared with an isolating language such as Chinese.”
指这种语言主要通过词本身的形态变化来表达语法 意义（格，时，数等）。

分析型语言（analytic language）
An
analytic language is marked by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms.《兰登书屋大学词典》（Random
3. Word order in Modern English is relatively fixed although it is more flexible than that in Modern Chinese; 4. Function words abound in Modern English and are frequently employed.
（Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary）

Inflection: a change in the form of a word (usually by adding a suffix) to indicate a change in its grammatical function
现代英语的形态变化主要包括：动词的变化
（conjugation）和静词（名词、代词、形 容词、副词）的变化（declension），以及 上述的词缀变化（affixation）。
Gender: he; she; Number: apple; apples; Case : we; us; our; ours; Tense: do; does; did; Aspect: is+doing; have+done; Voice: is done; has been done; Mood: can do; might do; Comparison: bigger; biggest; Person: like; likes; Parts of speech: rapid; rapidly; rapidity;
—— H. Sweet The History of Language
Chinese
has no inflectional change; it has only similar changes. Affix: Chinese language has little affix, which are unstable and deletable according to the rhythm requirements.
初：三--初三--十三，子： 刀—刀子—大刀。 Some affixes: Prefix：老(老张， 老大)，阿（阿姨，阿 飞），可（可好，可怜，可惜），第(第一) Suffix：子（被子，电子），儿（花儿，鸟 儿），头（老头），切（迫切，贴切），于/ 以（用于，给以）



Chinese today has some new affixes due to the influence of foreign languages.
The
publishing house has to consider seriously whether the readers will like to read / reading the books or not. The publishing house has to consider seriously whether the books will be readable or not. The publishing house has to consider seriously the readability of the books.
Ⅱ. Key Points
a) inflections in English and their roles
in sentence construction b) differences in word order
Ⅲ. Teaching Approaches

Lecture, class practices and discussion. Analytic (1)
Ⅰ.Objectives Students are expected to have an understanding of the definitions of synthetic and analytic languages and embodiments of those features in Chinese and English languages; Have an understanding of differences between English and Chinese in inflection, word order, parts of speech and phonology, and illustrate them in specific cases;
英汉语言本质比较
语言形态学(linguistic typology)分类：
综合型语言：俄语、德语、拉丁语、
古英语 分析型语言：汉语 综合--分析语：英语(a syntheticanalytic language)
综合型语言（synthetic language）

A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships. 《韦博斯特第九新大学英语辞典》

The
publishing house has to take into serious consideration whether the readers will like to read / reading the books or not. The publishing house has to take into serious consideration whether the books will be readable or not. The publishing house has to take the readability of the books into serious consideration.